DOCSLIB.ORG

Llista Vermella Dels Invertebrats Marins Del Mar Balear 2016

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Llista Vermella Dels Invertebrats Marins Del Mar Balear 2016 LLISTA VERMELLA DELS INVERTEBRATS MARINS DEL MAR BALEAR 2016 Elvira Álvarez LLISTA VERMELLA DELS INVERTEBRATS MARINS DEL MAR BALEAR Elvira Álvarez 2016 Llista vermella dels invertebrats marins del mar Balear Autors L'elaboració de la LLISTA VERMELLA D'INVERTEBRATS MARINS DEL MAR BALEAR ha estat un projecte del Servei de Protecció d'Espècies de la Conselleria de Medi Ambient, Agricultura i Pesca. Redacció i coordinació: Elvira Álvarez. Recopilació bibliogràfica: Elvira Álvarez i Margalida Cerdà. Col·laboradors Per a l'elaboració de les fitxes s'ha comptat amb la col·laboració dels principals investigadors dels invertebrats marins, que han participat desinteressadament aportant experiència de recerca, coneixements de camp, etc. Tota aquesta valuosa informació ha permès en molts de casos avaluar l'estat de conservació de les espècies d'una manera rigorosa amb les dades de què es disposava. PORIFERA ARTHROPODA subfílum CRUSTACEA Enric Ballesteros Alfonso Ramos Alfonso Ramos Enric Ballesteros CNIDARIA Lluc Garcia Enric Ballesteros David Díaz Cristina Linares Raquel Goñi Diego Kersting Sandra Mallol Covadonga Orejas BRYOZOA Ricardo Aguilar Enric Ballesteros MOLLUSCA Alfonso Ramos Enric Ballesteros CHORDATA Alfonso Ramos Alfonso Ramos Maite Vázquez EQUINODERMATA Davíd Díaz Joan Oliver Alfonso Ramos Enric Ballesteros Fotografies: totes les fotografies que apareixen en aquest treball han estat cedides pels autors, són propietat de la Conselleria de Medi Ambient, Agricultura i Pesca o s'han obtingut d'informes tècnics publicats o de pàgines web amb llicència d'ús lliure. En tots els casos s'ha especificat l'autor, l’informe o la pàgina web. Agraïments: aquest treball no hauria estat possible sense la col·laboració de tots aquests retllevants investigadors en invertebrats marins de tot l'Estat. A tots vosaltres, gràcies! Fotografia de la portada: Maite Vázquez Luis. 3 El contingut de l’obra no reflecteix necessàriament la posició de la Conselleria de Medi Ambient, Agricultura i Pesca. Publicat per la Direcció General d’Espais Naturals i Biodiversitat. 2016 © els autors (text, fotografies i dibuixos) Es permet la reproducció del contingut de l’obra sempre que se n’esmenti la procedència. Realització de l’edició impressa per part del Servei de Reprografia Digital del Govern de les Illes Balears Aquest treball s'ha de citar com: ÁLVAREZ, E. Llista vermella dels invertebrats marins del mar Balear. Illes Balears: Conselleria de Medi Ambient, Agricultura i Pesca, 2016. 218 pp. Dipòsit legal: PM 354-2016 Disponible: http://www.caib.es/sacmicrofront/noticias.do?idsite=272&tipo=10345&mcont=70879 (Servei de Protecció d’Espècies) 4 Llista vermella dels invertebrats marins del mar Balear INDEX 1. INTRODUCCIÓ. LA PROTECCIÓ DELS INVERTEBRATS MARINS DEL MAR BALEAR: UN PUNT DE PARTIDA ................................................................................................................... 8 2. ELS INVERTEBRATS MARINS A LES ILLES BALEARS: ÀMBIT GEOGRÀFIC I COMUNITATS MARINES.................................................................................................................................. 11 1. El mar Balear..................................................................................................................... 12 2. Les comunitats marines mediterrànies .......................................................................... 14 3. Els invertebrats marins del mar Balear ........................................................................... 16 3. CATEGORIES DE LA UICN ADAPTADES A LA FAUNA D’INVERTEBRATS MARINS DE LES ILLES BALEARS ........................................................................................................................ 19 1. Categories i criteris .......................................................................................................... 21 4. ELS INVERTEBRATS MARINS A LES ILLES BALEARS. LLISTA D’ESPÈCIES....................... 29 1. Espècies amenaçades i gairebé amenaçades ................................................................ 30 2. Espècies amb risc més baix d’amenaça .......................................................................... 31 3. Espècies amb dades insuficients ................................................................................... 32 5. FITXES D'ESPÈCIES AMENAÇADES I GAIREBÉ AMENAÇADES ......................................... 33 ESPONGES. FÍLUM PORIFERA ........................................................................................ 34 Axinella polypoides ..................................................................................................... 35 Lycopodina hypogea ................................................................................................... 37 Spongia (Spongia) lamella .......................................................................................... 39 Spongia officinalis ....................................................................................................... 42 Pheronema carpenteri ................................................................................................ 44 Thenea muricata ......................................................................................................... 46 CNIDARIS. FÍLUM CNIDARIA ........................................................................................... 49 Antipathes dichotoma ................................................................................................ 50 Callogorgia verticillata ................................................................................................ 