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www.trjfas.org ISSN 1303-2712 Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 16: 51-59 (2016) DOI: 10.4194/1303-2712-v16_1_06 RESEARCH PAPER Sponge Fauna in the Sea of Marmara Bülent Topaloğlu1,*, Alper Evcen2, Melih Ertan Çınar2 1 Istanbul University, Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, 34131 Vezneciler, İstanbul, Turkey. 2 Ege University, Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Fisheries, 35100 Bornova, İzmir, Turkey. * Corresponding Author: Tel.: +90.533 2157727; Fax: +90.512 40379; Received 04 December 2015 E-mail: [email protected] Accepted 08 February 2016 Abstract Sponge species collected along the coasts of the Sea of the Marmara in 2012-2013 were identified. A total of 30 species belonging to 21 families were found, of which four species (Ascandra contorta, Paraleucilla magna, Raspailia (Parasyringella) agnata and Polymastia penicillus) are new records for the eastern Mediterranean, while six species [A. contorta, P. magna, Chalinula renieroides, P. penicillus, R. (P.) agnata and Spongia (Spongia) nitens] are new records for the marine fauna of Turkey and 12 species are new records for the Sea of Marmara. Sponge specimens were generally collected in shallow water, but two species (Thenea muricata and Rhizaxinella elongata) were found at depths deeper than 100 m. One alien species (P. magna) was found at 10 m depth at station K18 (Büyükada). The morphological and distributional features of the species that are new to the Turkish marine fauna are presented. Keywords: Porifera, Benthos, Invertebrate, Turkish Straits System. Marmara Denizi Sünger Faunası Özet Bu çalışmada, Marmara Denizi ve kıyılarında 2012-2013 yılları arasında toplanan Sünger örnekleri tanımlanmıştır. Toplam 21 Familyaya ait 30 tür tanımlanmış olup bunlardan dört tanesi (Ascandra contorta, Paraleucilla magna, Raspailia (Parasyringella) agnata ve Polymastia penicillus) doğu Akdeniz için, altı tanesi [A. contorta, P. magna, Chalinula renieroides, P. penicillus, R. (P.) agnata ve Spongia (Spongia) nitens] Türkiye sünger faunası için yeni kayıttır 12 tür ise Marmara Denizi için yeni kayıttır. Sünger örnekleri genel olarak sığ bölgelerden toplanmıştır. Ancak iki tür (Thenea muricata ve Rhizaxinella elongata) 100 metreden daha derinden örneklenmiştir. Bununla birlikte bir yabancı tür (P. magna) K18 numaralı istasyonda (Büyükada) 10 m derinlikte bulunmuştur. Çalışmada Türkiye sünger faunası için yeni olan türlerin morfolojik özellikleri ve dağılımları verilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Porifera, Bentos, Omurgasız, Türk Boğazlar Sistemi. (2015) reported 10 species from the shallow waters of Introduction the Marmara and North Aegean Sea, of which three The Sea of Marmara, together with the İstanbul species were new to the marine fauna of Turkey and and Çanakkale Straits, is a small basin with a surface one species (Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) area of 11,500 km² and a maximum depth of 1390 m. anatoliensis) new to science. Therefore, the total This basin serves as an important biological corridor number of the Turkish sponge fauna is recorded as 132, whereas 681 species are known from the and an acclimatization zone for the biota of the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea (Öztürk & Öztürk, 1996; Mediterranean Sea (Coll et al., 2010). Studies on Öztürk, 2002). sponge species in the Sea of Marmara are limited The first taxonomic study on sponge species when compared to those of the other parts of the along the Turkish coasts was carried out by Colombo Mediterranean Sea (Evcen and Çınar, 2012). In the (1885), who listed five sponge species from the Sea of Marmara, where the Mediterranean (lower layer) and the Black Sea (upper layer) waters meet, Çanakkale Strait. To date, a total of 131 species have been