Distinguishing characteristics of

Continue Sponges are amazing creatures with some unique characteristics. Here is a brief overview of sponges and their features. You are here: Home / Uncategorized / Characteristics of sponges: BTW, They are , NOT plants! Sponges are amazing creatures with some unique characteristics. Here is a brief overview of sponges and their features. Almost all of us are familiar with commercial sponges, which are used for various purposes, such as cleaning. There are several living sponges found in both seawater as well as fresh water. These living species are not plants, but are classified as porifera animals. The name of this branch is derived from the pores on the body of the , and it means the bearer of pores in Greek. It is believed that there are about 5000 to 10,000 species of sponges, and most of them are found in seawater. So sponges are unique aquatic animals with some interesting characteristics. Would you like to write to us? Well, we are looking for good writers who want to spread the word. Get in touch with us and we'll talk... Let's work together! Sponges are mainly found as part of marine life; but, about 100 to 150 species can be found in fresh water. They may resemble plants, but are actually sessile animals (inability to move). Sponges are often found attached to rocks and coral reefs. You can find them in different forms. While some of them are tube-like and straight, some others have a fan-like body. Some are found as crusts on rocks. You can also find sponges in the shape of glasses or vases, or like dense plants and trees. There are several sponges that have finger-like growths on them. Even the colors are different with different types. The color of the sponge ranges from white and beige, to shades of green, brown, yellow, red, purple, lavender and blue. They can be about an inch to more than 1.5 meters in width. While some of them are soft, some are really hard. They can be brittle or flexible. The body of the sponge can be described as an arrangement of different cell types. These cells do not form tissues, but are loosely arranged to form the body. Each cell type has a specific function. While one end of the body of a sponge is attached to the substrate (like stone), the other end is an opening, called osculum. In short, asymmetrical sponges (sometimes showing asymmetry of the center) hollow structures with a body wall. The body wall of a sponge consisting of two thin layers is separated with a gelatinous layer called mesohyl. The outer skin is made of epidermal cells. This layer has many pores that facilitate water entering and exiting the body. The cells responsible for the formation of pores are called porocytes. After the outer layer with epidermal cells and and The gel-like inner layer called mesohyl exists. In this class, there are certain cells, called amoebocytes responsible for transporting nutrients and digesting food. They are also responsible for the formation of spicules, which are considered the bones of this . They play an important role in the sexual reproduction of sponges. The same layer is made of collared cells or choanocytes that are flagellated. These cells use flagella to form a constant stream of water inside the sponge. This helps transport oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body. They aid digestion of food as well as the elimination of waste, through osculum. Sponges have specialized cells with the ability to change to other cell types. Therefore, sponges are made of these specialized cells, and they do not have any head, trunk, body or apptubly. They are simple multi-celled organisms. Sponges are filter feeders, who absorb nutrients as well as oxygen from water, which enters its body through the pores. Most often, they feed on bacteria and food particles that are in the water; however, some species have a tbibial relationship with certain microorganisms. These microorganisms capable of conducting photosyntheses produce more food and oxygen, which will be shared with sponges. Some are predators, and eat small aquatic animals, such as crustaceans. Sponges can reproduction both sexually and asymlessly. Although, both male and female parts are found in the same individual, fertilization occurs only between sperm and ovum produced by different sponges. Even if the sperm is released by a sponge that enters the same organism through water, it is removed through osculum. The sperm travels with water currents, enters other individuals, and fertilizes the ovaries in mesohyl. After fertilization, the ciliated larvae swim and look for a substrate for growth. In the case of asstile reproduction, the sponge may undergo regeneration, in which a fragment or even a single cell can develop into a new individual. Another method is budding, in which new sponges will be formed with a few cells on the outer surface of the parents. This new sponge breaks and grows into a new individual. Another sponge feature is the formation of a bud called gemmule, inside its body. This gemmule is difficult and hardy, and if the sponge is killed under disadvantaged conditions, the gemmule will develop into a new individual. There are many more interesting and wonderful sponge events. If you are interested in knowing more about this animal, you can conduct an in-depth study of them. Characteristics of crustaceansÓapart from a delicious treat to our taste buds, crustaceans are also a very unique creation of nature! Please the characteristics of crustaceans are described in this ... Protista CharacteristicsProtista is one of the animal classifications It has different groups and subs. Their characteristics vary according to. For details read this article protista characteristics. Taiga AnimalsThe list of animals found in the taiga may not be as impressive as the list for other creatures, but this biome too, has a few lessons for everyone. This article is about aquatic animals. For the sponge cleaning tool, see Sponge (tool). For other uses, see Sponge (orientation). Porifera PoriferaTemporal Range: Ediacaran-Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N A Kitchen-Tube Scientific Classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: PoriferaGrant, 1836 Typical Species Amphimedon queenslandica[1] Calcarea Hexactinellida Demospongiae Homoscleromorpha †Stromatoporoidea Synonyms Parazoa/Ahistozoa (sans Placozoa)[2] Sponge, members of the Porifera branch (/pəˈrˈfərə/; meaning pore bearer), is a metazoa cbutt (animal) basically like a sister of Diploblasts. [5][6][7] They are multi-celled organisms with bodies full of pores and channels that allow water to circulate through them, including jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells. The branch of animal studies sponges is called foam. [8] Sponges have non-specialized cells that can transform into other types and often move between the main cell layers and mesohyl during this process. Sponges do not have a nervous, digestive or circulatory system. Instead, most rely on maintaining a constant flow of water through their bodies to get food and oxygen and to eliminate waste. Sponges were the first to branch the evolutionary tree from the common ancestors of all animals, making them the sister group of all other animals. [3] The term Sponge terminology is derived from the ancient Greek σπγγος (spóngos). [9] An overview of sponge biodiversity and the