53 Cladocora caespitosa ................................................................................................... 56 Corallium rubrum ........................................................................................................ 59 Dendrophyllia cornigera .............................................................................................. 62 Eunicella cavolini ......................................................................................................... 65 Eunicella singularis ...................................................................................................... 68 Eunicella verrucosa ....................................................................................................... 71 Funiculina quadrangularis ........................................................................................... 74 5 Isidella elongata .......................................................................................................... 77 Leiopathes glaberrima ................................................................................................. 81 Paramuricea clavata .................................................................................................... 84 Phyllangia americana mouchezii ................................................................................. 87 Savalia savaglia ............................................................................................................ 89 Viminella flagelum ....................................................................................................... 92 MOL·LUSCS. FÍLUM MOLLUSCA ..................................................................................... 94 Charonia lampas lampas ............................................................................................. 95 Dendropoma petraeum .............................................................................................. 98 Lithophaga lithophaga ............................................................................................... 101 Pinna nobilis ...............................................................................................................104 Pinna rudis .................................................................................................................. 107 Spondylus gaederopus ............................................................................................... 110 CRUSTACIS. FÍLUM ARTHROPODA................................................................................. 112 Homarus gammarus ................................................................................................... 113 Maja squinado ............................................................................................................ 116 Palinurus elephas ....................................................................................................... 119 Scyllarides latus .......................................................................................................... 122 BRIOZOUS. FÍLUM BRYOZOA ........................................................................................ 125 Hornera frondiculata .................................................................................................. 126 Hornera lichenoides ................................................................................................... 128 6. FITXES D'ESPÈCIES AMB RISC MÉS BAIX D'AMENAÇA ................................................... 130 ESPONGES. FÍLUM PORIFERA ........................................................................................ 131 Aplysina spp. .............................................................................................................. 132 Hippospongia communis ............................................................................................ 133 Tethya aurantium ......................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • National Monitoring Program for Biodiversity and Non-Indigenous Species in Egypt
    UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM MEDITERRANEAN ACTION PLAN REGIONAL ACTIVITY CENTRE FOR SPECIALLY PROTECTED AREAS National monitoring program for biodiversity and non-indigenous species in Egypt PROF. MOUSTAFA M. FOUDA April 2017 1 Study required and financed by: Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas Boulevard du Leader Yasser Arafat BP 337 1080 Tunis Cedex – Tunisie Responsible of the study: Mehdi Aissi, EcApMEDII Programme officer In charge of the study: Prof. Moustafa M. Fouda Mr. Mohamed Said Abdelwarith Mr. Mahmoud Fawzy Kamel Ministry of Environment, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) With the participation of: Name, qualification and original institution of all the participants in the study (field mission or participation of national institutions) 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS page Acknowledgements 4 Preamble 5 Chapter 1: Introduction 9 Chapter 2: Institutional and regulatory aspects 40 Chapter 3: Scientific Aspects 49 Chapter 4: Development of monitoring program 59 Chapter 5: Existing Monitoring Program in Egypt 91 1. Monitoring program for habitat mapping 103 2. Marine MAMMALS monitoring program 109 3. Marine Turtles Monitoring Program 115 4. Monitoring Program for Seabirds 118 5. Non-Indigenous Species Monitoring Program 123 Chapter 6: Implementation / Operational Plan 131 Selected References 133 Annexes 143 3 AKNOWLEGEMENTS We would like to thank RAC/ SPA and EU for providing financial and technical assistances to prepare this monitoring programme. The preparation of this programme was the result of several contacts and interviews with many stakeholders from Government, research institutions, NGOs and fishermen. The author would like to express thanks to all for their support. In addition; we would like to acknowledge all participants who attended the workshop and represented the following institutions: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Distinguishing Characteristics of Sponges
