BIO 313 ANIMAL ECOLOGY Corrected
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A COMPARATIVE ACCOUNT of the SMALL PELAGIC FISHERIES in the APFIC REGION by M
A COMPARATIVE ACCOUNT OF THE SMALL PELAGIC FISHERIES IN THE APFIC REGION by M. Devaraj and E. Vivekanandan Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Cocbin-682014, India Abstract The production of the small pe/agics in the APFIC region was 1.2 mt/sq. km during 1995. Among the four areas in the region, the small pe/agics have registered (i) the maximum annual fluctuations in the western Indian Ocean; (ii) the highest increase duri'}i the past two decades along the west coast of Thailand in the eastern Indian Ocean; and (iii) the consistent decline in the landings during the past one decade along the Japanese coast in the northwest Pacific Ocean. The short rnackerels emerged as the largest fishery in the APFlC region, fom'ing 19.5% of the landings of the small pelagics in 1995. The group consisting afthe sardines and the anchovies has shown clear signs of decline during the past one decade in almost the entire region. Most of the small pelagics have unique biological characteristics such as fast growth, short longevity, late maturity, high nalllral mortality, shoaling behaviour, high fecundity and severe recruitment fluctuations. As many species of the small pelagics undertake migration, collaborative research programmes and close coordination are required among the APFle countries for the stock assessment of all the major species. The management measures under implementation in these countries have been reviewed, with suggestions for regional cooperation for the management of the stocks of the small pelagics. INTRODUCTION The Asia-Pacific Fishery Commission covers four oceanic areas, which have been classified by the FAO as the western Indian Ocean (FAO Statistical Area 51), eastern Indian Ocean (Area 57) , northwest Pacific Ocean (Area 61) and western central Pacific Ocean (Area 71). -
Distinguishing Characteristics of Sponges
Distinguishing characteristics of sponges Continue Sponges are amazing creatures with some unique characteristics. Here is a brief overview of sponges and their features. You are here: Home / Uncategorized / Characteristics of sponges: BTW, They are animals, NOT plants! Sponges are amazing creatures with some unique characteristics. Here is a brief overview of sponges and their features. Almost all of us are familiar with commercial sponges, which are used for various purposes, such as cleaning. There are several living sponges found in both seawater as well as fresh water. These living species are not plants, but are classified as porifera animals. The name of this branch is derived from the pores on the body of the sponge, and it means the bearer of pores in Greek. It is believed that there are about 5000 to 10,000 species of sponges, and most of them are found in seawater. So sponges are unique aquatic animals with some interesting characteristics. Would you like to write to us? Well, we are looking for good writers who want to spread the word. Get in touch with us and we'll talk... Let's work together! Sponges are mainly found as part of marine life; but, about 100 to 150 species can be found in fresh water. They may resemble plants, but are actually sessile animals (inability to move). Sponges are often found attached to rocks and coral reefs. You can find them in different forms. While some of them are tube-like and straight, some others have a fan-like body. Some are found as crusts on rocks. -
The World at the Time of Messel: Conference Volume
T. Lehmann & S.F.K. Schaal (eds) The World at the Time of Messel - Conference Volume Time at the The World The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment and the History of Early Primates 22nd International Senckenberg Conference 2011 Frankfurt am Main, 15th - 19th November 2011 ISBN 978-3-929907-86-5 Conference Volume SENCKENBERG Gesellschaft für Naturforschung THOMAS LEHMANN & STEPHAN F.K. SCHAAL (eds) The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment, and the History of Early Primates 22nd International Senckenberg Conference Frankfurt am Main, 15th – 19th November 2011 Conference Volume Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung IMPRINT The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment, and the History of Early Primates 22nd International Senckenberg Conference 15th – 19th November 2011, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Conference Volume Publisher PROF. DR. DR. H.C. VOLKER MOSBRUGGER Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Editors DR. THOMAS LEHMANN & DR. STEPHAN F.K. SCHAAL Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany [email protected]; [email protected] Language editors JOSEPH E.B. HOGAN & DR. KRISTER T. SMITH Layout JULIANE EBERHARDT & ANIKA VOGEL Cover Illustration EVELINE JUNQUEIRA Print Rhein-Main-Geschäftsdrucke, Hofheim-Wallau, Germany Citation LEHMANN, T. & SCHAAL, S.F.K. (eds) (2011). The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment, and the History of Early Primates. 