recorded from the Turkish coasts (Topaloğlu and the phylum Porifera is composed of 63 species Evcen, 2014). The latest study by Gözcelioğlu et al. (Topaloğlu and Evcen, 2014), with no species © Published by Central Fisheries Research Institute (CFRI) Trabzon, Turkey in cooperation with Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Japan 52 B.Topaloğlu et al. / Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 16: 51-59 (2016) endemic to the area. Although, Ostroumoff (1896) marked with “BT”) between 10 and 323 m depths. mentioned the presence of two sponge species The specimens were fixed with 4% (Cometella stolonifera and Suberites appendiculatus) formaldehyde and transferred to the laboratory. They new to science in the region, they were later were first rinsed with tap water and subsequently considered as nomen nudum as they were not preserved in 70% ethanol. To observe the skeletal adequately described (Evcen and Çınar, 2012). features of sponges, thin portions of both ectosomal Sponge diversity in the Sea of Marmara was also and chaonosomal parts were cut with a razor blade, reported by Demir (1952–1954), who found 10 dried, cleaned and preserved in 70% ethanol. The sponge species near the Prince Islands and the preparation of spicules was made following the İstanbul Strait. Later, 13 sponge species were reported standard method proposed by Rützler (1978). The by Caspers (1968), two sponge species by Bayhan et spicule types and sizes were identified. A minimum of al. (1989), one sponge species by Okuş (1986), and 20 spicules of each type were measured with an 19 sponge species by Topaloğlu (2001). Some studies ocular micrometer. on the sponge culture and its economic importance The specimens presented here are deposited at were made by Dalkılıç (1982) and Gökalp (1974). the Museum of the Faculty of Fisheries, Ege Devedjian (1926) also provided some information University (ESFM). about sponges harvested commercially in the Sea of Marmara. Results This study describes the sponge specimens collected within the framework of a project supported Within the study period, 30 species belonging to by the Scientific and Technological Research Council two classes and 21 families were found on the coasts of Turkey (TÜBİTAK, Number: 111Y268) regarding of the Sea of Marmara (Table 1). Calcarea were the biodiversity and community structures of benthic represented by three species (Sycon raphanus, Sycon invertebrates in the Sea of Marmara. This paper aims ciliatum and Paraleucilla magna) and Demospongiae to report the sponge diversity in the Sea of Marmara by 25 species. Among the families, Chalinidae (4 and to describe species new to the marine fauna of species) and Dysideidae (3 species) had the highest Turkey. number of species. Four species (Ascandra contorta, Paraleucilla magna, Polymastia penicillus and Material and Methods Raspailia (Parasyringella) agnata) are new records for the eastern Mediterranean and six species (A. The sponge specimens were collected at 23 contorta, P. magna, Chalinula renieroides, P. stations located in the Sea of Marmara, together with penicillus, R. (P.) agnata and Spongia (Spongia) Çanakkale and Istanbul Straits (Figure 1) in nitens] are also new records for Turkey. In addition, September-October 2012 and June 2013. Shallow- 12 species (Ascandra contorta, P. magna, P. water benthic habitats (0-20 m depth) such as mussels penicillus, C. renieroides, Haliclona (Halichoclona) and algae were sampled by scuba diving and fulva, Haliclona (Rhizoniera) sarai, R. (P.) agnata, snorkeling (station number marked with “K” in the Timea stellata, Crambe crambe, Pleraplysilla map). Soft-bottom samples were taken by a box core, spinifera and S. (S.) nitens, Aplysilla sulfurea Schulze, sampling an area of 0.1 m² (station number marked 1878) are new records for the Sea of Marmara. Seven with “Y” in the