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National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Women Making History: The 19th Amendment Women The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. —19th Amendment to the United States Constitution In 1920, after decades of tireless activism by countless determined suffragists, American women were finally guaranteed the right to vote. The year 2020 marks the 100th anniversary of the 19th Amendment. It was ratified by the states on August 18, 1920 and certified as an amendment to the US Constitution on August 26, 1920. Developed in partnership with the National Park Service, this publication weaves together multiple stories about the quest for women’s suffrage across the country, including those who opposed it, the role of allies and other civil rights movements, who was left behind, and how the battle differed in communities across the United States. Explore the complex history and pivotal moments that led to ratification of the 19th Amendment as well as the places where that history happened and its continued impact today. 0-31857-0 Cover Barcode-Arial.pdf 1 2/17/20 1:58 PM $14.95 ISBN 978-1-68184-267-7 51495 9 781681 842677 The National Park Service is a bureau within the Department Front cover: League of Women Voters poster, 1920. of the Interior. It preserves unimpaired the natural and Back cover: Mary B. Talbert, ca. 1901. cultural resources and values of the National Park System for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this work future generations. The National Park Service cooperates in any form whatsoever without permission in writing from with partners to extend the benefits of natural and cultural the publisher, except for brief passages in connection with a resource conservation and outdoor recreation throughout this review. For information, please write: country and the world. This Handbook would not have been possible without the The Donning Company Publishers support and assistance of numerous individuals across the 731 South Brunswick Street National Park Service, our partners and cooperating associations. Brookfield, MO 64628 Support and vision for this work has come from Stephanie Lex Cavanah, General Manager Toothman (former NPS Associate Director for Cultural Resources, Nathan Stufflebean, Production Supervisor Parks, and Science), Joy Beasley (NPS Acting Associate Director for Stephanie Danko, Graphic Designer Cultural Resources, Parks, and Science), Tom Medema (NPS Acting Katie Gardner, Marketing and Project Coordinator Associate Director for Interpretation, Education, and Volunteers), Lynn Walton, Project Director Stephanie Stephens (NPS Acting Deputy Associate Director for Cultural Resources, Parks, and Science), and Kerry Olson (NPS Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Deputy Associate Director for Interpretation, Education, and Names: Eastern National (Association), issuing body. Volunteers). Staff, volunteers, and interns across the NPS have Title: Women making history : the 19th Amendment. worked tirelessly as members of the Nineteenth Amendment Other titles: Women making history (Donning Company Publishers) Working Group, framing the mission and vision for the NPS Description: Brookfield, Missouri : The Donning Company Nineteenth Amendment Centennial Commemoration. Parks “Any great change Publishers, 2020. | “Official National Park Service Handbook.” and programs across the service are using the scholarship | Summary: “The National Park Service is excited to must expect opposition, found in this handbook to interpret the Nineteenth commemorate the 100th year anniversary of the passage of because it shakes the Amendment and women’s history to the public. the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that abolished very foundation of A special thank you to Barbara Little (NPS Program Manager for sex as a basis for voting and to tell the diverse history of privilege.” the Cultural Resources Office of Interpretation and Education), women’s suffrage-the right to vote-more broadly. The U.S. Monique VanLandingham (NPS Servicewide Cooperating Congress passed the 19th Amendment on June 4, 1919. The —Lucretia Mott Association Program Manager), the National Conference of states ratified the amendment on August 18, 1920, officially State Historic Preservation Officers, editor Tamara Gaskell, all recognizing women’s right to vote. This handbook of the authors, and our friends at Eastern National for fitting all demonstrates the expansiveness of the stories the NPS is the moving parts together to bring this book into the world. telling to preserve and protect women’s history for this and —Megan Springate, National Coordinator, future generations. The essays included within tell a broad NPS Nineteenth Amendment history of various women advocating for their rights. Centennial Commemoration Sprinkled throughout are short biographies of notable ladies who devoted their time to the women’s suffrage movement along with summaries of events important to the cause” —Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2020000610 | ISBN 9781681842677 (paperback) Subjects: LCSH: Women—Suffrage—United States—History. | United States. Constitution. 