esoo forms in the lips of a wall position in 60 feet (20 m) of water. Includes yellow tube sponge, Aplysina fistularis, purple vase sponge, Niphates digitalis, red encrusted sponge, Spirastrella coccinea [nl], and gray wire sponge, Callyspongia sp. Sponges are similar to other animals where they are multi-celled, heterosexual, lack cellular formation and production of sperm cells. Unlike other animals, they lack real tissues[10] and bodies. [11] Some of them are radiation-symmetrical, but mostly asymmetric. The shapes of their body are adjusted for the maximum effect of water flow through the central cavity, where water settles nutrients and then left through a hole called osculum. Many sponges have internal skeletons of foam and/or spicules (bone-like pieces) of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide. [10] All sponges are aquatic sessile, which means that they attach to an underwater surface and remain in place (i.e. do not travel). Although there is fresh water most are marine species (saltwater), which have habitats from tidal zones to depths in excess of 8,800 m (5.5 mi). Although most of the approximately 5,000-10,000 species of sponges are known to feed on bacteria and other micro-foods in the country, some host photocrysymthesis microorganisms such as endemic, and these alliances often produce more food and oxygen than they consume. Some species of sponges living in poor food environments have evolutioned as predators whose prey is mostly small crustaceans. [12] Most species use sexual reproduction, which releases sperm cells into the water to fertilize the ovaries to which in some species are released and in others retained by the mother. Fertilized eggs develop into larvae, swimming out in search of places to settle. [13] Sponges are known for reproducing from broken debris, although this only works if the fragments consist of suitable cell types. Some species give birth by budding. As environmental conditions become less hospitable to sponges, e.g. temperatures drop, many freshwater species and some marine species produce gems, the surviving shells of non-specialized cells remain inactive until conditions improve; they then form completely new sponges or regenerate the skeletons of their parents. [14] In most sponges, an internal gelatin matrix called mesohyl functions as an endoskeleton, and it is the only skeleton in soft sponges that inscate rock-hard surfaces. More commonly, mesohyl is hardened by mineral spicules, by porous fibers, or both. using spongin; many species have silica spicules, while some have calcium carbonate skeletons. Demosponges make up about 90% of all known porous species, including all freshwater species, and they have the widest range of habitats. Lime sponges, which have calcium carbonate spicules and, in some species, calcium carbonate exoskeletons, are limited to relatively shallow seawater, where the production of calcium carbonate is easiest. [15] Fragile glass sponges, with scaffolding of silica spicules, are limited to polar regions and ocean depths, where predators are rare. Fossils of all these types have been found in rocks dating back to 580 million years ago. In addition Archaeocyathids, which had fossils common in rocks between 530 and 490 million years ago, are now considered a type of sponge. The cells of the choanoflagellate protist branch are almost identical to sponge choanocytes. Beat the flagella choanocyte that drains through the sponge so that the nutrients can be extracted and removed waste. [16] Single-celled choanoflagellates resemble red blood cells of sponges used to boost their water flow system and capture most of their food. This, along with phD studies of phD species of molecules, has been used as ertho er form evidence to Sponges are sister groups with the remains of animals. [17] Some studies have shown that sponges do not form a monodisciplinary group, in other words excluding all and only descendants of a common ancestor. Recent arising analyses show that comb jelly rather than sponges are sister groups with the rest of the animal. [19][20][21] However, a re-analysis of the data showed that computer algorithms used for analysis were fooled by the presence of specific ctenophore genes that differ markedly from other species, leaving sponges as a sister group to all other animals , or an 100-year-old subdisciplinary class. [23] Some species have completely soft fibrous skeletons without hard elements that have been used by humans for thousands of years for a variety of purposes, including buffering and cleaning tools. However, in the 1950s, they were caught so badly that the industry nearly collapsed, and most of the sponge-like materials are now synthetic. Sponges and their micro endosymbionts are currently being studied as possible sources of the drug to treat a variety of diseases. Dolphins have been observed using sponges as tools while searching for food. [24] Distinguishing characteristics More information: Cnidaria and Ctenophore sponges form the porifera branches, and have been defined as metazoans sessile (multi-celled animals) with water and slits connected by chambers lined with choanocytes, whip-like cells. [25] However, a few predatory sponges have lost water flow systems and choanocytes. [27] All known living sponges can resell their bodies, as most of their cell types can move in their bodies and a few can vary from one type to another. [28] Even if a few sponges can produce mucus - which acts as a microbial barrier in all other animals - no sponge capable of secreting a layer of functional mucus has been recorded. Without such a layer of mucus their living tissue is covered with a layer of microbial abiosis, which can contribute up to 40-50% of the mass of wet sponges. This inability to prevent bacteria from penetrating their porous tissue may be a major reason why they have never advanced a more complex anatomy. [29] Like cnidarians (jellyfish, etc.) and ctenophores (comb jelly), and unlike all known metazoans, the body of the sponge consists of a non-living jelly-like mass (mesohyl) sandwiched between two main cell layers. [31] Cnidarians and ctenophores have a simple nervous system, and their cell layers are bound by connections inside and by being mounted on basement membranes (thin fibrous mats, also known as basic lamina). [31] Sponges have no nervous system, their middle jelly-like layers have cell populations and variety, and certain types of cells in their outer layers can move in into and change their functionality. [28] Sponges[28][30] Cnidarians and ctenophores[31] No Yes nervous system, simple cells in each layer are linked to No, except homoscleromorpha has basement membranes. [32] There are: inter-cellular connections; Basement membrane The number of cells in the middle of the jelly layer Many cells in the outer layers can move inwards and change the function There is no basic structure Mesohyl Pinacocyte Choanocyte Choanocyte Lophocyte Porocyte Oocyte Archeocyte Sclerocyte Spicule Porifera's main water current[33] The body of the sponge is kept in the shape of mesohyl , a jelly-like substance made mainly of collagen and reinforced by a dense network of fibers that are also made of collagen. The inner surface is covered with choanocytes, cells with cylindrical or conical collars around a choanocyte flagellum. The wave-like motion of the whip resembles the