AC20 Doc. 8.5 Annex (English only/Seulement en anglais/Únicamente en inglés)

REVIEW OF SIGNIFICANT TRADE

ANALYSIS OF TRADE TRENDS WITH NOTES ON THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF SELECTED SPECIES

Volume 2. Animals

Prepared for the

CITES Animals Committee, CITES Secretariat

by the

United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre

JANUARY 2004

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Prepared and produced by: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK

UNEP WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE (UNEP-WCMC) www.unep-wcmc.org

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The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP or contributory organisations. The designations employed and the presentations do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP, the CITES Secretariat or contributory organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries

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Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 6 INTRODUCTION...... 8 METHODOLOGY ...... 9 SECTION 1: SPECIES IDENTIFIED AS POSSIBLE CANDIDATES FOR REVIEW OF SIGNIFICANT TRADE ...... 13 SECTION 1A: MAMMALS ...... 13 SECTION 1B: BIRDS...... 16 SECTION 1C: REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS ...... 18 SECTION 1D: FISH AND INVERTEBRATES...... 21 SECTION 2: COUNTRY-LEVEL TRADE INFORMATION...... 23 SECTION 3: WILD COLLECTED ANIMAL SPECIMENS EXPORTED FROM NON-RANGE STATES...... 24 SECTION 4: GROSS EXPORTS TRADE TABLE (ATTACHED AS AN EXCEL FILES)...... 25 ANNEX A: MAMMAL INFORMATION SHEETS (ATTACHED AS A WORD FILE)ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. ANNEX B: BIRD INFORMATION SHEETS (ATTACHED AS A WORD FILE)ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. ANNEX C: REPTILE AND AMPHIBIAN INFORMATION SHEETS (ATTACHED AS A WORD FILE)ERROR! BOOKMARK N ANNEX D: FISH AND INVERTEBRATE INFORMATION SHEETS (ATTACHED AS A WORD FILE)ERROR! BOOKMARK NO

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The present document, produced by UNEP-WCMC on behalf of the CITES Secretariat as part of the process of Review of Significant Trade – Phase V, contains a summary of annual report submitted by the Parties to CITES. The analysis of data, based on 1.3 million records of trade in Appendix-II animal species, considers the gross level of exports from the wild reported between 1992 and 2002. In order to facilitate the work of the Animals Committee in the onerous task of sifting of the vast amount of data available, a preliminary analysis was conducted of the slope and variance of the trends of trade over time, in conjunction with information on global and national conservation status (as reported in the scientific literature), to identify those species whose levels of trade appear to deserve the most attention. The list of potential candidates proposed to the Animals Committee for consideration in the Significant Trade process Phase V emerging from this analysis is presented (Table 1). Information on the status of species that appeared as likely candidates according to the analysis of their trade, but that were recommended as candidates on the grounds of their conservation status is also presented. Complete summaries of gross trade for all the species traded in the period in question are also provided in this report. In total, 32 species and 1 genus were identified as possible candidates for inclusion in the Significant Trade process. The reasoning behind species selection is provided in the main report and Annex documents.

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Table 1. Species highlighted for possible inclusion in Significant Trade process Phase V

TAXON GROUP SPECIES

MAMMALS Delphinapterus leucas Monodon monoceros Pseudalopex culpaeus Pseudalopex griseus Vulpes zerda Conepatus humboldtii Prionailurus bengalensis Arctocephalus pusillus Equus zebra hartmannae BIRDS Amazona dufresniana Brotogeris versicolurus Poicephalus gulielmi Poicephalus robustus Poicephalus senegalus Psittacus erithacus Psittinus cyanurus Otus scops (Togo only) Gracula religiosa REPTILES Callagur borneoensis Indotestudo elongata Phelsuma comorensis Phelsuma dubia Phelsuma v-nigra Uromastyx spp. Bradypodion xenorhinum Chamaeleo bitaeniatus Chamaeleo hoehnelii Furcifer cephalolepis INVERTEBRATES Tridacna crocea Tridacna derasa Tridacna maxima Tridacna squamosa Hippopus hippopus

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INTRODUCTION

Resolution Conf. 12.8 ‘Review of Significant Trade in specimens of Appendix-II species’ directs the Animals and Plants Committees, in cooperation with the Secretariat and experts, and in consultation with range States, to review the biological, trade and other relevant information on Appendix-II species subject to significant levels of trade, to identify problems and solutions concerning the implementation of Article IV, paragraphs 2 (a), 3 and 6 (a) of the Convention. As part of this procedure the Secretariat requested UNEP-WCMC to produce a summary from the CITES Trade database of annual report statistics of trade in Appendix-II species. The volume of information that needs to be included in this type of reports is very large, which has made the selection process by the Animals Committee increasingly onerous. Consequently, UNEP- WCMC has included in this volume some additional analytical sections to supplement the usual tables of CITES trade statistics (see METHODOLOGY section), and produced a list of potential candidates for selection emerging from this analysis, to assist the Committee in the selection process. In total, 32 species and 1 genus were identified as possible candidates for inclusion in the Significant Trade process. The reasoning behind species selection is provided in the main report and Annex documents. The list of potential candidates emerging from this analysis is presented (Table 1). The report is structured as follows: Sections 1 identifies potential candidate species for review by the Animals Committee (whether or not such species have been the subject of a previous review). Section 2 brings to the attention of the Animals Committee, countries where there have been recent and significant increases in trade across one or more animal groups. Section 3 brings to the attention of the Animals Committee, wild collected specimens that are being exported in significant numbers from countries that are not known range states for the species involved in the trade. Section 4 (see separate Excel spreadsheets) includes comprehensive tables of recorded level of exports for Appendix-II animal species over the eleven most recent years (1992-2002).

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METHODOLOGY 1. Selection of Data This report includes a summary from the CITES Trade database of annual report statistics for Appendix-II animal species over the eleven most recent years (1992-2002) for specimens recorded from wild sources1. Preliminary analysis of the data showed that the levels trade in some species can be highly variable, with relatively high volumes being traded in some years, and little or no trade being reported in other years. Thus, in order to represent more accurately trade in these and other species, data was analysed for the period of 1992 to 2002. Following a detailed examination of the data, UNEP-WCMC determined that re-export data for wild collected specimens did not add new information to the analysis of the species for review2. Therefore, to simplify the data presented, only the data concerning direct exports was considered for the purposes of this document. Further information on the data processing protocols used are provided in the CITES Trade Database User Manual, available from UNEP-WCMC.

2. Conversion of Units Green and Shirley (1999)3 estimate the mean mass of traded pieces of live coral as 206.1 ± 13.1g. These mean values were used to convert between trade reported in kg to an equivalent in pieces. However, the 95 per cent confidence limits for the average weight of a piece of raw coral reported by Green and Shirley (1999) are wider than those for live coral (i.e., 580g ± 121g) and the total mass traded is best treated as an estimation. The mean value for raw coral was used to convert between trade reported in pieces to an equivalent in kg. Other units of trade that were converted in order to standardise the data and facilitate the analysis are listed below.

Units of trade converted, and Units used in this report.

Converted from Converted to Grammes; Milligrammes Kilogrammes (kg) Millilitres Litres (l) pairs whole values sides whole skins Centimetres Metres (m) cm² / ft² m² cm³ m³

1 Included with wild collected specimens are those specimens recorded without a source or with record source unknown (U) but which, on examination of the data, appeared most likely to be from wild sources. 2 In general terms, including re-export data in the report would have added a great deal of records from major entrepot States (e.g. Singapore, Italy, France, Thailand, etc.). These records often also bring into the equation stock-pile material. For the purposes of the significant trade review, it was considered that these type of data do not add useful information to the analysis. Instead, only data about source countries was included (whether reported by the exporting or the importing country). 3 Green, E. and F. Shirley, 1999. The global trade in coral. WCMC Biodiversity Series no. 9

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3. Analysis of Data The analysis of data is based on 1.3 million records of trade in Appendix-II animal species. In order to facilitate the work of the Animals Committee in the onerous task of sifting of the vast amount of data available, a preliminary analysis was conducted of the slope (i.e. overall trends of trade volumes throughout the period in question) and spread (i.e. variability in the levels of volume observed in the period in question) of the data for each species. The criteria used for this analysis is explained below. The quantitative analysis of trade data was subsequently complemented with information on both global (i.e. IUCN/SSC) and national conservation status (as reported in the scientific literature and other relevant sources) for the species whose trade appeared to follow concerning patters, in order to identify those species whose levels of trade appear to deserve the most attention. Data for 2002 have been included in the full data tables (see Section 4 – Excel spreadsheet), but were excluded in the statistical analysis because, as of 9 January 2003, only 50% of Annual Reports to CITES for 2002 had been received by UNEP-WCMC and included in the CITES Trade database.

3.1. Statistics: Slope Slope is the vertical distance divided by the horizontal distance between any two points on the line. Thus, for a series of data the slope represents the average rate of change along the regression line. A positive slope represents a general increase in the levels of trade, while a negative slope signifies an overall decrease in such levels. For the purpose of the analysis conducted here, a species whose trade shows a large slope (be it positive or negative) was generally assumed to be in greater need of attention than a species for which trade has been fairly stable (small slope). In the particular case of large negative slopes (i.e. fairly sharp declines in levels of trade), it was assumed in the first instance that the observed decline in trade could be the result of a decline of the species in the wild. The validity of these assumptions was later tested through the analysis of reports on the global and national conservation status of the species in question. Because the value for the slope is an expression of the rate of change in the specific volumes of trade experienced by a given taxon, for the purpose of comparisons among taxa, the value of the slope was divided by the mean4 level of trade for that taxon over the period of analysis. This was done to allow a proper comparison between species traded at different levels. In the rest of the text, any mention of 'slope' therefore refers to the measure of slope divided by mean. Following examination of the slopes shown by all species within the period of analysis cut-off thresholds of ± 0.15. That is to say, values below +0.15 and above –0.15 were considered small slopes, while values higher than +0.15 and lower than –0.15 were considered large slopes and therefore given priority as potential candidates for selection – see selection protocol, below.

