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OEB51: the Biology and Evolu on of Invertebrate Animals

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OEB51: the Biology and Evolu on of Invertebrate Animals OEB51: The Biology and Evoluon of Invertebrate Animals Lectures: BioLabs 2062 Labs: BioLabs 5088 Instructor: Cassandra Extavour BioLabs 4103 (un:l Feb. 11) BioLabs2087 (aer Feb. 11) 617 496 1935 [email protected] Teaching Assistant: Tauana Cunha MCZ Labs 5th Floor [email protected] Basic Info about OEB 51 • Lecture Structure: • Tuesdays 1-2:30 Pm: • ≈ 1 hour lecture • ≈ 30 minutes “Tech Talk” • the lecturer will explain some of the key techniques used in the primary literature paper we will be discussing that week • Wednesdays: • By the end of lab (6pm), submit at least one quesBon(s) for discussion of the primary literature paper for that week • Thursdays 1-2:30 Pm: • ≈ 1 hour lecture • ≈ 30 minutes Paper discussion • Either the lecturer or teams of 2 students will lead the class in a discussion of the primary literature paper for that week • There Will be a total of 7 Paper discussions led by students • On Thursday January 28, We Will have the list of Papers to be discussed, and teams can sign uP to Present Basic Info about OEB 51 • Bocas del Toro, Panama Field Trip: • Saturday March 12 to Sunday March 20, 2016: • This field triP takes Place during sPring break! • It is mandatory to aend the field triP but… • …OEB51 Will not meet during the Week folloWing the field triP • Saturday March 12: • fly to Panama City, stay there overnight • Sunday March 13: • fly to Bocas del Toro, head out for our first collec:on! • Monday March 14 – Saturday March 19: • breakfast, field collec:ng (lunch on the boat), animal care at sea tables, lab Work, dinner, back to lab… • Sunday March 20: • fly back to Boston • You do NOT have to be able to SCUBA dive, have a Wet suit or snorkel, be an exPert sWimmer, sPeak SPanish, or Pay any associated exPenses • You DO have to be able to tread Water, and to feel comfortable on a boat and in Water for several hours at a :me To request a sPot in the course… • Email the folloWing informaon TODAY to Tauana Cunha [email protected] – Name – Email address – Concentraon – Year – Mo:vaon for taking the course (max 4 sentences) • We have to have the informaBon above before MIDNIGHT on Thursday January 28 • We will email accepted students by 12:00 noon on Friday January 29 • If you are serious about taking this course, be PrePared to Provide a scan (PDF) of the Photo Page of your PassPort on FRIDAY of this week – We need this to request a collec:on Permit in Panama. What Will hapPen aer today • By 12:00 noon on Friday January 29: – We Will no:fy all interested students of Whether or not We have accePted them for the course – We Will make available on the course Website a list of the Papers for discussion this semester • By 5:00 pm on on Saturday January 30: – All enrolled students must have • Handed in a signed disclaimer form for Panama field collec:on (these are available in class today! Sign one noW to be on the safe side) • Emailed Tauana [email protected] a scan or Photo of the Photo Page of your PassPort • Emailed Tauana your home address (this can be your Harvard or your real home address) • By 1:00 pm on Tuesday 2 February: – All enrolled students should sign uP in grouPs of 2 to Present one of the listed Papers, no later than The first student Paper Presentaon Will be on Thursday February 11 – Student Paper Presentaons Will be every Thursday aer that, excePt for February 18 and APril 14, When our guest lecturers Will lead Paper discussion OEB51 Lecture 2 – Porifera, CtenoPhora Informaon We Will be considering for each major taxon (“phylum”) • General introduc:on • Body Plan – Body Wall and muscle structure – Nervous system – Diges:ve system – Excretory system • ReProduc:on • DeveloPment (embryonic and Post-embryonic) • Ecology • Systemacs and Phylogene:c relaonshiPs • Fossil record (somemes) • Interes:ng current research Ctenophora Animals Porifera Placozoa Cnidaria Xenacoelomorpha Parahoxozoa Ambulacraria Echinodermata Hemichordata Planulozoa Deuterostomia Cephalochordata Chordata Urochordata Bilateria Craniata Chaetognatha Bryozoa Entoprocta Cycliophora Nephrozoa Annelida Trochozoa Mollusca Nemertea Brachiopoda Phoronida Spiralia Gastrotricha Protostomia Platyhelminthes Gnathostomulida Micrognathozoa Gnathifera Rotifera Nucleariida Orthonectida Fungi Dicyemida Opisthokonta Filasterea Priapulida Ichthosporea Scalidophora Holozoa Animals Loricifera Choanoflagellata Kinorhyncha Nematoida Nematoda Ecdysozoa Nematomorpha Tardigrada Panarthropoda Onychophora Arthropoda PORIFERA Sponges Ctenophora Animals Porifera Placozoa Cnidaria Xenacoelomorpha Parahoxozoa Ambulacraria Echinodermata Hemichordata Planulozoa Deuterostomia Cephalochordata Chordata Urochordata Bilateria Craniata Chaetognatha Bryozoa Entoprocta