Appendix: Some Important Early Collections of West Indian Type Specimens, with Historical Notes

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Appendix: Some important early collections of West Indian type specimens, with historical notes

Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 between 1841 and 1864, we gain additional information concerning the sponge memoir, starting with the letter dated 8 May 1855. Jacob Gysbert Samuel van Breda A biography of Placide Duchassaing de Fonbressin was (1788-1867) was professor of botany in Franeker (Hol• published by his friend Sagot (1873). Although an aristo• land), of botany and zoology in Gent (Belgium), and crat by birth, as we learn from Michelotti's last extant then of zoology and geology in Leyden. Later he went to letter to van Breda, Duchassaing did not add de Fon• Haarlem, where he was secretary of the Hollandsche bressin to his name until 1864. Duchassaing was born Maatschappij der Wetenschappen, curator of its cabinet around 1819 on Guadeloupe, in a French-Creole family of natural history, and director of Teyler's Museum of of planters. He was sent to school in Paris, first to the minerals, fossils and physical instruments. Van Breda Lycee Louis-le-Grand, then to University. He finished traveled extensively in Europe collecting fossils, especial• his studies in 1844 with a doctorate in medicine and two ly in Italy. Michelotti exchanged collections of fossils additional theses in geology and zoology. He then settled with him over a long period of time, and was received as on Guadeloupe as physician. Because of social unrest foreign member of the Hollandsche Maatschappij der after the freeing of native labor, he left Guadeloupe W etenschappen in 1842. The two chief papers of Miche• around 1848, and visited several islands of the Antilles lotti on fossils were published by the Hollandsche Maat• (notably Nevis, Sint Eustatius, St. Martin, probably also schappij, in 1847 and 1861, respectively. His letters to St. Barthelemy, St. Croix, and Cuba), treating cholera. He van Breda make frequent reference to these publications. reached Panama, where he opened a hospital. Again From the letter of 8 May 1855, we learn that Michelotti driven out by local intrigues, he returned to Guadeloupe. had just returned from a voyage to part of the United Around 1850 he went to Copenhagen to obtain a Danish States (the Great Lakes area is mentioned in another degree of medicine. He settled on St. Thomas, Virgin source), and in the winter of 1854-5, to Cuba and Islands (then Danish) in 1852, continuing his profession. neighbouring islands of the Antilles. He was apparently He left the West Indies for good in 1867, and settled in interested chiefly in geology and paleontology, but seems France, where he died in 1873. He collected rather to have drawn comparisons between fossil and recent aimlessly, had virtually no books to consult, but sent invertebrates. From a later letter (11 June 1861) it much material, chiefly plants, to European correspon• appears that Michelotti spent three months in the West dents. Much of Sagot's account is dedicated to Duchas• Indies. He must have met Duchassaing during this saing's botanical collections. Besides his own zoological period. publications (notably 1850, 1870) and that on sponges Michelotti mentioned in the letter of 9 November 1858 with Michelotti (1864), he published on the geology of and again in the following of 15 December 1858, that Guadeloupe, and, again with Michelotti, on corals of the Duchassaing was engaged in describing and drawing Antilles. He must have started to collect sponges soon sponges of the Antilles from live specimens. The manu• after his return from his studies in France, but in any script was then nearly complete, with 80 of the 110 case from 1848 on, as his short paper of 1850 contains de• species known to Duchassaing already described, illus• scriptions of some sponges from the Antilles. trated, and distributed among 15 genera, plus an intro• Giovanni Michelotti (1812-98) spent most of his life in ductory chapter on the principles of classification Turin. He was a lawyer in government service, and adopted. All this had been done by Duchassaing alone. devoted his free time to paleontology, chiefly to inverte• Michelotti was invited by Duchassaing to make a compi• brate fossils of Northern Italy. Published biographical lation and commentary on the existing literature on data refer chiefly to the latter activity, and very little is sponges, to prepare notes on distribution outside the known on Michelotti's association with Duchassaing, or West Indies, and to add synonymies and citations. of the extent of his contribution to the joint paper on Michelotti was also given free hand in looking for a sponges. Details concerning the publication of the suitable publisher and seeing the manuscript through sponge memoir and the fate of the type collections are press. He offered the manuscript, plates, and all spe• equally obscure. De Laubenfels (1953b, p. 30) made a cimens to the Hollandsche Maatschappij. Duchassaing few comments, some of which need to be corrected. agreed to these plans, but suggested that Michelotti Fortunately, a Xerox copy of a collection of letters should visit the important collections in Paris and Lon• written by Michelotti to Prof. J. G. S. van Breda in don, and consult some English specialists, particularly Haarlem was made available for study by Mr. J. G. de Bowerbank, with whom Michelotti was already in corre• Bruijn, Teylers Stichting, Haarlem, who also provided spondence concerning paleontology. As we learn from information of his own. From these 52 letters, written later letters, the political developments in Italy, and his

249 Table 48 Primary types and hypo types of species described by Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864, deposited in the Zoological Museum Amsterdam. The names preceded by an asterisk are not represented in the British Museum (Natural History). Published name Page ZMANo. Original label Present interpretation Spongia barbara 31 Por.2074 Spongia barbara Spongia barbara Viecques Duchassaing & Michelotti (a 'hardhead sponge') Spongia cerebriformis 32 Por. 2075 Spongia cerebriformis Spongia sterea de Laubenfels and Storr, St. Thomas forma sterea•) Songia grossypina 32 Por. 2087 Spongia grossypina St. Thomas Hippospongia grossypina (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Spongia meandriformis 33 Por. 2096 Sp .... formis Viecques Spongia barbara [partly illegible] Duchassaing & Michelotti (a 'hardhead sponge') Spongia tubulifera Lamarck 34 Por. 2257 Spong. tubulifera St. Thomas Spongia tubulifera Lamarck • Spongia vermiculata 35 Por. 2256 Sp. vermiculata St. Thomas Spongia barbara Duchassaing & Michelotti (a 'hardhead sponge') *Spongia discus 37 Por. 2077 Spong. discus Spongia obliqua Viecques Duchassaing & Michelotti • Spongia fusca 38 Por.2086 Sp. fusca Haliclona (Amphimedon) complanata St. Thomas Duchassaing, 1850 Spongia obliqua 38 Por. 2099 Sp.obliqua Spongia obliqua Viecques Duchassaing & Michelotti b) *Spongia musicalis 39 Por. 2097 Sp. musicalis spec. mediocre Coscinoderma? sp. indet. St. Thomas Spongia manus Blain ville 39 Por.2095 Spongia Manus St. Martin Haliclona (Amphimedon) complanata Duchassaing Spongia rubens Pallas 41 Por. 2254 Sp. rubens St. Thomas Haliclona (Amphimedon) compressa Duchassaing & Michelotti Tuba sororia 46 Por. 2415 Tuba sororia St. Thomas Spinosella vaginalis (Lamarck), forma vaginalis Tuba megastoma 48 Por. 2412 Tuba megastoma St. Thomas Spinosella vaginalis, forma vaginalis Tuba bursaria (Spongia) Lamarck 48 Por. 2411 [Spong.] Tuba bursaria Spinosella villosa (Pallas) St. Martine) Tuba armigera 48 Por. 2407 Tuba armigera St. Thomas Spinosella vaginalis, forma armigera Duchassaing & Michelotti Tuba digitalis (Spongia) Lamarck 49 Por. 2408 Original label lost Niphates digitalis (Lamarck), forma digitalis *Tuba pavonina 50 Por. 2413 Tuba pavonina St. Thomas Niphates digitalis, forma pavonina Duchassaing & Michelotti *Tuba plicifera Lamarck 53 Por. 2414 Tuba plicifera St. Thomas Spinosella plicifera (Lamarck) *Tuba irregularis 53 Por. 2409 Tuba irregularis St. Thomas Spinosella vaginalis forma vaginalis Por. 2410 Tuba irregularis Viecques Spinosella vaginalis, forma vaginalis Callyspongia Eschrichtii 56 Por. 620 Original label lost Spinosella vaginalis, forma eschrichti Duchassaing & Michelotti Por. 623 Callysp. Eschrichtii Spinosella vaginalis, forma eschrichti St. Thomas *Callyspongia bullata (Spongia) 56 Por. 626 Originallabellost Callyspongia fallax Lamarck Duchassaing & Michelotti Luffaria sebae 59 Por. 1478 Luffaria Sebae St. Thomas Aplysina lacunosa (Lamarck) Por. 1479 Luffaria Sebae St. Thomas Aplysina lacunosa *Luffaria nuciformis 60 Por. 1476d) Luffaria musciformis [sic] Aplysina lacunosa St. Thomas *Luffaria insularis 61 Por. 1475 Luffaria insularis Aplysinafistularis (Pallas), formafistularis') St. Thomas *Polytherses campana (Spongia) 68 Por. 1852 Original label lost Ircinia campana (Lamarck) Lamarck *Polytherses armata 70 Por. 1851 Polyth. armata specim. junior Irciniafelix (Duchassaing & Michelotti) St. Thomas *Polytherses longispina 71 Por. 1855 Polytherses longispina I rsinia strobilina (Lamarck) St. Thomas Polytherses felix 72 Por. 1854 Polyth. felix St. Thomas Irciniafelix (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Polytherses capitata 72 Por. 1853 Polyth. Capitata St. Thomas Ircinia strobilina (Lamarck) *Hyrtios musciformis 75 Por. 1427 Original label lost Iotrochota birotulata (Riggin)') *Agelas dispar 76 Por. 607 Age las dis par St. Martin Age/as sparsa (Gray)g) Amphimedon compressa 78 Por.863 Amphimedon compressa Haliclona (Amphimedon) compressa St. Thomas Duchassaing & Michelotti. Lectotype Amphimedon arborescens 79 Por. 878 Amphimedon arborescens Haliclona (Amphimedon) compressa St. Thomas Amphimedon variabilis 80 Por. 614h) Originallabellost Dysidea variabilis (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Por. 616i) Amphimedon variabilis Dysidea variabilis St. Thomas Thalisias ignis 83 Por. 2373 Originallabellost Tedania ignis (Duchassaing & Michelotti)

250 Published name Page ZMANo. Original label Present interpretation *Thalysias rugosa 84 Por. 2372i) Thalysias rugosa X estospongia subtriangu/aris (Duchassaing, 1850) St. Thomas forma rugosa (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Thalysias subtriangularis 85 Por. 2375 Thalysias subtriangularis var. Xestospongia subtriangularis, forma lyriformis Duchassaing, var.B. Lyriformis Lyrieformis [sic] St. Thomas (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Por.2376 Thalysias sub triangularis var. Xestospongia subtriangu/aris, forma lyriformis Lyriformis St. Thomas Tha/ysias varians 86 Por. 2377 Thalysias varians Anthosigmella varians St. Thomas (Duchassaing & Michelotti), forma varians *Pandaros arbusculum 88 Por. 1728 Original label lost Ptilocau/is aff. P. spicu/ifer (Lamarck) [younger labels indicate St. Thomas] Por. 1729 Pandaros arbusculum Pandaros acanthifo/ium St. Thomas Duchassaing & Michelotti Pandaros pennata 88 Por. 1731 Pandaros pennata Echinodictyum pennatum Duch [?] Antilles (Duchassaing & Michelotti) *Niphates erecta 93 Por. 1633 Niphates erecta St. Thomas Niphates erecta Duchassaing & Michelotti *A camas violacea 95 Por. 615 Originallabellost Not examined *Terpios janiae 101 Por. 2292 Terpios Janiae St. Thomas Dysideajaniae (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Geodia cariboea 105 Por. 1061 Geodia cariboea St. Thomas Not examined Euryades notabilis 106 Por. 1044 Darwinel/a joyeuxi Topsentk) a) Junior synonym. b) This appears to be the specimen figured in Duchassaing & Michelotti (1864, pl. 4, fig. 5). It is here designated lectotype of Spongia ob/iqua. c) 'Spong.' is crossed out, 'Tuba' being written above it. d) This is the specimen figured in Duchassaing & Michelotti (1864, pl. 11, fig. 2). e) Transitional to formafulva. f) This specimen .fits the description and figure given by Duchassaing & Michelotti, being dark purplish brown, thinly incrusting on a finger coral, Porites porites, forma furcata. Just before going to press, Dr. R. W.M. van Soest (Zoological Museum Amsterdam), who is presently studying these specimens, kindly informed me that Por. 1427 is without doubt conspecific with Iotrochota birotulata (Riggin). Unlike Euryades notabi/is (see footnote k), musciformis should be treated as a nomen oblitum (see p. 53) and is not to replace the well established name birotulata. The latter has been validly used by seven authors in ten publications up to 1970, according to my synonymy (and Hechtel's, 1965). g) Junior synonym. h) This is the specimen figured in Duchassaing & Michelotti (1864, pl. 21, fig. 4). It is now broken up in two fragments. i) Though this specimen also grew around a stalk (alcyonarian axis?), it is not recognizable in plate 22, figure 2. j) There has obviously been a confusion in this case. The specimen is now catalogued as Thalysias coccinea in accordance with the more recent labels. However, in view of the original label, and the agreement with description and figure, there can be no doubt that this is the only extant type of Tha/ysias rugosa. The specimen now catalogued as Thalysias rugosa, Por. 2374, has no original label, and is actually an Aplysina (see below). k) This identification is by Dr. R.W.M. van Soest (Amsterdam), who is revising the types ofDuchassaing & Michelotti there. This species was overlooked when I visited the Zoological Museum Amsterdam. I am much obliged to Dr. van Soest, presently curator there, for pointing this out to me and for letting me add his identification to this list. The specimen in Turin bearing the same name (possibly after a confusion of labels) is not congeneric, judging from the fragment in London (see end of table 50). Dr. van Soest found horny triactines in the Amsterdam specimen and triactinal spicules were mentioned by Duchassaing & Michelotti. Furthermore, Dr. van Soest thinks that the Amsterdam specimen is the figured one. Therefore, ZMA Por. 1044 is here designated as the lectotype of Euryades notabilis. Though notabilis is an unused name in the sense of article 23b of the ICZN (new version, declaration 43; see p. 52 above), it should replace the junior synonymjoyeuxi, which has been little used (cf. de Laubenfels, 1948, p. 170). Euryades, however, cannot replace the junior synonym Darwinel/a, because Duchassaing & Michelotti's name (monotypic genus) is a junior homonym of Euryades Felder & Felder, 1864 (Lepidoptera). The priority of the latter was determined by de Laubenfels (1936a, p. 30; cf. ICZN, art. 24). own career, prevented Michelotti from traveling to Paris, Van Breda replied to Michelotti on 12 December 1859, Haarlem, and London. inviting him to send the manuscript and the specimens. Michelotti received the bulk ofDuchassaing's manucript, On 8 February 1860, Michelotti announced the dispatch with 26 plates, in the summer of 1859 (as he writes in the of a case containing the sponge manuscript, the draw• letter dated 2 December 1859), under the title 'Revue des ings, and the promised specimens offered as a gift. He spongiaires de la mer carai:be'. The figures of a dozen decided not to send the drawings of microscopic details, new species were still lacking as Duchassaing was look• noting that comparable illustrations by Bowerbank and ing for fresh specimens to draw. Every species, we learn, Lieberkiihn were far superior, but offered to send them was tested with acids and examined by microscope. later, if van Breda so desired. He had also included his Duchassaing then knew 122 species, 104 of which were own review of the existing literature on sponges. There new. (In the publication, 137 species are described in 22 was some delay in the delivery of the case with manu• genera.) This first draft already contained the two plates script and specimens, but its receipt was finally acknowl• (pl. 1, 2, in the publication) illustrating microscopic edged by van Breda on 7 April1860. characters. In the same letter, Michelotti indicated that Van Breda later reassured Michelotti that the sponge he had deposited all specimens used for the descriptions manuscript had a good chance of being accepted (Miche• in the Zoological Museum of Turin, but offered to send lotti's letters of 2 October 1860 and 11 June 1861). A to van Breda labeled doublets of many of the species. committee was appointed in 1860 to judge the sponge

251 manuscript (according to the minutes of the meetings of fels only considered the specimens to which labels were the Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen). It still attached, or rather stuck in oscules and concavities. consisted of the zoologists Harting, J. van der Hoeven, From these, he removed the fragments which are now and Verloren. They raised some objections, and it was deposited in the British Museum (Natural History). On decided that the manuscript should be returned for the paper wrapper of each fragment, he drew a sketch of revisions. Apparently, Michelotti already knew of some the entire specimen, a facsimile reproduction of the label, of these objections, relating to the absence of useful and frequently added a measurement. The registered microscopic details from the plates, on 7 November 1860, fragments are listed in table 50. There are also some as can be inferred from the letter of this date. However, unregistered fragments in London, considered by de Michelotti was not informed of the decision of the Laubenfels as of doubtful value, either because of an commission until shortly before 17 June 1861, the date of unpublished species name, or because of an obvious mix• the letter in which he expresses his disappointment. We up between label and specimen, or because de Lauben• can infer from the same letter that the objections to the fels could not decipher the label. Among the latter, there first version of the manuscript concerned the absence of is one, however, of which the original label clearly must anatomical and microscopical details from the descrip• have read 'Tuba/Stae Crucis/Hab. Ste. Croix' (cf. Du• tions and illustrations of species, the incompleteness of chassaing & Michelotti, 1864, p. 46). De Laubenfels' sketch Michelotti's historical account, and the poor French of agrees well with the original description of Tuba sanctae• the latter. It was apparently even suggested that Miche• crucis. This sponge is probably identical with Spinosella lotti rewrite the whole manuscript in Italian, which he longissima (Duchassaing & Michelotti). flatly declined, noting that the bulk of the manuscript, The original collection, to which labels with Dr. Burton's i.e. the systematic descriptions, had been written by identifications were added, was removed from the Turin Duchassaing. Museum during the war, and rearranged after the war, In his letter of 22 April 1863, Michelotti announced the whereby some specimens were lost. I have not seen this dispatch of a case containing the revised sponge manu• collection, but a revision thereof by Dr. W. D. Hartman script. The revisions concerned chiefly the citation and will be forthcoming soon. discussion of two memoirs by Lieberki.ihn from 1859, The specimens sent to van Breda remained in Haarlem and of Schmidt (1862), besides linguistic improvements. for only a short time. According to Bierens de Haan Michelotti refused to add details on spicules, fibers and (1952), van Breda retired in 1864. He had been criticized other microscopic details for each species, in the manner for negligence in curating the natural history cabinet of of Bowerbank, Lieberki.ihn, and Schmidt, as van Breda the Hollandsche Maatschappij. Soon after his retirement, had suggested. Michelotti argued that this would have it was decided to sell the collections. In October 1866, been merely useless repetition of what Duchassaing had G. F. Westerman, then director of the Royal Zoological written in the discussions of higher divisions and illus• Society 'Natura Artis Magistra' in Amsterdam, expressed trated in the two supplementary plates (pl. 1, 2). interest in buying the collections for Artis. Part of the As the letter of 16 March 1864, suggests, the printing of collections was sold for D.Fl. 800 and transferred to the memoir was finally undertaken shortly afterwards, Amsterdam in the same year. The Duchassaing following the approval by the committee. Michelotti & Michelotti collection was not part of this transaction, asked van Breda to send the proofs of the plates directly probably because the trustees regarded it as valuable, to Duchassaing on St. Thomas, as only he could judge because Westerman had expressed particular interest in their quality, while Michelotti was not familiar with the it. Nevertheless, the sponge collection was given on loan sponges in their living state. Michelotti acknowledged to Artis in 1867. It was not converted into a donation the receipt of the proofs of three plates from Emrik and until 1939, when the Artis Museum had already been Binger, lithographers, in the letter dated 12 September incorporated into the Zoological Museum of the Univer• 1864, and suggested to proceed with the printing, as he sity of Amsterdam. was unable to provide meaningful changes. The printing The specimens are now kept in sealed glass containers, was obviously finished in great haste, and the final the majority with four subsequent labels. The oldest type changes (the many 'errata') were done by van Breda of label, which is missing from several specimens, is not because Michelotti did not have a copy of the manu• in Michelotti's hand, although doubtlessly from that script. time. Mr. J. G. de Bruijn suggested that these labels were De Laubenfels left two sheets of handwritten notes in the written by van Breda. There are indeed some similarities British Museum (Natural History) commenting on the with van Breda's short notes on some of Michelotti's poor state in which he found the collection of Duchas• letters, but also some distinctly different characters. It is saing & Michelotti's sponges in Turin, on 31 October obvious from Michelotti's letters that the specimens were 1928 (cf. de Laubenfels, 1953b, p. 30). Schmidt (1870, labeled when he dispatched them from Turin, and it p. 28, footnote) had already inferred (from a rather seems very unlikely that van Breda rewrote all the labels reliable rumor, as he noted) that the labels of the Turin discarding the older ones. It is probable that the labels in collection had been mixed up. De Laubenfels found the question were written by Duchassaing. These labels are sponges still in shipping cases, mixed up with coelenter• elongated, rather crude, with irregular rims, folded twice, ates. Many sponges had lost their labels and a box and commonly perforated, as if originally attached to the contained isolated labels without specimens. De Lauben- specimens with pins. Some are badly faded. Specimens

252 Table49 Duchassaing & Michelotti specimens in Amsterdam which are here regarded as having little or no value as types or hypotypes. (They do not agree with the descriptions and figures, and were obviously misplaced or confused in the past, possibly already by Michelotti in some cases). ZMANo. Most recent label Original label Present interpretation Por. 612 Amphimedon noli-tangere Original label lost A small, thinly incrusting sponge on an alcyonarian Ouch. & Mich., 1864. stalk, obviously of another species. Type St. Thomas Por. 1428 Hyrtios proteus Originallabellost Niphates erecta Duchassaing & Michelotti. A terminal Ouch. & Mich. Type ? portion of a clavate branch which may belong to Por. 1633. Por. 1429 Hyrtios proteus Hyrtios proteus St. Thomas Does obviously not fit the description and figure given Ouch. & Mich. Type St. Thomas by Duchassaing & Michelotti. Identity unknown. Por. 1474 Luffariafulva Lamx. Luffaria Does not fit the description of Luffariafulva Lamouroux det. Ouch. & Mich. Tortole fulva Tortole in Duchassaing & Michelotti. This is probably Veron• gula ardis (de Laubenfels). Por. 1477 Luffaria rupicola Luffaria rapicola [sic] Does not fith the description of Luffaria rupicola in Ouch. & Mich. Type St. Thomas ... St. Thomas') Duchassaing & Michelotti. The specimen is here identi• fied with Haliclona (Amphimedon) complanata (Duchassaing). Por. 1730 Pandaros juniperina Pandaros juniperina Does not agree with the figure given by Duchassaing & Lam. det. Ouch. & Mich. St. Thomas St. Thomas Michelotti (1864, pl. 19, fig. 3). Identity unknown. Por. 2076 Spongia clavaherculis Sp. clava herculis St. Thomas This jar contains a palm-sized rock covered on one side Ouch. & Mich. Type St. Thomas by an incrusting Spirastrella coccinea (Duchassaing & Michelotti). Por. 2085 Spongiafulva Lam.? St. Thomas Original label lost Aplysina cauliformis (Carter). Por. 2291 Thalysios coccinea Ouch. & Mich. Thalysias Coccinea Neither species is represented. This is actually a + Terpiosfugax Ouch. & Mich. terminal fragment of a ramose Aplysina (cf. cauliformis). St. Thomas Terpios fugax St. Thomas Por. 2374 Thalysias rugosa Original label lost This is not Thalysias rugosa, but Aplysinafistularis. Ouch. & Mich. Type St. Thomas (Pallas), forrnafistularis. The specimen Por. 2372, now erroneously catalogued 'Thalisias coccinea Ouch. & Mich. Type', is here regarded as the type of Thalysias rugosa (see above). a) 'Luffaria' is written by another hand over another genus name which was crossed out and is now illegible. The word 'rapicola' is followed by illegible abbreviations. in the Zoological Museum Amsterdam are listed in 238 papers on ethnology, medicine, geology, paleontol• tables 48 and 49. ogy (mainly micropaleontology), zoology, and botany. Judging from the specimens in Amsterdam, and to some He published 127 papers on sponges (fossil and recent) extent also from the fragments in London, it is evident alone between 1847 and 1890, chiefly in the Annals and that de Laubenfels (1953b, p. 30) grossly exaggerated in Magazine of Natural History. stating that, "he found in practically every case that the A short account of the cruise of the steam-yacht 'Argo' to D.&M. type specimen was actually extremely different the West Indies and Central America was given by from that which had been assumed from the cryptic text Riggin (1877, p. 291). The sponges which Carter describ• and crude illustration". The specimens listed in table 48 ed were probably sent to him in Devon from Liverpool. are almost invariably recognizable without difficulty From letters written by Carter to Dr. A. Gunther (British from the original descriptions and illustrations, though Museum), between 1877 and 1879, it appears that it had only very few are definitely identical with figured spe• become a regular practice for the British Museum to cimens. send two or three crates of material at a time by stage• coach to Carter's home in Devon. This practice had The Argo collection (Carter, 1882a) originated when J. E. Gray (a close friend of Carter's) was keeper of the Zoology Department, and continued A biography of Henry John Carter was published by after Gray's death (1875), when Gunther took over the Blanford (1895). Carter was born 1813 in Budleigh Sal• keepership. This arrangement was probably due to terton, on the south coast of Devon, England. After Carter's frail health and old age. It is therefore likely that studying medicine in Exeter, London, and Paris, and a similar arrangement was made with the Liverpool after two short appointments at home, he lived in India Museum. for twenty years. There, he served first as army surgeon, The 'Argo' collection of sponges is now kept in the then as civil surgeon in Bombay. After his retirement in Zoology Department of the Liverpool Museums; former• 1862, he settled in his English home, The Cottage, Bud• ly together in several large cardboard boxes (without leigh Salterton, intensifying his scientific research. A microscopical preparations), it has recently been rear• paralytic attack virtually ended this activity in 1888. ranged in individual boxes or bags and is kept in Carter died in 1895. His scientific publications comprise standard cabinets, in the order in which Carter described