3.1.1. Statistics: Spread As explained earlier, preliminary analysis of the data showed that the levels trade in some species can be highly variable, with relatively high volumes being traded in some years, and little or no trade being reported in other years. It was considered that a species showing high variation in levels of trade over the period of analysis need more attention than those showing fairly constant trade levels. Many measures of spread exist but the most appropriate when comparing across groups with different means was considered to be the coefficient of variation (CV). The CV is used to compare the amount of variation in data sets (i.e. among taxa) with different means where direct comparisons of the standard deviations (a more common measure of spread) are difficult to make,

4 That is to say the sum of the total volume of trade over the decade and divided by ten or less in the case of those species that have been listed in the CITES Appendices for less than ten years

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as they are confounded by differences in scale. The CV is calculated as the standard deviation divided by the mean. Following examination of the coefficients of variation shown by all species within the period of analysis, a cut-off value of +2 was used to select candidate taxa. Thus, taxa whose levels of trade showed a coefficient of variation higher than +2 (i.e. trade level are highly variable) were considered as potential candidates for selection – see selection protocol below.

4. Protocol for the selection of potential candidates for review Species were selected as possible candidates for review of significant trade based on the analysis of trade data, as well as information on the global and national conservation status, following using the following protocol: 1) Automatic selection of taxa: Species were initially selected on the basis of their trends of trade (slope) and variability of trade (spread), following an automatic decision-making process described in Figure 1. If the species was listed in the 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species5, the global threat status was taken into consideration at this stage. Species selected as potential candidates which have been considered in Phase IV of the Significant Trade Review are indicated in the appropriate section (below) but were excluded from further examination in this report. 2) Manual selection of taxa: Recorded trade levels of all species were individually examined, and those not selected by the automatic selection process but for which it was thought that trade was significant were also selected as potential candidates in the first instance e.g. taxa that may have been subjected to fairly high levels of trade for one or two years only, and for which measures of slope and/or spread are therefore not good indicators, or traded in relatively high volumes in 2002 according to the data available to date for that year. A more detailed analysis of trade records (e.g. examining trends for each range State, or seeking to explain negative slopes as a consequence of increasing trade in captive bred specimens) was also conducted for selected borderline cases and for species not initially selected for review when UNEP-WCMC staff, familiar with the data, thought they may be possible candidates for the significant trade review process, to consider their inclusion in the list of candidates. 3) Conservation status: Information on the global and national conservation status (across the known distribution range of the species) were compiled and analysed for all species selected under steps 1 and 2, above. Final recommendation of candidate species selected under steps 1 and 2 was made on the basis of the status of the populations reported in the literature. A final list identifying possible candidates for review was produced and reasons for the exclusion of likely candidates are also provided (tables 2 to 9). Fact sheets with the conservation status information used are also included in this report (see Annexes A to D).

Section 2 identifies countries where there have been recent and significant increases in trade across one or more animal groups (i.e. mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibian, fish and invertebrates). The species listed in Section 2 were identified following the first step in selection of candidates. Section 3 identifies prominent cases of trade reported in wild collected specimens that are being exported in relatively high numbers from countries that are not known range states for the species involved in the trade. The species listed in Section 3 were identified following comparison of trade data with species distribution data maintained on the Species database at UNEP-WCMC (see www.unep-wcmc.org or www.cites.org).

5 IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.redlist.org

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Figure 1: Flow chart for selection of candidate species for consideration in the Significant Trade Review Process

Is there trade data for the Do not include in No species where the mean current selection for 1992-2002 > 100? process

Yes

Is slope of trade data Yes Consider for equal to or greater than inclusion in current +0.15 selection process

No

Consider as borderline Is Coefficient of Yes Is slope of trade data No [selected cases to be Variation greater greater than –0.15 and further analysed under than 2? lower than +0.15 manual selection process – see step 2, Yes No section 4, above] Consider for Is species listed in the 2003 IUCN inclusion in current Red List of Threatened Species as selection process endangered, critically endangered or vulnerable?

Yes No

Consider for Do not include in inclusion in current current selection process selection process

If the species has been considered for inclusion in current selection process:

Is the species currently Do not include in Yes under review through the current selection significant trade process process (Phase IV)?

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SECTION 1: SPECIES IDENTIFIED AS CANDIDATES FOR REVIEW OF SIGNIFICANT TRADE

SECTION 1A: MAMMALS Table 2 lists those mammal species that were selected for detailed review. Information sheets on the mammal species listed in Table 2 are provided in Annex A. Table 2: Mammal species selected for review FAMILY SPECIES COMMENT PTEROPODIDAE Pteropus vampyrus Not recommended for review. Populations in Philippines are declining but there is no reported trade for this country. Widespread but declining in Malaysia but not due to trade. Most of the trade is coming out of Indonesia but levels of trade have been low since 1997 and the Indonesian trade is within its quota. No information on status in Indonesia but given that trade has been low since 1997 and within the quotas the species is not considered a priority for review. MONODONTIDAE Delphinapterus leucas Recommended for review. Trade has been relatively low since 1999. However, populations appear to be declining and are thought to be negatively affected by trade as well as other threats. MONODONTIDAE Monodon monoceros Recommended for review. Levels of trade from Canada and Greenland appear to be stable. However, despite the Animals Committee’s recommendation in 1995, a comprehensive survey has still not been done and the impact of current levels of trade on populations is uncertain. CANIDAE Pseudalopex culpaeus Recommended for review. Argentina is the main exporter and exports have been increasing with relatively high levels in 2002. No recent population estimates seem to be available, and this species is considered endangered in Argentina. CANIDAE Pseudalopex griseus Recommended for review. There are no recent population estimates in any range state. Although it is said to be widespread in Argentina, the main exporter of this species, it is classified as endangered. Given the high levels of recent trade from Argentina and an apparent increase in trade in 2002 the species is recommended for review. URSIDAE Ursus arctos Not recommended for review. Romanian exports have remained below the quota, as have exports from Turkey and Uzbekistan. Levels of trade from Canada, Romania and the Russian Federation do not appear too high given the population size in these countries. URSIDAE Ursus maritimus Not recommended for review. This species is considered globally to be as low risk. Canada is exporting similar quantities every year, but population sizes in Canada appear large and stable. MUSTELIDAE Conepatus humboldtii Recommended for review. Conflicting information regarding status in Argentina but globally this species is not considered to be threatened. Traded in high numbers as skins but not possible to determine whether these levels are sustainable. Recommended for review because of uncertainty over population status in Argentina. FELIDAE Caracal caracal Not recommended for review. South Africa and Namibia are the main exporters but these are the countries in which the Caracal is most abundant, with an expanding range. Moreover, Caracals are classified as problem animals in these countries. Ethiopia and Mozambique are not exceeding their quotas.

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FAMILY SPECIES COMMENT FELIDAE Panthera leo Not recommended for review. South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe are the main exporters for this species and show relatively high but stable levels of trade over time. These are the countries in which the lion is most abundant. Ethiopia is not exceeding its quotas. FELIDAE Prionailurus bengalensis Recommended for review. China is the main exporter with very high levels of trade. Although China is the centre of the leopard cat’s range, no information on national status is available so given the high levels of trade the species is recommended for review. OTARIIDAE Arctocephalus pusillus Recommended for review. Namibia is the main exporter, with relatively stable levels of trade over time but a relatively large and sudden increase in 2002. Although Namibia’s population is large, a review is recommended to determine sustainability of the trade. EQUIDAE Equus zebra hartmannae Recommended for review. Constant and relatively high level of trade from Namibia and lower levels from South Africa. Namibia has a widespread population but South Africa has a very small population. Suggested for review to determine whether current levels of trade are sustainable from these two countries.

Following a review of all data the following one additional mammal species was selected for a more detailed review.

FAMILY SPECIES COMMENT CANIDAE Vulpes zerda Recommended for review. Sudan has been the only country exporting this species recently. Fennecs are rare and being intensively hunted. Given the lack of information on the status in any range state the species is recommended for review.

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Table 3 lists those mammal species that were also selected using the automatic selection process but which were excluded after further examination.

Table 3: Mammal species initially selected but subsequently EXCLUDED as possible candidates for review SPECIES COMMENT Saguinus midas On closer examination of the data the species was thought not to be a candidate for review Cebus apella On closer examination of the data the species was thought not to be a candidate for review Manis javanica Included in Significant Trade Review Phase IV Balaenoptera acutorostrata Selected because of high coefficient of variability but on examination of the trade data and IUCN status the species was thought not to be a candidate for review Canis lupus It was considered that Canada and the United States have adequate management controls in place for this species Ursus americanus It was considered that Canada and the United States have adequate management controls in place for this species Lontra canadensis It was considered that Canada and the United States have adequate management controls in place for this species Lynx canadensis It was considered that Canada and the United States have adequate management controls in place for this species Lynx rufus It was considered that Canada and the United States have adequate management controls in place for this species Loxodonta africana Extensive work is already underway on the conservation and management of this species, and trade volumes include stockpiles Pecari tajacu Included in Significant Trade Review Phase IV Tayassu pecari Included in Significant Trade Review Phase IV Hippopotamus amphibius Included in Significant Trade Review Phase IV Lama guanicoe Extensive work is already underway on the conservation and management of this species Vicugna vicugna Included in Significant Trade Review Phase IV Moschus chrysogaster Included in Significant Trade Review Phase IV Moschus moschiferus Included in Significant Trade Review Phase IV Damaliscus pygargus pygargus It was considered that South Africa has adequate management controls in place for this species Saiga tatarica Included in Significant Trade Review Phase IV

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SECTION 1B: BIRDS Table 4 lists those bird species that were selected for detailed review. Information sheets on the bird species listed in Table 4 are provided in Annex B.