    Distinguishing characteristics of sponges Continue Sponges are amazing creatures with some unique characteristics. Here is a brief overview of sponges and their features. You are here: Home / Uncategorized / Characteristics of sponges: BTW, They are animals, NOT plants! Sponges are amazing creatures with some unique characteristics. Here is a brief overview of sponges and their features. Almost all of us are familiar with commercial sponges, which are used for various purposes, such as cleaning. There are several living sponges found in both seawater as well as fresh water. These living species are not plants, but are classified as porifera animals. The name of this branch is derived from the pores on the body of the sponge, and it means the bearer of pores in Greek. It is believed that there are about 5000 to 10,000 species of sponges, and most of them are found in seawater. So sponges are unique aquatic animals with some interesting characteristics. Would you like to write to us? Well, we are looking for good writers who want to spread the word. Get in touch with us and we'll talk... Let's work together! Sponges are mainly found as part of marine life; but, about 100 to 150 species can be found in fresh water. They may resemble plants, but are actually sessile animals (inability to move). Sponges are often found attached to rocks and coral reefs. You can find them in different forms. While some of them are tube-like and straight, some others have a fan-like body. Some are found as crusts on rocks.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Ocean Acidification on Sponge Communities
    Marine Ecology. ISSN 0173-9565 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Effects of ocean acidification on sponge communities Claire Goodwin1, Riccardo Rodolfo-Metalpa2, Bernard Picton1 & Jason M. Hall-Spencer2 1 National Museums Northern Ireland, Holywood, County Down, UK 2 Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK Keywords Abstract CO2 vents; Mediterranean; ocean acidification; Porifera; sponge; volcanic vents. The effects of ocean acidification on lower invertebrates such as sponges may be pronounced because of their low capacity for acid–base regulation. However, so Correspondence far, most studies have focused on calcifiers. We present the first study of the Claire Goodwin, National Museums Northern effects of ocean acidification on the Porifera. Sponge species composition and Ireland, 153 Bangor Road, Cultra, Holywood, cover along pH gradients at CO2 vents off Ischia (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) was County Down BT20 5QZ, UK. measured at sites with normal pH (8.1–8.2), lowered pH (mean 7.8–7.9, min E-mail: [email protected] 7.4–7.5) and extremely low pH (6.6). There was a strong correlation between pH Accepted: 4 July 2013 and both sponge cover and species composition. Crambe crambe was the only species present in any abundance in the areas with mean pH 6.6, seven species doi: 10.1111/maec.12093 were present at mean pH 7.8–7.9 and four species (Phorbas tenacior, Petrosia fici- formis, Chondrilla nucula and Hemimycale columella) were restricted to sites with normal pH. Sponge percentage cover decreased significantly from normal to acidified sites. No significant effect of increasing CO2 levels and decreasing pH was found on spicule form in Crambe crambe.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomy and Diversity of the Sponge Fauna from Walters Shoal, a Shallow Seamount in the Western Indian Ocean Region
    Taxonomy and diversity of the sponge fauna from Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount in the Western Indian Ocean region By Robyn Pauline Payne A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magister Scientiae in the Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape. Supervisors: Dr Toufiek Samaai Prof. Mark J. Gibbons Dr Wayne K. Florence The financial assistance of the National Research Foundation (NRF) towards this research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at, are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the NRF. December 2015 Taxonomy and diversity of the sponge fauna from Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount in the Western Indian Ocean region Robyn Pauline Payne Keywords Indian Ocean Seamount Walters Shoal Sponges Taxonomy Systematics Diversity Biogeography ii Abstract Taxonomy and diversity of the sponge fauna from Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount in the Western Indian Ocean region R. P. Payne MSc Thesis, Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape. Seamounts are poorly understood ubiquitous undersea features, with less than 4% sampled for scientific purposes globally. Consequently, the fauna associated with seamounts in the Indian Ocean remains largely unknown, with less than 300 species recorded. One such feature within this region is Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount located on the South Madagascar Ridge, which is situated approximately 400 nautical miles south of Madagascar and 600 nautical miles east of South Africa. Even though it penetrates the euphotic zone (summit is 15 m below the sea surface) and is protected by the Southern Indian Ocean Deep- Sea Fishers Association, there is a paucity of biodiversity and oceanographic data.