whip that leads water through the body of the sponge. All sponges have ostia, channels that lead to the interior through mesohyl, and in most sponges they are controlled by tube-like porocytes that form clogged input valves. Pinacocytes, plate-like cells, form a single outer skin layer on all other parts of the mesohyl that are not covered with choanocytes, and pinacocytes also digest food particles that are too large to penetrate the ostia,[28][30] while those at the bottom of the animal are responsible for anchoring it. [30] Other types of cells that live and move in mesohyl:[28][30] Lophocytes are amoeba- like cells that move slowly through mesohyl and secrete collagen fibers. Collencytes are a type of cell that produces collagen. Rhabdiferous cells that secrete polysaccharides also form part of mesohyl. Egg and sperm cells are sterile cells. Sclerocytes secrete mineralized spicules (small spines) that form the skeletons of many sponges and in some species provide some defense against the enemy. In addition to or instead of sclerotic cells, demosponges have porous secretion of a form of collagen that coincides with a porous wall, a thick fibrous material that hardens mesohyl. Muscle cells (muscle cells) conduct signals and cause parts of the animal to shrink. Gray cells act as sponges equivalent to an immune system. Archaeocytes (or amoebocytes) are totipotent amoeba-like cells, in other words each person has the ability to transform into any other type of cell. They also play an important role in feeding and cleaning up ostia-blocking debris. Many larva sponges have eyes without neurons based on cryptochromes. They median phototaxic behavior. [34] Syncytia water flow of the main Synchronized Glass Sponge Spicules Choanosyncitium and collar bodies shows that inside the Euplectella glass sponge[35] The glass sponge has a change this basic plan. Their spicules, made of silica, form a scaffold-like framework between bars where living tissue is suspended as a cobweb containing most cell types. [28] This tissue is a syncytium in some ways that acts like many cells that share a single outer membrane, and in others resemble a single cell with multiple kernels. Mesohyl is absent or minimal. The cytolyx of syncytium, the soup fluid that fills the interior of the cells, is organized into rivers transporting nuclear, organs (organs in cells) and other substances. [36] Instead of choanocytes, they have additional syncytia, called choanosyncytia, which forms bell-shaped chambers where water enters through holes. The inside of these rooms is lined with collared bodies, each consisting of a collar and flag but without its own kernel. The movement of the flagella sucks water through passages in the cobweb and expels it through the open end of the bell-shaped chambers. [28] Some cell types have a single nucleus and membrane, but are connected to other single-celled cells and with the main syncytium by bridges made of cytoocytes. Sclerotic cells build spicules that have many kernels, and in glass foam larvae they are connected to other tissues by cyto cytoocyte bridges; Such connections between sclerotic cells have so far not been found in adults, but this may simply reflect the difficulty of investigating such small-scale features. The bridge is controlled by plug intersections that seem to allow some substance to pass while blocking others. [36] Asconoid Syconoid Leuconoid Pinacocytes Choanocytes Mesohyl Water Flow Porifera body structure[37] Most sponges act quite like chimneys: they take water at the bottom and push it out of the osculum (small mouth) at the top. Since the ambient current is faster at the top, the suction effect they create follows the bernoulli principle of doing some work for free. Sponges can control water flow by different combinations of completely or partly closed osculum and ostia (pore volume) and change the beat of flagella, and can turn it down if there is a lot of sand or mud in the water. [28] Although the layers of pinacocytes and choanocytes resemble epithelia of more complex animals, they are not closely bound by cellular connections to cells or a basic lamina (thin fibrous plate below). The flexibility of these classes and the re-modeling of mesohyl by lophocytes allowed the animals to adjust their shape throughout their lives to make the most of the local water flow. [38] The simplest body structure in sponges is a tube or vase shape known as asconoid, but this severely limits the size of the animal. The body structure is characterized by a like a trunk surrounded by a layer of choanocytes. If it is simply scaled up, its mass ratio to the surface area increases, because the surface increases as the square of length or width while the increased volume corresponds to the cube. The amount of tissue required for food and oxygen is determined by volume, but the ability to pump food supply and oxygen depends on the area covered by choanocytes. Asconoid sponges rarely exceed a diameter of 1 mm (0.039 in). [28] Diagram of a conical sponge Some sponges cross this limit by applying conical structures in which body formations are pleated. The inner pockets of pleats are lined with choanocytes, connected to the outer pockets of pleats by ostia. The increase in the number of choanocytes and therefore in the pumping capacity allows the cone-shaped sponge to grow up to a few centimeters in diameter. The leuconoid model increases the pumping capacity further by filling the interior almost entirely with mesohyl containing a network of chambers lined with choanocytes and connected to each other and with water inlets and tube sockets. Leuconid sponges grow to a diameter of more than 1 m (3.3 ft), and the fact that growth in any direction increases the number of choanocyte chambers allows them to take more forms, for example encrusted sponges shaped according to the surfaces they attach. All the freshest and shallowest sponges have leuconid caries. The network of water passages in the glass sponge is similar to the leuconid structure. [28] In all three types of structures, the cross-sectional area of the choanocyte liner areas is much larger than that of reception channels and stores. This makes the flow slower near choanocytes and thus makes it easier for them to trap food particles. [28] In Leuconia, for example, a small leuconoid sponge about 10 cm (3.9 in) tall and 1 cm (0.39 in) in diameter, water enters each channel by more than 80,000 straws at a rate of 6 cm per minute. However, since Leuconia has more than 2 million hair chambers of a combined diameter much larger than the canals, the flow of water through the chambers slows down to 3.6 cm per hour, making it easier for choanocytes to capture food. All water is expelled through a single osculum at about 8.5 cm per second, fast enough to carry waste products a long distance away. Pinacocyte Choanocyte Archeocytes and other cells in mesohyl Mesohyl Mesohyl Spicules Calcium carbonate Seabed/Sea saliva rock with calcium carbonate skeleton[28] Skeleton In animals, a skeleton is any rather rigid structure of the animal, regardless of whether it has joints and regardless of whether it is biomineralized or not. Mesohyl functions as an endoskeleton in most sponges, and is the only skeleton in the soft sponge instaled stone-like surfaces. More commonly mesohyl is hardened by mineral spicules, by porous fibers or