Table 4: Bird species selected for review FAMILY SPECIES COMMENT PSITTACIDAE Amazona dufresniana Recommended for review. Considered to be declining. Trade is fairly low but has increased in the last 2 years for Guyana. Little information about population status there, thus although within quota should be looked at further. PSITTACIDAE Brotogeris sanctithomae Not recommended for review. Fluctuating trade from Peru. No population information seems to be available, but internal trade may also be a significant factor. Given the low numbers traded and that it occurs in a number of countries which are not trading it, it does not appear to be necessary to review this species at this time. PSITTACIDAE Brotogeris versicolurus Recommended for review. Little trade from Peru but has fluctuated over the last 5 years. Decline in recent years possibly due to increased demand internally or decreasing population. May require further attention. Recommended for possible review. PSITTACIDAE Forpus passerinus Not recommended for review. Relatively high levels of trade from Suriname but well within quota and decreasing. As species is thought to be fairly common there, it is not recommended for review. PSITTACIDAE Psittinus cyanurus Recommended for review. Trade is within quotas. However it is restricted to a range which is under considerable pressure from human population expansion, and may well be in decline. The species does not appear to cope well with the stress associated with capture for trade. STRIGIDAE Otus leucotis Not recommended for review. A very widespread species, ranging from uncommon to common. Relatively high trade observed only in Togo, where it is said to be a “not uncommon resident”. This level of trade does seem fairly high but given the widespread distribution of this bird and lack of trade from elsewhere, it is not considered a priority candidate for review. STRIGIDAE Otus scops Recommended for review, for Togo only. Widespread species. Relatively high trade observed only in Togo, and the species is reported as being “uncommon” in this country. EMBERIZIDAE Paroaria capitata Not recommended for review. No population information for Paraguay but there have been high trade levels and a lack of quota in the past. However, Paraguay has imposed a moratorium on export of wildlife. EMBERIZIDAE Paroaria coronata Not recommended for review. There appears to be little information on population levels. Trade is low with the exception of Paraguay but Paraguay has imposed a moratorium on export of wildlife therefore not recommended for review at this time. STURNIDAE Gracula religiosa Recommended for review. Relatively high trade from Myanmar, Malaysia and Vietnam. There appears to be considerable internal trade as well as illegal international trade. For Malaysia, trade is above the quota. Although cited as common in Malaysia and not immediately threatened by habitat destruction, information on the status of the population does not appear to be available.

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Following a review of all data the following bird species were also selected for a more detailed review.

FAMILY SPECIES COMMENT PSITTACIDAE Poicephalus spp.6 The only species recommended for review: Poicephalus gulielmi Poicephalus robustus Poicephalus senegalus See individual fact sheets (Annex B) for rationale followed. PSITTACIDAE Psittacus erithacus Recommended for review. Relatively high levels of trade, which appear to be above the quotas, for Cameroon, Congo and Côte d'Ivoire. The species seems to be in decline over much of its range. RAMPHASTIDAE Ramphastos toco Not recommended for review. A widespread and adaptable species with little trade (within quotas for Guyana) over the past years. Paraguay began exporting the species in 2002 and originally set a quota of 1046 for 2003. This country has imposed a moratorium on export of wildlife. MUSCICAPIDAE Leiothrix argentauris Not recommended for review. Common in many areas of its range. Zero trade since 2001. MUSCICAPIDAE Leiothrix lutea Not recommended for review. Minimal trade since 2001 and a fairly common species in China where trade was high in the past.

Table 5 lists those bird species that were also selected using the automatic selection process but which were excluded from the detailed review process. Table 5: Bird species initially selected but then EXCLUDED as possible candidates for review SPECIES COMMENT Falco cherrug Selected for Significant Trade Review at AC19 Grus canadensis The majority of the trade is coming from Canada and it was considered that there are adequate management controls in place for this species. Neopsittacus musschenbroekii The trade is in decline and thought not to pose a risk to the species in the wild. Platycercus eximius The majority of the trade is coming from New Zealand where the species is introduced. Tauraco livingstonii On closer examination of the data the species was thought not to be a candidate for review. Tauraco persa Included in Significant Trade Review Phase IV Chalcostigma olivaceum Selected because of high coefficient of variation but on examination of the trade data and IUCN status the species was considered not to be a candidate for review

6 Several Poicephalus species were selected using the automatic selection process. Therefore a general review of data and conservation status information was conducted for the whole genus.

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SECTION 1C: REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS Table 6 lists those reptile species that were selected for detailed review. Information sheets on the species listed in Table 6 are provided in Annex C. No amphibian species were selected.

Table 6: Reptile species selected for review. FAMILY SPECIES COMMENT EMYDIDAE Callagur borneoensis Recommended for review. This species is a critically endangered and reported exports total over 15000 live specimens since 1997. TESTUDINIDAE Geochelone denticulata Not recommended for review. Trade appears relatively stable and within quota limits set by the two main exporting countries. TESTUDINIDAE Geochelone sulcata Not recommended for review. Trade in wild specimens has decreased in recent years and exports of captive- bred specimens from El Salvador have been increasing. TESTUDINIDAE Indotestudo elongata Recommended for review. Reports from Malaysia suggest that the species is scarce, quotas may have been exceeded by a small amount, and status is unknown in Laos. TESTUDINIDAE Indotestudo forstenii Not recommended for review. Trade levels from Indonesia have stabalised since 1997 and have remained under quota TESTUDINIDAE Manouria emys Not recommended for review. Trade levels appear to be fairly stable since the late 1990s and quota limits do not appear to be exceeded. TESTUDINIDAE Testudo horsfieldii Not recommended for review. Trade appears to be within quotas. GEKKONIDAE Phelsuma comorensis Recommended for review. Recent trade from the Comoros, where its range is restricted, has been reported. GEKKONIDAE Phelsuma dubia Recommended for review. Trade volumes have increased in recent years as a result of imports from Comoros and increased exports from the United Republic of Tanzania. GEKKONIDAE Phelsuma v-nigra Recommended for review. The species has a very restricted range and trade started in 2000 with over 10000 exported so far. AGAMIDAE Uromastyx spp.7 Genus recommended for review. There has been a general increase in trade across the genus CHAMAELEONIDAE Bradypodion xenorhinus Recommended for review. Uganda began exporting the species in recent years and the species appears to have a restricted range. CHAMAELEONIDAE Chamaeleo bitaeniatus Recommended for review. It appears that the United Republic of Tanzania have exceeded their quotas for several of the years between 1998 and 2002, and Uganda has begun exporting the species. CHAMAELEONIDAE Chamaeleo calyptratus Not recommended for review. Although trade shows a marked increase in trade from the Yemen between 1999 and 2001, the bulk of the trade is in animals bred in captivity in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, El Salvador and Ukraine. CHAMAELEONIDAE Chamaeleo cristatus Not recommended for review. Trade appears to be fairly stable. CHAMAELEONIDAE Chamaeleo hoehnelii Recommended for review. The species has a restricted range in the main exporting country, Uganda, and there have been 2688 exported from Uganda since 2000.

7 Several Uromastyx species were selected using the flowchart methodology but a decision was taken to look at trade for the whole genus

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 18

FAMILY SPECIES COMMENT CHAMAELEONIDAE Furcifer cephalolepis Recommended for review. The species has a very restricted range and trade started in 2000 with over 8000 reported as exports in three years. CORDYLIDAE Cordylus vittifer Not recommended for review. Exports from Mozambique are within quota. Initial look at the data suggested Mozambique was over quota for 2002 (1599 reported) however further investigation revealed this was due to a year-end reporting issue.

Table 7 lists those reptile and amphibian species that were also selected using the automatic selection process, but which were excluded from the detailed review process. Table 7: Reptile and Amphibian species initially selected but then EXCLUDED as possible candidates for review SPECIES COMMENT Geochelone carbonaria Selected because of high coefficient of variation but on examination of the trade data and IUCN status the species was thought not to be a candidate for review Malacochersus tornieri There is work already being carried out by the Animals Committee on this species after a request by the Kenyan Authorities for assistance with conservation and management of the species. Pyxis arachnoides Included in the Madagascar country review process. Pyxis planicauda Included in the Madagascar country review process. Testudo hermanni Selected because of high coefficient of variation but on examination of the trade data and IUCN status the species was thought not to be a candidate for review Lissemys punctata Included in Significant Trade Review Phase IV Alligator mississippiensis It was considered that the United States has adequate management controls in place for this trade Caiman crocodilus crocodilus The majority of trade is exported by Venezuela and trade is now at relatively low levels. Caiman crocodilus fuscus Most trade is now in farmed specimens from Colombia. There has been a decrease in specimens being reported as wild-sourced. Caiman yacare The majority of the trade is from Bolivia and Paraguay. The CITES Secretariat are closely monitoring the situation in Paraguay. Palaeosuchus palpebrosus On closer examination of the data, the species was not considered to be a candidate for review. Palaeosuchus trigonatus On closer examination of the data, the species was not considered to be a candidate for review. Crocodylus niloticus On closer examination of the data, the species was not considered to be a candidate for review. Bradypodion tavetanum On closer examination of the data, the species was not considered to be a candidate for review. Chamaeleo africanus On closer examination of the data, the species was not considered to be a candidate for review. Chamaeleo deremensis On closer examination of the data, the species was not considered to be a candidate for review. Chamaeleo pfefferi On closer examination of the data, the species was not considered to be a candidate for review. Chamaeleo rudis On closer examination of the data, the species was not considered to be a candidate for review. Chamaeleo werneri On closer examination of the data, the species was not considered to be a candidate for review. Cordylus pustulatus On closer examination of the data, the species was not considered to be a candidate for review.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 19

SPECIES COMMENT Cordylus rhodesianus On closer examination of the data, the species was not considered to be a candidate for review. Cordylus warreni On closer examination of the data, the species was not considered to be a candidate for review. Tupinambis merianae Trade shows a sudden increase following the recent split in the genus. There has been an increase in exports from Paraguay in recent years. However, the CITES Secretariat are closely monitoring the situation in Paraguay. Tupinambis rufescens There had been previous review and trade levels are not as high as in the early 1990s. There has been an increase in exports from Paraguay in recent years. However, the CITES Secretariat are closely monitoring the situation in Paraguay. Tupinambis teguixin There have been previous reviews, and trade levels are not as high as in the early 1990s. Varanus doreanus On closer examination of the data the species was not considered to be a candidate for review. Varanus exanthematicus On closer examination of the data the species was not considered to be a candidate for review. Varanus salvator On closer examination of the data the species was not considered to be a candidate for review. Python molurus On closer examination of the data the species was not considered to be a candidate for review. Python regius On closer examination of the data the species was not considered to be a candidate for review. Python reticulatus On closer examination of the data the species was not considered to be a candidate for review. Naja naja Included in Significant Trade Review Phase IV Dendrobates reticulatus On closer examination of the data the species was not considered to be a candidate for review. Epipedobates pictus On closer examination of the data the species was not considered to be a candidate for review. Epipedobates trivittatus On closer examination of the data the species was not considered to be a candidate for review. Hoplobatrachus tigerinus Reported trade from non-Range State. See Section 3 for further discussion on this species. Mantella spp.8 Included in the Madagascar country review process

8 11 species selected for reveiw

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 20

SECTION 1D: FISH AND INVERTEBRATES Table 8 lists those invertebrate species that were selected for detailed review. Information sheets on the invertebrate species listed in Table 8 are provided in Annex D. Table 8: Invertebrate species selected for review (no Fish species were selected) FAMILY SPECIES COMMENT TRIDACNIDAE Tridacnidae spp.9 Includes Tridacna and The only species selected for review: Hippopus species Tridacna crocea Tridacna derasa Tridacna maxima Tridacna squamosa Hippopus hippopus See individual fact sheets (Annex D) for rationale followed.