22nd International Senckenberg Conference. 15th – 19th November 2011, Frankfurt am Main. Conference Volume. Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt am Main. pp. 203. -
Taxonomy and Diversity of the Sponge Fauna from Walters Shoal, a Shallow Seamount in the Western Indian Ocean Region
Taxonomy and diversity of the sponge fauna from Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount in the Western Indian Ocean region By Robyn Pauline Payne A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magister Scientiae in the Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape. Supervisors: Dr Toufiek Samaai Prof. Mark J. Gibbons Dr Wayne K. Florence The financial assistance of the National Research Foundation (NRF) towards this research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at, are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the NRF. December 2015 Taxonomy and diversity of the sponge fauna from Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount in the Western Indian Ocean region Robyn Pauline Payne Keywords Indian Ocean Seamount Walters Shoal Sponges Taxonomy Systematics Diversity Biogeography ii Abstract Taxonomy and diversity of the sponge fauna from Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount in the Western Indian Ocean region R. P. Payne MSc Thesis, Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape. Seamounts are poorly understood ubiquitous undersea features, with less than 4% sampled for scientific purposes globally. Consequently, the fauna associated with seamounts in the Indian Ocean remains largely unknown, with less than 300 species recorded. One such feature within this region is Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount located on the South Madagascar Ridge, which is situated approximately 400 nautical miles south of Madagascar and 600 nautical miles east of South Africa. Even though it penetrates the euphotic zone (summit is 15 m below the sea surface) and is protected by the Southern Indian Ocean Deep- Sea Fishers Association, there is a paucity of biodiversity and oceanographic data. -
Evolutionary and Population Genetics of Siluroidei
Aquat. Living Resour., 1996, Vol. 9, Hors série, 81-92 Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee Flanders M arin s Institute Evolutionary and population genetics of Siluroidei Filip A. Volckaert (1) and Jean-François Agnèse (2) (1) Katholieke Universität Leuven, Laboratory of Ecology and Aquaculture, Zoological Institute, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. 2 4 2 2 4 <2) ^‘eUtre ^ £c^ierc^ies Océanographiques, BP V I8, Abidjan, Ivory Coast. Accepted July 19, 1995. Volckaert F. A., J.-F. Agnèse. In: The biology and culture of catfishes. M. Legendre, J.-P. Proteau eds. Aquat. Living Resour., 1996, Vol. 9, H ors série, 81-92. A bstract The genetic characterization of catfishes by means of phenotypic markers, karyotyping, protein and DNA polymorphisms contributes to or forms an integral part of the disciplines of systematics, population genetics, quantitative genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology and aquaculture. Judged from the literature, the general approach to research is pragmatic; the Siluroidei do not include model species for fundamental genetic research. The Clariidae and the Ictaluridae represent the best studied families. The’ systematic status of a number of species and families has been either elucidated or confirmed by genetic approaches. Duplication of ancestral genes occurred in catfishes just as in other vertebrates. The genetic structure of and gene flow among natural populations have been documented in relatively few cases, while the evaluation of strains for aquaculture (especially Ictaluridae and Clariidae) is in progress. The mapping of genetic markers has started in Ictalurus. It appears that a more detailed knowledge of catfish populations is required from two perspectives. First, natural populations which are threatened by habitat loss and interfluvial or intercontinental transfers are poorly characterized at the genetic level. -