    [Show full text]
  • Microbiomes of Gall-Inducing Copepod Crustaceans from the Corals Stylophora Pistillata (Scleractinia) and Gorgonia Ventalina
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Microbiomes of gall-inducing copepod crustaceans from the corals Stylophora pistillata Received: 26 February 2018 Accepted: 18 July 2018 (Scleractinia) and Gorgonia Published: xx xx xxxx ventalina (Alcyonacea) Pavel V. Shelyakin1,2, Sofya K. Garushyants1,3, Mikhail A. Nikitin4, Sofya V. Mudrova5, Michael Berumen 5, Arjen G. C. L. Speksnijder6, Bert W. Hoeksema6, Diego Fontaneto7, Mikhail S. Gelfand1,3,4,8 & Viatcheslav N. Ivanenko 6,9 Corals harbor complex and diverse microbial communities that strongly impact host ftness and resistance to diseases, but these microbes themselves can be infuenced by stresses, like those caused by the presence of macroscopic symbionts. In addition to directly infuencing the host, symbionts may transmit pathogenic microbial communities. We analyzed two coral gall-forming copepod systems by using 16S rRNA gene metagenomic sequencing: (1) the sea fan Gorgonia ventalina with copepods of the genus Sphaerippe from the Caribbean and (2) the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata with copepods of the genus Spaniomolgus from the Saudi Arabian part of the Red Sea. We show that bacterial communities in these two systems were substantially diferent with Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Betaproteobacteria more prevalent in samples from Gorgonia ventalina, and Gammaproteobacteria in Stylophora pistillata. In Stylophora pistillata, normal coral microbiomes were enriched with the common coral symbiont Endozoicomonas and some unclassifed bacteria, while copepod and gall-tissue microbiomes were highly enriched with the family ME2 (Oceanospirillales) or Rhodobacteraceae. In Gorgonia ventalina, no bacterial group had signifcantly diferent prevalence in the normal coral tissues, copepods, and injured tissues. The total microbiome composition of polyps injured by copepods was diferent.
    [Show full text]
  • IMAP), As Presented in Annex to This Decision; 2
    UNEP(DEPI)/MED IG.22/28 Page 419 Decision IG.22/7 Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Programme of the Mediterranean Sea and Coast and Related Assessment Criteria The 19th Meeting of the Contracting Parties to the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean, hereinafter referred to as “the Barcelona Convention”, Recalling Decision IG.17/6 of the 15th Meeting of the Contracting Parties providing for “A healthy Mediterranean with marine and coastal ecosystems that are productive and biologically diverse for the benefit of present and future generations”and the 7 steps roadmap for the implementation of the ecoystem approach, including on monitoring; Recalling Decision IG. 20/4 of the 17th Meeting of the Contracting Parties and Decision IG. 21/3 of the 18th Meeting of the Contracting Parties on the ecosystem approach; Recalling Article 12 of the Barcelona Convention and relevant provisions from its Protocols such as Articles8 and 13 of the Protocol for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution from Land-Based Sources and Activities; Article 5 of the Protocol Concerning Cooperation in Preventing Pollution from Ships and, in Cases of Emergency, Combating Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea; Articles 3, 15 and 20 of the Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean; and Article 16 of the Protocol on Integrated Coastal Zone Management in the Mediterranean; Having considered the reports of the Correspondence Groups on Monitoring and on Good Environmental Status and Targets, as well as of the Ecosystem Approach Coordination Group Meetings; Appreciating the support of donors and contribution of competent partner organizations in the development of the Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Programme of the Mediterranean Sea and Coast and Related Assessment Criteria; 1.