Table 9 lists those reptile and amphibian species that were also selected using the automatic selection process but which were excluded from the detailed review process. Table 9: Fish and Invertebrate species initially selected but then EXCLUDED as possible candidates for review SPECIES COMMENT Acipenser baerii Included in Significant Trade Review Phase IV Acipenser fulvescens Included in Significant Trade Review Phase IV Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Included in Significant Trade Review Phase IV Acipenser nudiventris Included in Significant Trade Review Phase IV Acipenser oxyrinchus The majority of the trade is from Canada and it was considered that there are adequate management controls in place for this species. Acipenser persicus The majority of the trade is from the Islamic Republic of Iran and it was considered that there are adequate management controls in place for this species. Acipenser ruthenus Included in Significant Trade Review Phase IV Acipenser schrenckii Included in Significant Trade Review Phase IV Acipenser stellatus Included in Significant Trade Review Phase IV Acipenser transmontanus The majority of the trade is coming from United States and it was considered that there are adequate management controls in place for this species. Huso dauricus Included in Significant Trade Review Phase IV Huso huso Included in Significant Trade Review Phase IV Polyodon spathula Included in Significant Trade Review Phase IV Arapaima gigas Selected because of high coefficient of variation, but on examination of the trade data and IUCN status the species was considered not to be a candidate for review. Ornithoptera priamus poseidon On closer examination of the data the species was not considered to be a candidate for review Ornithoptera rothschildi Included in Significant Trade Review Phase IV Trogonoptera brookiana On closer examination of the trade data the species was not considered to be a candidate for review Trogonoptera brookiana albescens On closer examination of the data the species was not considered to be a candidate for review Troides helena On closer examination of the data the species was not considered to be a candidate for review

9 Several species from the family Tridacnidae were selected using the flowchart methodology but a decision was taken to look at trade for the whole family.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 21

SPECIES COMMENT Troides oblongomaculatus On closer examination of the data the species was not considered to be a candidate for review Brachypelmides klaasi On closer examination of the data the species was not considered to be a candidate for review Hirudo medicinalis The majority of the trade is coming from Turkey and it was considered that Turkey has adequate management controls in place for this trade Strombus gigas Work is ongoing on the management and conservation of this species. CORALS Corals for several species and genera were selected for inclusion Antipatharia spp. and however it was considered that it would be difficult to relate volumes of Scleractinia spp. trade reported to actual populations and their status in the wild. Much of the trade is also reported at Class, Order, Family and Genus level making it a difficult group for the significant trade process.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 22

SECTION 2: COUNTRY-LEVEL TRADE INFORMATION

As mentioned in Section 1, following the automatic selection process, an initial group of species was selected as possible candidates for review of significant trade. During the second stage of the selection process followed for this report a pattern emerged identifying general increases in bird exports from the Solomon Islands, notably for the year 2002. The relevant data of bird exports for 1992-2002 are therefore included in this section, see Table 10. The Solomon Islands is not a Party to CITES.

Table 10. Gross exports of wild-sourced Appendix II-listed bird species from the Solomon Islands 1992-2002 (direct exports only) Taxon 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Gallus sonneratii 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 Cacatua ducorpsii 32 66 1170 685 330 174 514 690 90 360 1714 Cacatua ophthalmica 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 Chalcopsitta cardinalis 70 31 490 400 50 30 210 186 0 80 1091 Charmosyna margarethae 0 20 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 200 Eclectus roratus 554 619 858 159 160 181 441 244 0 190 1344 Forpus spp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 Geoffroyus heteroclitus 0 0 361 103 13 0 0 233 0 69 266 Lorius chlorocercus 0 0 1655 212 105 152 346 181 80 130 1370 Platycercus spp. 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 Pyrrhura spp. 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 Trichoglossus haematodus 0 0 530 120 100 50 80 90 0 20 1180 Trichoglossus ornatus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 0 0 0 Aceros plicatus 0 0 0 2 0 10 63 23 0 0 240 Terpsiphone bourbonnensis 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TOTAL 656 736 5074 1706 758 627 1659 1711 170 889 7425

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 23

SECTION 3: WILD COLLECTED ANIMAL SPECIMENS EXPORTED FROM NON-RANGE STATES

This section presents trade data for several animal species that are apparently in trade in relatively high numbers from non-range States, and possibly warrant investigation although perhaps not under the Significant Trade process.

Table 11. Appendix II-listed species in trade from non-range state Taxon Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Ptyas mucosus Malaysia Live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 630 7000 10000 Ptyas mucosus Malaysia Skins 0 0 0 0 0 140000 318000 0 4926 0 0

Hoplobatrachus Viet Nam Meat 0 0 0 88 124540 90977 104223 26010 24005 67010 184986 tigerinus (kg) Hoplobatrachus Viet Nam Meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14967 0 tigerinus

Brachypelma Nicaragua Live 0 0 0 395 2095 2684 1218 1888 1562 664 2629 albopilosum

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 24

SECTION 4: GROSS EXPORTS TRADE TABLE (ATTACHED AS AN EXCEL FILES)

A printable version of the trade data is provided as an attachment to this document (see section 4). This includes: gross exports of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, and fish and invertebrates. A more detailed breakdown of the data is provided in an electronic file. This contains also details of trade on a country-by-country basis for exporting countries. Please note that small differences may be seen in the volumes of trade reported in the country-by- country tables, compared to the data provided in the summary tables (printable version). This is the result of the electronic protocol used in the CITES Trade Database for the calculations of these reports. The method used follows the precautionary principle and, on finding discrepancies between data reported by importers and data reported by exporters, it will always take the higher total. The selected total is therefore sometimes different when making the summary reports on a country-by-country basis, than when summarising the data for all countries at once. For further information on the decision process followed to estimate global and country-level trade estimates, please refer to the CITES Trade Data User Manual, available from UNEP-WCMC.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 25

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 26 SECTION 4: RECORDED GROSS EXPORTS OF APPENDIX-ANIMALS 1997-2002 - No exporter details 1992-1996 values are hidden in columns D-H - Column I provides an average value for years 1992-1996

Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 MAMMALIA: MAMMALS Phalanger orientalis bodies 1000000 Phalanger orientalis live 35 0 18 0000 Phalanger orientalis skins 0010110 Spilocuscus maculatus bodies 1000000 Spilocuscus maculatus live 0000000 Spilocuscus maculatus skins 1.6 1 2 0 27 15 0 Dendrolagus inustus live 00000150 Acerodon celebensis live 0000040 Acerodon humilis live 0000102015 Pteropus giganteus live 1004000 Pteropus hypomelanus bodies 1000000 Pteropus hypomelanus skins 2000000 Pteropus livingstonei live 2000000 Pteropus lylei bodies 0000000 Pteropus niger bodies 0 0 0 20 2 0 0 Pteropus niger live 0670000 Pteropus nitendiensis bodies 1000000 Pteropus pumilus bodies 1000000 Pteropus pumilus skins 1000000 Pteropus rufus bodies 2700000 Pteropus rufus live 27 234 116 60 40 0 0 Pteropus seychellensis live 000012000 Pteropus tokudae bodies 2000000 Pteropus vampyrus bodies 0000100 Pteropus vampyrus live 296 1250 0 0 12 0 30 Pteropus vampyrus meat kg 40 000000 Pteropus vampyrus skins 0100000 Pteropus voeltzkowi bodies 0.2 000000 Pteropus voeltzkowi live 2000000 Dendrogale melanura bodies 0000000 Tupaia dorsalis bodies 0002000 Tupaia glis live 21 0 40 35 40 0 0 Tupaia minor live 0000060 Tupaia montana bodies 0003000 Tupaia nicobarica live 24 000000 Arctocebus calabarensis live 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 Nycticebus coucang bodies 12 000000 Nycticebus coucang live 9653000 Nycticebus coucang skins 0000000 Nycticebus pygmaeus bodies 0200000 Nycticebus pygmaeus live 0201100 Nycticebus pygmaeus skins 0000000 Perodicticus potto live 137 20 18 10 0 0 0 Perodicticus potto trophies 0000100 Euoticus elegantulus live 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 Galago alleni live 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 Galago alleni trophies 1000000 Galago moholi live 4 160 02000 Galago moholi skins 0000000 Galago moholi trophies 0.2 000010 Galago senegalensis bodies 0010000 Galago senegalensis live 228 160 402 10 0 50 0 Galago senegalensis skins 1000000 Galago senegalensis trophies 1000011 Galagoides demidoff live 133 80 320 5 25 50 0 Galagoides zanzibaricus trophies 0101000

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 27 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Otolemur crassicaudatus live 5 65 2 14 0 0 0 Otolemur crassicaudatus skins 0000000 Otolemur crassicaudatus trophies 2001010 Tarsius bancanus live 2020000 Tarsius spectrum live 0000000 Callithrix argentata live 1000000 Callithrix geoffroyi live 3000550 Callithrix jacchus live 7200000 Callithrix kuhlii bodies 00005000 Callithrix penicillata live 0000000 Callithrix pygmaea live 34012138 Callithrix pygmaea trophies 1000000 Saguinus fuscicollis live 10201205 Saguinus fuscicollis skins 0000000 Saguinus imperator live 34001200 Saguinus labiatus live 0.8 20 00000 Saguinus midas live 46 207 260 241 201 93 134 Saguinus mystax live 54 52 50 16 42 0 60 Saguinus mystax skins 0000000 Saguinus nigricollis live 04000100 Alouatta caraya live 3000330 Alouatta pigra live 0001000 Alouatta seniculus live 0200030 Aotus nancymaae live 24 46 26 120 116 71 32 Aotus trivirgatus live 29 000000 Aotus vociferans live 5 10 24 50 30 33 26 Ateles belzebuth live 0000000 Ateles geoffroyi live 0600004 Ateles geoffroyi geoffroyi live 0000000 Ateles paniscus live 2400000 Callicebus cupreus skins 0000000 Callicebus personatus skins 0000000 Cebus albifrons live 1 0 20 44 9 16 0 Cebus apella live 67 200 205 324 191 215 137 Cebus capucinus live 1108700 Cebus olivaceus live 0 0 72 58 99 123 40 Chiropotes satanas live 00000100 Lagothrix lagotricha live 1000030 Pithecia pithecia live 0003000 Saimiri boliviensis live 65.4 15 76 65 42 0 0 Saimiri sciureus live 1280 1965 1508 2461 1285 743 855 Allenopithecus nigroviridis live 0010000 Allenopithecus nigroviridis trophies 0000000 Cercocebus agilis live 0200000 Cercocebus agilis trophies 0021000 Cercocebus galeritus live 0000000 Cercocebus galeritus trophies 0020000 Cercocebus torquatus live 7002004 Cercocebus torquatus trophies 1000000 Cercopithecus ascanius live 4002600 Cercopithecus ascanius trophies 1000000 Cercopithecus cephus live 3111110 Cercopithecus cephus trophies 1335510 Cercopithecus dryas trophies 0000000 Cercopithecus erythrogaster live 0000000 Cercopithecus erythrotis trophies 0000000 Cercopithecus hamlyni live 1000000 Cercopithecus mitis bodies 1000000 Cercopithecus mitis live 2 17 8 5 11 0 0 Cercopithecus mitis plates 0000000 Cercopithecus mitis skins 0110001