both. Spicules, present in most but not all species,[40] can be made of silica or calcium carbonate, and vary in shape from simple bars to three-dimensional stars with up to six rays. Spicules are produced by sclerotic cells,[28] and can be separated, connected by joints, or esorotic. [27] Some sponges also secrete outer skeletons located completely outside their organic components. For example, sclerosponges (hard sponges) have large calcium carbonate skeletons on which organic matter form a thin layer with choanocyte chambers in pits in minerals. These external skeletons are secreted by pinacocytes that form the skin of the animal. [28] The important function Spongia officinalis, the kitchen sponge, is dark gray in life. Motion Although adult sponges are basically sessile animals, some marine and freshwater species can move through the seabed at a rate of 1-4 mm (0.039-0.157 in) per day, as a result of amoe-like movement of pinacocytes and other cells. Some species can shrink their entire body, and many may close their oscula and ostia. The young drift or swim freely, while adults lie still. [28] Respiration, feeding and excretion of Euplectella aspergillum, a glass sponge called venus flower basket The sponge has no separate circulatory, respiratory, digestive and excretory system – instead the water flow system supports all these functions. They filter food particles out of the water that flows through them. Particles larger than 50 micrometers can not penetrate into the ostia and pinacocytes consume them with aphages (submerged and internally digested). Particles from 0.5 μm to 50 μm are trapped in the ostia, taper from the outside to the inner end. These particles are consumed by pinacocytes or by ancient bacteria that partly extrudes themselves through the walls of the ostia. The particles of bacterial size, less than 0.5 micrometers, pass through the ostia and are captured and consumed by choanocytes. [28] Since the smallest particles are the most common, choanocytes usually capture 80% of the sponge's food supply. [41] Archaeocytes transport packaged food in bags from cells that directly digest food to those who do not. At least one species of sponge has internal fibers that act as tracks for use by nutrient- bearing ancient bacteria,[28] and these traces also move inert objects. [30] It has been claimed that glass sponges can live on nutrients dissolved in seawater and are very inverse to mud. [42] However, a 2007 study found no evidence of this and concluded that they extracted bacteria and other microorganisms from water very effectively (about 79%) and treat suspended sediment particles to extract such prey. The collared body digests the food and distributes it wrapped in bags that are by dynein motor molecules along bundles of microtubules running throughout syncytium. [28] Sponge cells absorb oxygen by diffusing from water into cells as water flows through the body, where carbon dioxide and other soluble waste products such as ammonia also diffuse. Archeocytes remove mineral particles that threaten to block ostia, transporting them through mesohyl and often pouring them into the outflow of water, although some species combine them into their skeletons. Carnivorous sponge Carnivorous sponge, Chondrocladia lampadiglobus[44] Some species live in waters where feeding particles are very poor prey for crustaceans and other small animals. So far only 137 species have been discovered. [45] Most belong to the family , but some members of the Family Guitarridae and Esperiopsidae are also predators. [46] In most cases, little is known about how they actually catch prey, although some species are believed to use sticky fibers or hooked spicules. [47] Most carnivorous sponges live in deep waters, up to 8,840 m (5.49 mi),[48] and the development of deep ocean exploration techniques is expected to lead to the discovery of several more species. [46] However, one species has been found in Mediterranean caves at depths of 17–23 m (56–75 ft), along with more common filter-eating sponges. Predators living in caves catch crustaceans less than 1 mm (0.039 in) long by entangling them with fine fibers, digesting them by enveloping them with the next threads for several days, and then returning to their normal shape; there is no evidence that they use venom. [48] Most known predatory sponges have completely lost their water flow systems and choanocytes. However, the genus Chondrocladia uses a highly modified water flow system to inflate balloon-like structures used to catch prey. [49] Endobiotic freshwater sponges often contain green algae as endobiotics in ancient bacteria and other cells, and benefit from nutrients produced by algae. Many marine species host other biosyn birth organisms, the most common being cymbacteria but in some cases dinoflagellates. Cymosis bacteria can form a third of the total volume of tissue that lives in some sponges, and some sponges achieve 48% to 80% of their energy supply from these microorganisms. [28] In 2008, a team from the University of Stuttgart reported that spicules made of silica lead light into mesohyl, where endeland organisms inhabit. [50] Sponges that store biosyn birth organisms are most common in waters with relatively poor supplies of food particles, and often have a leaf shape that maximizes the amount of sunlight they collect. [30] A sponge eaten recently discovered living near hydrothermal vents contain bacteria that feed on methane and digest some of them. [30] Immunity Sponges do not have the complex immune system of most other animals. However, they refused to graft from other species but accepted them from other members of their own species. In some marine species, gray cells play a leading role in the removal of foreign material. When invading, they produce a chemical that prevents the movement of other cells in the affected area, thereby preventing intruders from using the internal transport system of the sponge. If the penetration persists, gray cells concentrate in the area and release toxins that kill all cells in the area. The immune system can be in this state of activation for up to three weeks. [30] Asctile reproduction Spongilla lacustris Sponges freshwater sponges have three methods of asctile reproduction: after fragmentation; by budding; and by producing gemmules. Sponge fragments can be separated by currents or waves. They use the mobility of their pinacocytes and choanocytes and re-shape the mesohyl to re-attach themselves to a proper surface and then rebuild themselves as small but functional sponges over the course of several days. The same possibilities allow the sponge to have been squeezed through a fine cloth for regeneration. [51] A piece of foam can only be reproduced if it contains both collencytes to produce mesohyl and archeocytes to produce all other cell types. [41] Very few species give birth by budding. Gemmules are survival shells that a few sponges and many freshwater species produce by thousands at death and some, mostly freshwater species, regularly produce in the fall. Spongocytes make gemmules by wrapping the shell of spongin, which is usually edgy with spicules, round clusters of archeocytes that are full of nutrients. [53] Freshwater gemstone species may also include phytosynthesizing biosynthesizing. [54] The gemmules then become inactive, and in this state can survive cold, dryness, hypoxia, and