19th Amendment. | Suffragists— United States—Biography. Classification: LCC JK1896 .W474 2020 | DDC 324.6/230973—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020000610 © 2020 Eastern National. Printed in the United States of America at Walsworth. Eastern National promotes the public’s understanding and support of America’s national parks and other public trust partners by providing quality educational experiences, products, and services. Visit us at easternnational.org. Shop more great national park products at ShopANP.org. Women Making History: The 19th Amendment National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Edited by Tamara Gaskell Table of Contents Preface 5 19th Amendment Timeline 6 Looking for a Right to Vote: Introducing the Nineteenth Amendment 14 by Ann D. Gordon Jessie Jack Hooper 24 The Necessity of Other Social Movements to the Struggle for Woman Suffrage 25 by Robyn Muncy The Justice Bell 35 Flexing Feminine Muscles: Strategies and Conflicts in the Suffrage Movement 36 by Susan Goodier Abby Kelley 51 Anti-Suffragism in the United States 52 by Rebecca A. Rix Lillie Devereux Blake & Matilda Joslyn Gage 63 African American Women and the Nineteenth Amendment 64 by Sharon Harley Nannie Helen Burroughs 73 From Mannish Radicals to Feminist Heroes: Suffragists in Popular Culture 74 by Allison K. Lange Wilhelmina Kekelaokalaninui Widemann Dowsett 83 Woman Suffrage in the West 84 by Jennifer Helton Ruth Asawa 97 The National American Woman Suffrage Association goes to Portland 98 Woman Suffrage in the Midwest 100 by Elyssa Ford Woman Suffrage in New England 112 by Heather Munro Prescott Woman Suffrage in the Mid-Atlantic 122 by Christine L. Ridarsky Suffragists and the Texas State Fair 133 Woman Suffrage in the Southern States 134 by Sarah H. Case The International History of the US Suffrage Movement 142 Commemorating Suffrage: Historic Sites and Women’s Right to Vote 144 by Judith Wellman Beyond 1920: The Legacies of Woman Suffrage 156 by Liette Gidlow Related Sites 166 Contributors 174 Image Sources 176 2 3 Table of Contents Preface 5 19th Amendment Timeline 6 Looking for a Right to Vote: Introducing the Nineteenth Amendment 14 by Ann D. Gordon Jessie Jack Hooper 24 The Necessity of Other Social Movements to the Struggle for Woman Suffrage 25 by Robyn Muncy The Justice Bell 35 Flexing Feminine Muscles: Strategies and Conflicts in the Suffrage Movement 36 by Susan Goodier Abby Kelley 51 Anti-Suffragism in the United States 52 by Rebecca A. Rix Lillie Devereux Blake & Matilda Joslyn Gage 63 African American Women and the Nineteenth Amendment 64 by Sharon Harley Nannie Helen Burroughs 73 From Mannish Radicals to Feminist Heroes: Suffragists in Popular Culture 74 by Allison K. Lange Wilhelmina Kekelaokalaninui Widemann Dowsett 83 Woman Suffrage in the West 84 by Jennifer Helton Ruth Asawa 97 The National American Woman Suffrage Association goes to Portland 98 Woman Suffrage in the Midwest 100 by Elyssa Ford Woman Suffrage in New England 112 by Heather Munro Prescott Woman Suffrage in the Mid-Atlantic 122 by Christine L. Ridarsky Suffragists and the Texas State Fair 133 Woman Suffrage in the Southern States 134 by Sarah H. Case The International History of the US Suffrage Movement 142 Commemorating Suffrage: Historic Sites and Women’s Right to Vote 144 by Judith Wellman Beyond 1920: The Legacies of Woman Suffrage 156 by Liette Gidlow Related Sites 166 Contributors 174 Image Sources 176 2 3 Preface ince its inception in 1916, the National Park Service (NPS) Shas been dedicated to the preservation and management of the United States’ outstanding natural, historical, and recre- ational resources. The NPS cares for special places that are the heritage of all Americans, and manages programs that support communities around the United States and its territories with preserving their historic places and sharing their own important local history. The NPS is excited to commemorate the 100th year anniversary of the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the US Constitution that abolished sex as a basis for voting, and to tell the diverse history of women’s suffrage—the right to vote—more broadly. The US Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment
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