Cycliophora Nephrozoa Annelida Trochozoa Mollusca Nemertea Brachiopoda Phoronida Spiralia Gastrotricha Protostomia Platyhelminthes Gnathostomulida Micrognathozoa Gnathifera Rotifera Nucleariida Orthonectida Fungi Dicyemida Opisthokonta Filasterea Priapulida Ichthosporea Scalidophora Holozoa Animals Loricifera Choanoflagellata Kinorhyncha Nematoida Nematoda Ecdysozoa Nematomorpha Tardigrada Panarthropoda Onychophora Arthropoda Porifera • Sessile • Lack “:ssues” but have many different cell tyPes • Feed With choanocytes – feeding cells that draw Water through the sPonge body and filter out food Par:cles – Food Par:cles are ingested by Phagocytosis (sPecific) or Pinocytosis (non-sPecific) • Filter feeders generally – Some are carnivorous: trap Prey With hook-shaped sPicules – Some are symbio:c With bacteria and zooxanthellae (Photosynthe:c algae) • Different sPonge morPhologies might be adap:ve for different movement Paerns of Water • Most are marine (about 8300 sPP.) but some are freshWater (about 50 sPP.) • They have a suPPor:ng skeleton made of sPicules, (o@en) an elas:c network of fibers in the outer layers, and an extracellular matrix that contains collagen • ReProduc:on can be sexual or asexual (budding or fragmentaon) • SPonges can live a long :me! – Largest sPecimens of Xestospongia muta es:mated as 2300 years old (McMurray et al 2008) SPonges have very varied habitats Encrusting sponges competing for substrate An erect sponge in a tropical environment Major sPonge taxa Phylum Porifera Class Calcarea Subclass Calcinea Order Clathrinida Subclass Calcaronea Order Leucosoleniida Order Lithonida Class Hexactinellida Silicea Subclass Amphidiscophora Order Amphidiscosida Subclass Hexasterophora Order Hexactinosida Order Lyssacinosida Class Demospongiae Subclass Tetractinomorpha Order Lithistida Order Astrophorida Order Hadromerida Order Spirophorida Subclass Ceractinomorpha Order Agelasida Order Dendroceratida Order Dictyoceratid Order Halichondrida Order Haplosclerida Order Poecilosclerida Order Verongida Class Homoscleromorpha Order Homosclerophorida FIGURE 1: Summarized view on the current knowledge of molecular phylogenetic relationships of sponges as dis- cussed in the text. Dashed lines indicate branches of particularly uncertain molecular hypotheses. 120 · Zootaxa 1668 © 2007 Magnolia Press LINNAEUS TERCENTENARY: PROGRESS IN INVERTEBRATE TAXONOMY Poriferan Body Structure • The outer layer is a single cell layer called the pinacoderm – The cells that make it uP are BODYpinacocytes STRUCTURE – It contains dermal Pores (surrounded by mul:Ple cells) or osa (a Pore made of a single cell) • Outer layer of cells (single-cell layer): pinacoderm (pinacocytes) • The inner layer is a single cell layer called the choanoderm • Dermal pores (surrounded by multiple cells) or ostia (ostium in singular) (single cell pore): – The cells that make it uP are incurrent currents choanocytes • In between the • Inner surface Pinacoderm(single-cell layer): and the choanodermchoanoderm (choanocytes is a substance called the ) • Mesohyl between pinacoderm and choanoderm: secretes the skeletal elements mesohyl(organic: collagenous; and inorganic: spicules). The mesohyl contains amebocytes – This secretes skeletal elements (collagenous (organic) and sPicules (inorganic)) – The mesohyl contains another cell tyPe called amebocytes Poriferan Cell Types • Cells that line surfaces – Pinacocytes – Porocytes – Choanocytes • Cells that secrete the skeleton – Amoeboid cells of various kinds (collencytes, loPhocytes, sPongocytes) – Sclerocytes (secrete sPicules) • Contrac:le cells – Myocytes • Archaeocytes – PluriPotent and to:Potent • Spherulous cells – contain secondary metabolites Choanocyte ultrastructure Formation of a triaxon calcareous spicule Sclerocytes Spongocytes secreting collagen fibrils in a demosponge Sclerocite of a demosponge with a rudimentary siliceous spicule extending between two vacuoles Lophocyte • Support (skeletal elements): • Organic: collagenous (spongin in Demospongiae) • Inorganic • Siliceous (hydrated silicon dioxide) • Calcareous (calcium carbonate in the form of calcite or aragonite) Sponges are the only animals that use hydrated silica as a skeletal material Sexual reproduction in sponges Most sponges are hermaphroditic, but they produce sperm and eggs at different times Cross-fertilization is probably the norm Mature sperm cells and oocytes are released into the environment through the aquiferous system Fertilization usually takes place internally or in the water column A planktonic larva forms Sperm follicle containing mature spermatozoa Oocyte phagocytizing a trophocyte Zoologica Scripta et al. Ancestral sexuality and reproductive condition in sponges A. Riesgo Heterochone calyx Inferring the ancestral sexuality and reproductive condition Aphrocallistes vastus Oopsacas minuta
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