extreme variations in salinity. Freshwater gemstones usually do not revive until the temperature drops, cold for several months and then reach almost normal levels. [54] When a gem germinates, the outer ring archeocytes of the cluster turn into pinacocytes, a membrane on a pore in the shell bursts, the cell cluster slowly appears, and most of the remaining archeocytes turn into other cell types necessary to create an active sponge. Gemmules from the same species but different individuals can join forces to form a sponge. Some gems are retained in the mother sponge, and in the spring it can be difficult to know whether an old sponge has been revived or regenerated by the gemstones itself. [54] Sexual intercourse Most sponges are hermaped (act as both sexes at the same time), although sponges do not have goiar (genitals). Sperm produced by or the entire choanocyte chamber sinks into the mesohyl and form a sperm cyst eggs are formed by the transformation of archeocytes, or choanocytes in some species. Each egg usually obtained a yolk by consuming nurse cells. During reproduction, sperm burst out of their cysts and are expelled through osculum. If they come into contact with another sponge of the same species, the water flow that carries them to choanocytes engulfs them, but, instead of digesting them, into the form of ameboids and carrying sperm through mesohyl to eggs, in most cases engulfs the carrier and its cargo. [56] Some species release fertilized eggs into the water, but most retain the eggs until they hatch. There are four types of larvae, but all are balls of cells with an outer layer of cells that have flagellae or cilia that allow the larvae to move. After swimming for a few days the larvae sink and crawl until they find a place to settle. Most cells turn into archeocytes and then into the right categories for their place in a miniature adult sponge. [56] Glass foam embryos begin by dividing into separate cells, but once 32 cells have formed, they quickly turn into ovoid external larvae with a band of cilia around the middle that they use to move, but inside there is the typical glass sponge structure of spicules with a cobweb-like main syncitium pulled around and between them and choanosyncytia with multiple collared bodies in the center. The larvae then leave the body of their parents. [57] The Sponge life cycle in temperate regions lives for at most a few years, but some tropical species and perhaps some deep ocean species can live for 200 years or more. Some calcified demosponges grow only 0.2 mm (0.0079 in) per year and, if that speed is constant, specimens 1 m (3.3 ft) wide must be about 5,000 years old. Some sponges begin to sexually give birth at just a few weeks old, while others wait until they are several years old. [28] The coordination of adult Sponge activities lacks neurons or any other type of nerve tissue. However, most species are capable of performing coordinated movement throughout their body, mainly contractions of pinacocytes, squeezing the water channels and thus expelling excess sediment and other substances that can cause blockage. Some species can contract osculum independently of the rest of the body. Sponges can also shrink to reduce the area that is susceptible to attack by predators. In the event that two sponges are merge, for example if there is a large but still inseparable bud, these shrink waves gradually become coordinated in both Siamese twins. The mechanism of coordination is unknown, but may be related to chemicals similar to neuro-transmission. [58] However, glass sponges quickly transmit electrical impulses through all parts of syncytium, use this to prevent the movement of their flagella if the water coming contains toxins or excessive sediment. [28] [28] is believed to be responsible for closing osculum and transmits signals between different parts of the body. [30] Sponges contain genes very similar to those containing formulas for post-synaptic density, an important signaling structure in the neurons of all other animals. However, in sponges, these genes are activated only in vase cells that appear only in the larvae and can provide some sensory abilities while the larvae are swimming. This be questions about whether the vases represent the predecessors of real neurons or is evidence that the ancestors of sponges had real neurons but lost them as they adapted to the sessile lifestyle. [59] The Euplectella aspergillum ecology is a deep glass sponge; seen here at a depth of 2,572 meters (8,438 ft) off the coast of California. Habitat See also: porous soils and sponge reefs Sponges are distributed all over the world, living in a variety of ocean habitats, from the polar regions to the tropics. [41] Most live in calm, clear waters, because sediment stirred by waves or currents blocks their pores, making it difficult for them to eat and breathe. [42] The largest number of sponges are usually found on rock-hard surfaces, but some sponges can attach themselves to soft sediments with a base-like root. Sponges are richer but less diverse in temperate waters than in tropical waters, probably because sponge predators are more common in tropical waters. Glass sponges are most common in polar waters and in depths of temperate and tropical waters, since their very porous combination allows them to extract food from these resource-poor waters with minimal effort. Demosponges and lime sponges are rich and varied in non-polar shallow waters. [62] Different layers of sponges inhabit different habitats: Water type[30] Depth[30] Surface type[30] Calcarea Marine less than 100 m (330 ft) Marine Deep Soft hard sponge or Demosponges Marine solid sediment, cocken water; and about 150 species of freshwater[28] Inter-tidal to abyss; [30] a carnivorous demosponge was found at an altitude of 8,840 m (5.49 mi)[48] Any As primary producers Sponges with photosynthesizing endosymbionts produce up to three times more oxygen than they consume, as well as more organic matter than they consume. Such contributions to their habitat resources are significant along Australia's Great Barrier Reef but are relatively small in the Caribbean. [41] Defenses Holes were created by a clionaid sponge (which made the Entobia trail) after the death of a modern bivalve crust of mercenaria mercenaria, from North Carolina Close-up of the boring Entobia sponge in a modern oyster valve. Please note that the rooms are connected by short tunnels. Plenty of foam pour spicules, form a dense carpet several meters deep that keeps going which would otherwise prey on sponges. [41] They also produce toxins that prevent other sessile organisms such as bryozoans or sea squid from growing above or near them, making sponges very effective competitors for living space. One of the many examples includes ageliferin. A few species, the Caribbean burning sponge Tedania ignis, cause a severe rash in those who handle them. [28] Turtles and some fish feed mainly on sponges. It is often said that sponges create chemical defenses against such predators. [28] However, experiments were unable to establish the relationship between the toxicity of chemicals produced by sponges and the way they tasted fish, which would reduce the usefulity of chemical defenses as deterrents. Eating fish can even help spread sponges by separating debris. [30] However, some studies have shown fish preference for sponges that