map), a bottom-trawl (station numbers sponge species (Sycon raphanus, T. muricata, marked with “DT”) and a beam trawl (station number Dysidea fragilis, Raspailia (Raspailia) viminalis, H. Figure 1. Map showing the sampling sites. B.Topaloğlu et al. / Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 16: 51-59 (2016) 53 Table 1. Species found at stations along the coasts of the Sea of Marmara Number of Specimens Substrata Stations Depths CALCAREA Sycettidae Sycon ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780) 3 R BT7 25 m Sycon raphanus Schmidt, 1862 12 Hs, SS Y1, Y17, Y19 10-100 m Amphoriscidae *Paraleucilla magna Klautau, 1 R K18 10 m Monteiro & Borojevic, 2004 Leucaltidae *Ascandra contorta (Bowerbank, 1866) +50 R K24 10 m DEMOSPONGIAE Polymastiidae *Polymastia penicillus (Montagu, 1 R BT7 25 m 1814) Chalinidae **Chalinula renieroides Schmidt, 1868 8 CY, MG K13, K18, K25 0-10 m Haliclona (Reniera) cinerea (Grant, 1 R K3 10 m 1826) ***Haliclona (Halichoclona) fulva 3 R,CY K13, Y27 10 m (Topsent, 1893) ***Haliclona (Rhizoniera) sarai 1 R K3 25 m (Pulitzer-Finali, 1969) Theneidae Thenea muricata (Pulitzer-Finali, 1969) 1 Ss Y17 100 m Crambeidae ***Crambe crambe (Schmidt, 1862) 5 R K4 0-25 m Raspailiidae *Raspailia (Parasyringella) agnata 1 Hs Y10 25 m (Topsent, 1896) Raspailia (Raspailia) viminalis 2 Hs Y10,Y3 25 m Schmidt, 1862 Petrosiidae Petrosia (Petrosia) ficiformis (Poiret, 2 R K2, K3 10-25 m 1789) Axinellidae Axinella polypoides Schmidt, 1862 1 R K6 25 m Halichondriidae Ciocalypta penicillus Bowerbank, 1862 4 R K18 10-25 m Suberitidae Rhizaxinella elongate (Ridley & 1 R DT8 323 m Dendy, 1886) Timeidae ***Timea stellata (Bowerbank, 1866) 1 R Y27 50 m Tethyidae Tethya aurantium (Pallas, 1766) 2 R K13 10 m Clionidae Cliona celata Grant, 1826 3 R K9 10-25 m Irciniidae Ircinia variabilis Grant, 1826 9 R K18, K24 10-25 m Sarcotragus foetidus Schmidt, 1862 8 R Dysideidae Dysidea fragilis (Montagu, 1814) 38 P, R, Hs K2,K3,K4, K9, K5, K11,K13, K18, Y13, Y38 10-20 m Dysidea incrustans (Schmidt, 1862) 5 P K3, K18,
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  • With Ornamented Exotyles

    With Ornamented Exotyles

    Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2017, 97(6), 1351–1406. # Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2016. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. doi:10.1017/S0025315416000655 Polymastiidae (Demospongiae: Hadromerida) with ornamented exotyles: a review of morphological affinities and description of a new genus and three new species alexander plotkin1, christine morrow2, elena gerasimova3 and hans tore rapp1,4,5 1Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Postbox 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway, 2Department of Zoology, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland, 3Ra˚dgivende Biologer AS, Bredsga˚rden, Bryggen, 5003 Bergen, Norway, 4Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, Postbox 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway, 5Uni Environment, Uni Research AS, Postbox 7810, 5020 Bergen, Norway All polymastiid sponges displaying ornamented exotyles are reviewed and their morphological affinities are reconsidered. The study embraces all known species of Proteleia, Sphaerotylus, Trachyteleia and Tylexocladus as well as several species of Polymastia. A new genus, Koltunia, is established for the Antarctic species Proteleia burtoni based on the unique shape of distal ornamentations of its giant exotyles and on the absence of a spicule palisade in its cortex, a rare feature among the polymastiids. Three new species of Sphaerotylus are described – S. renoufi from the British Isles, S. strobilis from South Africa and S. tjalfei from West Greenland. Transfer of one New Zealand species from Polymastia to Proteleia and of one Chilean species from Polymastia to Sphaerotylus is proposed.