253 Table 50 Fragments of primary types and hypotypes of species described by Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864, deposited in the British Museum (Natural History). (The names preceded by an asterisk are not represented by unequivocal specimens in the Zoological Museum Amsterdam.) Published name Page BMNHNo. Original label•) Present interpretation Spongia barbara 31 28.11.12.57 Spongia/barbara/St. Thomas Spongia sp. indet. Spongia cerebriformis 32 28.11.12.58 Spongia/cerebriformis/St. Thomas Fasciospongia sp. indet. 28.11.12.59 Spongia/cerebriformis/St Thomas Fasciospongia sp. indet. Spongia grossypina 32 28.11.12. 70 Spongia/ grossypina/Viecq ues Hippospongia grossypina (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Spongia meandriformis 33 28.11.12.77 Spongia/meandriformis/St Thomas Hippospongia grossypina (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Spongia tubulifera 34 28.11.12.84 Spongia/tubulifera/St Thomas Spongia tubulifera Lamarck Lamarck *Spongia lapidescens 34 28.11.12. 74 Spongia/lapidescens/Viecques Spongia sp. indet *Spongia lacinulosa 35 28.11.12.73 17 /Spongia/Jacinulosa/Lamx. pol. Spongia tubulifera Lamarck Lamarck flex./p. 21/St. Thomas *Spongia fenestral a 36 28.11.12.66 Sp. fenestrata/St. Thomas Smenospongia aurea (Hyatt) *Spongia complanata 37 28.11.12.63 Spongia/complanata/St. Thomas Haliclona (Amphimedon) complanata Duchassaing, 1850 (Duchassaing, 1850) Spongia obliqua 38 28.11.12.80 Sp. obliqua/St. Thomas Spongia obliqua Duchassaing & Michelotti. Schizoparalectotype Spongia manus 39 28.11.12.78 Sp. manus/De Blv./St. Martin Haliclona (Amphimedon) Blain ville complanata (Duchassaing, 1850) *Spongia marquezii 40 28.11.12. 79 Spongia/marquezii/Guadeloupe Teichaxinella [?] marquezi (Duchassaing & Michelotti) *Spongia clava herculis 40 28.11.12.60 Sp. clavaherculis/Viecques Spinosella vaginalis (Lamarck), cf. forma armigera (Duchassaing & Michelotti) 28.11.12.61 Sp. clavaherculis/St. Thomas Spinosella vaginalis (Lamarck), forma armigera (Duchassaing & Michelotti) 28.11.12.62 Sp. clava herculis/St. Thomas Spinosella vagina/is (Lamarck), cf. forma armigera (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Spongia rubens 41 28.11.12.83 10/Spongia/rubens Pallas/ Haliclona (Amphimedon) compressa St. Thomas/Guadeloupe/Duch. (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Tuba sororia 46 28.11.12.108 Tuba sororia/St. Thomas Spinosella vagina/is (Lamarck), forma vagina/is 28.11.12.109 Tuba/ sororia/Viecques Spinosella vagina/is, forma vagina/is *Tuba /ineata 47 28.11.12.91 Tuba lineata/St. Thomas Spinosella cf. villosa (Pallas) 28.11.12.92 Tuba lineata/St. Thomas Spinosella cf. villosa Tuba megastoma 48 28.11.12.1 04 Tuba/megastoma/St. Thomas Spinosella cf. villosa Tuba bursaria (Spongia) 48 28.11.12.96 Tuba/bursaria/St. Martin Spinosella vi/losa Tuba armigera 48 28.11.12.93 Tuba/armigera/St. Thomas Spinosella vagina/is (Lamarck), forma armigera (Duchassaing & Michelotti) 28.11.12.94 Tuba/armigera/St. Thomas Spinosella vaginalis, forma armigera Tuba digitalis (Spongia) 49 28.11.12.97 Tuba/digitata/St Thomas Niphates digitalis (Lamarck), forma digitalis 28.11.12.98 Tuba digitalis/St. Thomas Niphates digitalis, forma digitalis Tuba digitalis (var. villosa) 49 28.11.12.99 Tuba digitalis/var. villosa/ Niphates digitalis, forma digitalis Guadeloupe 28.11.12.1 00 Tuba digitalis/var. villosa/ Niphates digitalis forma digitalis St. Martin 28.11.12.101 Tuba digitalis/var. villosa/ Niphates digitalis, forma digitalis StThomas 28.11.12.102 Tuba digitalis/var. villosa/Viecques Niphates digitalis, forma digitalis 28.11.12.103 Tuba digitalis/var. villosa/ Niphates digitalis, forma digitalis St. Thomas *Tuba incerta 49 28.11.12.87 Tuba/incerta/Viecques Niphates digitalis, forma digitalis 28.11.12.88 Tuba incertal St. Thomas Niphates digitalis, forma digitalis 28.11.12.89 Tuba incerta/Viecques Niphates digitalis, forma digitalis 28.11.12.90 Tuba/incerta/Viecques Niphates digitalis, forma digitalis *Tuba crispa 50 28.11.12.95 Tuba crispa/St Thomas Niphates digitalis, forma digitalis *Tuba tortolensis 51 28.11.12. 105 Tuba/tortolensis/Tortole Spinosella cf. villosa (Pallas) *Tuba vagina/is Lamarck 52 28.11.12.111 Tuba vaginata/Viecques Spinosella vagina/is (Lamarck) forma vagina/is *Tuba subenervia 52 28.11.12.110 Tuba/subenervia/Viecques Spinosella vaginalis, forma vagina/is *Tuba scrobiculata 53 28.11.12.106 Tuba/scrobiculata/Tortole Spinosella plicifera (Lamarck) Lamarck 28.11.12.107 Tuba/scrobiculata/St. Thomas Spinosella plicifera Callyspongia Eschrichtii 56 28.11.12.2 Callysp./Eschrichtii/St. Thomas Spinosella plicifera 28.11.12.3 Callyspongia/Eschrichtii/Tortole Spinosella plicifera 28.11.12.4 Callyspongia/ Eschri ch tei/Torto le Spinosella plicifera *Callyspongia fallax 57 28.11.12.5 Callyspongia/fallax/St. Thomas Callyspongia fa !lax Duchassaing & Michelotti, formafallax Luffaria sebae 59 28.11.12.14 Coil. Michelotti/ Luffaria sebae/ Aplysina lacunosa (Lamarck) StThomas *Luffaria fulva 63 28.11.12.13 Luffaria/fulva/St. Thomas Aplysina cauliformis (Carter) Lamouroux a) This information is copied from de Laubenfels' facsimile rendition in pencil on the paper wrappers containing the fragments. b) De Laubenfels (l963a, p. 63) maintained that this species is conspecific with Echinodictyum pennatum and that it has priority over the latter. It seems very likely to the present writer that the two species are distinct. There are differences in habit and architecture, but foremost in spicula• tion: in Echinodictyum lugubre, the oxeas are more uniform in size, gently curved or slightly flexuous; Echinodictyum pennatum contains markedly Published name Page BMNHNo. Original label•) Present interpretation *Polytherses linguiformis 69 28.11.12.27 Polytherses/linguiformis/Tortole Ircinia strobilina (Lamarck) Polytherses felix 72 28.11.12.23 Coli. Michelotti/Polytherses/felix/ Irciniafelix (Duchassaing & Michelotti) St. Thomas Polytherses capitata 72 28.11.12.24 Polytherses/capitata/St. Thomas Ircinia strobilina *Polytherses co/umnaris 73 28.11.12.26 CoiL Michelotti/Polytherses/ Ircinia cf.jelix columnaris/St. Thomas *Polytherses cylindrica 73 28.11.12.25 Polyth./cylindrica/St. Thomas Ircinia sp. indet. *H yrtios proteus 74 28.11.12.29 CoiL Michelotti!Hyrtios/proteus/ Hyrtios cavernosus (Pallas) St. Thomas 28.11.12.30 CoiL Michelotti!Hyrtios/proteus/ Hyrtios cavernosus St. Thomas *Age/as a/bo-lutea 77 28.11.12.1 Agelas/albo-lutea/St. Thomas Cribrochalina albolutea (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Amphimedon compressa 78 28.11.12.42 CoiL Michelotti/ Amphimedon/ Haliclona (Amphimedon) compressa Duchassaing compressa/St. Croix and Michelotti. Schizoparalectotype Amphimedon arborescens 79 28.11.12.40 ... himedon/ ... borescens Haliclona (Amphimedon) compressa 28.11.12.41 [label barely legible] Haliclona (Amphimedon) compressa Amphimedon variabilis 80 28.11.12.37 Amphimedon variabilis/St. Thomas Dysidea variabilis (Duchassaing & Michelotti) 28.11.12.38 Amphimedon/variabilis Dysidea variabilis *A mphimedon ferox 81 28.11.12.39 Amphimedon/ferox/St. Thomas Ectyoplasia fer ox ferox (Duchassaing & Michelotti) *Amphimedon viridis 81 28.11.12.35 Amphimedon/viridis/St. Thomas Haliclona (Amphimedon) viridis (Duchassaing & Michelotti). Schizoparalectotype 28.11.12.36 Amphimedon/viridis/St. Thomas Haliclona (Amphimedon) viridis (Duchassaing & Michelotti). Schizolectotype *Amphimedon noli-tangere 82 28.11.12.34 Amphimedon/noli .. ./St. Thomas Neofibularia nolitangere nolitangere [label badly decayed] (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Talisias ignis 83 28.11.12.43 Thalysias/ignis/St. Thomas Tedania ignis (Duchassaing & Michelotti) *Thalisias carbonaria 83 28.11.12.44 Thalysias/ carbonaria/St. Thomas Adocia carbonaria (Lamarck) (Spongia) Lamarck *Tha/ysias proxima 84 28.11.12.45 Thalysios proxima Neofibularia proxima (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Tha/ysias coccinea 84 28.11.12.46 Thalysias/coccinea/St. Thomas Spirastrel/a coccinea (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Tha/ysias subtriangularis 85 28.11.12.47 Thalysias/subtriangularis/St. Thomas Xestospongia subtriangularis (Duchassaing, 1850) Duchassaing 1850 Thalysis varians 86 28.11.12.48 Coli. Michelotti/Thalysias/varians/ Anthosigmella varians varietas/St. Thomas (Duchassaing & Michelotti), forma incrustans (Duchassaing & Michelotti) 28.11.12.49 Thalysias/varians Anthosigmella varians, forma varians *Tha/ysias virgultosa 86 28.11.12.50 Thalysias/virgultosa/ ... cques Tha/ysias juniperina (Lamarck) (Spongia) Lamarck Pandaros pennata 88 28.11.12.22 Pandaros/pennata/St. Thomas Echinodictyum pennatum (Duchassaing & Michelotti) *Pandaros lugubris 89 28.11.12.21 Pandaros/lugubris/St. Thomas Echinodictyum lugubre (Duchassaing & Michelotti)b) *Pandaros angu/osa 89 28.11.12.20 Pandaros/ angulosa/St. Thomas Not examined *Pandaros acanthifolium 90 28.11.12.15 Pandaros/ acanthifolium/ Pandaros acanthifolium St. Thomas Duchassaing & Michelotti 28.11.12.16 Pandaros/ acanthifolium/ Pandaros acanthifolium St. Thomas Pandaros juniperina 90 28.11.12.18 Pandaros/juniprea/St. Thomas Tha/ysiasjuniperina (Lamarck) (Spongia) Lamarck *Pandaros Walpersii 90 28.11.12.19 Pandaros/Walpersii/St. Thomas Ptilocaulis walpersi (Duchassaing & Michelotti) *Phorbas amaranthus 92 28.11.12.12 Phorbas/ amaranth us/St. Thomas Phorbas amaranthus Duchassaing & Michelotti *Niphates venosa 94 28.11.12.33 Niphates/v .. ./St. Thomas Niphates erecta Duchassaing & Michelotti [writing much faded] *A camas laxissima 95 28.11.12.112 Acamas/laxissima Acamasina /axissima (Duchassaing & Michelotti) *Terpios aurantiaca 99 28.11.12.7 CoiL Michelotti/Terpios/ Terpios zeteki (de Laubenfels)') aurantiaca/St. Thomas *Terpios tenuis 100 28.11.12.8 Terpios tenuis/St. Thomas Not identified *Terpios c/adocerae 100 28.11.12.9 Terpios cladocerae/St. Thomas Not identified (contains very long styles, exclusively) *Terpios echinata 102 28.11.12.10 Terpios/ echinata/St. Thomas Not identified (seems to contain only foreign spicules) *Terpios Jug ax 102 28.11.12.11 Terpios fugax/su Porites Terpios fugax Duchassaing & Michelotti St. Thomas/CoiL Duch. e Mich. Geodia cariboea 105 28.11.12.6 CoiL Michelotti/Geodia/ Geodia cariboea Duchassaing cariboea/St. Thomas Euryades notabilisdj 106 28.11.12.28 Euryades notabilis/St. Thomas Fasciospongia sp. indet. and irregularly flexuous (even wavy) oxeas, which are indistinctly grouped in two size categories, especially with respect to thickness. In addition, some weakly spined, clavate acanthostyles or acanthostrongyles were observed in the spicule mount of this specimen (No. 28.11.12.22a). c) Junior synonym. d) The specimen with this name in Amsterdam (see end of table 48, footnote h), which agrees with the original description and figure, is obviously of another genus. I therefore suspect that there has been a confusion of labels with the Turin specimen. Table 51 Primary types and hypotypes of species described by Carter (1882a), deposited in the City of Liverpool Museums (Argo collection). Name as published Page Indications Carter's inscription BMNHNo. Present interpretation (Number of types on Argo label or hypo types) Chondrilla nucula Sdt. 268 [no number] Chondrilla nucula/ Not registered Chondrilla nucula Schmidt (10 hypotypes) Puerto Cabello 10 pieces chiefly offI Hircinia caracasensis Luffaria cauliformis 268 Sp. 34 Antigua Luffaria/cauliforrnis 39.3.24.76 Aplysina cauliformis (Carter) Carter (5 syntypes) Sp. 135, 136, 141, Luffaria/cauliforrnis 39.3.24.2 Aplysina cauliformis Nassau Sp. 142 Aplysina cauliformis/ Not registered The latter is Aplysina fistularis [in part], Nassau bearing/ Luffaria (Pallas), formafulva (Pallas) cauliformis Luffaria cauliformis, 269 [no number] Antigua Luffaria rufa 39.3.24.75 Aplysina cauliformis (Carter) var. rufa Carter Sp.35,36,37,38,39, Luffaria cauliformisl 39.3.24.22 Aplysina cauliformis (8 syntypes) 40, 42, Antigua var. fusca seu rufa•) Luffaria cauliformis 269 Sp. !54, Alexandra, Luffarial 39.3.24.3 Aplysina sp. indet. var. elongoreticulata Nassau, shore elongoreticulata (beach-worn specimen in 4 terete Carter (2 syntypes, fragments) plus I doubtfully Sp. 155, Nassau Luffarial elongo- Unregistered Aplysina sp. indet. (beach-worn associated specimen) reticulata photograph specimen in 2 fragments) No. 24 Sp. 126, Nassau Luffaria/? elongo- 39.3.24.77 Aplysina lacunosa (Lamarck) reticulata Aplysina aerophoba 270 Sp. 20, Antigua Aplysina aerophoba! 39.3.24.79 Verongula ardis (de Laubenfels) Nardo (2 hypotypes) Nardo Sp. 23, Antigua Aplysina aerophobal 39.3.24.78 Aiolochroia crassa (Hyatt) Nardo Aplysina compressa 270 Sp. 96, Long Key Aplysina compressa.l 39.3.24.19 Verongula gigantea (Hyatt) Carter (I specimen in Island, Nassau Fragment [lectotype] Liverpool, another one inBMNH) Aplysina cauliformis 270 Sp. 147, Nassau Aplysina cauliformis 39.3.24.10 Spinosella tenerrima (Duchassaing & Carter ( II syn types) Michelotti). (Now broken in several fragments; attached to Irciniafelix) Sp. 144, 150, 151, Aplysina cauliformis 39.3.24.21 Spinosella tenerrima Nassau Sp. 153, Nassau Aplysina cauliformis 39.3.24.80 Spinosella tenerrima Sp. 139, 140, 142 Aplysina cauliformis Not registered Spinosella tenerrima [in part], 143, 148, 152, Nassau Aplysina longissima 271 Sp. 156, 157, Nassau Aplysina longissima 39.3.24.20 Spinosella tenerrima (2 syntypes) (both specimens are macerated) Aplysina (Spongia, de F. 272 Sp. 97, Long Key Aplysina fenestrata 39.3.24.28 Smenospongia aurea (Hyatt) et M.)fenestrata Island, Nassau (Small, dried specimen) (2 hypotypes; 2 additional Sp. 98, Long Key Aplysina!fenestrata 39.3.24.1 Smenospongia aurea hypotypes BMNH) Island, Nassau (fist-sized, partly macerated) Spongia officina/is auctt. 272 Sp. 32, Antigua Spongia officinalis! 39.3.24.74 Spongia tubulifera Lamarck (2 hypotypes) permeated by Worm/ Tubes and green Algae Sp. 43, Spongia officina/is 39.3.24.73 Spongia barbara Duchassaing Puerto Cabello & Michelotti (a 'hardhead sponge' attached to Siderastrea siderea) Hircinia caracasensis 273 Sp. 88, Long Key Hircinia caracasensis 39.3.24.17 H yrtios cavernosus (Pallas) Carter (2 syntypes) Island [lectotype] [No number] Hircinia caracasensis 39.3.24.18 Hyrtios cavernosus ? Puerto Cabello [paralectotype] Polytherses de F. et M. 274 Sp. 94, Long Key Polytherses 39.3.24.66 Irciniafelix (3 hypotypes labeled Island, Nassau (Duchassaing & Michelotti) separately; 15 more Sp. 146, Nassau Polytherses on/ Millepora 39.3.24.10 Irciniafelix specimens labeled a/cicornis/bearing collectively on box) Aplys. cauliform. Sp. 149, Nassau Polytherses attached/ Not registered Irciniafelix to Aplysina cauliformis Sp.22,45,86,90,92, Polytherses 39.3.24.59-70 Irciniafelix and Ircinia strobilina 93, 95, 115, 116, 117, [labeled collectively] and unregister- (Sp. 86, 90, 92) 118, 119, 120, 121, ed photographs 145 No. 14-17

256 Name as published Page Indications Carter's inscription BMNHNo. Present interpretation (Number of types on Argo label or hypotypes) Dysidea tubulosa 275 [no number] Nassau Dysidea tubulosa 39.3.24.25 Dysidea janiae (Duchassaing Carter (holoty'pe) & Michelotti). (Specimen now broken up in several fragments) Chalina rubens Pallas 276 Sp. 100, 128, Chalina rubens 39.3.24.49 Haliclona (Amphimedon) compressa (over 19 hypotypes) Nassau Duchassaing & Michelotti Sp. 129, Nassau Chalina rubens 39.3.24.50 Haliclona (Amphimedon) compressa [10 unnumbered speci- Chalina rubens/ 39.3.24.51-53 Haliclona (Amphimedon) compressa mens in one box], Chiefly repent on Falmouth Harbor, Milleporal a/cicornis Antigua Sp. 124, Nassau Chalina rubens Not registered Haliclona (Amphimedon) compressa Sp. 125, Nassau Chalina rubens Not registered Haliclona (Amphimedon) complanata (Duchassaing) [3 unnumbered specimens], Falmouth Chalina rubens Not registered Haliclona (Amphimedon) compressa Harbor, Antigua [1 specimen without Chalina rubens var. Not registered Haliclona (Amphimedon) compressa number and locality] [Several specimens Talysias/ carbonaria 39.3.24.46 Haliclona (Amphimedon) compressa growing on Millepora et Ch. rubens alcicornis together with Thalysias carbonaria], Falmouth Harbor, Antigua Tuba lineata de F. et M. 277 [no number] Tuba lineata/de F. 39.3.24.55 Spinosella villosa (Pallas) (1 hypotype) Dominica et M./var. flabelliformis Tuba digitalis 277 Sp. 101, Long Key No inscription Unregistered Niphates digitalis (Lamarck), forma de F. et M. (1 described Island photograph digitalis hypotype. Of the No.l8 remaining 6 specimens, Sp. 102, Long Key Tuba digitalis 39.3.24.43 Niphates digitalis, forma digitalis only one is labeled Island, Nassau by Carter) Sp. 103, Long Key No inscription Unregistered Niphates digitalis, forma digitalis Island, Nassau photograph No. 19 Sp. 106, Long Key Tuba digitalis Not registered Niphates digitalis, forma digitalis Island, Nassau Sp. 11, Antigua Tuba digitalis 39.3.24.40 Niphates digitalis, forma digitalis ? D. & M./p. 49 [probably not in Carter's hand] Sp. 109, 110, No inscription 39.3.24.27 Niphates digitalis, forma amorpha Long Key, Island, (Sp. 109) Nassau Tuba armigera 278 [no number] Tuba armigera 39.3.24.54 Spinosella vagina/is (Lamarck), de F. et M. (3 hypotypes) La Guayra [3 specimens with forma armigera (Duchassaing identical labels and 3 & Michelotti) belonging fragments] Ectyon sparsus Gray 281 Sp. 24, Antigua Ectyon sparsus 39.3.24.45 Age/as clathrodes (Schmidt) (2 hypo types mentioned, Sp. 23, 26, Antigua Ectyon sparsus/Gray 39.3.24.57 Age/as clathrodes 5 specimens present) Sp. 25, Antigua Ectyon sparsus/(Gray) 39.3.24.58 Age/as clathrodes Sp. 30, Antigua 'Ectyon sparsus', Gray Not registered Age/as clathrodes Halichondria panicea 282 Jar 14, Havana, Halichondria/ 39.3.24.48 Halichondria sp. indet. Johns!. (2 hypotypes) shore panicea Isodictya simulans Bk. 282 Jar 10, Puerto Isodictya simulans 39.3.24.8 Adocia sp. indet. (2 hypo types) Cabello [2 specimens 39.3.24.15 in separate boxes] Thalysias repens Carter 282 Sp. 75, Puerto Thalysias repens Not registered X estospongia subtriangu/aris (3 syntypes) Cabello (Duchassaing) forma rugosa (Duchassaing & Michelotti) [2 unnumbered Thalysias repens Not registered Xestospongia subtriangularis, forma specimens] Falmouth rugosa Harbor, Antigua Tha/ysias carbonaria 277, [Unnumbered] Thalysias/ carbonaria 39.3.24.46 Adocia carbonaria (Lamarck). de F. et M. (4 hypotypes) 282 Falmouth Harbor, et Ch. rubens (Together with Haliclona compressa Antigua on Millepora a/cicornis.)