are not chemically protected,[63] and another suggests that high levels of coral carnivore have predicted the presence of chemically protected species. [64] Glass sponges do not produce toxic chemicals, and live in very deep waters where predators are rare. [42] Carnivorous foam flies, also known as styrofoam flies (Neuroptera, Sisyridae), are professional predators of freshwater sponges. The female lays eggs on vegetation protruding from the water. The larvae hatch and drop into the water, where they look for sponges to eat. They use their long mouths to pierce the sponge and suck the liquid inside. The larvae of some species cling to the surface of the sponge while others hide in the inner cavity of the sponge. Adult larvae completely leave the water and spin a cocoon in it to pupae. Bioerosion Caribbean chicken liver sponge nucula secretes toxins that kill coral polyps, allowing sponges to grow on coral skeletons. [28] Others, especially in the family Clionaidae, use corrosive substances secreted by their archeocytes to dig tunnels into the rocks, corals, and shells of dead moll offollily. [28] Sponges can remove up to 1 m (3.3 ft) per year from coral reefs, creating grooves visible just below low tide levels. [41] Caribbean sponge diseases of the genus Aplysina suffer from Aplysina red band syndrome. This causes Aplysina to develop one or more rusty bands of color, sometimes with adjacent strips of necrotic tissue. These lesions can completely surround the branches of the sponge. The disease appears to be contagious and affects about 10 percent of A. cauliformis on Bahamian reefs. [66] Rust bands are caused by cybacteria, but it is unclear whether the organism is actually pathogenic. [67] In collaboration with other organisms in addition to coordinating endomuno cosy storage,[28] sponges are noted for their widespread cooperation with other organisms. Encrusted sponge lissodendoryx colombiensis is the most common on the surface, but has expanded its range into the sea meadow by allowing itself to be surrounded or overggought by seaweed sponges, which are unpleasant to local star stars and thus protect Lissodendoryx against them; in return the sponge gets a higher position from the seabed sediment. [68] Synalpheus shrimp form colonies in sponges, and each species of shrimp inhabits a different porous species, making Synalpheus one of the most diverse crustaceans. Specifically, Synalpheus regalis uses sponges not only as a source of food, but also as a protection against shrimp and other predators. [69] Up to 16,000 individuals live in a single loggerhead sponge, feeding on larger particles collected on the sponge as it filters the ocean for self-feeding. [70] Foam ring hypothesis The step of the porous loop path: (1) corals and algae release secretion in the form of dissolved organic matter (DOM), (2) sponges occupy DOM, (3) sponges release adverse particeal organic matter (POM), (4) sponges (POM) are brought up by detritivores associated with sponges and live freely. organic debris and micro-life forms from seawater. In particular, sponges occupy an important role as detritivores in reef food cobwebs by recycling detritus to higher levels of nutrition. [71] The hypothesis has been suggested that reef sponges facilitate the transfer of coral-derived organic matter to their related detritivores through the production of foam explosions, as shown in the diagram. Some species of sponge can convert coral-derived DOM into sponges,[74][75] and convert organic matter produced by corals further onto the reef food web. Corals release organic matter in the form of soluble and granular mucus,[76][77][78][79] as well as cellular materials such as Symbiodinium expelled. [81] Organic matter can be transferred from coral to sponge by all these paths, but DOM is likely to make up the largest part, since the majority (56 to 80%) coral mucus dissolves in water columns,[77] and corals that lose fixed carbon due to Symbiodinium expulsion are often insignificant (0.01%)[80] compared to mucus release (up to ~40%).[ 82][83] Coral-derived organic matter can also be indirectly transferred to sponges through bacteria , can also consume coral mucus. [86] Holobiont porous Holobiont foam is an example of the concept of nested ecosystems. The main functions performed by the microbiome (colored arrow) affect the operation of holobiont and, through cascading effects, then affect the community structure and ecosystem activity. Environmental factors work on a variety of scales to change microbial, holobiont, community and ecosystem processes. Therefore, the factors changes in microbiome activity can lead to changes in community, or even ecosystem level and vice versa, illustrates the need to consider multiple scales when evaluating activity in nested ecosystems. [87] DOM: soluble organic matter; POM: Organic particles MATTERDIN: dissolved inscate nitrogen Sponge holobiont Besides a 1-1 biobial relationship, it is possible for a host to become cosy with a bacterial consortia. Sponges that can store a wide range of microbial communities can also be very specific. Microbial communities form a cobial relationship with a sponge that can be up to 35% biosyn cubes of its host. The term for this particular conbiotic relationship, in which a microbial consortia combines with a host is called a holobiotic relationship. The sponge as well as the microbial community associated with it will create a variety of quasi-converters that help protect it against enemies through mechanisms such as chemical defenses. [89] Some of these relationships include endosymbionts in bacterial cells, and cybacteria or microalgae found beneath the pinacoderm cell layer, where they can receive the highest amount of light, which is used for phototrophy. They can host more than 50 different microbial disciplines and candidate disciplines, including Alphaprotoebacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Nitrospirae, Cyanobacteria, Gamma-classifys, Poribacteria and Thaumarchaea candidates. [89] Systemization and evolution history Classify Linnaeus, who classified most types of sessile animals of the genus Zoophyta in the Vermes class, having mistakenly identified the genus Spongia as plants in the genus Algae. [90] For a long time afterwards the sponge was assigned to a separate emirates, Parazoa (besides the animals), separate from Eumetazoa that made up the rest of the Animalia kingdom. [91] It is considered a sub-discipline, from which higher animals have advanced. [92] Other studies have shown porifera to be monophysious. [93] The Porifera branch is further divided into layers primarily by the composition of their skeletons:[27][41] Hexactinellida (glass sponges) have silicate spicules, the largest of which are six rays and may be individual or esterlandonic. [27] The main components of their body are syncytia in which a large number of cells share a single outer membrane. [41] Calcarea has skeletons made of calcite, a form of calcium carbonate, which can form separate or high-mass spicules. All cells have a single nucleus and membrane. [41] Most demospongiae have silicate spicules or porous fibers or both in their soft tissues. However, a few also have giant external skeletons made of aragonit, another form of calcium carbonate. [41] All cells have a single cymocyte and membrane. [41] Archeocyatha is known only as a fossil