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View of the Many Ways in Which the Ohio Move­ Ment Paralled the National Movement in Each of the Phases

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View of the Many Ways in Which the Ohio Move­ Ment Paralled the National Movement in Each of the Phases INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While tf.; most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted you will find a target note listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in "sectioning” the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy. Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. University: Microfilms International :«X) N / t f H HI) , ANN AF-tHO H . Ml 'IH I (Mi 8207196 Hensley, Frances Sizemore CHANGE AND CONTINUITY IN THE AMERICAN WOMEN’S MOVEMENT. 1848-1930: A NATIONAL AND STATE PERSPECTIVE The Ohio State University PH,D. 1981 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, M I 48106 CHANGE AND CONTINUITY IN THE AMERICAN WOMEN'S MOVEMENT, 1848-1930: A NATIONAL AND STATE PERSPECTIVE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Frances Sizemore Hensley, A.B., M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 1981 Reading Committee: Approved by Leila J. Rupp Gary Reichard Robert Bremner Department of History This dissertation is dedicated to my daughter, Elizabeth Cady Hensley, as a reminder of the past and an encouragement for the future. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my graditude to Professors Gary Reichard and Robert Bremner of my reading committee for their encouragement and advice throughout the drafting of this manuscript; to my typist, Faye Malone, for the long hours and careful attention she gave to this project; to Karen Galloway McClanahan for relieving me of child-care duties for countless hours; to my husband, Stephen W. Hensley, for his constant support and many sacrifices; and, especially to my adviser, Leila J. Rupp, for the high standards, inspir­ ation, moral support and friendship which she has provided throughout the years. iii VITA January 13, 1949 .............. Born - Otsego, West Virginia 1970 ........................... A.B., Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 1972 ........................... M.A., Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 1973-1977 .................... Instructor, Social Studies Department, Marshall Univer­ sity, Huntington, West Virginia 197 8 ........................... Teaching Associate, Depart­ ment of History, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PAPERS AND PRESENTATIONS "Feminism in the Post-Suffrage Era," Women's Studies Research Forum, The Ohio State University, 1979. "The Women's Movement after Suffrage: An Ohio Perspective," Berkshire Conference of Women's History, Vassar College, 1981. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: American History, 1865 to the Present History of American Women. Professor Leila J. Rupp American Social and Intellectual History. Professor Robert H. Bremner Political History of the United States, 1920 to the Present. Professor Gary Reichard History of Early Modern Europe. Professor John C. Rule iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION ........................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................... iii VITA .................................................. iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................. vi INTRODUCTION ......................................... I Chapter * I. WOMAN'S RIGHTS AND WOMAN SUFFRAGE, 1848-1920: A NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE....................... 10 II. WOMAN'S RIGHTS AND WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN OHIO, 1850-1920 .................................... 41 III. AFTER SUFFRAGE: NEW DIRECTIONS IN THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT, 19 20-19 30 ................ 74 IV. HUMANITARIANS VERSUS FEMINISTS: ISSUES AND CONFLICTS IN THE POST-SUFFRAGE ERA. 107 V. THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT AFTER SUFFRAGE: AN OHIO PERSPECTIVE ......................... 150 VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ..................... 201 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................... 221 v ABBREVIATIONS FCLWV Records ............. Franklin County League of Women Voters Records, 19 20- 1930, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio. GH Papers .................. Gillette Hayden Papers, 19 20- 1923, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio. KHR Papers ................ Kenyon Hayden Rector Papers, 1904-1933, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio. LC ......................... Library of Congress, Manu­ scripts Division, Washington, D.C. LWVO Records .............. League of Women Voters Records, 1920-1930, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio. NLWV Records ............. National League of Women Voters Records, 1920-1930, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. NWP Papers ................ National Woman's Party Papers, 1913-194 5, Microfilm. OHS ...................... Ohio Historical Society, Manuscripts Division, Columbus, Ohio. vi INTRODUCTION Scholars have devoted a great deal of attention in recent years to the history of the American women's movement, from its inception in 184 8 to the conclusion of the woman suffrage campaign in 1920.1 Historians have generally neglected the period after 1920, however.^ This neglect stems from their interpretation of the woman suffrage cam­ paign as the crux of the women's movement and their conclusion that the movement therefore disintegrated after the suffrage victory. This analysis reflects a flawed conceptualization of the nature of the women's movement. Some historians, for instance, refer to the women's movement in general and the suffrage campaign in particular as "feminist" movements, lumping all women activists together under the label of "feminists." By implication, therefore, they ascribe a shared ideology to the participants in the woman suffrage movement. Richard Evans does so, for instance, in The Feminists: Women's Emancipation Movements in Europe, America, and Australasia, 1840-1920. He criticizes the term "women's movement" when applied to the pre-1920 period because it was applied to almost every aspect of women's organized activi­ ties and therefore lacks the "clarity and precision" of the 1 2 term "feminism." In spite of this objection, he proceeds to use the term "feminist"— which he defines as those who be­ lieve in the "doctrine of equal rights for women, based on the theory of the equality of the sexes"— for all woman suffrage proponents, regardless of their ideological posi­ tions. ^ In Feminism and Suffrage: The Emergence of an Inde­ pendent Women's Movement in America, 1848-1869, Ellen C. DuBois interprets the emergence of an organized suffrage cam­ paign in 1869 as the beginning of the women's movement. She contends that this movement was a feminist movement. The basis for this contention is her belief that the demand for woman suffrage was inherently feminist because it challenged the traditional concept of the home as women's sphere. Du­ Bois uses the lable "feminist" for some woman suffrage pro­ ponents but not for others. She does not specifically ex­ plain, however, the reason for this restricted application of the label.* Other historians describe the advocates of woman suf­ frage as "suffragists," which merely signifies that they shared a common goal. This interpretation is found in Eleanor Flexner's Century of Struggle: The Woman's Rights Movement in the United States; in Aileen S. Kraditor's The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1890-1920; and in Anne F. Scott's and Andrew M. Scott's One Half the People: The Fight for Woman Suffrage. These historians avoid superimposing a feminist ideology on all participants in the woman suffrage campaign. Indeed* they virtually ignore the existence of different ideological positions among suffragists. They use the labels "radical" and "conservative" or "militant" and "nonmilitant" to differentiate among suffragists, but these labels refer to tactical rather than ideological differences. Historians' failure to define and clarify the nature of the pre-1920 women's movement has led to certain miscon­ ceptions about the post-suffrage era of the movement. If feminism is equated with suffragism, for instance, then the suffrage victory in
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