257 Name as published Page Indications Carter's inscription BMNHNo. Present interpretation (Number of types on Argo label or hypotypes)

Fibularia massa Carter 282 Sp. 108, Long Key Fibularia massa 39.3.24.47 Neofibularia nolitangere nolitangere (I type in Liverpool) Island, Nassau (lectotype, (Duchassaing & Michelotti) reproduced in Hartman, 1967, pl. 1, fig. 2) Fibularia ramosa Carter 283 Sp. 76, Fibularia ramosa/ 39.3.24.14 Niphates erecta (lectotype, broken up in Puerto Cabello Bearing the parasitic (4 fragments, Duchassaing & Michelotti about 28 fragments) Polyp Bergia reproduced in Hartman, 1967, pl. 7, fig. 2) Fibularia anchorata 283 [no number] Fibularia anchorata/ 39.3.24.12 Desmapsamma anchorata (Carter) Carter (lectotype; Falmouth Harbor, Antigua (reproduced several paralectotypes Antigua [Label on white box] in Hartman inBMNH) 1967, pl. 7, fig. !) Halichondria isodictyalis 285 Sp. 57,58,62,63,64, Halichondria 39.3.24.13 Lissodendoryx isodictyalis (Carter) Carter (8 syntypes; 66, 73, isodictyalis (Sp. 57, specimens from Acapulco Puerto Cabello 62, 113) were not found Sp. 113, Long Key Ha!ichondria Lissodendoryx isodictyalis in collection) Island, Nassau isodictyalis Reniera digitata Sdt. 287 Jar 11, Antigua Reniera digitata Not registered Tedania ignis (Duchassaing (9 hypotypes) [!specimen] & Michelotti) Jar 12, Antigua Reniera digitata 39.3.24.11 Tedania ignis [3 specimens] (Jar 12; Sp. 59, 60) Sp. 59, 60, 61, 72, Reniera digitata Tedania ignis Puerto Cabello [no number; in same Reniera digitata 39.3.24.23 Tedania ignis box with Esperia (in part) laevis, Sp. 55] Puerto Cabello Phorbas amaranthus 287 Sp. 144, 133, 134, Phorbas amaranth us 39.3.24.26 ? Iotrochota birotulata (Riggin) de F. et M. (4 hypotypes) 138, Nassau Esperia laevis Carter 291 Sp. 55, 56, 67, 68, Esperia laevis 39.3.24.24 Mycale laevis (7 syntypes) 69, 70, 71, (Sp. 55, (cf. Hechtel, 1965, p. 46) Puerto Cabello 67, 69) Cliona caribboea Carter 346 [no number] C!iona caribbea Not registered Not examined (hyolotypes) St. Vincent Terpiosfugax de 355 [no number] Terpios jugax Not registered Terpiosfugax Fonbr. et Mich. Falmouth Harbor, d'F. etM. Duchassaing & Michelotti (2 hypo types) Antigua Donatia lyncurium 359 Jar 7 Donatia lyncurium Not registered Not examined Nardo. (1 hypotype) Geodia tumulosa Bk. 362 Jar 5, St. Vincent, Geodia gibberosa/ Not registered Not examined (synonymized with on shore [the other Lam. Geodia gibberosa specimen, from Lamarck; 2 hypotypes) Puerto Cabello, was not found] Patuloscula procumbens 365 [no number] Grenada Pastuloscula 39.3.24.56 Callyspongia fallax Carter (I paralectotype procumbens/Carter I Duchassaing & Michelotti in Liverpool; lectotype and Grenada [Not in formafallax 5 paralectotypes in Carter's hand] BMNH) a) This is Carter's inscription on the label stuck on the box which contains the 7 paralectotypes. Each specimen bears a separate label inscribed 'Luffaria cauliformis var. fusca'. The name fusca was not used by Carter in the main text, but appears in the list at the end (Carter, op.cit. p. 366), in the combination Luffaria cauliformis, var. rufa seufusca.

them. The specimens bear preprinted green labels (cf. (Natural History), probably on 24 January 1936, and was Hartman, 1967, pl. 1, fig. 2; pl. 7, fig. 1), with Carter's returned to the Liverpool Museums on 22 April 1939. neat autograph identifications commonly inscribed on Most specimens (including some unidentified ones) were the reverse side. The specimens described by Carter are then registered and photographed in the British Museum listed in table 51. Some specimens were not identified, (Natural History), while microscopical slides were pre• or only tentatively identified by Carter, and were not pared and retained, in some cases together with frag• mentioned in the publications. The whole collection was ments. The register numbers BMNH No. 1939.3.24.1 sent on loan to Dr. Burton at the British Museum through -27 refer to fragments and slides, the numbers

258 BMNH No. 1939.3.24.28 through -80, to slides only. ranean and Atlantic sponges in Strasbourg redescribed; Twenty-four specimens were photographed but not regis• 1945: synopsis of revisions of Mediterranean species); tered. The British Museum register numbers of published Thiele (1903b: types in Berlin, Kiel, Graz, and type specimens are also listed in table 51. slides in Berlin, of species from the North Sea, Baltic, and Arctic Ocean redescribed); Burton (1930: type slides in Schmidt, 1870 the British Museum of Mediterranean Reniera, of Atlan• tic Desmacella, and of Mediterranean Myxilla; 1946: The following biographic sketch is taken from the short Mediterranean and Atlantic Geodia). Single redescrip• biography of Schmidt by Hess (1891). Eduard Oscar tions of types, schizotypes and type slides are scattered Schmidt was born 1823 in Torgau (between Leipzig in other publications, and no attempt is made here to and Berlin). He went to school in Weissenfels and compile these references. Schulpforta/Naumburg, and entered the University of The type material of Schmidt's numerous publications Halle in 1842. After further studies in Berlin, from 1843 on sponges is widely scattered, certainly more than the on, he graduated in Halle in 1846, with the unpublished indications of repositories in the original works would thesis De scarabaeo sacro. After the state examination suggest. He took several of the Adriatic specimens he and teaching in Berlin, he became privatdozent in Jena had collected (for which he only indicated the Joanneum in 1847, advancing to extraordinary professor the follow• Graz as repository) to Strasbourg. Some were deposited ing year. In 1851, he was appointed as director of the there, others were sent in fragments, or occasionally as Jena Museum. In this period, he published on rhabdo• complete specimens, to various colleagues and institu• coelid worms, and textbooks on zoology and compara• tions. [Such an .example is Myxilla fasciculata Schmidt tive anatomy. He accepted a position as ordinary profes• (cf. Topsent, 1920a, p. 14; Burton, 1930, p. 532). One sor in Cracow in 1855, continuing research on rhabdo• type specimen is deposited in Graz, another one in coelid worms. His next position was in Graz starting in Strasbourg, still another one in Copenhagen.] Many spe• 1857. Several journeys to the Adriatic subsequently cimens were used for making series of balsam mounts, aroused his interest in sponges. In 1872, he moved to which were offered for sale, together with schizotypes, to Strasbourg. Besides further memoirs on sponges in this the major museums with important sponge collections. A last period, Schmidt published on Darwinism and evolu• printed price list for slides and schizotypes, which is kept tion, on scientific aspects of philosophy, and contributed in the Sponge Section in the British Museum (Natural to Brehm's Tierleben. He died in 1886. History), testifies to Schmidt's ability as businessman. Schmidt's descriptions of many of his sponge species This practice, already started by Schmidt while in Graz, have been repeatedly criticized for their exceeding brief• was extended to the foreign collections which were sent ness and inadequacy. These shortcomings were aggravat• to him and which were described in later memoirs, ed by the deliberate disregard which Bowerbank showed notably those of 1868 and 1870. The British Museum in his monograph for Schmidt's memoirs on sponges of bought almost complete sets from Schmidt. These consist the Adriatic (cf. Vosmaer, 1880, p. 100). The ensuing of 86 spicule mounts (BMNH No. 1867.3.11.8 through overlap in taxonomy was partly corrected by Schmidt 1867.3.11.93), and 103 schizotypes (BMNH (1866), who had visited Bowerbank and the British No.l867.7.26.1 through 1867.7.26.103, some unidenti• Museum in 1865. Despite Schmidt's later complaint of fied) of Adriatic sponges; 62 balsam mounts (spicules Bowerbank's negligence (cf. Vosmaer, loc.cit.), de Lau• and sections) from Algerian sponges, 7 from Adriatic benfels' statement (1950a, p. 16) that Schmidt adopted a species (BMNH No.l868.3.2.1. through 1868.3.2.69; 3 supercilious attitude towards Bowerbank because of his destroyed as useless); 146 spicule mounts (BMNH No. academic stature is unwarranted. The Princeton Uni• 1870.5.3.1 through 1870.5.3.146), and 31 schizotypes versity Library possesses a copy of Schmidt, 1862, with (BMNH No. 1870.5.3.147 through 1870.5.3.177) of the autograph dedication, "Herrn Bowerbank Dr. mit Atlantic sponges. The preparations from the sponges grosster Hochachtung, London 15.Aug. 65, Oscar described in 1868 and 1870 were bought in the same Schmidt". years as published, respectively. Many of Schmidt's species have subsequently become Schmidt was careless about the type concept in labeling better known through redescriptions of type material type specimens, schizotypes, and types slides. Some of by others, such as Schulze's 'Untersuchungen' (Adriatic the redescribed specimens or fragments, occasionally species); Vosmaer (most of the publications cited under even type slides, have been designated as holotypes by Bibliography and others; notably 1880, where types of subsequent authors, sometimes independently, of the Adriatic Desmacididae in Graz are redescribed); Sollas same species. Since many of Schmidt's species have been (1888: redescription of types of Mediterranean Choristi• split, and may continue to do so with further revisions, da in Graz and Paris, of schizo types and type slides from the problems will persist in deciding which of Schmidt's Strasbourg, of type slides of Atlantic choristids in the autograph type designations apply to holotypes or to British Museum, and of most type specimens of West syntypes, and which subsequent references to holotypes Indian lithistids in Harvard University); Topsent (190lb, imply designations of lectotypes. In many instances, a 1938a, 1938b: types of Schmidt, 1868, in Paris; 1952b: solution must probably await compilation of complete some types of Mediterranean sponges in Strasbourg; lists of extant type material, and/ or more thorough re• 1920a, 1923: schizotypes and type slides of Mediter- visions.

259 Table 52 Original slides and schizotypes of West Indian sponges described by Schmidt (1870), deposited in the British Museum (Natural History). (Compiled from the accessions register 1869-77. The Hexactinellidae and Lithistidae are omitted.) Name Page Locality Slide BMNH No. Dry fragment BMNH No. 3. Halisarcinae, Gummineae Chondrilla phyllodes 26 Antilles 1870.5.3.61 Chondrilla nucula 26 Florida 1870.5.3.62 Chondrilla nucula 26 St. Thomas 1870.5.3.63 4. Ceraospongiae Spongelia pallescens 27 Florida 1870.5.3.125 1870.5.3.168 Tuba plicifera? 29 West Indies 1870.5.3.127 Tuba plicifera 29 Antilles 1870.5.3.160 Luffaria 30 West Indies 1870.5.3.121 1870.5.3.148 {Luffaria porrecta] [unpublished]•) Florida 1870.5.3.126b) 1870.5.3.153 Aplysina aerophoba') 30 Antilles 1870.5.3.123 Aplysina aerophoba') 30 Florida 1870.5.3.124 H ircinia linguiformis 31 West Indies 1870.5.3.122 (Polytherses ling. D. et Michelotti) Hircinia Sdt. =Polytherses 31? ? 1870.5.3.149 D. et M.P. lingua? [sic]d) 5. Chalineae Chalina finitima') 33 Florida 1870.5.3.133 [Chalina argus} [unpublished] Florida, 9 faths. 1870.5.3.146 Cacochalina subtilis 33 Florida 1870.5.3.135 Siphonochalina bullata 33 St. Thomas 1870.5.3.144 Siphonochalina densa 34 Florida 1870.5.3.129 [Siphonochalinaj [unpublished] St. Thomas 1870.5.3.131 Cladochalina armigeral) 35 West Indies 1870.5.3.136 Rhizochalina oleraceal) 35 West Indies 1870.5.3.142 Rhizochalina carottal) 36 Antilles 1870.5.3.169 Cribrochalina infundibulum f) 36 West Indies/ Antilles 1870.5.3.134 1870.5.3.165 Cribrochalina cretaceal) 36 Florida 1870.5.3.177 Pachychalina 37 West Indies/ Antilles 1870.5.3.141, -145 1870.5.3.176 Pachychalina rubens 37 Florida 1870.5.3.132 6. Renierinae Reniera ascidia 40 Florida 1870.5.3.106 Reniera hebes 40 Florida 1870.5.3.117 Amorphina terebrans 41 St. Thomas 1870.5.3.118 Amorphina solidior 41 Florida 1870.5.3.159 Amorphina turritella 41 Florida 1870.5.3.103 [Amorphina erectej [unpublished] Florida, 12faths. 1870.5.3.108 Pel/ina profunditatis 42 Florida 1870.5.3.102 Folio/ina peltata 42 Florida 1870.5.3.105 Tedania gr. 43 Antilles 1870.5.3.107 Tedania 43 St. Thomas 1870.5.3.115 Tedania 43 St. Croix 1870.5.3.119 Schmidtia aulopora 44 St. Thomas 1870.5.3.100 Schmidtia aulopora 44 Antilles 1870.5.3.147 Schmidtia mutal) 44 Florida 1870.5.3.114 1870.5.3.152 Auletta sycinulariag) 45 Florida 1870.5.3.101 7. Suberitidinae Suberites tuberculosusl) 46 Florida 1870.5.3.87 1870.5.3.157 Suberites distortus 47 West Indies 1870.5.3.88 Suberites lobicepsl) 47 Florida 1870.5.3.96 [Suberites vestitusj [unpublished] Havana 1870.5.3.89 Papillina cribrosa 48 Florida 1870.5.3.172 Papillina suberea 48 Florida 1870.5.3.95 Cometella gracilior 49 Florida 1870.5.3.97 Cometella stellatah) 49 Floridai) 1870.5.3.98 {Tethya lyncuriumj [5l]i) Antilles 1870.5.3.94 Tethya repens 51 Florida 1870.5.3.91 Tethya diploderma 52 Antilles 1870.5.3.93 8. Desmacidinae Desmacella pumiliok) 53 Florida 1870.5.3.27 Desmacella vagabundal) 53 Florida 1870.5.3.154 Desmacella annexam) 53 Florida 1870.5.3.29 Desmacella vicina') 53 Florida 1870.5.3.40, -43 Desmacella johnsonin) 53 Florida 1870.5.3.28 Desmacidon titubansn) 55 Florida 1870.5.3.41 Desmacidon griseum 55 Florida 1870.5.3.37 Desmacidon dianae 55 Florida 1870.5.3.36 Desmacidon tunicatuml) 55 Florida 1870.5.3.42 Desmacidon infestum 55 Florida 1870.5.3.38 Desmacidon arciferum 56 Florida 1870.5.3.44 Tenacia clathratal) 56 West Indies 1870.5.3.39 Tenacia clathratal) 56 Antilles 1870.5.3.156 Cribrella hospitalis") 56 Florida 1870.5.3.26, -35 Name Page Locality Slide BMNH No. Dry fragment BMNH No. Cribre/la papil/osa 57 Florida 1870.5.3.33 Esperia diaphanan) 57 Florida 1870.5.3.32 Esperia renieroides 57 Florida 1870.5.3.31 Esperia immitisn) 57 Florida 1870.5.3.30 Sceptrella regalisP) 58 Florida 1870.5.3.22 9. Chalinopsidinae Pandaros 59 New Providence 1870.5.3.74 Pandaros Duch. et Mich. 59 Antilles 1870.5.3.162 Chalinopsis clathrodesf) 60 Caracas 1870.5.3.67 1870.5.3.161 Clathria rectangulosaq) 60 Florida 1870.5.3.68 Axinella polypoides 60 Florida 1870.5.3.71, -73 Axinella mastophora') 61 Florida 1870.5.3.75 Axinella rugosa') 61 Cuba 1870.5.3.69 {Axinella scissaj [unpublished] Florida, 9 faths. 1870.5.3.72 Phakellia ventilabrum 61 Florida 1870.5.3.76 Phakellia folium 62 Florida 1870.5.3. 77 Phakellia tenaxl) 62 Florida 1870.5.3.66 1870.5.3.170 Plocamia gymnazusa') 62 Florida 1870.5.3.70 Plocamia clopetaria') 63 Cuba 1870.5.3.78 H ymeraphia verticillata var. 63 Florida 1870.5.3.21 Pachastrella abyssi") 64 Florida 1870.5.3.59 Pachastrella abyssi 64 Cap. Verd.v) 1870.5.3.174 Pachastrella connectensw) 65 Florida 1870.5.3.45 1870.5.3.173 Sphinctrella horridaw) 65 Florida 1870.5.3.47 Tetilla craniumw) 66 Florida 1870.5.3.60 Craniella tethyoidesw) 66 Florida 1870.5.3.54 Craniella lensw) 67 Florida 1870.5.3.57 Craniella insidiosa 67 Florida 1870.5.3.56 A ncorina fibrosa") 67 Florida 1870.5.3.46 Ancorina individua 67 Antilles 1870.5.3.53 Ancorina pachastrelloides 68 Florida 1870.5.3.48 Stelletta discophoraw) 68 Florida 1870.5.3.49 [Stelletta hystrix] [unpublished] Florida, 188 faths. 1870.5.3.58 Tisiphonia agariciformisw) 68 Florida 1870.5.3.52 II. Geodinidae Geodia thomsoni") 70 Cuba 1870.5.3.82 Pyxitis gibberosa') 70 [?] 1870.5.3.167 Geodia cumulusY) 71 Florida 1870.5.3.85 Caminus apiariumw) 71 Florida 1870.5.3.84 Placospongia melobesioidesw) 72 Florida 1870.5.3.83 1870.5.3.150

a) The only references to this and the following unpublished names (in brackets) seem to be Schmidt's autograph labels on the slides (and one fragment), and the respective entries in the register. None of the eight names in question (except Tethya lyncurium) could be found in Schmidt's publications. b) The slide is missing at present. c) The hypotypes in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, have been revised by Hyatt (1875, p. 401, 406). d) This is either a lapsus calami in the register, for F. linguiformis, or a reference to Hircinia lingua Schmidt, 1868 (represented by an original slide, BMNH No. 1868.3.2.40). It cannot now be verified, since the dry specimen (BMNH No. 1870.5.3.149) seem to be missing from the collection. e) Compare Ridley (1884, p. 399, 604); Ridley & Dendy (1887, p. 28, 29). f) Redescribed from schizotypes in Strasbourg by Topsent, 1920a. g) Compare Topsent (1904, p.l43); Levi & Vacelet (1958, p. 233). h) See Sollas (1888, p. 440); Topsent (1898a, p. 112; 1920a, p. 31, 33). i) This entry, which agrees with Schmidt's autograph label on the slide (also indicating the depth of 317 fathoms), disagrees with the publication, where the only locality indicated is Cuba. j) This species is merely mentioned in comparison by Schmidt, 1870; no West Indian hypo type is mentioned. k) The spiculation was redescribed from these slides by Burton (1930, p. 520, 521). I) Compare Topsent (1928c, p. 314). m) The spiculation was redescribed by Ridley & Dendy (1887, p. 59), with reference to this slide. Compare Lundbeck (1902, p. 85). n) These slides were examined and commented, and some of the spicules figured, by Carter, 1882a: Desmacella [Desmacidon in Carter, recte Hamacantha] johnsoni (Bowerbank), p. 297, pl. 11, fig. 21a-e (erroneously renamed Hymedesmia schmidti; cf. Topsent, 1928c, p. 198); Desmacidon titubans, p. 290, 298, pl. 12, fig. 24 a-h (cf. Lundbeck, 1905, p. 41; Topsent, !928c, p. 206); Esperia diaphana, p. 289; Esperia immitis (==E. socialis Carter, 1871, fide Carter, 1882a), p. 293. o) Redescribed by Topsent (1928c, p. 284-285) from type slides in Strasbourg. p) See Ridley & Dendy [1887, p. lxii (spiculation redescribed from this slide), 234]. q) Compare Vosmaer (1880, p. 149), Ridley & Duncan (1881, p. 485). r) Compare Ridley & Dendy (1887, p. 182), Topsent (1904, p. 146). s) Compare Ridley & Dendy (1887, p. 182). t) The spicules were redescribed from these slides by Ridley & Duncan (1881, p. 478, pl. 29, fig. I, 2; p. 479). u) Compare Sollas (1888, p. 104), Topsent (1892, p. 41), Lendenfeld (1903, p. 75). v) This locality, which is also given in Schmidt's autograph label with the dry fragment, is not mentioned in the publication. w) The spicules of these species were redescribed or discussed with reference to these slides by Sollas, 1888. For Pachastre/la connectens, compare Lendenfeld (1903, p. 81), Topsent (1923, p. 9; 1928c, p. 33). For Spinctrella horrida, compare Lendenfeld (1903, p. 70), Topsent (1892, p. 38; 1904, p. 86; 1928c, p. 130). x) Registered as Geodia gibberosa. Schmidt's autograph label reads: "Geodia gibberosa Auctt. (Pyxitis N.)." No locality is given. y) The spiculation was redescribed from this slide by Burton, 1946. Only the type slides and schizo types of the West Indian sity) informed me in a letter, that besides a fair amount non-lithistid demosponges, described by Schmidt in of types to Schmidt's work 'Die Spongien des Meerbusen 1870, which are deposited in the British Museum von Mexico' (1879, 1880), there is also some labeled (Natural History), are listed in table 52. Discounting material of 1870 in the Museum of Comparative Zoo• some unpublished forms, these preparations represent logy. However, some of the labels have become confused 84 species. Many of these sponges have been neglected over the years. There are, for example, many specimens in the revisory literature. References to revisions of spe• labeled Schmidtia aulopora, but these are without excep• cies represented in this collection are given in the foot• tion specimens of A nthosigmella varians (Duchassaing notes in table 52. It is evident that many species are still & Michelotti). inadequately known or unrecognizable. I did not inquire at the Joanneum in Graz (Austria), The 1870 collection of type slides and schizotypes in the but it seems likely that only few, if any, specimens or British Museum (Natural History) is probably the most preparations of 1870 are deposited there. Vosmaer complete, and may contain the only extant type material (1880), who studied the types of Schmidt's Desmacididae of several species. The original collection of West Indian in Graz. made no reference to any West Indian material. sponges, which Schmidt obtained from Agassiz, was ap• The collection of type material of 1870 in Strasbourg is parently returned in an incomplete state [the holotypes very poor in comparison to the one in London. of Rhizochalina oleracea and Rhizochalina carotta were Many of Schmidt's slides are badly made (cf. Burton, later reported to be in the Copenhagen Museum (cf. 1946), and some were judged to be inadequate for re• Lundbeck, 1902, p. 56; Topsent, 1904, p. 235; 1920a, cognizing the respective species (cf. Sollas, 1888, p. 111 ). p. 2)]. De Laubenfels (1953b, p. 31) thought that these Both statements are somewhat subjective: once topo• sponges were returned by Schmidt without labels, and types can be studied, Schmidt's type slides may still that they might be stored in unnamed collections at prove to be adequate. Harvard. By contrast, Dr. W.D. Hartman (Yale Univer-

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264 (ser. 4) 16, 1-40, fig. 1-2, pl. 3, 3 tables+ fig.; 126-145, fig. 1-7; Costa, Suzanne 177-200, I table. (1960): Recherches sur les fonds a Halarachnion spatulatum de Ia baie (1879a): Contributions to our knowledge of the Spongida. Ibid. (ser. 5) de Marseille. Vie et Milieu 11, 1-68, fig. 1-21, tables 1-4. 3, 284-304, 343-360, pl. 25-29. Craig, Gordon Y. (1879b): Spongiidae. In: An account of the petrological, botanical, and (1967): Size-frequency distributions of living and dead populations of zoological collections made in Kerguelen's Land and Rodriguez pelecypods from Bimini, Bahamas, B.W.I. J. Geol. 75, No. I, during the Transit of Venus Expeditions carried out by order of 34-45, fig. 1-12. Her Majesty's Government in the years 1874-75. Phil. Trans. r. Dance, S. Peter Soc. London 168, 286-288. (1966): Shell collecting. An illustrated history. London, Faber and (1880): Report on specimens dredged up from the Gulf of Manaar and Faber, 344 p., 31 fig., 35 pl. presented to the Liverpool Free Museum by Capt. W.H. Cawne Deichmann, Elisabeth Warren. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (ser. 5) 5, 5, pl. 18-19; (ser. 5) 6, 35- (1957): The littoral holothurians of the Bahama Islands. Amer. Mus. 61, 129-156, pl. 4-8. Novitates, No. 1821, p. 1-20, figures. (188la): Supplementary report on specimens dredged up from the Dendy, Arthur Gulf of Manaar, together with others from the sea in the vicinity of (1887): [Observations on the West Indian Chalininae, with description the Basse Rocks and from Bass's Straits respectively, presented to of new species.] Proc. Zoo!. Soc. London, p. 503-507. the Liverpool Free Museum by Capt. H. Cawne Warren. Ibid. (1889): Report on a second collection of sponges from the Gulf of (ser. 5) 7, 361-385, pl. 18. Manaar. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (ser. 6) 3, 73-99, pl. 3-5. (188lb): Contributions to our knowledge of the Spongida. Ibid. (ser. 5) (1890): Observations on the West Indian chalinine sponges, with de• 8, 101-112,241-259, pl. 9. scriptions of new species. Trans. Zoo!. Soc. London 12, 349-368, (1882a): Some sponges from the West Indies and Acapulco in the pl. 58-63. Liverpool Free Museum described, with general and classificatory (1895): Catalogue of non-calcareous sponges collected by J. Brace• remarks. Ibid. (ser. 5) 9, 266-301, 346-368, pl. 11-12. bridge Wilson, Esq., M.A., in the neighbourhood of Port Phillip (1882b): New sponges, observations on old ones, and a proposed new Heads. Part I. Proc. r. Soc. Victoria (ser. 2) 7, 232-260. group. Ibid. (ser. 5) 10, 106-125. (1896): [Same title.] Part II. Ibid. (ser. 2) 8, 14-51. (1883): Contributions to our knowledge of the Spongida. Ibid. (ser. 5) (1905): Report on the sponges collected by Professor Herdman, at 12, 308-329, pl. 11-14. Ceylon, in 1902. 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(1890): Notice preliminaire sur les spongiaires recueillis durant les (1889): On the geodine genera Synops, Vosm., and Sidonops. A campagnes de l'Hirondelle. Bull. Soc. Zool. France 15, 26-32, 65- correction. Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc. (n.s.) 6, 276-277. 71. Squires, Donald Fleming (1892): Contribution a !'etude des spongiaires de !'Atlantique Nord. ( 1958): Stony corals from the vicinity of Bimini, Bahamas, British West Result. Camp. Sci. Albert I Monaco 2, 1-165, pl. 1-11. Indies. Bull. amer. Mus. nat. Hist. 115, art. 4, 217-262, fig. 1-4, (1893): Mission scientifique de M. Ch. Alluaud aux lies Sechelles pl. 28-43. (Mars-Mai 1892), Spongiaires. Bull. Soc. Zool. France 18, 172- Stauber, Leslie Alfred 175. (1950): The problem of physiological species with special reference to (1894a): Une reforme dans Ia classification des Halichondrina. Mem. oysters and oyster drills. Ecology 31, 109-118, fig. 1-2, table I. Soc. Zool. France 7, 5-26. Steinberg, John C., Cummings, William C., Brahy, Bradley D., & (1894b): Etude monographique des spongiaires de France. I. Tetrac• MacBain, Juanita Y. (Spires) tinellida. Arch. Zool. exp. gen. (ser. 3) 2, 259-398, pl. 11-16. (1965): Further bio-acoustic studies off the west coast of North Bimini, (l894c): Application de Ia taxonomie actuelle a une collection de Bahamas. Bull. marine Sci. Gulf Caribb. 15, 942-963, fig. 1-6, spongiaires du Bane de Campeche et de Ia Guadeloupe decrite table I. precedemment. Mem. Soc. Zoo!. France 7, 27-36. Stempien, Martin Francis, Jr., Nigrelli, Ross Franco, & Pulitzer, G. (1896a): Materiaux pour servir a !'etude de Ia faune des spongiaires de (1965): Further observations on the Caribbean sponge Cryptotethya France. Ibid. 9, 113-133. crypta (de Laubenfels). Nature 207, 217. (1896b): Etude monographique des spongiaires de France. II. Carnosa. Stephens, Jane Arch. Zool. exp. gen. (ser. 3) 3, 493-590, pl. 21-23. (1915): Atlantic sponges collected by the Scottish National Antarctic (1897): Spongiaires de Ia baie d'Amboine. (Voyage de MM. M. Bedot Expedition. Trans. r. Soc. Edinburgh 50, 423-467, pl. 38-40. et C. Pictet dans l'archipel Malais.) Rev. suisse Zool. 4, 421-487, (1921): Sponges of the coast of Ireland. II. The Tetraxonida (con- pl. 18-21.