from the Cambrian. [91] In the 1970s, sponges with The carbonate skeleton is assigned to a separate layer, Sclerospongiae, also known as coral sponge. [94] However, in the 1980s it was found that all were members of Calcarea or Demospongiae. [100] So far scientific publication has identified about 9,000 poriferan species,[41] of which about 400 are glass sponges; about 500 are lime species; and the rest are demosponges. [28] However, some types of habitats, vertical stone walls and caves and galleries in rocks and corals, have been studied very little, even in shallow waters. [41] Layers of sponges are traditionally distributed in three layers: calcareous sponges (Calcarea), glass sponges (Hexactinellida) and demosponges (Demospongiae). However, studies have shown that Homoscleromorpha, a group believed to belong to demospongiae, is actually separated handled handled. [96] As a result, they have recently been recognized as the fourth layer of sponges. [98] Sponges are divided into layers primarily according to the composition of their skeletons:[30] Cell type[30] Spicules[30] Porous fibers[30] Large outer skeletons[41] Body form[30] Calcarea Single Nucleus, Single outer membrane CalciteCan be individual or large mass Never common.Made with calcite if any. Asconoids, syconoids, leuconoids, or solenoids[99] Hexactinellida Mostly syncytia in all Silica speciesCan be individuals or never sterist Leuconoid Demospongiae Single Kernels, Silica Single Outer Membranes In Many Species In Some Species. Made of aragonit if any. [41] Leuconoid Homoscleromorpha Single nucleus, Silica single outer membrane In many species Never Sylleibid or Leuconoid Fossil records the original sponge diverted here. It is not to be confused with Sponge (material) § History. Raphidonema faringdonense, a fossil sponge from the British Chalk Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1: Distance 2: Central cavity 3 Inner walls 4: Pores (socks both walls have pores) 5 Partitions 6 Outer walls 7 Keep the Archaeocyathid structure fast although molecular clocks and biomarkers show that sponges exist well before when the Cambrian boomed, silica spicules resembling those of demosponges were absent from fossil specimens until the Cambrian. [100] An unfounded report exists of spicules in rocks dating to about 750 million years ago. Well-preserved fossils from about 580 million years ago during the Ediacaran period were found in the Doushantuo formation. These fossils, including spicules, pinacocytes, porocytes, archeocytes, sclerocytes and inner cavity, have been classified as demosponges. Fossils of glass sponges were found about 540 million years ago in rocks in Australia, China and Mongolia. [102] Early Cambrian sponges from Mexico of the genus Kiwetinokia showed evidence of the astuspices of some smaller spicules form a single large Calcium carbonate sponges of lime sponges were found in early Cambrian rocks between about 530 and 523 million years ago in Australia. Other possible demosponges were found in early Cambrian Chengjiang animals, between 525 and 520 million years ago. Freshwater sponges appear to be much younger, as the earliest known fossils dating from the mid-Eocn period were about 48 to 40 million years ago. [102] Although about 90% of modern sponges are porous demosponges, fossils of this type are less common than others because their skeletons consist of relatively soft non-fossilized foam. [105] The earliest known porous cosym births were from the early Siltrin. [106] A chemical tracer is 24-isopropylcholestane, which is a stable conduction of 24-isopropylcholesterol, which is believed to be produced by demosponges but not by eumetazoans (real animals, i.e. cnidarians and bilaterians). Since choanoflagellates are believed to be the closest single-celled cousins of animals, a team of scientists examined the biosyncinds and genes of a choanoflagellate species. They concluded that the species could not produce 24-isopropylcholesterol but investigations into a variety of choanoflagellates would be necessary to prove that the 24-isopropylcholestane fossil could only be produced by demosponges. [107] Although an earlier publication reported traces of the chemical 24-isopropylcholestane in ancient rocks dating back 1,800 million years,[108] recent research using a much more accurate series of rocks has revealed that these biomarkers only appeared before the end of the Marinoan ice about 635 million years ago [109] and that Biomarker Analysis has yet to reveal any convincing evidence for ancient sponges before dating the world's first neo-primitive ice age (Sturtian, ~713 million years ago in Oman). While it has been argued that this 'porous biomarker' may have originated from seaweed, recent research suggests the algae's ability to produce this biomarker only advanced during the Carbon era; Thus, the biomarker still strongly supports the presence of demosponges in Cryogenian. [111] Archaeocyathids, which some classify as a coral sponge, are very common fossils in rocks from the Early Cambrian about 530 to 520 million years ago, but appeared to have died at the end of the Cambrian 490 million years ago. [104] It is thought that they are produced by: sponges; cnidarians; algae; foraminiferans; a completely distinct branch of the animal, Archaeocyatha; or even a completely separate kingdom of life, labeled Archaeata or Inferibionta. Since the 1990s archaeocyathids have been considered a special group of sponges. [113] = skin = aragonit = meat halkieriid sclerit structure[113] It is difficult to fit into more complex classification of sponges or animals. An analysis in 1996 concluded that they were closely related to sponges on the reason that the detailed structure of chancellorid sclerites (armour plates) was similar to porous fibers, collagen proteins, in modern keratose (horn) demos such as Darwinella. However, another analysis in 2002 concluded that chancelloriids are not sponges and may be intermediates between sponges and more complex animals, among other reasons because their skin is thicker and more closely connected than sponges. [115] In 2008, a detailed analysis of the sclerites of chancelloriids concluded that they were very similar to halkieriids, mobile bipolars that looked like slugs in chain letters and had fossils found in rocks from the Cambrian very early to mid-Cambrian. If this is correct, it will create a dilemma, since it is highly unlikely that completely unsym related organisms can develop such sclerites independently, but the huge differences in the structure of their bodies make it difficult to see how closely they can relate. Relationship with other animal groups A choanoflagellate Fungus Choanoflagellates Metazoa Glass Sponge Demosponges Sponge Calcareous Eumetazoa Comb Jelly Placozoa Cnidaria (jellyfish, etc.) Simple family plants show lime sponges closest to more complex animals[116] Metazoa Mushroom Plants Most Calcareous Homoscleromorpha Homoscleromorpha Eumetazoa Cnidaria Sponge Demosponges (jellyfish , etc.) Other metazoans Simplified family plants show homoscleromorphaas closest to more complex animals[117] In the 1990s sponges were considered a monodisciplinary group, all of which originated from a common ancestor of which it itself was a sponge, and was the sister group for all other metazoans (multi-cell animals) , which themselves form a monodisciplinary