    [Show full text]
  • A Soft Spot for Chemistry–Current Taxonomic and Evolutionary Implications of Sponge Secondary Metabolite Distribution
    marine drugs Review A Soft Spot for Chemistry–Current Taxonomic and Evolutionary Implications of Sponge Secondary Metabolite Distribution Adrian Galitz 1 , Yoichi Nakao 2 , Peter J. Schupp 3,4 , Gert Wörheide 1,5,6 and Dirk Erpenbeck 1,5,* 1 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany; [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (G.W.) 2 Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan; [email protected] 3 Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; [email protected] 4 Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), 26129 Oldenburg, Germany 5 GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany 6 SNSB-Bavarian State Collection of Palaeontology and Geology, 80333 Munich, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Marine sponges are the most prolific marine sources for discovery of novel bioactive compounds. Sponge secondary metabolites are sought-after for their potential in pharmaceutical applications, and in the past, they were also used as taxonomic markers alongside the difficult and homoplasy-prone sponge morphology for species delineation (chemotaxonomy). The understanding Citation: Galitz, A.; Nakao, Y.; of phylogenetic distribution and distinctiveness of metabolites to sponge lineages is pivotal to reveal Schupp, P.J.; Wörheide, G.; pathways and evolution of compound production in sponges. This benefits the discovery rate and Erpenbeck, D. A Soft Spot for yield of bioprospecting for novel marine natural products by identifying lineages with high potential Chemistry–Current Taxonomic and Evolutionary Implications of Sponge of being new sources of valuable sponge compounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Cnidaria, Octocorallia) from the Northern Coast of Egypt
    Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research (2014) 40, 261–268 HOSTED BY National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research http://ees.elsevier.com/ejar www.sciencedirect.com FULL LENGTH ARTICLE Faunistic study of benthic Pennatulacea (Cnidaria, Octocorallia) from the Northern coast of Egypt Khaled Mahmoud Abdelsalam * National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Qayet Bey, El-Anfoushy, Alexandria, Egypt Received 10 June 2014; revised 25 August 2014; accepted 28 August 2014 Available online 11 October 2014 KEYWORDS Abstract Using a trawling net, samples of order Pennatulacea (Sea pens) were collected from the Sea pens; northern coast of Egypt. The current work aims to establish taxonomical data about this distinctive Pennatulacea; group of animals that dwell in the Egyptian Mediterranean waters. The current study presents 3 New record; species namely; Cavernularia pusilla (Philippi, 1835), Pennatula rubra Ellis, 1764, and Pteroeides Northern coast; spinosum (Ellis, 1764). The first one pertains to the family of Veretillidae which belongs to the Egypt suborder Sessiliflorae; while the other two species affiliate to two families (Pennatulidae and Pteroeididae) which belong to the suborder Subselliflorae. The present records are the first from the Egyptian Mediterranean waters. A re-description supplied with full structural illustrations of the recorded species is given. ª 2014 Hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries. Introduction They are colonial organisms that have a featherlike appear- ance, and are the only octocorals that are adapted to spend Sea pens, or pennatulaceans, are a highly specialized group of their entire life in soft sediments (Edwards and Moore, anthozoan cnidarians.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 1 : Marine Habitat Types Definitions. Update Of
    Appendix 1 Marine Habitat types definitions. Update of “Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats” COASTAL AND HALOPHYTIC HABITATS Open sea and tidal areas 1110 Sandbanks which are slightly covered by sea water all the time PAL.CLASS.: 11.125, 11.22, 11.31 1. Definition: Sandbanks are elevated, elongated, rounded or irregular topographic features, permanently submerged and predominantly surrounded by deeper water. They consist mainly of sandy sediments, but larger grain sizes, including boulders and cobbles, or smaller grain sizes including mud may also be present on a sandbank. Banks where sandy sediments occur in a layer over hard substrata are classed as sandbanks if the associated biota are dependent on the sand rather than on the underlying hard substrata. “Slightly covered by sea water all the time” means that above a sandbank the water depth is seldom more than 20 m below chart datum. Sandbanks can, however, extend beneath 20 m below chart datum. It can, therefore, be appropriate to include in designations such areas where they are part of the feature and host its biological assemblages. 2. Characteristic animal and plant species 2.1. Vegetation: North Atlantic including North Sea: Zostera sp., free living species of the Corallinaceae family. On many sandbanks macrophytes do not occur. Central Atlantic Islands (Macaronesian Islands): Cymodocea nodosa and Zostera noltii. On many sandbanks free living species of Corallinaceae are conspicuous elements of biotic assemblages, with relevant role as feeding and nursery grounds for invertebrates and fish. On many sandbanks macrophytes do not occur. Baltic Sea: Zostera sp., Potamogeton spp., Ruppia spp., Tolypella nidifica, Zannichellia spp., carophytes.