272 (1898a): Introduction it !'etude monographique des monaxonides de (1943): Eponges observees dans les parages de Monaco (fin). Bull. Inst. France. Classification des Hadromerina. Arch. Zoo!. exp. gen. oceanogr. Monaco, No. 854, p. 1~12. (ser. 3) 6, 91~113. Turekian, Karl K. (1898b): Eponges nouvelles des A<;ores. (Premiere serie) Mem. Soc. (1957): Salinity variations in sea water in the VICJmty of Bimini, Zoo!. France 11, 225~255, fig. I, 2. Bahamas, British West Indies. Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 1822, (1900): Etude monographique des spongiaires de France. III. Monax• p. 1~12, fig. 1~5, tables 1~3. onida (Hadromerina). Arch. Zoo!. exp. gen. (ser. 3) 8, 1~331, Tuzet, Odette, Pavans de Ceccatty, Max, and Paris, Jean pl. 1~8. (1963): Les eponges sont-elles des colonies? Arch. Zoo!. exp. gen. 102, (190la): Notice preliminaire sur les eponges recueillies par !'expedition Notes Rev., 14~ 19. antarctique beige. Ibid. (ser. 3) 9, Notes, 5~16. Uliczka, Emil (190lb): Considerations sur Ia faune des spongiaires des cotes d'Alge• (1929): Die tetraxonen Schwamme Westindiens (auf Grund der Ergeb• rie. Eponges de La Calle. Ibid. (ser. 3) 9, 327~370, pl. 13, 14. nisse der Reise Kukenthal-Hartmeyer). In: Kiikenthal, W., and (1902): Spongiaires. In: Expedition Antarctique Beige. Resultats du Hartmeyer, R., Ergebnisse einer zoologischen Forschungsreise voyage du S.Y. Belgica en 1897~1898~1899. Rapports scientifiques. nach Westindien. Zoo!. Jb., suppl., 16, 35~62, fig. 1~76, pl. I. Zoo Iogie, Antwerp, vol. 6~9, 54 p., 6 pl. V ace let, Jean (1904): Spongiaires des A<;ores. Result. Camp. Sci. Albert I Monaco 25, (1959): Repartition generale des eponges et systematique des eponges 1~263, pl. I~ 18. cornees de Ia region de Marseille et de quelques stations mediter• (1905): Etude sur les Dendroceratida. Arch. Zoo!. exp. gen. (ser. 4) 3, raneennes. Rec. Trav. Sta. Mar. Endoume, fasc. 26, p. 39~101, Notes, clxxi~cxcii, fig. 1~3. pl. 1~3. (1911): Sur les affinites des Halichondria et Ia classification des Hali• (1960): Eponges de Ia Mediterranee nord-occidentale recoltees par le chondrines d'apres leur formes larvaires. Ibid. (ser. 5) 7, Notes 'President-Theodore-Tissier' (1958). Rev. Trav. Inst. Peches Marit. Rev., i~xv, fig. 1~3. 24, 257~272, fig. 1~5. (1913): Spongiaires de !'expedition antarctique nationale ecossaise. (1961): Spongiaires (demosponges) de Ia region de Bonifacio (Corse). Trans. r. Soc. Edinburgh 49, pt. 3, No.9, 579~643, pl. 1~6. Rec. Trav. Sta. Mar. Endoume, Bull. 22, fasc. 36, p. 21~45, fig. 1~4. (1916): Diagnoses d'eponges recueillies dans !'Antarctique par le Pour• Valentine, James William quai-Pas? Bull. Mus. nat!. Hist. nat. Paris 22, 163~ 172. (1967): The influence of climatic fluctuations on species diversity (1918): Eponges de San Thome. Essai sur les genres Spirastrella, within the Tethyan provincial system. In: Adams, C. G., and Ager, Donatia et Chondrilla. Arch. Zoo!. exp. gen. 57, 535~618, fig. 1~29. D. V. (eds.), Aspects of Tethyan biogeography. London, The (1920a): Spongiaires du Musee zoologique de Strasbourg. Monax• Systematics Association, p. !53~ 166, fig. I ~3. onides. Bull. lnst. oceanogr. Monaco, No. 381, p. 1~36, fig. 1~5. (1968): The evolution of ecological units above the population level. J. (1920b): Tethya aurantium (Pallas) et les Tethya de Lamarck. Bull. Paleont. 42, No.2, 253~267, fig. 1~4. Mus. nat!. Hist. nat. Paris 26, 640~646. Vaughan, Thomas Wayland (1920c): Sur quelques eponges du cabinet de J. Hermann decrites et (1919): Fossil corals from Central America, Cuba, and Porto Rico, with figurees par Esper an 1794. Bull. Soc. Zoo!. France 45, 314~327. an account of the American Tertiary, Pleistocene, and Recent coral (1923): Spongiaires du Musee Zoologique de Strasbourg. Choristides. reefs. In: Vaughan, T.W. (ed.), Contributions to the geology and Bull. Inst. oceanogr. Monaco, No. 435, p. 1~16, fig. 1~3. paleontology of the Canal Zone, Panama, and geologically related (1925a): Les Siphonochalina de Ia Mediterranee. C.R. Congr. nat!. Soc. areas in central America and the West Indies. U.S. nat!. Mus. Bull. Sav., Sect. Sci., for 1924, p. 236~241, I fig. 103, 189~524, fig. 4~25, pl. 68~152. (1925b): Etude des spongiaires du Golfe de Naples. Arch. Zoo!. exp. Verrill, Addison Emery gen. 63, 623~ 725, fig. 1~27, pl. 8. (1907): The Bermuda Islands. Part IV. Geology and paleontology, and (1927a): Siphonocha/ina coriacea. Internatl. Comm. Sci. Expl. Mediter• part V. An account of the coral reefs. Trans. Connecticut Acad. ranean Sea, Faune Flore Mediterranee, 2 p. (file card), fig. 1~4. Arts Sci. 12, 45~348, fig. 1~181, pl. 16~40 [Porifera, p. 330~344, (1927b): Diagnoses d'eponges nouvelles recueillies par le Prince Albert fig. 176~181, pl. 35 C~D]. Ier de Monaco. Bull. Inst. oceanogr. Monaco, No. 502, p. 1~19. Vosmaer, Gualtherus Carel Jacob (1928a): Aplysina aerophoba. Internatl. Comm. Sci. Expl. Mediter• (1880): The sponges of the Leyden Museum. I. The family of the ranean Sea, Faune Flore Mediterranee, 2 'p. (file card), fig. 1~5. Desmacidinae. Notes Leyden Mus. 2, 99~164. (1928b): Calyx nicaeensis. Ibid., 2 p. (file card), fig. 1~5. (1882): Report on the sponges dredged up in the Arctic Sea by the (1928c): Spongiaires de !'Atlantique et de Ia Mediterranee provenant 'Willem Barents' in the years 1878 and 1879. Niederlandisches des croisieres du Prince Albert Ier de Monaco. Result. Camp. Sci. Arch. Zoo!., suppl. I, Lief. 3, p. 1~58, pl. 1~4. Albert I Monaco 74, I ~376, pl. I~ II. (1882~6): Porifera. In: Bronn, Heinrich Georg (ed.), Die Klassen und (1929a): Ectyon oroides var. fiavus. Internatl. Comm. Sci. Expl. Medi- Ordnungen des Thierreichs. Leipzig and Heidelberg, C. F. Winter, terranean Sea, Faune Flore Mediterranee, 2 p. (file card), fig. 1~6. vol. 2, issued in parts: pt. I (1882), p. 1~32, pl. I, 2, 4; pt. 2 (1883), (1929b): Chondrosia reniformis. Ibid., 2 p. (file card), fig. 1~4. p. 33~64, pl. 5~6; pt. 3 (1884), p. 65~ 176, pl. 3, 7~ 18; pt. 4 (1885), (1929c): Tethya aurantium. Ibid., 2 p. (file card), fig. 1~7. p. 177~368, pl. 19~25; pt. 5 (1886), p. 369~496, pl. 26~34. (Title (1930): Eponges de Lamarck conservees au Museum de Paris. Arch. page dated 1887.) Mus. nat!. Hist. nat. Paris (ser. 6) 5, 1~56, fig. 1~4, pl. 1~4. (19lla): The Porifera of the Siboga-Expedition. II. The genus Spir• (1932): Eponges de Lamarck conservees au Museum de Paris. astrella. In: Weber, Max Wilhelm Carl (ed.), Siboga-Expeditie. Deuxieme partie. Ibid. (ser. 6) 8, 61~124, fig. 1~2, pl. 1~6. Uitkomsten op zoologisch, botanisch, oceanographisch en geolo• (1933): Eponges de Lamarck conservees au Museum de Paris. Fin. gisch gebiet verzameld in Nederlandsch Oost-Indie 1899~ 1900 aan Ibid. (ser. 6) 10, 1~60, fig. 1~5, pl. 1~3. board H.M. Siboga onder commando van ... G.F. Tydeman. (1934a): Eponges observees dans les parages de Monaco. (Premiere Leiden, E.J. Brill, Livr. 59, Monogr. 6a', 69 p., 14 pl. partie) Bull. Inst. oceanogr. Monaco, No. 650, p. 1~42, fig. 1~3. (1911 b): Observations on the genus Spirastrella. Proc. Sect. Sci. K. (1934b): Sur iesAplysinopsis Lend. Ibid., No. 655, p. 1~15. Nederlandse Akad. Wetensch. Amsterdam 13, 1139~1146. (1936): Etude sur des Leucosolenia. Ibid., No. 711, p. 1~47. (1932~5): The sponges of the Bay of Naples. Porifera Incalcarea. Vol. l (1938a): Commentaires sur quelques genres d'eponges marines. Ibid., (1932~3), issued in 5 parts. Capita Zoologica, vol. 3, p. 1~456, No. 744, p. 1~23. pl. 1~35. Vol. 2 (1933~5), issued in 5 parts. Ibid., vol. 5, p. 457~875, (1938b): Contribution nouvelle it Ia connaissance des eponges des cotes pl. 36~ 71 [pl. 43, 55 omitted]. [Also published separately, in 3 vol. d' Algerie. Les especes nouvelles d'O. Schmidt, 1868. Ibid., (2 vol. text, 875 p., and atlas, 69 pl.) The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, No. 758, p. 1~32. 1933~5.] (1945): Guide pour Ia connaissance d'eponges de Ia Mediterranee. Voss, Gilbert L., & Voss, Nancy A. Tableaux de corrections apportes aux memoires d'O. Schmidt sur (1960): An ecological survey of the marine invertebrates of Bimini, le sujet (1862, 1864, 1868). Ibid., No. 883, p. 1~19. Bahamas, with a consideration of their zoogeographical relation• Topsent, Emile, & Olivier, Luc ships. Bull. marine Sci. Gulf Carib b. 10, 96~ 116.

273 Waddington, Conrad Hal the problem of speciation. Verh. natf. Ges. Basel 84, No. I, 361- (1953): Genetic assimilation of an acquired character. Evolution 7, 375, 3 pl., I table. 118-126, fig. 1-3, tables 1-5. Wieser, Wolfgang Wagenaar Hummelinck, Pieter (1958): Problems of species formation in the benthic microfauna of the (1968): Caribbean Scyphomedusae of the genus Cassiopea. In: Wage• deep sea. In: Buzzati-Traverso, Adriano Antonio ( ed. ), Perspec• naar Hummelinck, P. (ed.), Studies on the fauna of Cura'

274 Index

The index covers the introductory part (except for the invalid, suprageneric names and all remaining terms are glossary), the systematic part and the appendix; the printed in Roman type. chapters on ecology and zoogeography are not covered. 4. With valid species names listed in different generic Only those morphological and general references are combinations, only the accepted genus is in italics, except included which are dealt with in the introductory part. when new. Where an invalid or inappropriate generic name follows the entry of a single valid species name, the The following typographical classification is used: generic name required or suggested for valid combina• tion is appended in parentheses (after 'recte'; unless the 1. New names are in bold-faced type. parentheses contain only a question mark, which means 2. Names of the species and genus groups accepted as that the species is presently unrecognizable as to genus). valid are in italics, but taxonomic validity is treated very 5. In the case of species indented below a valid genus, liberally for the purpose of this index. It applies strictly those for which the respective generic combination is only to species and genera with which I am familiar; the here regarded as inappropriate or doubtful are given in validity of all others (e.g. those in table 52) being taken at parentheses. face value, relying on the literature. 6. Page numbers in bold-faced type refer to principal 3. Names of the species and genus groups classed as entries.

abbreviations 14 rudis 131 amphilecta, Hymeniacidon 151 abyssi, Pachastrella 261 sceptrum 83, 128 Amphi1ectidae 140, 142, 145 Acamas 146 sc hmidti 129 Amphimedon [see also Haliclona (Amphime• laxissima 146, 147, 255 sparsus (recte sparsa) 128, 133, 250 don)]20, 52, 79,80,82,120 violacea 251 Agelasidae 127 arborescens 82, 83, 250, 255 Acamasina 146, 147 agglutinans, Cryptotethya 171 var. ensiformis 82, 86 laxissima 147, 255 aggregata, Aplysinafistularis, forma 65 compressa 82, 83, 250, 255 Acantheurypon 160 Aio1ochroia 15, 74, 75, 76 (ferox) !59, 255 acanthifolium, Pandaros 144,251, 255 crassa 17, 25, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78,256 (nolitangere) 148, 253, 255 Acarnus innominatus 129 albolutea, Agelas 255 (variabilis) 146, 250, 255 acerata, lotrochota 138 albolutea, Cribrochalina 113, 255 viridis 82, 84, 255 Acervochalina 80 alcyonarians 78, 99, 110, 123, 135, 152, 157 Amphiroa 141 (limbata) 80 Alcyonium anceps, Pterogorgia 110 Acicu1ida 174 boletus 70 anchorata, Desmapsamma 258 acuta, Hircinia 62 distortum 123 anchorata, Fibularia 258 var. fi1amenta 62 testudinarium 116 Ancorina var. longispina 62 vesparium 167 (fibrosa) 261 var. nigra 62 Alemo 171 individua 261 acuta, Polytherses 62 seychellensis 171 pachastrelloides 261 adaptation 26, 27, 28 algae 27, 61, 63, 66, 73, 74, 90, 99, 129, 134, Ancorinidae 177, 182 Adocia 87, 88, 91, 92, 125, 257 136, 139, 141, 148, 149, 150, 161, 173, 174, Ancorininae 182 carbonaria 255 178, 179, 185, 256 Andros 25, 57, 63, 65, 68, 71, 117, 127, 135, cinerea 88 algafera, Dysidea fragilis forma 73 136 elegans 25 alieni, Ciocalypta 59 angulosa, Mycale 71 simulans 91, 110 alloclada, Cinachyra 183, 185, 186 angulosa, Pandaros 255 viscosa 25 allopatric species 26, 28, 98 angulosa, Spongia (recte Ulosa) 145, 146 Adociidae 20, 79, 92, 110, 112, 125 Alloscleria 174, 175 angulospiculata, Epipolasis 174, 175 Adreus 152 tenuispinosa 175 angulospiculatus, Spongosorites 175 adriatica, Oroidea 128 amaranthus, Phorbas 138, 255, 258 angulospiculatus, Suberites 175 aereum, Phloeodictyon 126 ambigua, Reniera 133 anhelans, Halichondria 133 aerophoba, Aplysina 64, 66, 75, 77, 256, 260 ambiguous genera 21, 24,27 anhelans, Tedania 133 agariciformis, Tisiphonia 261 Amniscos 171 Anisoxya 174 Age/as 127, 129 amorpha, Niphates digitalis forma 84, 98, 99, glabra 174 ( albolutea) 255 257 annexa, Desmacella (recte Sigmatoxella) arborescens 128 amorpha, Reniera (recte Prianos) 117, 118 161,260 cervicornis 131 Amorphina 174 ansa, Verongiafistularis forma 65 clathrodes 52, 128, 129, 131, 257 genitrix 175 Anthaspidellidae 22 conifera 52, 130 solidior 260 Anthastra (recte Stelletta, fide Lendenfeld, dispar 128, 130, 250 terebrans 260 1903) 22 jlabelliformis 113, 128, 132, 133 turritella 260 Antherochalina 140 oro ides 131, 132 amphiasters 20, 23 crassa 140

275 Anthosigmella 164 asterigena, Sclerochalina (recte Callyspongia) biochemistry 11, 26, 79, 80, 134/135, 141, varians 63, 67, 123, 137, 164, 165, 170, 25 I, 90,91 147, 171 262 'Astraxinellida' 23 biotype 26 forma incrustans 165, 255 Astraxinellidae IS I, !52 birotulata, Halichondria IS, 138 forma varians 165, 255 Astraxinellina 161 birotulata, /otrochota !5, 71, 138,250, 258 Aphrodite 54 Astropeplus 172 boletus, Alcyonium (recte Thorecta) 10 apiarium, Caminus (recte Pachymatisma, fide pulcher 172 boring sponges (see also Clionidae) IS Lendenfeld, 1903) 261 Astrophorina 176 botryoides, Leucosolenia 27 Aplysia 63 astrose microscleres 20, 22, 23, 152, 161, 171, Bowerbank, James Scott 249, 259 Aplysina 17, 53, 63, 67, 74, 75, 76 172, 173, 177, 178, 180, 182, 183 his sponges 54, 88, 129, 152 aerophoba 64, 66, 75, 77, 256, 260 Astrotetraxonida 161 bowerbanki, Halichondria 25, 119 (aurea) 64, 66, 69, 76 Atlantic 11, 27, 28, 140, 156, 164, 188, 259 Brazil105, 180, 181 cauliformis 17, 25, 52, 66, 67, 68, 73, !08, atra, Hircinia IS, 138 bullata, Callyspongia, sensu Duchassaing 139,253,254,256 atrosanguinea, Microciona 140 and Michelotti 92, 101, 250 (cellulosa) 76 Aulena 59 bullata, Siphonochalina, sensu Schmidt 92, (compressa) 76, 256 columbia 59 260 (crassa) 15 Auletta sycinularia 260 buried portions of sponges 126, 127, 136, (fenestrata) 69, 256 aulopora, Schmidtia I 13, 114, 260, 262 168, 169 jistularis !6, 17, 64, 66, 68, 77, 103 aurantiaca, Pachychalina, var. dura 123 burrowing sponges 126, 127 forma aggregata 65 aurantiaca, Terpios 255 bursaria, Spongia 108, 254 formajistularis 16, 64, 250, 253 aurantium, Tethya 171, 189 bursaria, Tuba 250, 254 formafulva 17, 65, 66, 68, 69, 251,256 aurea, Aplysina 64, 66, 69, 76 burtoni, Oxeostilon !50 fragilis 66 aurea, Smenospongia 17,254,256 (gigantea) 15, 76, 77 aurea, Verongia 64, 66, 69 Cacochalina subtilis 260 higginsii 66 aurea, Verongula 76 Cacospongia 64 lacunosa !6, 25, 64, 65, 67, 77, 250, 254, australiensis, Chondrilla 186 caerulea, Sigmadocia 79, Ill 256 australis, Dactylochalina (recte Spinosel/a) Calcarea 11, 25, 26, 27-28, 189 (longissima) 64, 68, 69, !08, 256 100 Calcinea 189 mollis 66 autecology II, 27, 28 calcinea, Orina 125 (praetexta) 75, 76, 77 avocensis, Nepheliospongia 19, 112 Calix 119 spongelii 67 Axinella 155, !59 calix, Reniera 116, 118, 119 Aplysinae spongeliae 64 (appressa) !5 Callyspongia !5, 20, 53, 78, 79, 80, 90, 91, 92, Aplysinae velariae 64 ( coccinea) 138 94, 100, 101, 109, 110 Aplysinopsis 70 (lunaecharta) !55 (armigera) 104 elegans 10 (mastophora) 26! bullata 92, !0 I, 250 appendiculatum, Histoderma 137 polypoides 261 (confoederata) 105 appressa, Axinella IS (reticulata) !59 (eschrichti) 92, 101, 103, 106, !07, 250, 254 appressa, Homaxinella !5 rosacea !5, 153, 159 fallax !5, 16, 78, 90, 91, 92, 101, !04, 108, aquaeductus, Haliclona 81, 88 (rudis) 15, 159 250,254,258 aquaeductus, Haliclona (Reniera) 25, 80,87 rugosa 261 (fibrosa) 104 aquiferous system 25, 95, 112, 125, 189 Axinellida 21, 22, 23, 24, 79, 151, 161, 183 jiabellata 9! arborea, Chalinopsilla, var. macropora 108 Axinellidae 22, 119, 140, lSI, 152, 156, 174, (fortis) !01 arborescens, Age/as 128 175 fusifera 91 arborescens, Amphimedon 82, 83, 250, 255 Axinellinae 152, 156 inflata 101 var. ensiformis 82, 86 Axocielita 139, 140 (plicifera) 105 arborescens, Spongia 53, 83, 131 hartmani 23, 141 spiculosa 15 arbuscula, Iotrochota (recte Iotrochopsamma) Axociella 139, 140, 141 ( strongylophora) I 08 138 cylindrica !40, 141, 142 (tenerrima) 101, 108, 109 arbusculum, Pandaros !44, 153,251 (spinosa) 141 (vagina/is) 102, 104 archeri, Luffaria 67 Axos 152 Callyspongiidae 78, 92 archeri, Verongia 67 calthrops 174, 175 arciferum, Desmacidon 260 baculifera, I otrochota 138 Calyx 20, 79, 111, 112, 116, 118, 119, 121, !56 arcuaria, Vagocia 112 Bahamas 11, 15-16, 54, 56, 57, 65, 71, 73, 80, (arcuarius) 119 arcuarius, Calyx 119 101, !03, 109, 126, 137, 138, 139, 148, 152, clavatus 119 arcuarius, Ge!lius 112, 119 159, 165 (kerguelensis) 119 ardis, Ianthella 75, 77, 78 barbara, Spongia 54, 250, 254, 256 lieberkuehni 118, 119 ardis, Verongula 16, 77, 253, 256 barbata, Cinachyra 183 nicaeensis 118, ll9, 122 Arenicola cristata 63, 81 bartholmei, Cribrochalina !5, 120, 121 (poa) 119 areolata, Gelliodes 53, 96 bartho1omei, Spongia 120, 121 stipitatus 119 areolata, Pachychalina 80, 95, 96 Basta 74 (vasculum) !19, 122 Argo collection IS, 135, 253 basta, Ianthella 14, 77, 78 calyx, Esperia 118 armata, Polytherses 60, 250 bath sponges, see commercial sponges calyx, Lieberkuehnia 118, 119 armigera, Callyspongia 104 benthos 11, 26, 27, 28 calyx, Luffaria 67 armigera, Cladochalina !01, 104, 260 Bermudas 65, 77, 78, 81, 91, !03, !OS, 146, calyx, Schmidtia ll6 armigera, Spinosella vagina/is forma 25, 91, 159, 161, 167, 169 calyx, Thorecta 71 92,104,105,109,250,254 bibliography IS, 19, 52 calyx, Xestospongia 113, 116, 120, 121, 122 armigera, Tuba 100, !01, 104, 250, 254, 257 Biemna 147, 161 Calyxabra ll9 Ascandra 27, 28 bilamellata, Pachychalina (recte Cribrochali• Caminus [recte Pachymatisma] apiarium 261 ascidia, Reniera 260 na) 118 campana, Ircinia 60, 250 aspericornis, Spinosella !05 bilamellata, Spongia 118 campana, Polytherses 250 aspericornis, Spongia 104 Biminia 20, lll, 112, 116, 124, 125, 126 canaliculata, Esperiopsis 141 aspidasters 181 stalagmitica 124, 126 canaliculata, Tenaciella 141 toxophila 124 canariensis, Clathrina !90

