Taxonomy and Animal Phylogeny Number of Species

Approx. 1.5 million species known

! Miller and Tupper Chap. 7

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

Taxonomy = Systematics = Phylogeny Taxonomic Hierarchy

! Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primate Family Hominidae Genus Homo species Tab. 7.1 sapiens

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

Binomial Nomenclature Phylogenetic Trees

“Ape” “Mi Feng” Apis mellifera

Fig. 7.6 “Abeille à miel” “Honeybee” “Honningbier”

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1 Analogies Homologies (Similarity due to Convergence)

Shark: Class Inheritance due to having shared a Chondricthyes common ancestor

Orca: Class Fig. 4.11 Mammalia

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Grouping for Classification Protista: Polyphyletic!

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Chromalveolata Unikonta

Discicristata Excavata Alveolata Stramenopila Rhizaria Plantae Opisthokonta Amoebozoa

slime molds BacteriaArchaeaDiplomonadsParabasalidsEuglenidsCiliates DinoflagellatesApicomplexaOomycetesDiatomsBrown Foraminiferaalgae ChlorarachniophytesGlaucophyteRed algaealgaeGreen algaeLand plantsFungi ChoanoflagellatesAnimalsLobose Cellularamoebae slimePlasmodial molds

Green plants

Fig. 7.2

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Cladistic Approach Paraphyletic = Opinion

Hylabatidae Pongidae Hominidae Pongidae Hominidae Hominidae Hyobates Pongo Gorilla Pan Homo

Gorilla Chimpanzee Human Gorilla Chimpanzee Human

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2 Traditional vs. Cladistic Approach Traditional vs. Cladistic Approach

Class Reptilia is paraphyletic Class Reptilia is monophyletic

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

Porifera Cnidaria Autapomorphies Protista Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Apomorphies for Kingdom Animalia Animalia Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Cycliophora ! 1) Level of Organization Rotifera Annelida – Cellular Mollusca Sipuncula Synapomorphies – Tissues Nemertea Bryozoa • Endoderm (digestive tract) Symplesiomorphies Brachiopoda Phoronida • Mesoderm (connective tissues, muscles, vascular Arthropoda Onychophora system) Tardigrada Nematomorpha • Ectoderm (skin) Nematoda – Organs Priapulida Plesiomorphie = ancestral Kinorhyncha – Organ systems Loricifera Apomorphie = derived Echinodermata • digestive, reproductive, circulatory, respiratory… Hemichordata Chordata

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

2 – Body Symmetry Radial Symmetry

Asymmetry

Fig. 7.7 Can divide along radius (-ii) through oral-aboral axis Fig. 7.8

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

3 Apomorphies for Kingdom Animalia Bilateral Symmetry

Cephalization ! 3) Embryonic Development – Fertilized ovule give a zygote (1 single cell) – Cellular division in zygote produces blastula, which is formed of blastomeres Céphalization surrounding a Median Plane blastocoel Fig. 7.9

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

Apomorphies for Kingdom Animalia Apomorphies for Kingdom Animalia

! 3) Embryonic ! 4) Tissues and Body Cavities Development – Invagination forms the Ectoderm gastric cavity (by the Mesoglea process of gastrulation) – Opening to the Endoderm invagination called the blastopore – Becomes a gastrula, blastocoel eventually fills in Blastopore Fig. 7.10 Diploblastic Body Plan

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

Apomorphies for Kingdom Animalia Ectoderm Acoelomate Mesoderm ! 4) Tissues and Body Cavities Endoderm

Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Eucoelomate

Fig. 7.11

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4 Ectoderm Ectoderm Pseudocoelomate Mesoderm Eucoelomate Mesoderm Endoderm Endoderm

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5) Protostome Development 5) Deuterostome Development

Fig. 8.11 Fig. 8.11

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Porifera 1 Protista Cnidaria Ctenophora Next Class: Protozoa Platyhelminthes Animalia Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida 2 Cycliophora 3 Rotifera 4 Annelida 5 Mollusca Sipuncula 6 Nemertea • Cellular Organization 7 Bryozoa • unicellular (1) Brachiopoda • Parazoa, w/o tissues (2) Phoronida • Tissue Organization Arthropoda Onychophora Diploblasts (3) • Tardigrada • Triploblastes (4) Nematomorpha • Bilateral Symmetry (5) Nematoda Priapulida • Embryonic Development Kinorhyncha Loricifera • Protostomes (6) Echinodermata • Deuterostomes (7) Hemichordata Chordata ! Miller and Tupper Appendix C

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5 Questions?

© Photo A.Brown

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