    [Show full text]
  • Carnivorous Sponges of the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans
    &DUQLYRURXVVSRQJHVRIWKH$WODQWLFDQG $UFWLF2FHDQV 3K\ORJHQ\WD[RQRP\GLVWULEXWLRQDQGPLFURELDODVVRFLDWLRQVRIWKH &ODGRUKL]LGDH 'HPRVSRQJLDH3RHFLORVFOHULGD -RQ7KRPDVVHQ+HVWHWXQ Dissertation for the degree of philosophiae doctor (PhD) at the University of Bergen 'LVVHUWDWLRQGDWH1RYHPEHUWK © Copyright Jon Thomassen Hestetun The material in this publication is protected by copyright law. Year: 2016 Title: Carnivorous sponges of the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans Phylogeny, taxonomy, distribution and microbial associations of the Cladorhizidae (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida) Author: Jon Thomassen Hestetun Print: AiT Bjerch AS / University of Bergen 3 Scientific environment This PhD project was financed through a four-year PhD position at the University of Bergen, and the study was conducted at the Department of Biology, Marine biodiversity research group, and the Centre of Excellence (SFF) Centre for Geobiology at the University of Bergen. The work was additionally funded by grants from the Norwegian Biodiversity Centre (grant to H.T. Rapp, project number 70184219), the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (grant to H.T. Rapp), the Research Council of Norway (through contract number 179560), the SponGES project through Horizon 2020, the European Union Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (grant agreement No 679849), the Meltzer Fund, and the Joint Fund for the Advancement of Biological Research at the University of Bergen. 4 5 Acknowledgements I have, initially through my master’s thesis and now during these four years of my PhD, in all been involved with carnivorous sponges for some six years. Trying to look back and somehow summarizing my experience with this work a certain realization springs to mind: It took some time before I understood my luck. My first in-depth exposure to sponges was in undergraduate zoology, and I especially remember watching “The Shape of Life”, an American PBS-produced documentary series focusing on the different animal phyla, with an enthusiastic Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 2. Animals
    AC20 Doc. 8.5 Annex (English only/Seulement en anglais/Únicamente en inglés) REVIEW OF SIGNIFICANT TRADE ANALYSIS OF TRADE TRENDS WITH NOTES ON THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF SELECTED SPECIES Volume 2. Animals Prepared for the CITES Animals Committee, CITES Secretariat by the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre JANUARY 2004 AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 3 Prepared and produced by: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK UNEP WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE (UNEP-WCMC) www.unep-wcmc.org The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre is the biodiversity assessment and policy implementation arm of the United Nations Environment Programme, the world’s foremost intergovernmental environmental organisation. UNEP-WCMC aims to help decision-makers recognise the value of biodiversity to people everywhere, and to apply this knowledge to all that they do. The Centre’s challenge is to transform complex data into policy-relevant information, to build tools and systems for analysis and integration, and to support the needs of nations and the international community as they engage in joint programmes of action. UNEP-WCMC provides objective, scientifically rigorous products and services that include ecosystem assessments, support for implementation of environmental agreements, regional and global biodiversity information, research on threats and impacts, and development of future scenarios for the living world. Prepared for: The CITES Secretariat, Geneva A contribution to UNEP - The United Nations Environment Programme Printed by: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK © Copyright: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre/CITES Secretariat The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP or contributory organisations.
    [Show full text]
  • General Introduction and Objectives 3
    General introduction and objectives 3 General introduction: General body organization: The phylum Porifera is commonly referred to as sponges. The phylum, that comprises more than 6,000 species, is divided into three classes: Calcarea, Hexactinellida and Demospongiae. The latter class contains more than 85% of the living species. They are predominantly marine, with the notable exception of the family Spongillidae, an extant group of freshwater demosponges whose fossil record begins in the Cretaceous. Sponges are ubiquitous benthic creatures, found at all latitudes beneath the world's oceans, and from the intertidal to the deep-sea. Sponges are considered as the most basal phylum of metazoans, since most of their features appear to be primitive, and it is widely accepted that multicellular animals consist of a monophyletic group (Zrzavy et al. 1998). Poriferans appear to be diploblastic (Leys 2004; Maldonado 2004), although the two cellular sheets are difficult to homologise with those of the rest of metazoans. They are sessile animals, though it has been shown that some are able to move slowly (up to 4 mm per day) within aquaria (e.g., Bond and Harris 1988; Maldonado and Uriz 1999). They lack organs, possessing cells that develop great number of functions. The sponge body is lined by a pseudoepithelial layer of flat cells (exopinacocytes). Anatomically and physiologically, tissues of most sponges (but carnivorous sponges) are organized around an aquiferous system of excurrent and incurrent canals (Rupert and Barnes 1995). These canals are lined by a pseudoepithelial layer of flat cells (endopinacocytes).Water flows into the sponge body through multiple apertures (ostia) General introduction and objectives 4 to the incurrent canals which end in the choanocyte chambers (Fig.
    [Show full text]