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 28 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Cercopithecus mitis trophies 1320120 Cercopithecus mona bodies 0000000 Cercopithecus mona live 83.4 45 27 33 14 1 14 Cercopithecus mona skins 0050000 Cercopithecus mona trophies 0000000 Cercopithecus neglectus live 00001000 Cercopithecus nictitans live 10001100 Cercopithecus nictitans skins 0102000 Cercopithecus nictitans trophies 1445511 Cercopithecus petaurista live 133 45 37 36 22 5 4 Cercopithecus petaurista trophies 1000000 Cercopithecus pogonias live 0000001 Cercopithecus pogonias trophies 1300020 Cercopithecus wolfi bodies 0000000 Cercopithecus wolfi live 0000400 Chlorocebus aethiops bodies 37131811 Chlorocebus aethiops live 1880 5048 2757 2983 5008 4792 2310 Chlorocebus aethiops skins 7 7 15 40 42 44 56 Chlorocebus aethiops trophies 86 96 63 69 114 115 296 Colobus angolensis live 12 000000 Colobus guereza live 5000000 Colobus guereza plates 3000000 Colobus guereza skins 6044610 Colobus guereza trophies 6422248 Colobus polykomos live 14 000000 Colobus satanas trophies 0000100 Erythrocebus patas live 122.4 16 161 140 155 54 12 Erythrocebus patas trophies 1100001 Lophocebus albigena trophies 1431300 Lophocebus albigena aterrimus live 2100400 Macaca arctoides live 6000000 Macaca assamensis bodies 0000000 Macaca assamensis live 1000000 Macaca fascicularis bodies 4000000 Macaca fascicularis live 7624 4262 3851 3458 3210 2205 2895 Macaca fascicularis trophies 0000000 Macaca fuscata live 21 0060500 Macaca mulatta bodies 0000000 Macaca mulatta live 418 212 154 104 336 128 48 Macaca nemestrina bodies 0081000 Macaca nemestrina live 746 3 42 2010 Macaca nigra live 1001000 Macaca sylvanus bodies 0000000 Macaca sylvanus live 0002000 Miopithecus talapoin live 34 110 204 234 25 22 0 Papio hamadryas bodies 1000021 Papio hamadryas live 12 0 162 39 32 7 0 Papio hamadryas skins 1 3 24 7 24 20 13 Papio hamadryas trophies 12 24 53 86 153 95 103 Papio hamadryas anubis bodies 1 0 18 0000 Papio hamadryas anubis live 528.6 778 548 818 417 165 46 Papio hamadryas anubis skins 4376425 Papio hamadryas anubis trophies 66 139 137 145 127 140 129 Papio hamadryas cynocephalus bodies 0000000 Papio hamadryas cynocephalus live 4 20 00010 Papio hamadryas cynocephalus skins 2 1 12 9762 Papio hamadryas cynocephalus trophies 14 13 28 15 75 13 33 Papio hamadryas papio live 0000000 Papio hamadryas papio trophies 3030225 Papio hamadryas ursinus bodies 11 5 5 4 33 2 1 Papio hamadryas ursinus live 188 140 1 88 1 14 0

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 29 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Papio hamadryas ursinus skins 25 33 53 52 81 48 52 Papio hamadryas ursinus trophies 333 323 304 366 388 561 909 Papio hamadryas ursinus trophies kg 0000000 Presbytis frontata skins 0050000 Presbytis hosei skins 0 0 10 0000 Presbytis melalophos skins 0070000 Presbytis rubicunda skins 0050000 Procolobus badius live 0010000 Theropithecus gelada live 0001000 Theropithecus gelada skins 0000000 Theropithecus gelada trophies 0000122 Trachypithecus auratus live 0000300 Trachypithecus cristatus live 02000060 Trachypithecus obscurus live 0.2 000000 Myrmecophaga tridactyla live 341220511 Bradypus variegatus bodies 0010000 Bradypus variegatus live 0032000 Manis gigantea bodies 0001000 Manis javanica bodies 1000000 Manis javanica live 1 0 12 0 50 0 0 Manis javanica scales kg 2286 000000 Manis javanica skins 11881 2269 18685 29747 27661 0 0 Manis javanica skins kg 816 0 0 870 0 0 0 Manis javanica skins m2 86 000000 Manis pentadactyla bodies 0000000 Manis pentadactyla live 1200000 Manis pentadactyla meat kg 0001000 Manis pentadactyla scales kg 0 500 00000 Manis pentadactyla skins 1000 500 1 400 1000 0 0 Manis pentadactyla skins kg 200 000000 Manis tetradactyla live 0020008 Manis tetradactyla skins 0000100 Manis tricuspis live 61255116 Manis tricuspis trophies 0012000 Ratufa affinis live 0500000 Ratufa affinis skins 0000000 Delphinapterus leucas bone carvings 0000000 Delphinapterus leucas live 1.6 2 12 26 13 12 3 Delphinapterus leucas meat 1100010 Delphinapterus leucas meat kg 906 814 585 13200 0 4 41 Delphinapterus leucas teeth 16 65 0 630 0 8 0 Monodon monoceros bone carvings 0000010 Monodon monoceros bodies 0100030 Monodon monoceros carvings 535 544 248 743 34 23 193 Monodon monoceros horns 0000002 Monodon monoceros horn products kg 0000000 Monodon monoceros ivory products 9 10 9 27 0 4 0 Monodon monoceros live 0000060 Monodon monoceros meat 211 1012 00010 Monodon monoceros meat kg 352 618 2558 0 0 30 637 Monodon monoceros plates 0000000 Monodon monoceros skins 12 000000 Monodon monoceros skins kg 0000080 Monodon monoceros teeth 89 28 25 757 675 13 30 Monodon monoceros teeth kg 0 0 26 5000 Monodon monoceros trophies 0000000 Monodon monoceros tusks 272 323 193 182 105 112 95 Monodon monoceros tusks kg 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 Cephalorhynchus hectori bodies 0000000 Delphinus delphis bone carvings 1030000 Delphinus delphis bodies 0100002

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 30 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Delphinus delphis live 0.2 000000 Delphinus delphis skins 1000000 Globicephala melas bodies 1000000 Globicephala melas meat 5 181 00000 Globicephala melas meat kg 248 735 332 70 120 120 120 Globicephala melas trophies 0000010 Lagenorhynchus acutus bodies 1000000 Lagenorhynchus albirostris bodies 1000000 Lagenorhynchus obliquidens live 0000020 Lagenorhynchus obliquidens trophies 0000200 Orcaella brevirostris bodies 0000000 Orcaella brevirostris live 1000000 Orcinus orca live 0000001 Pseudorca crassidens live 0233000 Stenella attenuata bodies 0000100 Stenella longirostris bodies 0000300 Tursiops truncatus bodies 0000002 Tursiops truncatus live 25 36 46 49 49 29 38 Tursiops truncatus aduncus live 5 10 14 4603 Tursiops truncatus gilli live 0100000 Tursiops truncatus ponticus live 0000040 Phocoena phocoena bodies 0 25 00100 Phocoena phocoena live 0000000 Phocoena phocoena meat kg 2000000 Balaenoptera acutorostrata meat 282.6 438 00000 Balaenoptera acutorostrata meat kg 1559 810 3084 346 20 0 855 Canis lupus bodies 70 136 83 176 53 140 206 Canis lupus live 25 61 8 13 2 33 0 Canis lupus meat kg 18 000070 Canis lupus plates 474 57 209 111 124 121 160 Canis lupus plates kg 0000100 Canis lupus skins 4730 4920 4904 5433 3319 3912 3065 Canis lupus skins kg 0000101 Canis lupus trophies 223 254 220 401 364 336 361 Cerdocyon thous bodies 0000000 Cerdocyon thous live 0000417 Chrysocyon brachyurus live 1000000 Cuon alpinus live 1000000 Pseudalopex culpaeus garments skins 0 70 0 126 0 0 1962 Pseudalopex culpaeus plates 0000002 Pseudalopex culpaeus plates kg 000002320 Pseudalopex culpaeus skins 813 514 6703 57 521 7218 16253 Pseudalopex culpaeus skins kg 100 0 2250 0000 Pseudalopex culpaeus skin pieces skins 0 0 166 1000 Pseudalopex griseus garments skins 0 22628 0 2661 0 0 6324 Pseudalopex griseus plates 6530 56 21 78 897 60 62 Pseudalopex griseus plates kg 00002526 890 160 Pseudalopex griseus plates skins 000000168 Pseudalopex griseus skins 25675.6 20913 37049 17564 23150 42863 125059 Pseudalopex griseus skins kg 161 57 263 63 1028 23 299 Pseudalopex griseus skin pieces skins 0 2568 128 2167 0 0 0 Pseudalopex griseus trophies 0113041 Pseudalopex gymnocercus live 0000510 Vulpes cana trophies 1000000 Vulpes zerda bodies 1000000 Vulpes zerda live 231 20 17 105 0 40 43 Vulpes zerda trophies 0000020 Ursus americanus bodies 1718 2748 4464 2002 928 619 698 Ursus americanus bodies kg 9090000 Ursus americanus gall bladders 473 453 123 557 0 8 33 Ursus americanus gall bladders kg 0000030