276 canariensis, Leucosolenia 190 nucula 61, 67, 149, 186, 256, 260 Clavaxinellida 23, 24, 151, 161, 172 canariensis, N ardoa 190 (phyllodes) 162, 260 Clavulina (see also Hadromerida) 22, 23, 152 capitata, Polytherses 62, 250, 255 sacciformis 186 clines 28, 29 caracasensis, Hircinia 59, 256 Chondrillastra 186 Cliona carbonaria, Adocia 255, 257 Chondrillidae 186 caribboea 258 carbonaria, Thalysias 255, 257 Chondrillina 162 vastifica 15 caribboea, Cliona 258 Chondrosia 187 Clionidae II, 15, 25, 26, 28, 175 cariboea, Geodia 178,251,255 chucalla 189 clopetaria, Plocamia (recte Raspeloplocamia Carmia macilenta 129 collectrix Lendenfeld 188 or Plocamione ?) 261 Carnosa 19, 24 collectrix (Schmidt) 188, 189 closely related genera 17, 19 carolinensis, Lissodendoryx 26 corticata 188 closely related species 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 carotta, Oceanapia 125 debilis 188 coccinea, Axinella (recte Iotrochota) 138 carotta, Rhizochalina 125, 126, 260, 262 plebeja 188, 189 coccinea, Spirastrella 143, 162, 163, 253, 255 Carter, Henry John 253 ramsayi 188 coccinea, Thalysias 162, 163, 253, 255 his descriptions and diagnoses 69, 74, 75, reniformis 188, 189 coccinopsis, Spirastrella 162 93, 129, 132, 152 spurca 188, 189 Code of Zoological Nomenclature, see Rules his figures 132, 133, !53 Chondrosiidae 187 of Zoological Nomenclature his sponges (see also Argo collection) 69, Chondrosiina 186 Coelocladia 112 92, 107, 132-133, 256 Choristida 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 172, 176, 259 Coelosphaeridae 137 his terminology of spicules 30-51 chucalla, Chondrosia 189 coeru/escens, Haliclona (Reniera) 87 carteri, Pandaros 145 Cinachyra 183 collectrix, Cellulophana 187, 189 cartilaginea, Hircinia 70 alloclada 183, 185, 186 collectrix, Chondrosia 188, 189 var. horrida 70 barbata 183 collectrix, Oligoceras 62 cartilaginea, Spongia 70, 71 cavernosa 183, 184, 186 color 17, 25, 57, 64, 83, 92, 131, 134, 138, 146, caruncula, Hymeniacidon 150 kuekenthali 185 159, 163, 168/169 cauliformis, Aplysina 17, 25, 52, 66, 67, 68, providentiae 184 change of 17, 64, !51 73,108,139,253,254,256 schistospicu/osa 183 variability of25, 61, 76, 89, 103, 134, 138 cauliformis, Luffaria 66, 68, 108, 256 Cinachyrella 183 columbia, Aulena 59 var. elongo-reticulata 68, 256 cinerea, Adocia 88 columbia, Trypespongia 53, 59 var. fusca 256, 258 cinerea, Haliclona 88 columella, Prianos ? 117 var. rufa 68, 256, 258 cinerea, Haliclona (Reniera) 88 columnaris, Polytherses 60, 255 cavernosa, Cinachyra 183, 184, 186 cinerea, Isodictya 88 Columnitis 171 cavernosa, Spongia 59 cinerea, Reniera 88 squamata 171 cavernosa, Tethya 184 cinerea, Spongia 88 Cometella cavernosus, Hyrtios 52, 53, 59, 255, 256 Ciocalypta gracilior 260 Cavochalina 118, 121 alieni 59 (stellata) 260 Cellulophana 187 penicillus 59 commercial sponges 15, 54, 55 collectrix 187, 189 cladocerae, Terpios (?) 255 communis, Siphonochalina (recte Callyspon• pileata 187 Cladochalina 100 gia ?) 79 cellulosa, Aplysina 76 armigera 101, 104, 260 communis, Tubulodigitus 90 cellulosa, Verongula ? 76 fibrosa 104 complanata, Haliclona (Amphimedon) 15, 86, Ceractinomorpha 24, 54 nuda 101 92,250,253,254 Ceraochalina 100 classification 19, 80, 147, 161 complanata, Spongia 86, 254 vanderhorsti 92, I 0 I clathrata, Tenacia 140, 260 complicata, Leucosolenia 27 Ceratodendron 54 clathratus, Rhaphidophlus 142 compressa, Amphimedon 82, 83, 250, 255 ceratosa, Siphonochalina 15, 91, 92, 93, 94, Clathria 139, 140, 142, 143 compressa, Aplysina 76, 256 101 compressa 140 compressa, Clathria 140 cerebriformis, Spongia 52, 56, 58, 250, 254 coralloides 140 compressa, Haliclona (Amphimedon) 52, 53, forma insolita 58, 175 (oroides) 128, 131 80, 82, 86, 96, 113, 131, 250, 255, 257 sensu Hyatt, varieties 56, 57 (raphanus) 143, 144 confederata, Spheciospongia 167 cervicornis, Age/as 131 (rectangulosa) 261 confoederata, Callyspongia (recte Spinosella) cervicornis, Chalinopsis 128 toxistyla 140 105 cervicornis, Ectyon 128 toxivaria 140 congenera, Spirastrella 165 Chalina 80 Clathriidae 139 conifera, Age/as 52, 130 finitima 260 Clathrina 25, 27, 28, 190 conifera, Chalinopsis 130 limbata 80 canariensis 190 connectens, Pachastrella (recte Pachastrissa, rubens 82, 257 coriacea 190 fide Lendenfe1d, 1903) 261 Chalinopsilla arborea var. macropora 108 sulfurea 190 consistency 17, 25, Ill, 155, 163, 164, 169 Chalinopsis 128, 132 Clathrinida 189 contraction upon touching 189 cervicornis 128 Clathrinidae 190 conu1osa (recte conulosum), Thalyseurypon clathrodes 131, 132, 261 clathrodes, Age/as 52, 128, 129, 131, 257 144 conifera 130 clathrodes, Chalinopsis 131, 132,261 convergence 23, 25, 175 Chalinula 80, 87 clathrus, Grantia (recte Clathrina) 190 Coppatias 172, 173 fertilis 80 clavaeformis, Ectyon sparsus var. 128, 129 Coppatiidae 172 renieroides 80 clavaherculis, Spongia 253, 254 coral/aides, Clathria 140 Channel, English 27,28 clavata, Hymeraphia (recte Eurypon) 145 coralloides, Higginsia !56 characteristics, see morphologic characters clavata, Reniera (recte Xestospongia) 113, corals 59, 62, 67, 68, 74, 85, 94, 100, 103, 116, chavesi, Erylus 182 114 117, 135, 143, 160, 175, 190,251,256,257 cheiris, Spongia 55, 56 clavata, Schmidtia 113 coriacea, Clathrina 190 chelae 20, 22, 23 clavata, Spongia (recte Xestospongia) 113, coriacea, Leucosolenia 190 Choanitidae 162 114 coriacea, Siphonochalina 91 Chondrilla 146, 186 clavatum, Eurypon 145 coriacea, Spongia 190 australiensis 186 clavatus, Calyx 119 coriacea, Stellettinopsis (recte Jaspis) 172

277 coronarius, Suberites 164 Dactylochalina 100 var. villosa 97, 254 corrugata, Dragmaxia 154 australis I 00 digitata, Reniera 133, 258 corrugata, Teichaxinella 154 cylindrica 100 digitata, Spirastrella 165 cortex 24, 163, 164, 168, 171, 172, 175, 178, Dactylospongia 70 digitata, Spiratrella inconstans var. 165 180, 181, 182, 185, 186, 188 elegans 70 digitata, Thalysias varians var. 165 cortical specialization, see cortex, see also Darwinella joyeuxi 251 digitatus, Ptilocaulis 153 surface specialization of skeleton Darwinella notabilis 251 var. spiculifera 153 corticata, Chondrosia 188 Dasychalina 53, 95, 100 dilatata, Spinosella sororia var. 102 Coscinoderma 250 cyathina 97 Diplastrella 23 Craniella 170 fibrosa 104 diploderma, Tethya 260 (insidiosa) ? 261 fragilis I 00 diprosopia, Haliclona (recte Xestospongia) (lens)? 261 debilis, Callyspongia fallax forma 95 112 tethyoides 261 debilis, Chondrosia 188 discophora, Stelletta (recte Erylus) 181, 261 Craniellidae 183 deciduous spicules 146, 180 discus, Spongia 56, 250 cranium, Tetilla (recte Craniella) 261 decipiens, Phloeodictyon 126 dispar, Age/as 128, 130, 250 crassa, Aiolochroia 17, 25, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, deep sea benthos 28/29 distinctive characters 15, 17, 25, 26, 27, 28 256 degenerate growth 94, 95 distortum, Alcyonium 123 crassa, Antherochalina (?) 140 degenerate spiculation, see vestigial spicula• distortus, Suberites 260 crassa, Aplysina 75 tion Ditela 54 crassa, Dendrospongia 15, 74, 75 demes25,26,27,29,52 Donatia 170 crassa, Pseudoceratina 75 Demospongea 11, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, lyncurium 258 crassa, V erongia 75 26,27,54 Donatiidae 170 cratera, Haliclona 117 dendritic skeleton 71, 75, 78 doria, Haliclona (Haliclona) 81 cratera, Reniera 117, 118 Dendroceratina 20 Dorypleres 172 craterus, Prianos 117 Dendrospongia 15, 74, 75 dendyi 172 cratitia, Spongia 140 crassa !5, 74, 75 Dragmaxia 154 cratitius, Rhaphidophlus !40 dendyi, Doripleres ( recte J asp is) 172 (corrugata) 154 crawshayi, Dysidea 72, 145, 146 densa, Siphonochalina (recte Callyspongia ?) drying specimens 17 crawshayi, Ulosa 146 260 dubia, Spongelia, var. excavata 71 crenulate oxeas 184, 186 depth 17, 27128, 65, 176, 180 Duchassaing de Fonbressin, Placide 249 crenulate raphides 134 Dercitopsis 175 his contribution to Duchassaing and Mi• cretacea, Cribrochalina 113, 115, 116, 119, Dercitus 149 chelotti, 1864 252 121, 260 dermatitis, see skin-irritation Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1864 249f. cretacea, Xestospongia 119 Desmacella 140, 161, 259 their collections 249f. cribraria, Heterocliona 167 (annexa) 161, 260 in Amsterdam 55, 250f. Cribrella (recte Crella) jania 73, 161 in London 55, 252, 254f. (hospitalis) (recte A nchinoe fictitius) 260 ljohnsoni) 161, 260, 261 in Turin 55, 251, 252 papil/osa 261 meliorata 161 their descriptions and diagnoses 54, 56, 84, cribriformis, Stelospongos 69 pumilio 161, 260 101, 109, 129, 146, 159, 163, 249, 251, 252, var. stabilis 69 vagabunda 161, 260 253 var. typica 69 ·vicina 161, 260 their figures 54, 56, 82, 96, 98, 101, 104, Cribrochalina 20, 79, 95, Ill, 112, 118, 121 Desmacellidae 21, 151, 152, 160 109, 128, 146, 159, 163, 249, 251, 252,253 albolutea !13, 255 Desmacellinae 79, 152 their labels 113, 250-255 bartholmei 15, 120, 121 Desmacididae 21, 22, 78179, 110, 138, 259, their sponges 54, 55, 56, 61, 92, 93, 96, 98, (cretacea) 113, 115, 116, 119, 121, 260 262 101, 104, 107, 113, 128, 146, 147, 153, 154, dura 52, 53, 83, 119, 123 Desmacidon 79 159,163,249-255 infundibulum 97, 118, 119, 121, 122, 260 arciferum 260 useless as type specimens 252, 253 (olemda) 96 dianae 260 dujardini, Halisarca 25 vasculum !5, 113, 116, 118, 119, 123, 133 griseum 260 dura, Cribrochalina 52, 53, 83, 119, 123 cribrosa, Papillina 167, 260 infestum 260 dura, Pachychalina aurantiaca var. 123 crispa, Tuba 97, 254 ljohnsoni) 261 dura, Petrosia 113 crypta, Cryptotethya 15, 171 (titubans) 260, 261 dura, Rayneria 86, 87 crypta, Tethya 171 (tunicatum) 260 dura, Schmidtia 123 Cryptotethya 171 Desmacidonidae, see Desmacididae dura, Spongia 54 agglutinans 171 Desmacidontidae, see Desmacididae durissima, Pseudoceratina 75 (crypta) !5, 171 Desmapsamma anchorata 258 Duseideia 72 cumulus, Geodia 261 Desmoxyia 156 fragilis 72 cunctatrix, Spirastrella 162, 163 Desmoxyidae 151, 152, 156 Dysidea 54, 64, 71, 72, 146 curiosity sponge 58 Desmoxyinae 152, 156 crawshayi 72, 145, 146 currents (see also hydrodynamics) 29, 57, 58, diacts, see megascleres etheria 72, 73, 146 62, 67, 81, 89, 90, 100, 115, 134, 135, 136, diagnostic criteria (features), see distinctive fragilis 54, 72, 73 147, 149, 151, 166, 173, 176 characters forma algafera 73 cyathina, Dasychalina 97 dianae, Desmacidon 260 janiae 72, 73,251,257 cyathus, Sclerochalina (recte Spinosella) 9! diaphana, Esperia (recte Mycale) 261 tubulosa 73, 257 cylindrica, Axocie/la 140, 141, 142 Dictyoceratina 54 variabilis 72, 146, 250, 255 cylindrica, Dactylochalina (recte Spinose/la) diffusa, Spinosella 91 Dysideidae 72 100 digitalis, Niphates 25, 96, 97 Dysidicinia 60 cylindrica, Esperiopsis (recte Axociella) 140 forma amorpha 84, 98, 99, 257 cylindrica, Polytherses 255 forma digitalis 97, 120, 250, 254, 257 echinata, Terpios 255 cylindrica, Thalysias subtriangularis var. 113 forma pavonina 97, 98, 250 echinating spicules, see spicule localization cylindrica, Xestospongia subtriangularis for- digitalis, Spinosella 97 Echinoclathria 139, 143, 144 mall4 digitalis, Spongia 96, 97, 254 tenuis (recte /eporina) 143 cytology II, 23, 25, 141 digitalis, Tuba 97, 250, 254, 257 Echinodictyum

278 lugubre 255 diaphana 261 Fibulia 147 pennatum 251, 255 immitis 129, 261 massa 148 Echinonema 140 laevis 258 nolitangere 148 typicum 140 renieroides 261 ficiformis, Petrosia 113 ecologic differentiation (see also ecophenoty• socialis 129, 261 var. 123 pes) 25-28, 54, 89, 92, 95, 134, 157, 164, Esperiopsis Ficulina 87 169, 173, 186, 187 canalicu/ata 141 ficus, Halichondria (recte Ficu/ina) 86, 87 ecology 25,26-29, 191-238 cy/indrica 140 field characteristics 25 ecophenotypes 25, 26, 52, 64, 65, 66, 89, 95, Esper's sponges 59, 60, 64, 65, 71, 76, 114 filamenta, Hircinia acuta var. 62 100, 110, 114, 123, 140, 165, 167, 169, 173, etheria, Dysidea 72, 73, 146 Filifera 60 188 Euasterophora 20, 21, 22, 23 felix 60 eco(pheno )typic variability, see ecologic dif• Euchalina 100 verrucosa 60 ferentiation typica 101 finitima, Chalina 260 ecotones 27, 123, 164 Euircinia 60 Fistularia 63 ectosomal skeleton (specialization), see sur• Eunicea fistularis 63 face specialization laxispica 152 fistularis, Aplysina 16, 17, 64, 66, 68, 77, 103 Ectyon 128 mammosa 99, 123 forma aggregata 65 cervicornis 128 Euryades 251 forrnafistularis 16, 64,250, 253 fascicularis 129 notabilis 251, 255 forrnafulva 65, 66, 68, 69,251,256 jlabelliformis 131, 132 Eurypon 145, !59 fistularis, Fistularia 63 oroides var. jlavus 131 c/avatum 145 fistularis, Spongia 63, 64, 66 sparsus 128, 129, 130, 131, 257 (viride) 160 fistularis, V erongia 64, 65, 66 var. clavaeformis 128, 129 Euryponidae 151, 152, 159 fistulatus, Suberites (recte Xytopsene) 137 Ectyonidae 127 eurytopy 28, 187 fistulosa, Spongia 64 Ectyoplasia 158 Euspongia 54, 121, 132 fistulosum, Phloeodictyon 126 ferox 158 evolution 28, 29, 79 jlabe/lata, Ca/lyspongia 91 ferox explicata 159 excavata, Spongelia dubia var. 71 jlabelliformis, Age/as 113, 128, 132, 133 feroxferox 255 exemplum, Thorecta 70 jlabe/liformis, Ectyon 131, 132 ferox surgens 153, 158 var. tertia 70 jlabe/liformis, Ianthe/la 74, 75, 77 tubula 159 exochetes 173, 179, 180, 185, 188 fl.abelliformis, Patuloscula procumbens var. elegans, Adocia 25 explicata, Ectyoplasiaferox 159 92 e/egans, Aplysinopsis 70 exposure to air, see emergence fl.abelliformis, Siphonochalina procumbens e/egans, Dactylospongia 70 external form, see habit var. 92 e/egans, Luffariella 70 exudate 17, 63, 78, 84, 135, 138, 144 flagellate chambers 72, 75 elongata, Spinosella sororia var. 102 jlage/lifer, Gel/ius Ill elongo-reticulata, Luffaria cau/iformis var. fa/lax, Ca/lyspongia 15, 16, 78, 90, 91, 92, fl.agellifera, Sigmadocia Ill 68,256 101,104,108,250,254 jlavus, Ectyon oroides var. 131 embryology 11, 22, 23, 24, 25, 79, 151, 161, fa/lax, Callyspongia, forma debilis 95 Florida 11, 15, 17 172, 175 fa/lax, Ca/lyspongia, forma fa/lax 16, 92, 254, jluviatilis, Spongia (recte Ephydatia) 66 emergence 166 258 foliaceum, Pandaros 144, 145 ensiformis, Amphimedon arborescens var. family (-ies) 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 52 Folio/ina 80 82, 86 fascicularis, Ectyon 129 peltata 80, 260 environment, see ecology fascicu/ata, Hircinia 60 folium, Phakel/ia 261 Epa/lax 152 fascicu/ata, Ircinia 53, 60, 61, 63 foreign inclusions 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, Epipolasida 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 151, 152, fasciculata, Myxilla 259 63, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 95, 98, 100, 125, 127, 156, 172, 174 fasciculata, Spongia 60 146, 149, 161, 171, 173, 174, 176, 188, 189 Epipolasis 24, 172, 174, 176 Fasciospongia 54, 69 foreign spicules 55, 71, 145, 146 (angulospiculata) 174, 175 sp. indet. 254, 255 formosus, Erylus 181, 182 lithophaga 85, 175 felix, Filifera 60 forms (taxa) 26, 52, 188 novaezea/andiae 175 felix, Ircinia 52, 53, 60, 62, 63, 67, 99, 134, fortis, Callyspongia 101 su/uensis 175 135, 147, 160, 165, 166, 250, 255, 256 fortis, Siphonochalina 101 erecta, Niphates 52, 53, 80, 86, 95, 96, 251, felix, Polytherses 60, 250, 255 fortis, Spinosella 91 253,255,258 fenestrata, Aplysina 69, 256 fossil sponges, see paleontology erecta, Spongelia rectilinea var. 70 fenestra/a, Spongia 69, 76, 254 fragilis, Aplysina 66 erectus, Thorecta 70 ferox, Amphimedon 159, 255 fragilis, Dasychalina 100 erina, Haliclona (Amphimedon) 82 ferox, Ectyoplasia 158 fragilis, Dysidea 54, 72, 73 Erylus 181, 182 ferox explicata 159 forma algafera 73 chavesi 182 ferox ferox 255 fragilis, Duseideia 72 formosus 181, 182 ferox surgens 153, 158 fragilis, Spongia 72 geodioides 182 fertilis, Chalinula 80 fruticosa, Spinosella sororia var. 102 goffrilleri 182 fertilis, Phylosiphonia 80 fugax, Terpios 146, 253, 255, 258 mamillaris sensu Topsent 182 fibrosa, Ancorina (recte Ste/letta, fide Len- fulva, Aplysina fistu/aris forma 65, 66, 68, 69, topsenti 182 denfeld, 1903) 261 251, 256 trisphaera 182 fibrosa, Callyspongia 104 fulva, Luffaria 66, 68, 253, 254 eschrichti, Callyspongia 92, 101, 103, 106, fibrosa, Cladochalina 104 fulva, Spongia 64, 66, 253 107,250,254 fibrosa, Dasychalina 104 fulva, V erongia 66 eschrichti, Spinosel/a vagina/is forma 25, 103, fibrosa, Pachychalina 104 fusca, Luffaria cauliformis var. 256, 258 105, 250 fibrosa, Spinose/la 105 fusca, Spongia 86, 250 eschrichti, Tuba 103, 106 Fibularia 147 fusifera, Ca/lyspongia 91 eschrittii, see eschrichti, Callyspongia anchorata 258 esochetes 108, 177 massa 147, 148, 258 Galaxaura sp. 139 Esperia ( recte M yca/e) ramosa 53, 95, 96, 258 ga/eiformis, Thorecta 70, 71 calyx 118 fibulata, Gel/iodes 95 Gelliidae 79