Appendix: Some Important Early Collections of West Indian Type Specimens, with Historical Notes
Appendix: Some important early collections of West Indian type specimens, with historical notes Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 between 1841 and 1864, we gain additional information concerning the sponge memoir, starting with the letter dated 8 May 1855. Jacob Gysbert Samuel van Breda A biography of Placide Duchassaing de Fonbressin was (1788-1867) was professor of botany in Franeker (Hol published by his friend Sagot (1873). Although an aristo land), of botany and zoology in Gent (Belgium), and crat by birth, as we learn from Michelotti's last extant then of zoology and geology in Leyden. Later he went to letter to van Breda, Duchassaing did not add de Fon Haarlem, where he was secretary of the Hollandsche bressin to his name until 1864. Duchassaing was born Maatschappij der Wetenschappen, curator of its cabinet around 1819 on Guadeloupe, in a French-Creole family of natural history, and director of Teyler's Museum of of planters. He was sent to school in Paris, first to the minerals, fossils and physical instruments. Van Breda Lycee Louis-le-Grand, then to University. He finished traveled extensively in Europe collecting fossils, especial his studies in 1844 with a doctorate in medicine and two ly in Italy. Michelotti exchanged collections of fossils additional theses in geology and zoology. He then settled with him over a long period of time, and was received as on Guadeloupe as physician. Because of social unrest foreign member of the Hollandsche Maatschappij der after the freeing of native labor, he left Guadeloupe W etenschappen in 1842. The two chief papers of Miche around 1848, and visited several islands of the Antilles lotti on fossils were published by the Hollandsche Maat (notably Nevis, Sint Eustatius, St. -
Inferring Echolocation in Ancient Bats Arising From: N
NATURE | Vol 466 | 19 August 2010 BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS ARISING Inferring echolocation in ancient bats Arising from: N. Veselka et al. Nature 463, 939–942 (2010) Laryngeal echolocation, used by most living bats to form images of O. finneyi falls outside the size range seen in living echolocating bats their surroundings and to detect and capture flying prey1,2, is con- and is similar to the proportionally smaller cochleae of bats that lack sidered to be a key innovation for the evolutionary success of bats2,3, laryngeal echolocation4,8, suggesting that it did not echolocate. and palaeontologists have long sought osteological correlates of echolocation that can be used to infer the behaviour of fossil bats4–7. Veselka et al.8 argued that the most reliable trait indicating echoloca- tion capabilities in bats is an articulation between the stylohyal bone (part of the hyoid apparatus that supports the throat and larynx) and a the tympanic bone, which forms the floor of the middle ear. They examined the oldest and most primitive known bat, Onychonycteris finneyi (early Eocene, USA4), and argued that it showed evidence of this stylohyal–tympanic articulation, from which they concluded that O. finneyi may have been capable of echolocation. We disagree with their interpretation of key fossil data and instead argue that O. finneyi was probably not an echolocating bat. The holotype of O. finneyi shows the cranial end of the left stylohyal resting on the tympanic bone (Fig. 1c–e). However, the stylohyal on the right side is in a different position, the tip of the stylohyal extends beyond the tympanic on both sides of the skull, and both tympanics are crushed. -
A Soft Spot for Chemistry–Current Taxonomic and Evolutionary Implications of Sponge Secondary Metabolite Distribution