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 31 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Ursus americanus live 14 12 136 1 2 13 3 Ursus americanus meat 322 410 648 487 58 131 46 Ursus americanus meat kg 171954 186778 191227 165570 2268 5876 6614 Ursus americanus meat shipments 0000100 Ursus americanus plates 211 388 306 654 753 5513 904 Ursus americanus plates kg 0000010 Ursus americanus skins 10797 12033 11074 12892 1050 4472 6319 Ursus americanus skins kg 369 0 91 112 21 48 0 Ursus americanus trophies 7222 9072 7090 8250 7570 5655 6576 Ursus americanus trophies kg 208 10 10 0 0 145 306 Ursus arctos bodies 33 58 27 52 12 38 25 Ursus arctos gall bladders 8.4 000000 Ursus arctos gall bladders kg 2 18 0 3 0 10 0 Ursus arctos live 73 42 60 27 24 31 6 Ursus arctos meat 5010300 Ursus arctos meat kg 1388 3538 250 1408 900 0 95 Ursus arctos plates 12 10 22 9 13 11 16 Ursus arctos skins 311 321 280 303 133 192 212 Ursus arctos trophies 456 391 590 642 771 666 524 Ursus arctos horribilis bodies 22 510040 Ursus arctos horribilis live 1000030 Ursus arctos horribilis plates 4 12 4 15 19 33 5 Ursus arctos horribilis skins 15 13 11 7 22 38 21 Ursus arctos horribilis trophies 82 83 29 32 53 62 53 Ursus arctos middendorffi bodies 0010000 Ursus arctos middendorffi plates 1020002 Ursus arctos middendorffi skins 0000000 Ursus arctos middendorffi trophies 2773110 Ursus arctos richardsoni bodies 0000100 Ursus arctos richardsoni live 0000000 Ursus arctos richardsoni plates 0002000 Ursus arctos richardsoni skins 3210200 Ursus arctos richardsoni trophies 5742001 Ursus maritimus bodies 10 26 23 50 7 39 33 Ursus maritimus gall bladders 3000000 Ursus maritimus live 3.2 10 0 1 0 12 0 Ursus maritimus meat 0100000 Ursus maritimus meat kg 0100000 Ursus maritimus plates 78 3 54 0111 Ursus maritimus skins 279 472 352 412 93 116 169 Ursus maritimus trophies 26 105 85 136 88 82 93 Ursus maritimus tusks 0012000 Amblonyx cinereus live 1000000 Aonyx capensis bodies 0000000 Aonyx capensis live 1077024 Aonyx capensis skins 0000001 Aonyx capensis trophies 0000002 Conepatus humboldtii garments skins 0 0 0 2550 0 0 0 Conepatus humboldtii plates 0 0 0 69 0 0 0 Conepatus humboldtii skins 694 24 900 1550 9970 1980 1 Conepatus humboldtii skins kg 00000380 Enhydra lutris bodies 0020000 Enhydra lutris live 9760060 Enhydra lutris skins 1000000 Lontra spp. skins 0 0 231 0 0 891 0 Lontra canadensis bodies 10 14 13 598 2 7 18 Lontra canadensis live 60601172 Lontra canadensis plates 262 270 01000 Lontra canadensis skins 36084 52090 31323 40482 28242 38375 44481 Lontra canadensis skins kg 8000000 Lontra canadensis trophies 48 4 112 24 11 11 6

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 32 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Lutra spp. skins 546 1380 7800 7938 0 0 230 Lutra maculicollis live 10989163 Lutra maculicollis trophies 0000001 Lutrogale perspicillata live 1200000 Mellivora capensis trophies 0100000 Mustela sibirica bodies 4000000 Civettictis civetta trophies 00000083 Cryptoprocta ferox bodies 0000000 Cryptoprocta ferox live 1047242412 Cynogale bennettii bodies 00001000 Eupleres goudotii live 00001050 Fossa fossana live 082010210 Hemigalus derbyanus live 4830100 Paradoxurus hermaphroditus live 0000100 Prionodon linsang live 1000000 Viverra civettina live 0 0 135 0000 Caracal caracal bodies 4235442 Caracal caracal live 21 11 4 6 4 10 13 Caracal caracal plates 2000110 Caracal caracal skins 189 19 181 113 101 90 112 Caracal caracal trophies 67 134 152 148 252 281 478 Caracal caracal trophies kg 0000010 Catopuma badia bodies 0000020 Catopuma badia live 0000200 Catopuma temminckii live 0000020 Felis chaus bodies 0000000 Felis chaus live 2000000 Felis chaus trophies 0001000 Felis margarita live 1050035 Felis silvestris bodies 21101302 Felis silvestris live 5130400 Felis silvestris plates 0000000 Felis silvestris skins 120 16 42 56 125 21 9 Felis silvestris trophies 34 57 39 55 76 80 62 Felis silvestris libyca bodies 0100010 Felis silvestris libyca live 1200100 Felis silvestris libyca plates 0000001 Felis silvestris libyca skins 322 100117 Felis silvestris libyca trophies 20 11 039672 Felis silvestris ornata bodies 0000000 Felis silvestris silvestris live 1000000 Felis silvestris silvestris trophies 0000000 Leptailurus serval bodies 1011700 Leptailurus serval live 8 0 10 9 2 1 18 Leptailurus serval plates 2000000 Leptailurus serval skins 12 6 10 7 69 12 3 Leptailurus serval trophies 25.2 47 40 47 56 61 59 Lynx canadensis bodies 35 53 45 84 22 171 88 Lynx canadensis live 4 2 8 24 46 9 7 Lynx canadensis meat kg 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 Lynx canadensis plates 27 13 3 94 7 12 6 Lynx canadensis skins 8330 4622 8632 7394 5775 15663 14664 Lynx canadensis skins kg 000020354 Lynx canadensis trophies 34 46 48 89 81 82 119 Lynx lynx bodies 2 1 5 14 7 8 1 Lynx lynx live 6012200 Lynx lynx plates 0010010 Lynx lynx skins 1078 885 712 783 894 621 124 Lynx lynx trophies 10 6 16 26 43 20 9 Lynx lynx lynx trophies 0000000 Lynx rufus bodies 5 18 8 354 8 13 35

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 33 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Lynx rufus live 7 121 0 325 0 1 0 Lynx rufus meat kg 1000000 Lynx rufus plates 128 60 96 725 2 3 4 Lynx rufus skins 15447 9997 13505 18464 14616 24152 20634 Lynx rufus skins kg 0 11 00000 Lynx rufus trophies 10 13 19 44 29 31 26 Lynx rufus escuinapae bodies 1120200 Lynx rufus escuinapae skins 5051200 Lynx rufus escuinapae trophies 0010010 Oncifelis colocolo bodies 0000002 Oncifelis colocolo trophies 0000000 Oncifelis guigna bodies 0001002 Otocolobus manul bodies 0000200 Otocolobus manul live 45111060 Panthera leo bodies 10 9 6 2 18 2 4 Panthera leo live 33 15 8 29 11 4 40 Panthera leo plates 5 3 4 17 13 4 17 Panthera leo skins 134 174 191 185 205 67 33 Panthera leo trophies 574 513 461 512 603 443 449 Panthera pardus trophies 0000000 Prionailurus bengalensis bodies 6002100 Prionailurus bengalensis live 3026002 Prionailurus bengalensis plates 3263 20682 6902 1100 6669 812 7735 Prionailurus bengalensis plates m2 0 0 200 0000 Prionailurus bengalensis skins 2582 17999 9050 5251 19470 3077 1400 Prionailurus bengalensis trophies 0000002 Prionailurus bengalensis chinensis plates 41 500 2278 6571 7841 20843 16548 Prionailurus bengalensis chinensis skins 0 0 6950 15350 34745 17382 14559 Prionailurus viverrinus live 3000000 Prionailurus viverrinus skins 0000400 Profelis aurata live 00001020 Profelis aurata skins 10 000000 Profelis aurata trophies 0000100 Puma concolor bodies 22.2 36 21 6 6 23 39 Puma concolor live 3432122 Puma concolor meat 0 0 14 1042 Puma concolor meat kg 128 201 198 14 33 18 64 Puma concolor plates 4 16 15 6 11 13 28 Puma concolor skins 99 195 238 88 95 233 209 Puma concolor trophies 95 122 112 214 203 172 147 Puma concolor trophies kg 0000000 Puma concolor missoulensis bodies 1000000 Puma concolor missoulensis meat kg 7000000 Puma concolor missoulensis skins 8800000 Puma concolor missoulensis trophies 0200000 Arctocephalus australis live 3 0 0 12 0 1 15 Arctocephalus australis skins 706 10 00000 Arctocephalus australis trophies 0030000 Arctocephalus gazella bodies 1000000 Arctocephalus gazella live 1002000 Arctocephalus gazella skins 0 48 00000 Arctocephalus pusillus bodies 1000000 Arctocephalus pusillus gall bladders kg 000019700 Arctocephalus pusillus live 20 16 48 24 12 66 12 Arctocephalus pusillus meat kg 00005000 Arctocephalus pusillus skins 32887 23950 6014 2207 48736 20863 117409 Arctocephalus pusillus trophies 1310041 Arctocephalus tropicalis live 0000020 Mirounga leonina live 1000000 Mirounga leonina skins 0 14 00000 Monachus monachus tusks 0040000