279 Gelliodes 53, 95 (birotulata) 15, 138 Hemiasterella 152 (areolata) 53, 96 bowerbanki 25, 119 Hemiasterellidae 152, 156 fibula/a 95 (ficus) 86, 87 Hemiasterellinae 152 (kerguelensis) 119 (inornata) 161 Hemigellius 20, 21, 79, 111, 112, 113, 156 (ramosa) 53, 80, 96 (isodictyalis) 135, 258 (pachyderma) 112, 113 Gellius 21, 79, 80, 113 ljohnsoni) 161 rudis 112 ( arcuarius) 112, 119 melanadocia 149 Hemihaliclona 80, 82 flagellifer 111 ( oculata) 80 viridis 82, 84 (massa) 148 panicea 25, 149, 257 hemorrhages, Oligoceras 60, 63 (rudis) 112 papillaris 149 hentscheli, Spongosorites 175 (textapatina) Ill (peachi) 161 Heterocliona 167 gemmules 134, 146 (purpurea) 138 cribraria 167 genera 17, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 52 (simulans) 88 Hiattrochota 138 genera transferred 20, 78, 79, 80, Ill, 125, Halichondriida 19, 24, 117, 138, 148, 151, 172 protea 138 147, 156, 161 Halichondriidae 24, 119, 148, 172 Higginsia 156 generic epiteths 145 halichondrioides, Xestospongia (recte Plakor- coralloides 156, 157 genetics25,26,27,28 tis) 113 strigilata 57, !53, 154, 156 genitrix, Amorphina 175 Haliclona 26, 79, 80, 87, 91, 92, 110, 113 higginsii, Aplysina 66 genitrix, Topsentia 175 cinerea 88 Higginsiinae 119, 152, 156 genotypic variability 26, 27, 28 (crate raj 117 Hippospongia 54, 55 Geodia 178,259 (diprosopia) 112 grossypina 250, 254 cariboea 178, 251, 255 hogarthi 87, 88, 89 Hircinella 60 cumulus 261 (longleyi) 113, 114 Hircinia60 gibberosa 90, 178, 258, 261 permollis 88 acuta 62 thomsoni 261 podatypa 87, 90 var. filamenta 62 tumulosa 258 rosea 88 var. longispina 62 Geodia (Geodia) 178 rubens 53, 82, 83 var. nigra 62 gibberosa 178, 180 subtriangularis sensu de Laubenfels 82 atra 15, 138 Geodia (Sidonops) 179 variabilis sensu de Laubenfels 86, 96 caracasensis 59, 256 neptuni 179 viridis 61, 62, 84, 146, 147 cartilaginea 70 vosmaeri 179, 180 Haliclona (Amphimedon) 80, 82, 92, 97 var. horrida 70 Geodiidae 178 complanata 15, 86, 92, 250, 253, 254 fasciculata 60 geodioides, Erylus 182 compressa 52, 53, 80, 82, 86, 96, 113, 131, gigantea 62 geographic differentiation, see zoogeography 254,255,257 lingua 261 geology29 erina 82 linguiformis 260 gibberosa, Geodia 178, 258, 261 pellasarca 82 purpurea 15, 70, 108 gibberosa, Geodia (Geodia) 178, 180 viridis 82, 84, 86, 100, 145, 175, 255 hispida, Ulosa 146 gibberosa, Pyxitis 261 Haliclona (Haliclona) 80, 81, 87, 92, 110 Histoderma 137 gigantea, Aplysina 75, 76, 77 doria 81 appendiculatum 137 gigantea, Hircinia 62 molitba 15, 81, 92 histology 11, 25, 1401141 gigantea, Verongia 77 oculata 80 hogarthi, Haliclona 87, 88, 89 gigantea, Verongula 17, 25, 76, 78, 256 Haliclona (Reniera) 80,86 hogarthi, Haliclona (Reniera) 87 glabra, Anisoxya 174 aquaeductus 25, 81,87 Holoxea 156 glabra, Topsentia 174, 175 formapermollis 87, 89 Homaxinella 15 glove sponge 55, 57 cinerea 88 appressa 15 goffrilleri, Erylus 182 coerulescens 87 rudis 15 gracilior, Cometella 260 hogarthi 87 homei, Ianthella 74 gracilis, Ptilocaulis 15, 152 permollis 88, 89 homoeomorphy of spicules 23 gracilis, Veluspa polymorpha var. 80 (?) podatypa 90, 179 homology 23, 98, 141 graminea, Spongia 54, 55, 56, 57 varians 89 homonyms 54, 59, 63, 74, 100, 118, 119, 146, graminea tampa, Spongia, see tampa, Spongia Haliclonidae 78, 79, 87, 98, 110, 121, 125, 146 147, 171, 174,251 Grantia clathrus 190 Halicnemia 152, 156 Homosclerophora 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 grass sponge 56, 57 Halicometes stellata 170 honeycombed architecture, see skeletal ar• grayi, Pseudaxinella 155 Halina 149 chitecture, prismatic grayi, Teichaxinella 155 Halinidae 175 horrida, Hircinia cartilaginea var. 70 griseum, Desmacidon 260 Halisarca 24 horrida, Sphinctrella (recte Sphincterella de grossypina, Hippospongia 250, 254 dujardini 25 Laubenfels, 1936a ?) 261 grossypina, Spongia 250, 254 metschnikovi 25 horridus, Thorecta 15, 16, 52, 53, 70 growth stages 25, 52, 168, 173 Halispongia 149 hospitalis, Cribrella 260 Gulf grass sponge 55 Halme59 Hyatt's descriptions 15, 57, 71, 76, 77 Gulf of Mexico 55 Halmopsis 59 his figures 57, 71, 77 Gummina 187 Hamacantha 161 his sponges 54, 56, 57, 66, 70, 71, 76 gymnazusa, Plocamia 261 johnsoni 161,261 hybrids 26, 27, 28 Hamacanthinae 79 hydrodynamics 25 haagenseni, Spongia 120, 121 Haplosclerida 17, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 78, 79, Hymedesmia 27 Haastia 72 95, 100, 110, 125, 156 (mixta) 170 habit 25, 26, 52 Haploscleridae 110 (schmidti) 261 habitat 25, 26, 27, 28 hartmani, Axocielita 23, 141 ( stellata) 170 Hadromerida 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 156, 161, 162 hebes, Reniera 260 Hymeniacidon 150 Hadromerina 151, 152 heliophila, Hymeniacidon 150 amphilecta 151 haeckeli, Pilochrota (recte Myriastra) 177 heliophila, Stylotella 150 caruncula 150 Halichondria 80, 87, 149, 257 Heliospongia 112 heliophila 150 ( anhelans) 133 Heliospongiidae 20, 21, 112 Hymeniacidonidae 24, 117, 138, !50

280 Hymeraphia (peachi) 88 canariensis 190 (clavata) 145 (permo/lis) 80, 88 complicata 27 (verticillata var.) ? 261 (rosea) 88 (coriacea) 190 (viridis) 159, 160 (simulans) 257 variabilis 27 Hyrtios 17, 52,59 (simulo) 88 lieberkuehni, Calyx 118, 119 cavernosus 52, 53, 59, 255, 256 (varians) 88 Lieberkuehnia 118 (musciformis) 138, 250 isodictyalis, Halichondria 135, 258 calyx 118, 119 proteus 53, 59, 253, 255 isodictyalis, Lissodendoryx 26, 135, 137, 258 limbata, Acervochalina (recte Haliclona) 80 !sops 179 limbata, Chalina 80 Ianthe/la 15, 17, 74,75 limbata, Spongia 80 (ardis) 75, 77, 78 Jamaica 138, 139, 176 lineata, Tuba 254, 257 basta 74, 77, 78 Jania 73 lingua, Hircinia 261 jlabelliformis 74, 75, 77 jania, Desmacella 73, 161 linguiformis, Hircinia 260 homei 74 jania, Terpios 73 linguiformis, Polytherses 60, 62, 254, 260 (ianthella) 15, 75 janiae, Dysidea 72, 73,251, 257 Linne's sponges 83 ignis, Tedania 23, 63, 67, 133, 148, 250, 255, janiae, Terpios 73, 251 lipostomy 112, 117, 119, 120, 125, 160, 170, 258 Jaspidae 152, 156, 172, 175 173 ignis, Thalisias 133, 250, 255 Jaspis 172, 173, 174 Lissodendoryx 15, 135, 137 immitis, Esperia (recte Mycale) 129, 261 johnstoni 172 carolinensis 26 incerta, Tuba 97, 254 pudica 25, 172, 187 isodictyalis 26, 135, 137, 258 inconstans, Spirastrel/a, var. digitata 165 jeffreysi, Oceanapia 116 ? sigmata 136, !50 incrustans, Anthosigmella varians forma 165 johnsoni, Desmacella 161, 260, 261 lithistids 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 259 incrustans, Myxilla 25 johnsoni, Desmacidon 261 lithophaga, Epipolasis 85, 175 incrustans, Thalysias varians var. 165 johnsoni, Halichondria 161 lobiceps, Suberites 260 individua, Ancorina 261 johnsoni, Hamacantha 161, 261 longispina, Hircinia acuta var. 62 individual in sponges 25 johnstoni, Jaspis 172 longispina, Polytherses 62, 250 Indo-Pacific 15 johnstoni, Vioa 172 longissima, Aplysina 64, 68, 69, 108, 256 infestum, Desmacidon 260 joyeuxi, Darwinel/a 251 longissima, Spinosella 65, 101, 107, 252 infirma, Siphonochalina procumbens var. 92 jugosa, Isodictya (recte Gel/ius jugosus) 80 longissima, Tuba 107 inflata, Callyspongia 101 juniperina, Microciona 142 longissima, Verongia 64, 68, 108 infraspecific taxa 26, 52 juniperina, Pandaros 142, 253, 255 longleyi, Haliclona 113, 114 infrasubspecific taxa 52 juniperina, Spongia 140, 142 longleyi, N eopetrosia 80, 113 infundibularis, Reniera aquaeductus var. 88 juniperina, Thalysias 23, 141, 142, 164, 255 Luffaria 64, 260 infundibulum, Cribrochalina 97, 118, 119, archeri 67 121, 122, 260 kallitetilla, Myriastra 177 calyx 67 inhabitants of sponges 127 Keratosa, keratose sponges 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, cauliformis 66, 68, 108, 256 innominatus, Acarnus 129 22,24,54 var. elongo-reticulata 68, 256 inornata, Halichondria (recte Desmacel/a) kerguelensis, Calyx (?) 119 var. fusca 256, 258 161 kerguelensis, Gelliodes 119 var. rufa 68, 256, 258 insidiosa, Craniella (recte Tetil/a ?) 261 Key Largo, Florida 17 fulva 66, 68, 253, 254 insolita, Spongia cerebriformis forma 58, 175 kuekenthali, Cinachyra 185 insularis 250 insularis, Luffaria 250 nuciformis 67, 250 intermediate forms, see transitional forms lacinulosa, Spongia, sensu D.&M. 55, 254 rigida 76, 77 International Code of Zoological Nomencla- lacunosa, Aplysina 16, 25, 64, 65, 67, 77, 250, rupicola 253 ture, see Rules of Zoological Nomenclatu• 254,256 sebae 64, 67, 68, 250, 254 re lacunosa, Spongia 64, 67 variabilis 70 intraspecific variability II, 25-27 lacunosa, V erongia 64, 67 Lu.ffariella 70 introgressive hybridization, see hybrids lacustris, Spongilla 87 (elegans) 70 invalid designations of types and type spe- laevis, Esperia 258 variabilis 70 cies 54, 60, 64, 70, 72, 87, 100, 128, 149, laevis, Mycale 258 lugubre, Echinodictyum 255 159, 161 Lamarck's sponges 11, 55, 64, 65, 68, 71, 77, lugubris, Pandaros 255 invalid names (see also homonyms, nomen, 83, 94, 98, 108, 116, 118, 1201121, 123, 128, luminescence 106 nomina) 52 131, 146, 153, 184 lunaecharta, Axinella 155 I otrochopsamma 138 lame/latus, Spongosorites 174, 175 /unaecharta, Pseudaxinel/a !55 Iotrochota 15, 79, 138 Laonaenia 152, 156 Lyncuria 170 acerata 138 lapidescens, Spongia 254 lyncurium, Donatia 258 (arbuscula) 138 lapidiformis, Spongosorites 174, 175 lyncurium, Tethya 171,260 baculifera 138 larvae 25, 27, 28, 29, 173 lyriformis, Thalysias subtriangularis var. 113, birotulata 15, 71, 138, 250, 258 Laurencia poitei 61, 90, 134, 136, 173, 174 251 coccinea 138 laxata, Saccospongia 20, 21, 22 lyriformis, Xestospongia subtriangularis for• purpurea 138 laxissima, Acamas 255 ma 114 Ircinia 60 laxissima, Acamasina 255 campana 60, 250 laxus, Thorecta 70, 71 maceration of specimens 17, 76, 77 fasciculata 53, 60, 61, 63 lectotypes, here designated 55, 56, 59, 70, 76, maci/enta, Carmia 129 felix 52, 53, 60, 62, 63, 67, 99, 134, 135, 82, 92, 93, 96, 102, 104, 106, 115, 116, 132, macropora, Chalinopsilla arborea var. 108 147,160,165,166,250,255,256 133, 148, 251 Magog 186 ramosa 61 Lendenfeld's sponges 54, 67/68, 70, 71, 118 mamil/aris, Erylus 182 spongiastrum 60 lens, Craniella (recte Tethyopsilla ?) 261 mamil/aris, Stelletta 181 strobilina 60, 61, 86, 250, 255, 256 leporina, Spongia (recte Echino- mangrove roots II, 73, 146, 149 irregularis, Tuba 102, 250 clathria =? Pandaros) 143 mangroves90, 149,173 Isodictya 80, 86, 87 leptoderma, Tedania 135 manus, Spongia 86, 250, 254 (cinerea) 88 Leucosolenia 27 marquezi, Ptilocaulis 152, 155 (jugosa) 80 botryoides 27 marquezi, Spongia 154, !55, 254

281 marquezi, Teichaxinella? 254 Myxilla 259 objective synonyms 80, 87, 118, 119, 174, massa, Fibularia 147, 148, 258 (jascicu/ata) 259 175, 178 massa, Fibulia 148 incrustans 25 obliqua, Spongia 55, 56, 250, 254 massa, Gellius 148 rosacea 25 obscura, Spongia 52, 56, 98 massa, Neofibu/aria 148 Myxillidae 21, 138, 147 Oceanapia 20, 79, 110, Ill, 112, 116, 125, 126 massa, Spirastrella (recte Spheciospongia ?) carotta 125 167 Nardoa canariensis 190 jeffreysi 116 mastophora, Axinella (recte Bubaris) 261 Nassau, New Providence 15 robusta 116 maxima, Spinose/la 15, 106 necrotic changes 17, 64, 67, 69, 75, 76, 77, 78, (toxophila) 124 meandriformis, Spongia 250, 254 94, 139 ocu/ata, Halichondria 80 Mediterranean II, 27, 28 Neofibularia 79, 135, 147 ocu/ata, Haliclona (Haliclona) 80 megascleres 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 massa 148 oculata, Spongia 80, 83 megastoma, Tuba 250, 254 nolitangere 14 7 officina/is, Spongia 54, 55, 56, 64, 66, 75, 256 me/anadocia, Halichondria 149 nolitangere 148, 255, 258 o/emda, Cribrochalina 96 meliorata, Desmace/la 161 proxima255 o/emda, Niphates 96 melobesioides, Placospongia 261 N eopetrosia 80, 112, 113 oleracea, Rhizochalina 125, 126, 260, 262 Mercati's sponges 83; pl. 17, fig. 2 longleyi 80, 113 Oligoceras 62 metamp 26, 188 Nephe1iospongia 112 co/lectrix 62 metschnikovi, Halisarca 25 avocensis 79, 112 hemorrhages 60, 63 Michelotti, Giovanni 249 typica 112 ontogeny 21, 22, 23, 25, 27 his correspondence with van Breda (Haar• Nepheliospongiidae 20, 21, 79, 111, 116, 124, Ophlitaspongia 139, 140, 143 lem) 249, 25lf. 125, 156 papilla 140 his contribution to Duchassaing and Mi• neptuni, Geodia (Sidonops) 179 seriata 140 chelotti, 1864 249, 252 neptuni, Synops 179 Ophlitaspongiidae 1391140 microche/a, Microciona 140 new combinations 15, 59, 68, 70, 73, 75, 86, orders 19-24, 52, 78, 15lf., 161, 172, 183 Microciona 23, 139, 140, 141, 142 91, 96, 97, 101, 103, 104, 105, 108, 112, 113, Orina 110, 125 atrosanguinea 140 114, 117, 119, 123, 124, 125, 144, 145, 146, calcinea 125 ljuniperina) 142 147, 152, 153, 154, 155, 158, 159, 175, 254, Oroidea 128 microchela 140 255 adriatica 128 prolifera 23, 141 new generic epiteths needed 137?, 146, 175? oro ides, Age/as 131, 132 rarispinosa 140, 141 new records, West Indies 156, 170, 188 oroides, Clathria 128, 131 (simi/is) 140 new status (rank) 56, 64, 70, 92, 97, 101, 103, oroides, Ectyon, var.jlavus 131 spinosa 23, 141 104, 113, 114, 123, 159 Oscarella 24 Microcionidae 23, 25, 139, 144 nicaeensis, Calyx 118, 119, 122 osiris, Prianos (?) 117 Microdictyon 139 niche segregation, see ecologic differentia- othella, Spheciospongia 167, 168 microgeographic differentiation, see ecologic tion Oxeostilon burtoni 150 differentiation nigra, Hircinia acuta var. 62 micropora, Pachychalina 84 nigrescens, Reniera 133 Pachastre/la microscleres 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26 Niphates 20, 52, 53, 79, 80, 95, 97, 100 abyssi 261 Millepora alcicornis 103, 135, 257 digitalis 25, 96, 97 (connectens) 261 Millepora terrace 86, 143, 164, 187 forma amorpha 84, 98, 99, 257 Pachastrellidae 175 mineral constituents 146 forma digitalis 97, 120, 250, 254, 257 pachastrelloides, Ancorina 261 minor, Ph/oeodictyon 126 forma pavonina 97, 98, 250 pachastre/loides, Topsentia (recte Spongosori- mixta, Hymedesmia 170 erecta 52, 53, 80, 86, 95, 96, 251, 253, 255, tes ?) 175 mixta, Timea 170 258 Pachychalina 80, 95, 260 molitba, Haliclona (Haliclona) 15, 81, 92 o/emda 96 areolata 80, 95, 96 mol/is, Aplysina 66 venosa 96, 255 aurantiaca var. dura 123 mollis, Pachychalina 84 nodosa, Spongia 82, 83 bilamellata 118 Monaxonida 20, 21, 22,23 nolitangere, Amphimedon 148, 253, 255 fibrosa 104 Monaxons see Monaxonida nolitangere, Fibulia 148 micropora 84 Montastrea 117 nolitangere, Neofibularia 147, 148 mollis 84 morchella, Teichaxinella 154 nolitangere nolitangere, Neofibularia 148, rubens 260 morphogenesis 98 255,258 rugosa 113 morphologic characters, variables (see also nomen vetitum 162 var. rubens 113 distinctive characters) 25, 26, 27, 98, 141 nomenclature 54, 55, 60, 61, 64, 66, 70, 75, rustica 95 mucosum, Siphonodictyon 125 79, 87, 100, 118/119, 128, 133, 139, 145, variabilis 15, 86 Muricea 99 149, 1591160, 168, 172, 183, 190 Pachychalinopsis 128 muricina, Spinose/la 105 nomina dubia 54, 60, 72, 76, 82, 83 pachyderma, Hemigellius (recte Xestospon• muricina, Spongia 107, 108 nomina negata 60, 72, 140 gia) 112, 113 musciformis, Hyrtios 138, 250 nomina nuda 60, 64, 72, 80, 86, 87, 88, 118, paleontology II, 19-23, 112 musicalis, Spongia 250 140, 143, 149, 152, 172 Pallas' descriptions 59, 66, 83 muta, Petrosia 115 nomina nulla 72, 119 his sponges 59, 94, 65, 83, 108 muta, Schmidtia 115, 116, 260 nomina oblita and unused names 52f. his synonyms 64, 66, 83 muta, Xestospongia 73, 113, 115, 118, 148 nomina substituta 63, 100, 119, 146, 147, 174, pallescens, Spongelia 260 Myca/e (see also Esperia) 140 182, 189 pal/ida, Spinosel/a 91 angulosa 71 nomina vana 54, 59, 60, 72, 128, 149, 170, 190 Pandaros 143,261 /aevis 258 notabilis, Euryades 251, 255 acanthifolium 144, 251, 255 Mycalidae 21, 72, 140, 142, 145, 147, 161 notabi/is, Darwinella 251 ( angulosa) 255 Mycalinae 79 novaezea/andiae, Epipolasis 175 arbusculum 144, 153,251 Myriastra 177 novaezealandiae, Spongosorites 174 carteri 145 kallitetilla 177 nuciformis, Luffaria 67, 250 foliaceum 144, 145 subtilis 177 nucu/a, Chondrilla 61, 67, 149, 186, 256, 260 ljuniperina) 142, 253, 255 Myrmekioderma n. sp.: Pearse and Williams nuda, Cladochalina (recte Spinosella) 101 (/ugubris) 255 157 282 (pennata) 251, 255 photography 17, 18 var. flabelliformis (walpersi) 153, 255 phyllodes, Chondrilla 162, 260 procumbens, Siphonochalina 91, 92, 94, 101 pandora, Xestospongia 119 phylogeny 19-24 var. flabelliformis 92 panicea, Halichondria 25, 149, 257 Phylosiphonia 80, 87, 90 var. infirma 92 panicea, Spongia 87, 149 fertilis 80 profunditatis, Pel/ina 260 papilla, Ophlitaspongia 140 physiological feature 189 prolifera, Microciona 23, 141 papillaris, Halichondria 149 pigmented cells in fibers 74/75 protea, Hiattrochota (recte Iotrochota) 138 papillaris, Spongia 149 pileata, Cellulophana 187 proteus, Hyrtios 53, 59, 253, 255 Papillina ( = Papillella Vosmaer, 1885; recte Pilochrota 176, 177 providentiae, Cinachyra 184 Cliona fide de Laubenfels, 1936a) haeckeli 176, 177 proxima, Neofibularia 255 cribrosa 167, 260 pith (pithed fibers) 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 75, 76, proxima, Thalysias 147, 255 suberea 260 77, 78 Psammocinia 60 papillosa, Cribrella (recte Crella) 261 placenta, Spongosorites 174, 175 pseudatria 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 104, 106, 107, papyracea, Siphonochalina 102, 106 Placochalina 118 108, 123, 173, 188 Paracordyla 152 pedunculata 118 Pseudaxinella 155 Parahigginsia 156 Placospongia 23 grayi 155 Paratimea 152 melobesioides 261 lunaecharta 155 Parazoanthus 97, 115, 121, 122 Plakinidae 17 5 reticulata 159 parasiticus 102 Plakortis 175, 176 (rosacea) 15, 152, 153, 159 parietalis, Rhizochalina 126 plebeja, Chondrosia 188, 189 sulcata 155 Patuloscula 90, 92 plicifera, Callyspongia 105 Pseudoceratina 75 plicifera 92, 105, 106, 107 plicifera, Patuloscula 92, 105, 106, 107 (crassa) 75 procumbens 90, 91, 92, 93, 101, 106, 107, plicifera, Spinosella 15, 16, 25, 69, 92, 101, durissima 75 258 103,104,105,250,254 pseudoeuasters 23 var. flabelliformis 92 plicifera, Spongia 105 Pseudopterogorgia acerosa 110, 135, 157 pavonina, Niphates digitalis forma 97, 98 plicifera, Tuba 105, 250, 260 pseudoscules 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, pavonina, Tuba 97, 250 Plocamia 123, 173, 180, 184, 185, 188 peachi, Halichondria (recte Biemna) 161 (clopetaria) 261 pseudotoxa 92, 93, 109 peachi, Isodictya [recte Haliclona (Reniera)] gymnazusa 261 Pterogorgia 88 poa, Calyx 119 anceps 99, 110, 135, 157 pedunculata, Placochalina 118 podatypa, Haliclona 87, 90 citrina 99, 123 pedunculatum, Phloeodictyon 126 podatypa, Haliclona(? Reniera) 90, 179 Ptilocaulis 152, 154 pellasarca, Haliclona (Amphimedon) 82 Poecilosclerida 17, 18, 21, 23, 24, 79, 110, digitatus 153 Pel/ina profunditatis 260 127, 151, 161 var. spiculifera 153 peltata, Folio/ina 80, 260 polymorpha var. gracilis, V eluspa 80 gracilis 15, 152 penicillus, Ciocalypta 59 polymorphism of species 25, 26, 56, 79, 91, (marquezi) 152, 155 pennata, Pandaros 251, 255 92, 103, 105, 107, 110, 118, 121, 138, 164, spiculifer 153 pennatum, Echinodictyum 251,255 165 aff. P. spiculifer 152, 153, 251 peripheral specialization, see surface specia- polymorphism above species level 79 walpersi 152, 255 lization polyphyletic groups 20, 21, 23, 24, 79, 172 pudica, Jaspis 25, 172, 187 permo/lis, Haliclona 88 polypoides, Axinella 261 pulcher, Astropeplus 172 permo/lis, Haliclona ( Reniera) 88, 89 Polytherses 60, 62, 256 pulvinata, Spirastrella, sensu Arndt 165 permo/lis, Haliclona (Reniera) aquaeductus acuta 62 pumilio, Desmacella 161, 260 forma 89 armata 60, 250 punctulata, Spirastrella 165 permollis, Isodictya 81, 88 campana 250 purpurea, Halichondria 138 permo/lis, Reniclona 88 capitata 62, 250, 255 purpurea, Hircinia 15, 70, 108 peroni, Siphonochalina (recte Callyspongia) columnaris 60, 255 purpurea, Iotrochota 138 91, 92, 94 cylindrica 255 Pyxitis 178 Petrosia 20, 79, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, felix 60, 250, 255 gibberosa 261 119 linguiformis 60, 62, 255, 260 dura 113 longispina 62, 250 races26,27,28,29,52 ficiformis 113 populations 12, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 ramosa, Fibularia 53, 95, 96, 258 var. 123 Porites ramosa, Gelliodes 53, 80, 96 (muta) 115 astreoides 59, 62, 86 ramosa, Ircinia 61 (testudinaria) 116 porites ramsayi, Chondrosia 188 Peysonnelia sp. 129 var. divaricata 116 raphanus, Clathria 143, 144 Phakellia var.furcata 67, 68, 85, 105, 175, 251 raphanus, Spongia 143 folium 261 porites, Spongosorites 175 raphanus, Thalyseurypon (recte Pandaros) (tenax) 261 praetexta, Aplysina 75, 76, 77 143 ventilabrum 261 praetexta, Verongula 76 raphides 23 Pharetrospongia 20 prelinnean names 64, 83 rarispinosa, Microciona 140, 141 Philotia 80, 86 Prianos 112, 117 Raspailiidae 151, 158 varians 80 (columella)? 117 Rayneria 86, 87 Phloeodictyon 125, 126 craterus 117 dura 86, 87 aereum 126 (osiris) 117 typus 87 decipiens 126 (phlox) 117 recondita, Sigmadocia 111 fistulosum 126 (problematicus) 117 rectangulosa, Clathria (?) 261 minor 126 (tierneyi) 113, 117 rectilinea, Spongelia, var. erecta 70 pedunculatum 126 prismatic architecture, see skeletal architec• reefs 27, 56, 68, 103, 117 reticulatum 126 ture, prismatic reef sponge 55, 56 vacuum 126 problematicus, Prianos (?) 117 regalis, Sceptrella 261 phlox, Prianos (?) 117 procumbens, Patuloscula 91, 92, 93, 101, 106, rejected names 52, 74, 100, 170, 171 Phorbas amaranthus 138, 255, 258 107, 258 Reniclona 81, 87