group. On the other, some analysis in the 1990s also re-inhabited the idea that the animal's closest evolutionant breeding was choanoflagellates, single-celled organisms very similar to sponge choanocytes - which implies that most metazoa have advanced from very sponge-like ancestors and therefore sponges may not be monocrysal , since the same sponge-like ancestor may have increased to both modern and non-porous sponges[116] Analyses from 2001 have concluded that Eumetazoa (more complex than sponges) is more closely related to specific sponge groups than to the rest of the sponge. Such conclusions imply that sponges are not monodisciplinary, because the last common ancestor of all sponges will also be the direct ancestor of Eumetazoa, not sponges. A 2001 based on ribosome DNA comparisons concluded that the most fundamental division in sponges was between glass sponges and the rest, and eumetazoa was more closely related to lime sponges, calcium carbonate sponges, than other types of sponges. [116] In 2007, an analysis based on RNA comparison and another primarily based on comparisons of spicules concluded that glass cladding and sponges were more closely related to each other than lime sponges, thus being more closely related to Eumetazoa. [118] Other anatomical and biomeous evidence links Eumetazoa to Homoscleromorpha, a subgroup of demosponges. A comparison in 2007 of nuclear DNA, excluding glass sponges and comb jelly, concluded that: Homoscleromorpha is most closely related to Eumetazoa; lime sponge is the next closest; other demosponges are evolution's aunts of these groups; and chancelloriids, pocket-like animals with fossils found in Cambrian rocks, may be sponges. Homoscleromorpha's sperm shared with Eumetazoa's sperm is characterized by a lack of other sponges. In both the Homoscleromorpha and Eumetazoa cell layers are linked together by attaching to a carpet-like basic membrane consisting mainly of type IV collagen, a form of collagen not found in other sponges – although the mesohyl-reinforced foam fibers of all demosponges are similar to type IV collagen. [32] Comb jelly The analyses described above conclude that sponges are closest to the ancestors of all Metazoa, of all multi-celled animals including sponges and more complex groups. However, another comparison in 2008 of the 150 genes in each of the 21 gene genes, from fungi to humans but consisting of only two porous species, showed that comb jelly (ctenophora) was the most fundamental lineage of Metazoa found in the sample. If this is correct, modern comb jelly has developed their complex structures independent of other Metazoa, or the ancestors of more complex sponges and all known sponges are significantly simplified forms. The study suggests further analysis using a variety of other simple sponges and Metazoa such as Placozoa. [18] The results of such an analysis, published in 2009, show that a return to previous views can be assured. The 'family tree' was built using a combination of all available data - ertho form, development and molecules - that concluded that the sponge was in fact a monodisciplinary group, and with cnidarians formed sister groups with two sides. [119] A very large and consistent internal link of 1,719 proteins at metazoan scale, published in 2017, shows that (i) sponges - represented by Homoscleromorpha, Calcarea, Hexactinellida and Demospongiae - are monodisciplinary, (ii) sponges are sister groups to all other multi-celled animals, ctenophores emerged as the second early branching animal lineage, and (iv) placozoans emerged as the third animal lineage, followed by the cnidarians sister group to bilaterally. [5] Notable porous houses Céline Allewaert Patricia Bergquist James Scott Bowerbank Maurice Burton Henry John Carter Max Walker de Laubenfels Arthur Dendy Édouard Placide Duchassaing de Fontbressin Randolph Kirkpatrick Robert J. Lendlmayer von Lendenfeld Edward Alfred Minchin Giovanni Domenico Nardo Eduard Oscar Schmidt Émile Topsent Use Sponges made of sponges for sale alongside sponges of animal origin (Spice Bazaar in Istanbul , Turkey). By Dolphin A report in 1997 described the use of sponges as a tool of bottlenose dolphins in Shark Bay in Western Australia. A dolphin will attach a sponge to its rostrum, which is probably then used to protect it when searching for food on the sandy seabed. [120] This behavior, known as foam, is observed only in this bay, and is almost only expressed by females. A study in 2005 concluded that mothers teach behavior to their daughters, and that all those who use sponges are closely related, suggests that it is a fairly recent innovation. [24] According to Human Post Details: Natural Sponge Aquaculture in Tarpon Springs, Florida Natural Sponge Display for Sale on Kalymnos in Greek Skeleton Main Article: Sponges (materials) The calcium carbonate or silica spicules of most porous branches make them too rough for most uses , but the two genus, Hippospongia and Spongia, have soft skeletons, completely fibrous. [121] Early Europeans used soft sponges for a variety of purposes, including cushions for helmets, handheld drinks and city water filters. Until the invention of synthetic sponges, they were used as cleaning tools, applied to ceramic paints and enamel and discreet contraceptives. However, in the mid-20th century, over-fishing made both animals and industry nearly extinct. [122] See also sponge diving. Many objects with a sponge-like texture are now made of substances not derived from poriferans. Synthetic sponges include personal and household cleaning tools, breast implants,[123] and contraceptive sponges. [124] Typical materials used are cellulose foam, polyurethane foam and, less often, silicone foam. Luffa sponge, also spelled loofah, which is often sold for use in kitchens or showers, is not of animal origin but mainly from the fibrous skeleton of the porous cleame (Luffa aegyptiaca, Cucurbitaceae). [125] Sponge antibiotic compounds have medicinal potential due to their presence in sponges or microbial biosynbiosis of chemicals that can be used to control viruses, bacteria, tumors, and fungi. [127] Other bioactive compounds Main article: Her sponge Halichondria produces eribulin halichondrin B preevenes shells or means of escape, sponges have evolved to synthesize a wide range of unusual compounds. Such a class is oxidized fatty acid extracts called oxylipin. Members of this family were found to have anti-cancer, anti-bacterial and antifungal properties. An isolated example from okinawan plakortis sponge, plakoridine A, has shown potential as a cytotoxin for murine lymphoma cells. 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Water flow and feeding in porifera branches (sponges) – Flash animations of sponge body structures, water flow and feeding Spongepage Carsten, information on ecology and bio-potential of sponges and their related bacteria. History of Tarpon Springs, Florida sponge industry Nature's 'fiber optics' experts The Sponge Reef Project Queensland Museum of Information on Queensland Sponge Museum Marine incebrate sessile Queensland Museum Sessile marine invertebrates research Sponge Guide for Britain and Ireland, Bernard Picton, Christine Morrow & Rob van Soest World Porifera database, world list of ex-existent sponges, including a searchable database. Taken from

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