marine drugs Review A Soft Spot for Chemistry–Current Taxonomic and Evolutionary Implications of Sponge Secondary Metabolite Distribution Adrian Galitz 1 , Yoichi Nakao 2 , Peter J. Schupp 3,4 , Gert Wörheide 1,5,6 and Dirk Erpenbeck 1,5,* 1 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany; [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (G.W.) 2 Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan; [email protected] 3 Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; [email protected] 4 Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), 26129 Oldenburg, Germany 5 GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany 6 SNSB-Bavarian State Collection of Palaeontology and Geology, 80333 Munich, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Marine sponges are the most prolific marine sources for discovery of novel bioactive compounds. Sponge secondary metabolites are sought-after for their potential in pharmaceutical applications, and in the past, they were also used as taxonomic markers alongside the difficult and homoplasy-prone sponge morphology for species delineation (chemotaxonomy). The understanding Citation: Galitz, A.; Nakao, Y.; of phylogenetic distribution and distinctiveness of metabolites to sponge lineages is pivotal to reveal Schupp, P.J.; Wörheide, G.; pathways and evolution of compound production in sponges. This benefits the discovery rate and Erpenbeck, D. A Soft Spot for yield of bioprospecting for novel marine natural products by identifying lineages with high potential Chemistry–Current Taxonomic and Evolutionary Implications of Sponge of being new sources of valuable sponge compounds. -
WIDECAST Sea Turtle Recovery Action Plan for the Netherlands Antilles
CEP Technical Report: 11 1992 WIDECAST Sea Turtle Recovery Action Plan for the Netherlands Antilles PREFACE Sea turtle stocks are declining throughout most of the Wider Caribbean region; in some areas the trends are dramatic and are likely to be irreversible during our lifetimes. According to the IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre's Red Data Book, persistent over-exploitation, especially of adult females on the nesting beach, and the widespread collection of eggs are largely responsible for the Endangered status of five sea turtle species occurring in the region and the Vulnerable status of a sixth. In addition to direct harvest, sea turtles are accidentally captured in active or abandoned fishing gear, resulting in death to tens of thousands of turtles annually. Coral reef and sea grass degradation, oil spills, chemical waste, persistent plastic and other marine debris, high density coastal development, and an increase in ocean-based tourism have damaged or eliminated nesting beaches and feeding grounds. Population declines are complicated by the fact that causal factors are not always entirely indigenous. Because sea turtles are among the most migratory of all Caribbean fauna, what appears as a decline in a local population may be a direct consequence of the activities of peoples many hundreds of kilometers distant. Thus, while local conservation is crucial, action is also called for at the regional level. In order to adequately protect migratory sea turtles and achieve the objectives of CEP's Regional Programme for Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW), The Strategy for the Development of the Caribbean Environment Programme (1990-1995) calls for "the development of specific management plans for economically and ecologically important species", making particular reference to endangered, threatened, or vulnerable species of sea turtle. -
Descriptions of Larvae of California
SUMIDA ET AL.: CALIFORNIA YELLOWTAIL AND OTHER CARANGID LARVAE CalCOFI Rep., Vol. XXVI, 1985 DESCRIPTIONS OF LARVAE OF CALIFORNIA YELLOWTAIL, SERlOLA LALANDI, AND THREE OTHER CARANGIDS FROM THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC: CHLOROSCOMBRUS ORQUETA, CARANX CABALLUS, AND CARANX SEXFASClATUS BARBARA Y. SUMIDA, ti. GEOFFREY MOSER. AND ELBERT H. AHLSTROM National Marine Fisheries Service Southwest Fisheries Center P.O. Box 271 La Jolla. California 92038 ABSTRACT southern California and Baja California, and it briefly Larvae are described for four species of jacks, fami- supported a commercial fishery during the 1950s ly Carangidae. Three of these, Seriola lalandi (Cali- (MacCall et al. 1976). Larvae of Seriola species from fornia yellowtail), Chloroscombrus orqueta, and other regions of the world have been described (see Carum caballus, occur in the CalCOFI region. A literature review in Laroche et al. 1984), but larvae of fourth species, Caranx sexfasciatus, occurs from eastern Pacific Seriola lalandi have not previously Mazatlan, Mexico, to Panama. Species are distin- been described’. This paper also describes larvae of guished by a combination of morphological, pigmen- two other carangids, Chloroscombrus orqueta and tary, and meristic characters. Larval body morphs Caranx caballus, occurring in the CalCOFI region, range from slender S. lalandi, with a relatively elon- and a third carangid, Caranx sexfasciatus, which gate gut, to deep-bodied C. sexfasciatus, with a occurs to the south. triangular gut mass. Pigmentation patterns are charac- teristic for early stages of each species, but all except MATERIALS AND METHODS C. orqueta become heavily pigmented in late stages of Larvae used in this work were obtained from var- development. -