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 34 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Orycteropus afer bodies 0000000 Orycteropus afer skins 0001000 Orycteropus afer trophies 1000000 Loxodonta africana bodies 00010010 Loxodonta africana ivory products 01003092936 Loxodonta africana live 0 0 32 0 32 32 60 Loxodonta africana plates 0 0 0 1045 13 0 0 Loxodonta africana plates m2 00001000 Loxodonta africana skins 0 3 3528 6019 3793 3973 932 Loxodonta africana skins m 0006000 Loxodonta africana skins m2 0 0 0 1067 10 0 11204 Loxodonta africana trophies 0 106 268 407 458 378 391 Loxodonta africana tusks 0 118 294 782 471 682 709 Loxodonta africana tusks kg 0 0 350 87781 6551 7257 0 Trichechus senegalensis live 1000000 Equus hemionus live 0000000 Equus hemionus trophies 0001000 Equus hemionus kulan live 0000000 Equus kiang live 0000000 Equus zebra skins 85 000000 Equus zebra trophies 2.8 000000 Equus zebra hartmannae bodies 4000101 Equus zebra hartmannae live 17 140 30 0000 Equus zebra hartmannae plates 0120401 Equus zebra hartmannae skins 934 2816 1568 1616 1809 933 913 Equus zebra hartmannae trophies 433 180 236 223 253 895 785 Tapirus terrestris live 1000000 Ceratotherium simum bodies 0010000 Ceratotherium simum horns 1 14 118 7000 Ceratotherium simum live 2 2 43 16 4 0 0 Ceratotherium simum skins 0 0 42 2000 Ceratotherium simum trophies 0 3 59 8010 Ceratotherium simum simum bodies 0103005 Ceratotherium simum simum horns 5 37 11 84 75 95 3 Ceratotherium simum simum live 5 4 2 20 14 20 11 Ceratotherium simum simum plates 0000400 Ceratotherium simum simum skins 1 6 5 23 47 47 2 Ceratotherium simum simum trophies 11 48 57 66 68 55 98 Pecari tajacu live 0 0 600 2000 Pecari tajacu plates 400 000000 Pecari tajacu skins 59905 67335 55908 60431 49456 45093 50390 Pecari tajacu skins kg 115 1075 0 0 590 12 0 Pecari tajacu trophies 5 25 3 8 27 0 0 Tayassu spp. skins 6449 0 450 0000 Tayassu spp. skins kg 77.8 000000 Tayassu pecari bodies 0000001 Tayassu pecari live 60 002100 Tayassu pecari skins 20505 38816 18118 27087 20007 17642 10541 Tayassu pecari skins kg 24 0 0 0 2271 45 0 Tayassu pecari trophies 2 11 9 5 35 0 1 Hexaprotodon liberiensis live 1000000 Hippopotamus amphibius bodies 0000000 Hippopotamus amphibius horns 0000000 Hippopotamus amphibius ivory products 2 0 360 0000 Hippopotamus amphibius live 0 9 50 7001 Hippopotamus amphibius meat kg 0 112 00000 Hippopotamus amphibius plates 0000300 Hippopotamus amphibius skins 1192 6100 101 6529 1165 405 37 Hippopotamus amphibius skins kg 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 Hippopotamus amphibius skins m 165 874 00000 Hippopotamus amphibius skins m2 40000146

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 35 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Hippopotamus amphibius teeth 14260 3032 4161 10885 4092 3888 1108 Hippopotamus amphibius teeth kg 6102 14785 13203 13461 20513 12520 9168 Hippopotamus amphibius trophies 177 359 352 341 565 349 378 Hippopotamus amphibius trophies kg 000000505 Hippopotamus amphibius tusks 94 105 347 345 617 615 334 Hippopotamus amphibius tusks kg 0 0 0 20 7 0 0 Lama guanicoe cloth 20 20 30 5 0 10 0 Lama guanicoe cloth kg 0 0 0 1.8 0 0 0 Lama guanicoe cloth m 0 113 00000 Lama guanicoe garments skins 0 3286 380 2750 0 0 48 Lama guanicoe hair kg 1351 500 1808 2112 8 713 827 Lama guanicoe live 3000000 Lama guanicoe meat kg 0 0 0 1908 0 0 0 Lama guanicoe plates 486 0 102 11 0 0 150 Lama guanicoe skins 1195 147 4932 1632 657 465 6 Lama guanicoe trophies 0000000 Vicugna vicugna cloth 48 000000 Vicugna vicugna cloth kg 154 00000597 Vicugna vicugna cloth m 423 95 61 69 27 31 72 Vicugna vicugna cloth m2 0 0 0 49 0 0 15 Vicugna vicugna fibres kg 616 751 2050 1752 0 0 96 Vicugna vicugna hair kg 770 241 2050 1752 2007 2239 2692 Vicugna vicugna live 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 Vicugna vicugna skins 15 000000 Vicugna vicugna trophies 0000000 Moschus spp. derivatives 384 648 285 533 180 1034 452 Moschus spp. derivatives flasks 0 0 0 29400 0 0 2 Moschus spp. derivatives shipments 0 0 500 18200 1 0 21 Moschus berezovskii derivatives shipments 40040000 Moschus chrysogaster derivatives 0000020000 20000 Moschus chrysogaster derivatives shipments 00002000 Moschus moschiferus bodies 0.2 000100 Moschus moschiferus derivatives 662640 318510 114000 148000 179000 112050 680000 Moschus moschiferus derivatives cases 21 000000 Moschus moschiferus derivatives kg 0 42 50220 Moschus moschiferus derivatives shipments 99816 29011 5016 1815 9764 5890 15500 Moschus moschiferus live 1000000 Moschus moschiferus musk 23 000000 Moschus moschiferus musk kg 272 48 31 60 70 55 25 Moschus moschiferus musk pieces 170 000000 Moschus moschiferus skins 1000000 Moschus moschiferus trophies 1010412 Cervus elaphus bactrianus trophies 0000001 Ammotragus lervia bodies 0030000 Ammotragus lervia horns 0200000 Ammotragus lervia live 1020000 Ammotragus lervia skins 0 3 15 1111 Ammotragus lervia trophies 7 17 26 15 35 44 46 Bison bison athabascae bodies 0100001 Bison bison athabascae live 00000414 Bison bison athabascae meat kg 00005270 Bison bison athabascae skins 0000035 Bison bison athabascae trophies 0022013 Budorcas taxicolor live 1010000 Budorcas taxicolor trophies 1239435 Capra falconeri live 1.2 000000 Cephalophus dorsalis live 0004020 Cephalophus dorsalis skins 19315015 Cephalophus dorsalis trophies 11 15 12 25 17 8 13 Cephalophus monticola bodies 1011021 Cephalophus monticola horns 2030401

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 36 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Cephalophus monticola live 1 3 13 17 4 7 0 Cephalophus monticola skins 5 5 33 38 13 6 3 Cephalophus monticola trophies 58 86 157 169 135 128 124 Cephalophus ogilbyi live 0020000 Cephalophus ogilbyi trophies 0103300 Cephalophus silvicultor live 0000110 Cephalophus silvicultor skins 1062110 Cephalophus silvicultor trophies 16 17 8 17 18 5 8 Cephalophus zebra skins 0000100 Cephalophus zebra skins m2 0000000 Cephalophus zebra trophies 0002700 Damaliscus pygargus live 0 0 4 20 0 0 0 Damaliscus pygargus skins 0070100 Damaliscus pygargus trophies 168414112 Damaliscus pygargus pygargus bodies 0010010 Damaliscus pygargus pygargus horns 1022000 Damaliscus pygargus pygargus live 0 70 44800 Damaliscus pygargus pygargus skins 0 4 67 30 5 9 2 Damaliscus pygargus pygargus trophies 20.8 95 158 7367 164 157 196 Kobus leche bodies 0332010 Kobus leche horns 2043676 Kobus leche live 1 0 2 21 3 0 0 Kobus leche meat shipments 0000000 Kobus leche skins 9 7 76 23 9 15 10 Kobus leche trophies 278 310 325 383 395 301 363 Kobus leche trophies kg 0 40 00000 Kobus leche kafuensis bodies 0200000 Kobus leche kafuensis horns 0006020 Kobus leche kafuensis meat kg 0000007 Kobus leche kafuensis skins 11 7 11 3700 Kobus leche kafuensis trophies 63 34 125 116 22 41 44 Kobus leche smithemani bodies 0000000 Kobus leche smithemani horns 1000000 Kobus leche smithemani skins 5215410 Kobus leche smithemani trophies 31 6 81 71 17 14 4 Ovis ammon bodies 0 1 0 60 0 1 0 Ovis ammon horns 2500602 Ovis ammon live 0000100 Ovis ammon skins 4 10 33603 Ovis ammon trophies 27 72 35 53 81 50 69 Ovis ammon ammon horns 0030000 Ovis ammon ammon skins 0000010 Ovis ammon ammon trophies 7.8 16 12 20 15 13 8 Ovis ammon dalailamae skins 0010200 Ovis ammon dalailamae trophies 2 2 9 10 10 3 10 Ovis ammon darwini horns 0004000 Ovis ammon darwini live 0020000 Ovis ammon darwini skins 0000200 Ovis ammon darwini trophies 6 1 27 43 34 33 0 Ovis ammon karelini trophies 1128536 Ovis canadensis bodies 0100000 Ovis canadensis horns 0000200 Ovis canadensis skins 0000010 Ovis canadensis trophies 6 21 44 60 75 70 85 Ovis vignei horns 0000028 Ovis vignei skins 0000034 Ovis vignei trophies 000033335 Saiga tatarica derivatives 41 218400 315277 220800 313250 220000 22 Saiga tatarica derivatives flasks 0000700 Saiga tatarica derivatives kg 1 650 640 640 572 980 191 Saiga tatarica derivatives shipments 553 1315 21063 1421 500306 603 0

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 37 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Saiga tatarica horns 0000201 Saiga tatarica horns kg 1780 2433 0 0 0 19000 3000 Saiga tatarica live 10 30 0 40 0 26 0 Saiga tatarica skins 1100000 Saiga tatarica trophies 5022101 Saiga tatarica mongolica derivatives 0040000