283 permollis 88 113, 114, 251, 257 Sigmatotetraxonida 161 Reniera [see also Haliclona (Reniera)]80, 86 Rules of Zoological Nomenclature II, 52f., Sigmatoxella 161 (ambigua) 133 54, 60, 64, 70, 72, 79, 83, 87, 100, 101, 118, sigmatum, Xytopsene (recte Lissodendoryx ?) (amorpha) 117, 118 119, 128, 139, 149, 159, 160, 175, 251 15, 136 aquaeductus 25, 80, 87, 88 rupicola, Luffaria 253 Sigmaxinellidae !51, 152 var. infundibularis 88 rustica, Pachychalina (recte Niphates ?) 95 Sigmaxinellina 161 forma taurica 88 Sigmeurypon !60 ascidia 260 sacciformis, Chondrilla 186 similarity 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 (calix) 116, 118, 119 Saccospongia laxata 20, 21, 22 simi/is, Microciona (recte Axiocelita) 140 cinerea (recte Adocia ?) 88 salinity 25, 26, 134, 149, !51 simi/is, Xestospongia 113 (clavata) 113, 114 salomonensis, Spongosorites (recte Epipola- simulans, Adocia 91, 110 (cratera) 117, 118 sis) 174 simulans, Halichondria 88 (digitata) 133, 258 sampling techniques 28, 56 simulans, Isodictya 257 hebes 260 sanctaecrucis, Tuba 252 simulo, Isodictya 88 ( nigrescens) 13 3 Sarcocornea 72 siphona, Siphonochalina (recte Siphonodic• rosea 88 Sarcotragus 60 tyon) 15, 91 ( tabernacula) 84 spinosulus 60 Siphonella 100 typica 87 Sargassum 99 Siphonochalina 78, 80, 90, 91, 92, 94, 100, renieroides, Chalinula [recte Haliclona (Re• Sceptrella regalis 261 101, 121 niera)]80 sceptrum, Age/as 83, 128 bullata 92, 160 renieroides, Esperia (recte Mycale) 261 schistospiculosa, Cinachyra 183 ceratosa 15, 91, 92, 93, 94, 101 reniformis, Chondrosia 188, 189 Schmidt, Eduard Oscar 259 communis 79 forma spurca 188 his collection in Graz 259, 262 coriacea 91 forma typica 188 his collection in Harvard Museum 259, densa !60 repens, Tethya 172, 260 261 (c), 262 fortis 101 repens, Thalysias 113, 257 his collection in London 259, 260/261, 262 papyracea 102, 106 reproduction 22, 25, 27, 28 his collection in Paris 259 peroni 91, 92, 94 reproductive isolation 27, 28 his collection in Strasbourg 259, 261 (f, o ), procumbens 91, 92, 94, 101 reticulata, Axinella 159 262 var. flabelliformis 92 reticula/a, Pseudaxinella 159 his diagnoses and descriptions 60, 64, 91, var. infirma 92 reticulatum, Phloeodictyon 126 106, 116, 118, 119, 121, 126, 131, 132, 259 siphona 15, 91, 126 revisions 11, 15 his figures 114, 118, 131, 132 spiculosa 15, 93 Rhabderemiidae 152 his labels 259, 261 (a, i, v, x), 262 stolonifera 91 Rhaphidistinae 175 his slides 91, 132, 161, 172,259,260-262 tubulosa 91 Rhaphidophlus 140 his sponges II, 60, 75, 88, 91, 106, 114, Siphonochalinopsis 128, 129 ( clathratus) 142 115, 116, 121, 123, 125, 126, 132, 161, 162, Siphonodictyon 15, 20, Ill, 112, 125 cratitius 140 171, 172, 175,259-262 mucosum 125 Rhizochalina 20, 79, 111, 112, 116, 125, 126 his terminology of spicules 30-51, 106 siphonum 126 (carotta) 125, 126,260, 262 schmidti, Age/as 129 siphonum, Siphonodictyon 126 oleracea !25, 126, 260, 262 schmidti, Hymedesmia 261 skeletal architecture II, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24 parietalis 126 Schmidtia 116 prismatic 43, 57, 69, 71, 76, 81, 82, 95, 96, rhoda, Ulosa 146 aulopora 113, 114, 260, 262 97, 108, 109, Ill, 126, 135, 155 ridleyi, Spinosella 101 calyx 116 skin-irritation 134, 147, 148, 159 rigida, Luffaria 76, 77 clavata 113 slime emission 17, 71, 159 rigida, Spongia 76 dura 123 slimy choanosome 125 rigida, Verongula 76 mula 115, 116, 260 Sloane's sponges 64, 83 robusta, Oceanapia 116 Sclerochalina 90 Smenospongia 64, 69, 74, 76 rollers 57 asterigena 91 au rea 17, 254, 256 rolling Johns, see rollers cyathus 91 socialis, Esperia 129, 261 Roosa 175 scrobiculata, Spinosella 106 so/ida, Spirastrella (recte Spheciospongia ?) rosacea, Axinella 15, 153, 159 scrobiculata, Spongia 106 167 rosacea, Myxilla 25 scrobiculata, Tuba 92, 106, 254 solidior, Amorphina (?) 260 rosacea, Pseudaxinella 15, 152, 153, 159 scyphus, Stematumenia 60 Sollasella 172 Roscoff, see Channel, English sebae, Luffaria 64, 67, 68, 250, 254 Sollasellidae 24, 172, 174 rosea, Haliclona 82, 88 Seba's sponges 64, 65, 66, 67, 83 sororia, Spinosella 15, 102 rosea, Isodictya 88 seriata, Spongia (recte Microciona) 140 var. dilatata 15 rosea, Reniera 88 serica, Tetilla 22 var. elongata 15 rubens, Chalina 82, 257 seychellensis, Alemo (recte Tethya) 171 var. fruticosa 15 rubens, Haliclona 53, 83 shape, see habit sororia, Tuba 100, 102, 250, 254 rubens, Pachychalina 260 shoemaker!, Teichaxinella 154, 155 sparsus (recte sparsa), Agelas 128, 133, 250 rubens, Pachychalina rugosa var. 113 shrinkage 17, 67, 68, 71 sparsus, Ectyon 128, 129, 130, 131, 257 rubens, Spongia 53, 82, 83, 250, 254 Siderastrea siderea 256 var. clavaeformis 128, 129 rudis, Agelas 131 Sidonops 179 speciation 25-29 rudis, Axinella 15, 159 neptuni 179 species in taxonomy 52, 139 rudis, Gellius (recte Hemigellius) 112 vosmaeri 179 Spheciospongia 167 rudis, Homaxinella 15 Sigmadocia 21, 110, 125 confederata 167 ruetzleri, Ulosa 85, 145 caerulea 110 othella 167, 168 rufa, Luffaria cauliformis var. 68, 256, 258 flagellifera 110 vesparium 25, 52, 61, 67, 167 rugosa, Axinella 261 recomlita 111 Sphinctrella [Sphincterella ?] horrida 261 rugosa, Pachychalina 113 sigmata (microscleres) 20, 21, 22, 23 spiculation II, 18, 19-24, 25, 26 var. ru hens 113 sigmata,? Lissodendoryx 136, 150 spiculation, vestigial (degenerate) 69, 92, 94, rugosa, Thalysias 113, 251, 253 Sigmatophora 183 106, 109, 174, 175 rugosa, Xestospongia subtriangularis forma Sigmatosclerophora 20, 21, 22, 23, 79 spicule localization (specialization) 15, 23, 24,35-37 284 spicule shape (morphology) 19f., 21,30-51 (bursaria) 108, 254 lame/latus 174, 175 spiculifer, Ptilocau/is 153, 251 ( carti1aginea) 70, 71 lapidiformis 174, 175 spiculifer, Ptilocaulis aff. P. 152, 153 ( cavernosa) 59 (novaezealandiae) 174 spiculifera, Ptilocau/is digitatus var. !53 cerebriformis 52, 56, 58, 250, 254 placenta 174, 175 spiculifera, Spongia 153 forma insolita 58 porites 175 spiculogenesis, see ontogeny sensu Hyatt, varieties 56, 57 (salomonensis) 174 spiculosa, Callyspongia 15 cheiris 55, 56 (suluensis) 174 spiculosa, Siphonocha1ina 15, 93 (cinerea) 88 topsenti 174, 175 spinosa, Axociella 141 (clavaherculis) 253, 254 Spuma 149 spinosa, Microciona 23, 141 (c/avata) 113, 114 spurca, Chondrosia (reniformis forma) 188, Spinosel/a 20, 53, 78, 79, 80, 90, 91, 92, 95, (complanata) 86, 254 189 97, 100, 110, 126 ( coriacea) 190 squamata, Co1umnitis (recte Tethya ?) 171 aspericornis 105 (cratitia) 140 stabilis, Stelospongos cribriformis var. 69 diffusa 91 (digitalis) 96, 97, 254 stalagmitica, Biminia 124, 126 (digitalis) 97 discus 56, 250 stellata, Cometella 260 fibrosa 105 dura [agaricina dura]= barbara 54 stellata, Halicometes 170 fortis 91 (fasciculata) 60 stel/ata, Hymedesmia (recte Timea) 170 longissima 65, 101, 107, 252 (fenestrata) 69, 76, 254 Stel/etta maxima 15, 106 (fistularis) 63, 64, 66 (discophora) 181, 261 muricina lOS ( fistu1osa) 64 (mamil/aris) 181 pal/ida 91 (fluviati/is) 66 Stellettinae 177 plicifera 15, 16, 25, 69, 92, 101, 103, 104, (fragi/is) 72 Stellettinopsis 105, 250, 254 (fulva) 64, 66, 253 (coriacea) 172 ridleyi 101 (fusca) 86, 250 Ste1ospongos cribriformis 69 scrobicu1ata 106 graminea 54, 55, 56, 57 var. stabilis 69 sororia 15, 102 graminea tampa, see Spongia tampa var. typica 69 var. di1atata 15, 102 (grossypina) 250, 254 Stematumenia 60 var. elongata 15, 102 (haagenseni) 120, 121 scyphus 60 var. fruticosa 15, 102 ljuniperina) 140, 142, 255 stenotopy 28 stolonifera 10 I, I 04 1acinu1osa sensu D.&M. 55,254 sterea, Spongia 55, 56, 58, 250 tenerrima 68, 69, 70, 83, 91, 92, 101, 105, (lacunosa) 64, 67 stipitatus, Calyx l19 108, 135, 256 lapidescens 254 stolonifera, Siphonocha1ina 91 vagina/is 15, 25, 91, 94, 99, 100, 101, 103, (leporina) 143 stolonifera, Spinosel/a 91, 101, 104 105,107,108,250,254,257 (limbata) 80 Streptosclerophora 20, 22 ve1ata 15, 102 (manus) 86, 250, 254 striata, Spongia 77 villosa 101, 108, 250, 254, 257 (marquezi) 154, 155, 254 strigilata, Higginsia 57, 153, 154, 156 spinosulus, Sarcotragus (recte Ircinia) 60 (meandriformis) 250, 254 strigilata, Spongia 156 spirasters 20, 23 (muricina) 107, 108 strobilina, lrcinia 60, 61, 86, 250, 255, 256 Spirastrella 23, 26, 162, 164, lu7 ( m usica1is) 250 strobilina, Spongia 61 coccinea 143, 162, 163, 253, 255 (nodosa) 82, 83 Strombus gigas 99 coccinopsis 162 obliqua 55, 56, 250, 254 Strongylophora 113 congenera 165 obscura 52, 56, 98 strongy1ophora, Callyspongia 108 cunctatrix 162, 163 (oculata) 80, 81, 83 structure, see skeletal architecture digitata 165 officina/is 54, 55, 56, 64, 66, 75, 256 sty1oids 142, 145, 151, 153, 154, 158, 166, 180 inconstans var. digitata 165 (panicea) 87, 149 Sty1otella heliophila 150 (massa) 167 (papillaris) 149 Stypopodium zonale 139 pu1vinata sensu Arndt 165 (plicifera) 105 subenervia, Tuba 102, 254 punctulata 165 (raphanus) 143 suberea, Papillina (recte Cliona ?) 260 (so/ida) 167 (rigida) 76 Suberites tubulifera 165 (rubens)53,82,83,250,254 (angulospiculatus) 175 vagabunda 165 ( scro bicu1a ta) 106 (coronarius) 164 (vesparia) 167 (seriata) 140 distortus 260 Spirastre1lidae 156, 162, 164 (spiculifera) 153 (fistulatus) 137 Spirastrona 162 sterea 55, 56, 58, 250 lobiceps 260 Spirophora 183 (striata) 77 (tuberculosus) 260 Spirophorella 183 (strigilata) 156 Suberitidae 164, 168 Spirophorellidae 152 (strobilina) 61 subfamilies 52, 152, !56 Spirophorina 183 (subtriangularis) I 13 subgenera 20, 26, 64, 80, 87, 117, 178, 179 Spirosclerina 22, 23, 183 (tabula) 158 sublithistids 19, 20, 21 Spirosclerophora 20, 22 tampa 55,56 suborders 20, 23, 161, 183, 186 sponge fishery 15, 54, 57 (tubaeformis) 65 subspecies 26, 27, 52, 98, 105, 114, 139, 153, Spongelia 64, 72 tubulifera 55, 57, 58, 142, 250, 254, 256 !58 f. dubia var. excavata 71 (vagina/is) 101, 102 substrate 28, 160, 173f., 180 pallescens 260 (vasculum) 118, 119, 121 subtilis, Cacochalina (?) 260 recti1inea var. erecta 70 vermiculata 250 subtilis, Myriastra 177 sponge1ii, Aplysina 67 spongia, Ulosa 146 subtriangu1aris, Haliclona, sensu de Lauben• Spongia 17, 54 spongiastrum, Ircinia 60 fels 81, 113 (angulosa) 145, 146 Spongiidae 54, 72 subtriangularis, Spongia 113 (arborescens) 53, 83, 131 Spongilla lacustris 87 subtriangularis, Tha1ysias 113, 251, 255 (aspericornis) 104 spongillids 26, 79 var. cylindrica 113 barbara 54, 250, 254, 256 Spongosorites 24, 172, 174, 175, 176 var. lyriformis 113, 251 (bartho1omei) 120, 121 angulospiculatus 175 subtriangularis, Xestospongia 113, ll9, 251, (bilamellata) 118 hentsche/i 175 255

285 forma cylindrica 114 Tetheum 170 11, 56, 60, 65, 67/68, 71, 77, 83, 88, 91, 94, forma lyriformis 114,251 Tethium 170 95, 98, 108, 113, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, forma rugosa 113, 114, 257 Tethya 15, 170, 171, 172 123, 125, 126, 128, 132, 140, 143, 144, 145, forma subtriangularis 114 aurantium 171, 172, 189 146, 162, 175, 178, 184,261 (f, h, o) sulcata, Pseudaxinella 155 (cavernosa) 184 tara, Tedania 133 sulfurea, Clathrina 190 crypta 171 torto1ensis, Tuba 254 suluensis, Epipolasis 175 diploderma 260 toxa 15, 23, 25, 92, 124, 141 suluensis, Spongosorites 174 lyncurium 171,260 Toxemna 162 surface specialization (of skeleton) 19, 20, 24, repens 172, 260 toxophi/a, Oceanapia (recte Biminia) 124 35,36,43,44,46 Tethyidae 23, 24, 170, 172 toxistyla, Clathria 140 surgens, Ectyoplasiaferox 153, 158 tethyoides, Craniella 261 toxivaria, Clathria 140 survival27, 95 Tethys 29 Trachycladidae 151, 152, 183 sycinularia, Auletta 260 Tethyum 171 Trachycladinae 152 sympatric species 27, 28 Tetilla 22 Trachycladus 183 synecology 28, 29 (cranium) 261 transitional forms (echophenotypes) 65, 89, synonymies 52 serica 22 98, 103, 104, 105, 156, 165 Synops 179 Tetillidae 22, 23 Triate 181 neptuni 179 Tetractinellida 19, 21, 22,23 Tricheurypon 145, 159 vosmaeri 179 Tetractinomorpha 24, 151 viride 160, 166 Tetraxonia, see Tetractinellida trisphaera, Unimia (recte Erylus) 181, 182 tabemacula, Reniera 84 Tetraxons, see Tetractinellida tropus (taxon) 26, 165, 188 tabula, Ectyoplasia 159 textapatina, Gellius (recte Sigmadocia) Ill Trypespongia 59 tabula, Spongia 158 Thalassia 61, 63, 81, 90, 134, 135, 136, 137, columbia 53, 59 tampa, Spongia 55, 56 173, 174 Tuba 100 taurica, Reniera aquaeductus forma 88 Thalyseurypon 143, 144, 145 armigera 100, 101, 104, 250, 254, 257 taxa, above family 19-24, 52, 141, 147, 15lf., conulosa (recte conulosum) 144 bursaria 250, 254 161, 172 raphanus 143 crispa 97, 254 taxonomic discussions and summaries (gene• vasiforme 144 digitalis 97, 250, 254, 257 ra and higher taxa, see also nomenclature) Thalysias 23, 140, 142 var. villosa 97, 254 52 ( carbonaria) 255, 257 eschrichti 103, 106 taxonomy (general; see also nomenclature) (coccinea) 162, 163, 253, 255 incerta 97, 254 11,22-24,27,52 (ignis) 133, 250, 255 irregu1aris 102, 250 Tedania 133, 260 juniperina 23, 141, 142, 164, 255 1ineata 254, 257 anhelans 133 (proxima) 147, 255 longissima 107 ignis 23, 63, 67, 133, 148, 250, 255, 258 (repens) 113, 257 megastoma 250, 254 (leptoderma) 135 (rugosa) 113, 251, 253 pavonina 97, 250 tara 133 (subtriangularis) 113, 251, 255 plicifera 105, 250, 260 Tedaniidae 133, 138 (var. cylindrica) 113 sanctaecrucis 252 Teichaxinella 154 (var. lyriformis) 113, 251 scrobicu1ata 92, 106, 254 corrugata 154 (varians) 165, 251, 255 sororia 100, 102, 250, 254 (grayi) 155 (var. digitata) 165 subenervia 102, 254 ? marquezi 254 (var. incrustans) 165 tortolensis 254 morchella 154 virgultosa 140, 142, 255 vagina/is 101, 254 shoemakeri 154, 155 Thenea 22 tubaeformis, Spongia 65 television camera, underwater 17 Theneinae 182 tubercu1osus, Suberites 260 Tenacia 140 thiona, Verongia (recte Aplysina) 66 tubu1ifera, Spirastrella 165 clathrata 140, 260 thomsoni, Geodia 261 tubulifera, Spongia 55, 57, 58, 142, 250, 254, Tenaciella 141, 142 Thoosa 175 256 canaliculata 141 Thorecta 70, 71 sensu Hyatt and varieties 55 tenax, Phakellia (recte Endectyon) 261 calyx 71 Tubulodigitus 79, 90, 91 tenerrima, Callyspongia 101, 108, 109 erectus 70 communis90 tenerrima, Spinosella 68, 69, 70, 83, 91, 92, exemplum 70 tubulosa, Dysidea 257 101, 105, 108, 135, 256 var. tertia 70 tubulosa, Siphonochalina (recte Callyspon• tenuis, Echinoclathria 143 galeiformis 70, 71 gia) 91 tenuis, Terpios ? 255 horridus 15, 16, 52, 53, 70 tumulosa, Geodia 258 tenuispinosa, Alloscleria (recte Topsentia) laxus 70, 71 tunicatum, Desmacidon (recte Histoderma) 175 wuotan 70 260 terebrans, Amorphina (recte Aka, fide de Thorectandra 70 Turks Islands 15 Laubenfels, 1936a) 260 tierneyi, Prianos 113, 117 turritella, Amorphina (?) 260 Terpios 146 tierneyi, Xestospongia 117 Ty1odesma 140, 161 aurantiaca 255 Timea 23, 27, 169, 172 tylostyles in Cinachyra 186 ( cladocerae) 255 mixta 170 type figures 83 ( echinata) 255 Tisiphonia agariciformis (recte Thenea type genera 78, 79, 139, 156 fugax 146, 253, 255, 258 schmidti) 261 type species 24, 52 jania 73 titubans, Desmacidon (recte Anomomycale) type species, here designated 69, 74, 80, 95, (janiae) 73, 251 260,261 100 (tenuis)? 255 topsenti, Erylus 182 type specimens 11, 15, 17, 24, 28 zeteki 146, 255 topsenti, Spongosorites 174, 175 type specimens of Duchassaing, 1850 86, 113 tertia, Thorecta exemplum var. 70 Topsentia 24, 172, 174, 175 typica, Chondrosia reniformis forma 188 testudinaria, Petrosia 116 genitrix 17 5 typica, Eucha1ina (recte Spinosella) 101 testudinaria, Xestospongia 113, 118 glabra 174, 175 typica, Nepheliospongia 112 testudinarium, Alcyonium 116 pachastrelloides 175 typica, Reniera 87 Tethea 171 Topsent's redescriptions and figures of types typica, Ste1ospongos cribriformis var. 69