Proposal for a Revised Classification of the Demospongiae (Porifera) Christine Morrow1 and Paco Cárdenas2,3*
Morrow and Cárdenas Frontiers in Zoology (2015) 12:7 DOI 10.1186/s12983-015-0099-8 DEBATE Open Access Proposal for a revised classification of the Demospongiae (Porifera) Christine Morrow1 and Paco Cárdenas2,3* Abstract Background: Demospongiae is the largest sponge class including 81% of all living sponges with nearly 7,000 species worldwide. Systema Porifera (2002) was the result of a large international collaboration to update the Demospongiae higher taxa classification, essentially based on morphological data. Since then, an increasing number of molecular phylogenetic studies have considerably shaken this taxonomic framework, with numerous polyphyletic groups revealed or confirmed and new clades discovered. And yet, despite a few taxonomical changes, the overall framework of the Systema Porifera classification still stands and is used as it is by the scientific community. This has led to a widening phylogeny/classification gap which creates biases and inconsistencies for the many end-users of this classification and ultimately impedes our understanding of today’s marine ecosystems and evolutionary processes. In an attempt to bridge this phylogeny/classification gap, we propose to officially revise the higher taxa Demospongiae classification. Discussion: We propose a revision of the Demospongiae higher taxa classification, essentially based on molecular data of the last ten years. We recommend the use of three subclasses: Verongimorpha, Keratosa and Heteroscleromorpha. We retain seven (Agelasida, Chondrosiida, Dendroceratida, Dictyoceratida, Haplosclerida, Poecilosclerida, Verongiida) of the 13 orders from Systema Porifera. We recommend the abandonment of five order names (Hadromerida, Halichondrida, Halisarcida, lithistids, Verticillitida) and resurrect or upgrade six order names (Axinellida, Merliida, Spongillida, Sphaerocladina, Suberitida, Tetractinellida). Finally, we create seven new orders (Bubarida, Desmacellida, Polymastiida, Scopalinida, Clionaida, Tethyida, Trachycladida). -
Lepidoptera, Endromidae) in China
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 127: 29–42 (2011)The genusAndraca (Lepidoptera, Endromidae) in China... 29 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.127.928 RESEARCH artICLE www.zookeys.org Launched to accelerate biodiversity research The genus Andraca (Lepidoptera, Endromidae) in China with descriptions of a new species Xing Wang1,†, Ling Zeng2,‡, Min Wang2,§ 1 Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, P.R. China. Present address: Institute of Entomology, College of Biosafety Science and Technology, Hunan Agricul- tural University, Changsha 410128 Hunan, China; and Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China 2 Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, P.R. China † urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:F8727887-0014-42D4-BA68-21B3009E8C7F ‡ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:7981BF0E-D1F8-43CA-A505-72DBBA140023 § urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:D683614E-1F58-4CA8-9D80-B23BD41947A2 Corresponding author: Ling Zeng ([email protected]) Academic editor: N. Wahlberg | Received 21 January 2011 | Accepted 15 August 2011 | Published 8 September 2011 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:33D4BBFB-4B7D-4BBC-B34C-17D2E7F99F67 Citation: Wang X, Zeng L, Wang M (2011) The genus Andraca (Lepidoptera, Endromidae) in China with descriptions of a new species. ZooKeys 127: 29–42. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.127.928 Abstract The six species of the genus Andraca Walker hitherto known from China are reviewed, and a new species, A. gongshanensis, sp. n., described from Yunnan Province, China. Adults and male genitalia of all exam- ined species are illustrated, together with a distributional map. A key to all seven Chinese Andraca species is provided.