286 typicum, Echinonema (?) 140 varians, Isodictya 88 villosa, Spinosella 101, 108, 250, 254, 257 typus, Rayneria 87 varians, Philotia 80 villosa, Tuba digitalis var. 254 varians, Thalysias 165, 251, 255 Vioa johnstoni 172 Uliczka (genus) 183 var. digitata 165 violacea, Acamas (?) 251 Ulosa 72, 145 var. incrustans 165 virgultosa, Thalysias 140, 142, 255 angulosa variety (taxon) 26 viride, Eurypon 160 ( crawshayi) !46 vasculum, Calyx 119, 122 viride, Tricheurypon 160, 166 hispida 146 vasculum, Cribrochalina 15, 113, 116, 118, viridis, Amphimedon 82, 84, 255 rhoda !46 119, 123, 133 viridis, Haliclona 6!, 62, 84, 146, 147 ruetzleri 85, 145 vasculum, Spongia 118, 119, 121 viridis, Haliclona (Amphimedon) 82, 84, 86, spongia 146 vasiforme, Thalyseurypon (recte Pandaros) 100, 145, 175, 255 Unimia 181 144 viridis, Hemihaliclona 82, 84 trisphaera 181, 182 vastifica, Chona 15 viridis, Hymeraphia 159, 160 unused names, see nomina oblita velata, Spinosella 15, 102 viscosa, A docia 25 Veluspa 80, 87 vosmaeri, Geodia (Sidonops) 179, 180 vacuum, Phloeodictyon 126 polymorpha var. gracilis 80 vosmaeri, Sidonops 179 vagabunda, Desmacella 161, 260 venosa, Niphates 96, 255 vosmaeri, Synops 179 vagabunda, Spirastrella !65 ventilabrum, Phakellia 261 Vosmaer's figures 88, 89, 119, 131, 164, 165 vagina/is, Callyspongia I 02, I 04 vermiculata, Spongia 250 vagina/is, Spinosella !5, 25, 91, 94, 99, 101, vernacular names 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 71, walpersi, Pandaros 153, 255 103, 105, 107, 109, 250 72,149,152,168,186,250,256 walpersi, Ptilocaulis 152, 255 forma armigera 91, 92, 104, 105, 109, 250, Verongia 53, 64, 68 water circulation, see currents 254,257 archeri 67 wire sponge 55, 58 forma eschrichti 103, 105, 250 (aurea) 64, 66, 69 wuotan, Thorecta 70 forma vagina/is 15, 100, 101, 104, 105, 106, (crassa) 75 250,254 fistularis 64, 66 Xestospongia 20, 79, 80, Ill, 112, 118, 119, vagina/is, Spongia 10 I, I 02 forma ansa 65 123, 147 vagina/is, Tuba 101, 254 fulva 66 calyx 113, ll6, 120, 121, 122 Vagocia 20, 21, 79, lll, 112, 119, !56 lacunosa 64, 67 cretacea 119 arcuaria 112 longissima 64, 68, I 08 (halichondrioides) 113 vanderhorsti, Ceraochalina 92, 10 I thiona 66 muta 73, 113, 115, 118, 148 variabilis, Amphimedon 146, 250, 255 Verongula 52, 74, 75, 76, 77 pandora 119 variabilis, Dysidea 72, 146, 250, 255 ardis 76, 77, 253, 256 simi/is 113 variabilis, Haliclona, sensu de Laubenfels 86, (aurea) 76 subtriangularis 113, 119, 255 96 cellulosa 76 forma cylindrica 114 variabilis, Leucosolenia 27 gigantea 17, 25, 76, 77, 78, 256 forma lyriformis 114 variabilis, Luffaria 70 praetexta 76 forma rugosa 113, 114, 257 variabilis, Luffariella 70 rigida 76 forma subtriangularis 114 variabilis, Pachychalina 15, 86 Verrill's descriptions and diagnoses 76, !59 testudinaria 113, 118 variability of shape, see polymorphism his figures !59 tierneyi 117 variability of spicules (shape and size) 24, 26, verrucosa, Filifera 60 Xystopsene 137 78, 85, 89, 102, Ill, 113, 114, 119, 122, 126, verticillata, Hymeraphia, var. (?) 261 (sigmatum) !5, 136 129, 132, 139, 149, 165, 166, 171, 175, 176 vesparia, Spirastrella 167 varians, Anthosigmella 63, 67, 123, 137, 164, vesparium, Alcyonium 167 zeteki, Terpios 146, 255 165, 170, 251, 262 vesparium, Spheciospongia 25, 52, 61, 67, 167 zonation 27/28 forma incrustans 165, 255 vestigial spiculation 69, 92, 94, 109 zoogeography II, 25, 26127, 28, 29, 239-248 forma varians 165, 255 Vibulinus 152 Zooxanthellae 123 varians, Haliclona (Reniera) 89 vicina, Desmacella 161, 260 Zugomycale 140

287 Plates 1-43

The specimens with catalogue numbers (e.g. B 825, 0 651; for explanation see p. 17) are listed and briefly described in the systematic part, under the recurring side heading 'Material' ('Type material' for new species). All catalogued specimens (primary types and hypotypes) are deposited in the US National Museum of Natural Histo• ry, Washington, D.C. 20560. Plate 1

Fig. I, 2 Spongia tubulifera Lamarck, in life. 1: A young specimen, immediately after collecting, before removal from water. X 0.67. 2: A large, old specimen, in situ, at locality 6. x0.25. Plate 2

Fig. I, 2 Spongia tubulifera Lamarck. 1: B825, macerated, side view. x0.67. 2: B825, fibers in transmitted light. X27.

Fig. 3 Spongia obscura Hyatt. 0651 , macerated, top view. x0.67. Plate 3

Fig. 1-4 Spongia obscura Hyatt. I: 0748, fibers, in transmitted light. X 17. 2: 0757, macerated. X 0.67. 3: In life , a fter collecting, in aquarium. X0.67. 4: 0 757, terminal fiber tufts, in reflected light. X 6.7. Plate 4

Fig. I, 2 Spongia cerebriformis Duchassaing & Michelotti, forma insolita, new form. 1: B823 , macerated. x 0.67. 2: B823, peripheral fibers from the extremity of one of the lobes, in reflected light. X 6.7.

Fig. 3 Jrciniafelix Duchassaing & Michelotti, in life, in situ. X 0.67. Plate 5

Fig. I, 2 Fig. 3 Ircinia strobilina (Lamarck), in life, in situ. I: A large specimen, on Aplysina fistularis (Pallas) forma fistularis. B 877, alive, in aquarium. rock bottom, immediately north of Buccaneer Point Marina. X 0.2. x0.67. Elongate, crest-shaped habit, adapted to strong tidal currents. The top on one side is naturally macerated (senescence?), thus showing the Fig. 4 coarsely reticulated skeleton. A large specimen of Irciniafelix is visible 0/igoceras hemorrhages de Laubenfels. B923, alive, in aquarium. in the right background, behind the scale. 2: A large specimen, on rock x0.67. bottom near the concrete ship. X 0.2. Plate 6

·,

Fig. 1-4 Aplysina fistularis (Pallas) forma fulva (Pallas). 1: A large colony, in situ, near locality 30. X 0.22. 2, 3: The two figures from Seba, 1760, cited in synonymy with Spongia fulva by Pallas, 1766 (photographs provided by Universitiitsbibliothek, Basel). 2: Seba, 1760, plate 96, figure 1. x0.41. A dry specimen. 3: Op.cit., plate 95, figure 9. x0.73. A macerated specimen. 4: B861, in life, after collecting, in aquarium. x0.67. Plate 7

1 2

3 4

Fig. I, 2 Fig. 4 Aplysina cauliformis (Carter), in life, in situ. 1: A lavender specimen. 2: Fibers of Aplysina /acunosa (Lamarck), 0752, in transmitted light. A close up of a greenish yellow-brown specimen. Both figures X 0.67. X 17.

Fig. 3 Fibers of Aplysina cauliformis, B 693b, in transmitted light. X 67. Plate 8

Fig. I Aplysina /acunosa (Lamarck). B911, alive, in aquarium. X 0.5.

Fig. 2-4 Thorecta horridus (Hyatt). 0727. 2: Skeleton, dry. X 6.7. 3: Trans• verse section through two main fibers, dry, in transmitted light. X 33. 4: The dry specimen. X 0.67. Plate 9

Fig. I Fig. 6 Thorecta horridus (Hyatt). B 893, alive, in aquarium. X 0.67. Dysideafragilis (Montagu). B829, shortly after collecting, out of water. x0.67. Fig. 2- 5 Smenospongia au rea (Hyatt). 2: B 873, alive, in aquarium. Natural size. Fig. 7 3: 0696, dry. x0.67 . .4: Close up of 0696, showing the skeletal Dysidea etheria de Laubenfels. B 925, alive, in aquarium. X 0.67. architecture. X 2. 5: Fibers of 0 696 in transmitted light. X 67. Plate 10

Fig. 1 Dysidea janiae (Duchassaing & Michelotti). B 796, a dry specimen. Natural size.

Fig. 2 Aiolochroia crassa (Hyatt), at upper left, and Verongula ardis (de Laubenfels), behind and above light meter and below center [the thorny tubes near the lower margin, slightly to the left of the middle, and at the right margin, just behind the light meter, are Spinosel/a 3 vagina/is (Lamarck) forma vagina/is]. Photographed in situ, west of Turtle Rocks, in 20-30 feet depth. X 0.3.

Fig. 3 Verongula ardis (de Laubenfels). B871, alive, in aquarium, shortly after collecting. X 0.4. Plate 11

5 3

Fig. 1-3 Fig. 4, 5 Verongula gigantea (Hyatt). I, 2: B870, a fragment, in life, in Haliclona (Haliclona) molitba de Laubenfels, in life. 4: In situ, among aquarium, sh ortly after collecting. The rim is at the upper margin. leaves of Thalassia. X 0.5. 5: B 924, in aquarium, shortly after collect• x 0.5. 1: Inner (concave) surface. 2: Outer (convex) surface. 3: A large ing. x 0. 67. specimen, in situ, west of Turtle Rocks. X 0.06. Plate 12

Fig. I, 2 Haliclona (Arnphimedon) viridis Duchassaing & Michelotti, in situ. in the lagoon. 1: Common habit. X 0.67. 2: Cock's comb habit, prevalent at localities 6 and 8, where tidal currents are very strong. X 0.33.

Fig. 3,4 Haliclona (Amphirnedon) cornpressa Duchassaing & Michelotti. Dry specimens. X0.67. 3: MRll. 4: MR9.

3 Plate 13

1 2 3

Fig. 1-3 Fig. 4, 5 Haliclona (Amphimedon) compressa Duchassaing & Michelotti. I, 2: Haliclona (Reniera) aquaeductus Schmidt, typical form, alive, in Transverse sections through the peripheral choanosome of dry spe• aquarium, shortly after collecting. x0.67. 4: B854. 5: B853. cimens. The surface is on top. 1: B563, in reflected light. X6.7. 2: B 191, in transmitted light. X 16.7. 3: B563, areal view of surface Fig. 6 reticulum. x6.7. Haliclona (? Reniera) podatypa de Laubenfels. B 79la, dry, incrusting on Geodia gibberosa Lamarck. X 0.67. Plate 14

Fig. 1-5 Fig. 6. 7 Xestospongia subtriangularis (Duchassaing). 1: B559, dry, viewed from Xestospongia muta (Schmidt). 6: B562, areal view of surface. X 13.3. top. X0.42. The fine dots and lines are due to Parazoanthus sp., 7: B562, transverse section through peripheral choanosome, in reflect• parasitic zoantharians. 2: Transverse fracture plane through the same ed light. X 6. 7. Surface is on top. specimen. X I. 3: B559, areal view of surface. x26.7. 4, 5: B559, transverse sections through the peripheral choanosome. The surface is on top. 4: In transmitted light. X 16.7. 5: In reflected light. X 13.3. Plate 15

Fig. I, 2 Xestospongia mula (Schmidt), in life, in situ, west of Turtle Rocks. I: xo.Is. 2: xo.2.

Fig. 3 Xestospongia tierney (de Laubenfels). B 619. dry. x0.56. Plate 16

Fig. I Fig. 2- 4 Xestospongia tierneyi (de Laubenfels). B932, a small, juvenile spe• Cribrochalina vasculum (Lamarck). 2: A sector from MR 14, a dry, cimen, alive, in aquarium. X 0.67. juvenile specimen, showing inner surface. X 0.67. The 'frayed' rim probably reflects accelerated growth. 3: B 561 , dry. X 0.33. Outside beset with Parazoanthus sp. 4: A large specimen in situ, west of Turtle Rocks. X 0.22. Plate 17

Fig. I, 2 Cribrochalina dura (Wilson). 1: B560, dry, lateral view. X0.5. 2: A pre-Linnean representation of this species. Mercati, 1719, p. 106. Top view. 0.75 of original size (photograph by Universitatsbibliothek, Basel). Plate 18

4 3

6 7

Fig. 1- 4 Fig. 5- 7 Siphonodictyon siphonum (de Laubenfels), dry. Locality 30. 1: Entire Callyspongiafallax Duchassaing & Michelotti, formafallax. B412, dry. colony. x 0.67. 2: Transverse section through one of the tubes. X 6.7. 5: Young colony. X0 .67. 6: Transverse fracture, viewed from the 3: Two transverse sections, in transmitted light. Surface facing top. base. Atrium in left center, oblique-tangential view of surface on top X 16.7. 4: Areal view of surface (right) and tangential section into the and lower right. X 1.7. 7: Areal view of surface (upper right and peripheral main skeleton (left). X 6.7. bottom), and tangential section into peripheral main skeleton. X 6. 7. Plate 19

Fig. l, 2 Fig. 4 Cal/yspongia f a /lax Duchassaing & Michelotti, fo rma fa/lax. A large, Niphates digitalis (Lamarck), forma amorpha, new fo rm. 0 7 51, dry. macerated specimen, in the collection of the Lerner Laborato ry, from XL both sides. X 0.33.

Fig. 3 Fig. 5 Cal/yspongia f al/ax Duchassaing & Michelotti, forma debi/is, new form. Niphates digitalis, forma digitalis, dry. W est of southern Turtle R ock, B780, right, and B781 , left foreground, o ut of water, sho rtly a fter rock pavement. X0.67. collecting. X 0.67. Plate 20

1 2 3

4 5 6

Fig. 1-4 Fig. 5, 6 Niphates digitalis (Lamarck), forma amorpha. Details of skeletal archi• Cribrochalina dura (Wilson). B 560, dry. 5: Areal view of surface, tecture of dry specimens. 1-3: Areal view of surface, showing progres• X 26.7. 6: Transverse fracture. Surface facing left. X 6.7. sive development of surface reticulum. X 6.7. 4: Transverse section through peripheral skeleton, in transmitted light. Surface on top. Fig. 7, 8 X 16.7. Niphates erecta Duchassaing & Michelotti. B613, dry. 7: Areal view of surface, with Parazoanthus sp. X 6.7. 8: Transverse section, in reflect• ed light. Surface on top. X 6.7. Plate 21

Fig. 6 Fig. 1-4 Neojibularia noli tangere nolitangere (Duchassaing & Michelotti). B 896, Niphates erecta Duchassaing & Michelotti. I: B 897, alive, in aquarium. alive, in aquarium. XO.S. x0.67. 2-4: B613, dry. x0.67. Fig. 7 Fig. 5 ? Lissodendoryx sigmata de Laubenfels. A massive specimen, out of Iotrochota birotulata (Higgin). B 329, dry. X 0.33. water, shortly after collecting. X 0.67. Plate 22

1 2

Fig. I, 2 Fig. 3- 5 ? Lissodendoryx sigmata de Laubenfels, in situ. X 0.33. 1: Typical Sigmadocia recondita, new species. 3: B 190, dry. 4: B 190, transverse appearance, only the summits of the vents protruding from the section through the summit of a branch, in reflected light. X 6. 7. sediment. 2: The same colony, after removal of the thin sediment 5: B 190, areal view of surface. x 6.7. cover, showing the discontinuous, thin base incrusting on rocky sub• strate. Plate 23

Fig. I Spinose /Ia tenerrima (Duchassaing & Michelotti). B 336, dry. X 0.33.

Fig. 2 Spinosella vagina/is (Lamarck), forma vagina/is, dry, from Molasses Reef, off Key Largo, Florida. X 0.67. Plate 24

2 3

Fig. 1- 4 Spinosel/a vagina/is (Lamarck), forma armigera (Duchassaing & Michelotti). 1-3: 0654, dry. 1: Smooth, slender habit. x 0.44. 2: Surface in reflected light. X 6.7. 3: Tangential section through peri• phery, in transmitted light. X 16.7. Surface reticulum on top and sides, peripheral main skeleton in center. 4: Thorny, depressed habit, in situ. The colony, attached to a group of the scleractinian Agaricia agaricites, was photographed at station 17 of the cruise of the 'Oliver'. About half natural size. Plate 25

5 6

Fig. I, 5, 6 Fig. 2-4 Spinosella plicifera (Lamarck). I: 0 730, dry. X 0. 44. 5: B 192, dry, Spinosella /ongi ssima (Duchassaing & Michelotti). 2: In situ, west of areal view of surface, in reflected light. X 6.7. 6: B 728, surface Turtle Rocks. x 0. 44. 3: B 193, dry. x 0. 33. 4: B 194, a real view of reticulum in transmitted light. X23.3. surface. X 6. 7. Plate 26

Fig. I Fig. 2-4 Biminia sta/agmitica, new genus, new species. Dry, west of the north-tip Age/as dispar Duchassaing & Michelotti. 2, 3: B326, dry. 2: Areal view of the third islet of Turtle Rocks, depth 6 m, July 1966. X I. of surface. X 6.7. 3: Transverse fracture through peripheral choana• some. Surface facing right. X6.7. 4: B328, dry. x0.67. Plate 27

Fig. I Fig. 2- 5 AgelasschmidtiWilson. B567, dry. X 0.67. Age/as conifera (Schmidt). 2: B617, dry. X0.67. 3: B618, dry. X0.67. 4: B618, areal view of surface. x6.7. 5: B618, transverse fracture through peripheral choanosome. Surface on top. x4. Plate 28

Fig. 1, 2 Fig. 3 Age/as clathrodes (Schmidt). I: B 811 , dry. X 0.44. 2: B 616, dry. Areal Tedania ignis (Duchassaing & Michelotti), in situ, partially covered view of surface. X 6.7. with a veneer of sediment. X 0.5. Plate 29

Fig. I Fig. 3- 5 Tedania ignis (Duchassaing & Michelotti). B850, alive, in aquarium. Thalysias juniperina (Lamarck). 0726, dry. 3: R amose habit. X 0.5. X0.5. An exceptionally soft, rugose, orange specimen, as found north 4: Transverse section, in reflected light. X 6.7. 5: Longitudinal section, of Mosquito Point. in transmitted light. X 23.3.

Fig. 2 Lissodendoryx isodictyalis (Carter). B855, alive, in aquarium. X !. Plate 30

Fig. 1- 3 Fig. 6, 7 Thalysias juniperina (Lamarck), alive, in aquarium. All figures X 0.67. Ulosa ruetz/eri, new species, alive, under water. X 0.67. 1: B922, ramose habit. 2: B929, incrusting habit. 3: B867, bushy habit. Fig. 8 Fig. 4, 5 Hymeniacidon heliophila (Parker). 0667bl, dry. x 0. 67. Pandaros acanthifolium Duchassaing & Michelotti. 4: B 789, dry. x 0 .67. 5: Macerated extremity of a lamellar, fascicular trabecula of the skeleton. X 6.7. Plate 31

Fig. I, 2 Fig. 3 Hyme niacidon a mphi/ecta de La ubenfels, B865, alive, in aquarium. Ptilocaulis aff. P. spiculifer (Lama rck). 0 655, dry. X I. x 0.6 7. 1: Top. 2: Choanosome. Fig. 7-10 Fig. 4- 6 Pseudaxinella lunaecharta (Ridley & Dendy), al ive, in a quarium. Teichaxinella morchella, new species. 4, 5: 0656, d ry. 4: Transverse X 0.67. 7: B903, thickly fiabellate habit. 8, 9: B 884, mass ive-lobate section, in transmitted light. x 33.3. 5: x 0 .67. 6: Holoty pe, B900, habit. 8: Lateral view. 9: Top view. 10: B905, lobulate habit. alive, in aquarium. X 0.67. Plate 32

Fig. l - 3 Fig. 4- 7 Pseudaxinella lunaecharta (Ridley & Dendy), dry. l, 2: A young Ectyoplasia ferox (Duchassaing & Michelotti) surgens, new subspecies. specimen from Molasses Reef, off Key Largo, Florida. Lateral and top 4: H olotype, 0739, dry. Areal view of surface. X 6.7. 5: Thickly view. x 0.67. 3: B615, oblique view of surface. X 4. incrusting habit, in situ. x0.67. 6: Holot ype, 0739, erect h abit, immediately after collecting, out of water. X 0.67. 7: Holot ype, 0 739, dry. Transverse fracture through peripheral choanosome. Surface on top. x 6. 7. Plate 33

7 6

Fig. I, 2 Fig. 4-7 Higginsia strigilata (Lamarck), dry. 1: Bushy habit. x0.67. 2: B516, Spirastrella coccinea (Duchassaing & Michelotti). 4: B584, dry. X 1.33. ramose habit. x0.67. 5: B836, alive, in aquarium. X I. 6: B584, dry, areal view of surface. X 26.7. 7: B 584, dry, transverse fracture. X 13.3. Surface on top. Fig. 3 Tricheurypon viride (Topsent). B890, alive, in aquarium. Thin incrusta• Fig. 8 tions on the base of Irciniafelix. X 0.67. Spirastrella cunctatrix Schmidt. B 886a, alive, in aquarium. X 0.67. Plate 34

Fig. I Fig. 2 Anthosigmella varians (Duchassaing & Michelotti) forma varians, in Spheciospongia vesparium (Lamarck) habit a, in situ. X 0.2. situ. X 0.44. Plate 35

Fig. I Anthosigmella varians (Duchassaing & Michelotti) forma incrustans 3 (Duchassaing & Michelotti), in situ. X 0.17.

Fig. 2 A nthosigmella varians, forma varians, in situ. X 0.67

Fig. 3 Spheciospongia vesparium (Lamarck) habit c, in situ. x0.2. Plate 36

Fig. I Fig. 3-5 Spheciospongia vesparium (Lamarck) habit b, in situ. X 0.17. Jaspis pudica, new species. 3: B 860, two young specimens, alive, in aquarium. X I. 4: B600, shortly after collecting, out of water, X0.67. Fig. 2 5: Alive, in aquarium, after partial removal of incrusting Chondrilla Timea mixta (Topsent). B 792, immediately after collecting, out of nucu/a. x0.67. water. X 0.67. Plate 37

1 2

Fig. 1-3 Fig. 4, 5 Tethya crypta (de Laubenfels). I, 2: In situ. X 0.5. I: Before. 2: After Epipolasis lithophaga, new species. Holotype, B839, alive, in a quarium. partial removal of sediment veneer. 3: Transverse fracture, in life, X 0.67. 4: Transverse section. under water. X 0.67. Fig. 6 My riastra kallitetilla de La ubenfels. B857, alive, in aqua rium. x0.67. Plate 38

Fig. I surface, with contracted ectochones. x 6.7. 3: B862, alive in Myriastra kallitetilla de Laubenfels, alive, in aquarium. X 0.67. aquarium, view of base. X 0.5.

Fig. 2, 3 Fig. 4 Geodia (Geodia) gibberosa Lamarck. 2: B79lb, dry, areal view of Geodia (Sidonops) neptuni (Sollas). B410, dry. Oblique view. XO.S. Plate 39

1 2

3 4

Fig. l-3 Fig. 4 Geodia (Sidonops) neptuni (Sollas), in situ, west of Turtle Rocks. l: Erylusformosus Sollas, in situ, west of Turtle Rocks. x0.39. 2: xo.2. 3: xO.lS. Plate 40

Fig. I, 2 Fig. 4, 5 Erylus formosus So lias. B 866, alive in aquarium. X 0.5. I: Lateral view. Erylusformosus. 4: In situ, west of Turtle Rocks. x0.37. 5: B568, dry, 2: View of choanosome. areal view of surface. X 6.7.

Fig. 3 Fig. 6 Erylus goffrilleri, new species. 0697, holotype, dry. X I. Erylus goffrilleri, new species. 0 697, areal view of surface. X 6.7. Plate 41

6 7

Fig. I, 2 Fig. 5-7 Cinachyra al/oclada Uliczka. B 833, out of water, shortly after collect• Chondrilla nucula Schmidt. 5: Habit a, in situ. X 0.67. 6, 7: Habit b. ing. x0.67. 1: Oblique view. 2: View ofchoanosome. 6: In situ. X0.67. 7: 0710, dry transverse section. X67. Surface on top. Fig. 3,4 Cinachyra kuekenthali Uliczka. B894, alive, in aquarium. x0.5. 3: Meridional section. 4: Oblique view. Plate 42

Fig. 1, 2 Fig. 7 Chondrilla nucula Schmidt, habit b. BSOl, dry. 1: x0.67. 2: Areal Chondrosia collectrix (Schmidt). B 852, out of water, shortly after view of surface. X 6.7. collecting. X 0.67.

Fig. 3~6 Chondrosia reniformis Nardo, alive in aquarium. 3: B875. X0.5. 4: B872, lateral view. X0.67. 5: B875, transverse section. X0.67. 6: B872, top view. X 0.5. Plate 43

Fig. 1-5 Hyrtios cavernosus (Pallas). 1-3: Plate Spongia 5 in Esper. 1793 (1791-9). x 0. 67. 1: The dry or macerated specimen, viewed from top. 2: The same, from below. 3: Detail of surface, e nlarged. 4, 5: A specimen collected immediately east of northern Turtle R ock, alive, in aquarium. X 0.67. 4: Side view. 5: The base.