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 38 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 AVES: BIRDS Rhea americana eggs 1.4 50 00000 Rhea americana live 1003000 Rhea americana skins 1406 4000 07600 Rhea americana albescens eggs 2000000 Rhea americana albescens skins 10371 7000 2000 0600 Rhea americana albescens skins m2 4000000 Spheniscus demersus bodies 0000000 Spheniscus demersus live 5980001 Balaeniceps rex bodies 0.2 001000 Balaeniceps rex live 22241240 Ciconia nigra bodies 0000002 Ciconia nigra live 1110123 Eudocimus ruber live 0 10 00000 Geronticus calvus bodies 0000011 Geronticus calvus trophies 0000001 Platalea leucorodia live 1000000 Phoenicopterus chilensis bodies 0100000 Phoenicopterus chilensis live 18 000000 Phoenicopterus minor bodies 0010004 Phoenicopterus minor live 1007 1363 1338 1244 2022 803 855 Phoenicopterus minor skins 0 1 0 20 0 0 0 Phoenicopterus minor trophies 0021000 Phoenicopterus ruber bodies 0000100 Phoenicopterus ruber live 647 683 182 527 1122 851 380 Phoenicopterus ruber skins 0020000 Phoenicopterus ruber roseus bodies 1000000 Phoenicopterus ruber roseus live 28 110 70 0 32 10 93 Alopochen aegyptiacus trophies 0000001 Anas bernieri live 1.6 430000 Anas capensis bodies 0000002 Anas capensis trophies 0000010 Anas formosa bodies 0000000 Anas formosa trophies 0000010 Coscoroba coscoroba live 1000000 Cygnus melanocorypha live 2000000 Dendrocygna arborea live 1000000 Dendrocygna autumnalis live 00000040 Dendrocygna bicolor live 00000010 Dendrocygna viduata live 00000010 Nettapus auritus live 00000400 Pteronetta hartlaubii trophies 0000001 Sarkidiornis melanotos bodies 0022100 Sarkidiornis melanotos live 21 2 0 0 10 2 0 Sarkidiornis melanotos skins 0002000 Sarkidiornis melanotos trophies 2322436 Pandion haliaetus bodies 1111002 Pandion haliaetus eggs 8 15 02000 Pandion haliaetus live 5005000 Pandion haliaetus skins 0.4 010000 Accipiter badius bodies 0000001 Accipiter badius live 00000200 Accipiter badius trophies 0000000 Accipiter bicolor live 0400000 Accipiter butleri trophies 1000000 Accipiter cirrocephalus bodies 0001000 Accipiter cooperii bodies 1000000 Accipiter cooperii live 1600000 Accipiter cooperii trophies 0000100 Accipiter erythropus live 00000200 Accipiter fasciatus bodies 0001000

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 39 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Accipiter fasciatus skins 0000010 Accipiter francesii live 0010000 Accipiter gentilis bodies 6242533 Accipiter gentilis eggs 0000000 Accipiter gentilis live 38 110 111 143 225 210 8 Accipiter gentilis skins 0302000 Accipiter gularis live 1000000 Accipiter gularis skins 0000100 Accipiter haplochrous bodies 0.2 000000 Accipiter henstii bodies 0000000 Accipiter madagascariensis bodies 0000000 Accipiter madagascariensis live 0000001 Accipiter melanoleucus bodies 0000000 Accipiter melanoleucus live 0 0 10 0 21 20 4 Accipiter minullus live 000003560 Accipiter nisus bodies 11 423265 Accipiter nisus eggs 0010000 Accipiter nisus live 700959500 Accipiter nisus skins 4304000 Accipiter rufiventris bodies 0000001 Accipiter rufiventris trophies 0000001 Accipiter soloensis bodies 0000002 Accipiter soloensis skins 0000100 Accipiter striatus bodies 1321000 Accipiter striatus skins 0000000 Accipiter superciliosus bodies 0000101 Accipiter tachiro bodies 0000010 Accipiter tachiro skins 1010000 Accipiter tachiro trophies 0000001 Accipiter toussenelii live 00000100 Accipiter trivirgatus skins 0000000 Accipiter virgatus bodies 0000000 Accipiter virgatus live 1000000 Accipiter virgatus skins 1000000 Aegypius monachus bodies 1000200 Aegypius monachus live 0400000 Aegypius monachus trophies 0000011 Aquila chrysaetos bodies 2100012 Aquila chrysaetos eggs 1000000 Aquila chrysaetos live 1 10 16 24 6 6 0 Aquila chrysaetos skins 000015200 Aquila chrysaetos trophies 0100000 Aquila clanga bodies 0000000 Aquila clanga live 0000000 Aquila nipalensis bodies 0100000 Aquila nipalensis live 0 31 14 70 4 0 0 Aquila nipalensis skins 0000001 Aquila pomarina live 0004420 Aquila rapax bodies 6.6 001000 Aquila rapax eggs 2000000 Aquila rapax live 2 42 230 99 110 81 13 Aquila rapax skins 0020002 Aquila rapax trophies 0100000 Aquila verreauxii bodies 5100000 Aquila verreauxii live 0 0 10 1 0 28 1 Aquila vinhiana live 0000000 Aquila wahlbergi live 0 2 12 30 4 10 1 Asturina nitida bodies 0100000 Asturina nitida live 0100000 Asturina nitida skins 0100000 Aviceda cuculoides live 00000100

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 40 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Butastur rufipennis live 00001018 Butastur rufipennis skins 0000100 Butastur rufipennis trophies 0000100 Buteo albicaudatus bodies 0000010 Buteo albigula bodies 0010000 Buteo albonotatus live 0 0 17 43 42 0 0 Buteo auguralis live 00003102 Buteo buteo bodies 15 2 4 11 10 10 7 Buteo buteo eggs 2000000 Buteo buteo live 2 5 7 49 42 0 0 Buteo buteo skins 4 16 0 16 0 0 0 Buteo buteo trophies 0000000 Buteo hemilasius eggs 0000001 Buteo jamaicensis bodies 3120220 Buteo jamaicensis live 0100003 Buteo jamaicensis skins 0000001 Buteo jamaicensis trophies 0000100 Buteo lagopus bodies 2223121 Buteo lagopus live 0000001 Buteo lagopus skins 0001010 Buteo leucorrhous bodies 0010000 Buteo magnirostris bodies 1030003 Buteo magnirostris live 0000400 Buteo magnirostris skins 0101100 Buteo oreophilus live 0000500 Buteo platypterus live 0 2 8 33 26 0 0 Buteo poecilochrous live 0 0 11 27 31 0 0 Buteo polyosoma bodies 0030000 Buteo polyosoma live 3 17 6 65 50 0 0 Buteo regalis trophies 0000100 Buteo rufinus eggs 1000000 Buteo rufinus live 100010100 Buteo rufinus trophies 0000100 Buteo rufofuscus live 0000000 Buteo swainsoni bodies 1010100 Buteo swainsoni skins 0000001 Buteo swainsoni trophies 0010000 Buteogallus anthracinus bodies 0200000 Buteogallus meridionalis skins 0001300 Buteogallus urubitunga bodies 0000001 Buteogallus urubitunga skins 0000000 Chelictinia riocourii live 00001000 Circaetus cinereus bodies 0100000 Circaetus cinereus live 0 0 0 10 3 3 0 Circaetus cinereus trophies 0001101 Circaetus fasciolatus live 0020000 Circaetus gallicus live 0 0 0 10 3 0 1 Circaetus gallicus beaudouini bodies 0.2 000000 Circaetus pectoralis live 0000001 Circaetus pectoralis skins 1000000 Circus aeruginosus bodies 1111120 Circus aeruginosus live 0320000 Circus aeruginosus skins 0000100 Circus aeruginosus trophies 0001100 Circus cyaneus bodies 0022000 Circus cyaneus trophies 0000000 Circus macrourus bodies 0000000 Circus macrourus live 0000002 Circus melanoleucos bodies 0000000 Circus pygargus bodies 0000100 Circus pygargus eggs 1000000

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 41 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Circus pygargus live 0050000 Circus ranivorus trophies 0001000 Dryotriorchis spectabilis live 0000100 Elanus axillaris bodies 0010000 Elanus axillaris live 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 Elanus caeruleus bodies 0301000 Elanus caeruleus eggs 0.2 000000 Elanus caeruleus live 302202535 Elanus caeruleus skins 1000100 Elanus caeruleus trophies 0000100 Elanus leucurus bodies 1100000 Elanus leucurus trophies 0000100 Gampsonyx swainsonii bodies 0010000 Gampsonyx swainsonii skins 0000100 Geranoaetus melanoleucus live 0 4 42 116 69 0 4 Geranospiza caerulescens bodies 0000001 Geranospiza caerulescens skins 0001100 Gypaetus barbatus live 1163930 Gypohierax angolensis live 1 10 62 174 178 52 15 Gyps africanus live 1 0 53 80 200 140 126 Gyps africanus skins 1000000 Gyps africanus trophies 0010100 Gyps bengalensis eggs 0000010 Gyps bengalensis live 4200000 Gyps bengalensis skins 0010000 Gyps coprotheres bodies 0000030 Gyps coprotheres live 0.2 000025 Gyps fulvus bodies 0000200 Gyps fulvus live 0 0 1 11 1 2 6 Gyps fulvus skins 0000050 Gyps himalayensis live 0030006 Gyps rueppellii live 0 4 40 113 236 83 16 Gyps rueppellii skins 2010000 Haliaeetus leucogaster live 1000000 Haliaeetus pelagicus eggs 1000000 Haliaeetus pelagicus live 3 5 6 11 6 7 0 Haliaeetus vocifer bodies 0110001 Haliaeetus vocifer live 1 22 7 18 25 6 4 Haliaeetus vocifer skins 0000001 Haliaeetus vocifer trophies 0010011 Haliaeetus vociferoides live 0000000 Haliastur indus live 0004000 Harpagus bidentatus bodies 0000001 Harpagus diodon skins 0020000 Hieraaetus ayresii live 0 0 10 0011 Hieraaetus fasciatus bodies 0000000 Hieraaetus fasciatus live 0.4 3 0 30 0 0 0 Hieraaetus pennatus bodies 0000200 Hieraaetus pennatus eggs 0000000 Hieraaetus pennatus live 0 14 22040 Hieraaetus spilogaster live 0111011 Hieraaetus spilogaster skins 1000000 Ictinia plumbea skins 0100200 Kaupifalco monogrammicus live 40105156 Kaupifalco monogrammicus skins 0000000 Kaupifalco monogrammicus trophies 0000000 Leucopternis albicollis bodies 0000011 Leucopternis albicollis skins 0100000 Leucopternis melanops bodies 0000001 Lophaetus occipitalis bodies 0000000 Lophaetus occipitalis live 0 2 0 41 29 28 14

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 42 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Lophaetus occipitalis skins 2010000 Melierax canorus eggs 0000000 Melierax canorus live 0000100 Melierax canorus skins 1000000 Melierax gabar bodies 0000000 Melierax gabar trophies 0000001 Melierax metabates bodies 0000000 Melierax metabates live 0000100 Melierax metabates skins 1000000 Melierax poliopterus skins 1000000 Milvus migrans bodies 0100102 Milvus migrans eggs 1000001 Milvus migrans live 2070311 Milvus milvus bodies 0000104 Milvus milvus live 14 032115 Milvus milvus trophies 0001000 Morphnus guianensis live 0000002 Necrosyrtes monachus bodies 0020000 Necrosyrtes monachus live 10 36 174 100 208 54 17 Necrosyrtes monachus skins 1030002 Necrosyrtes monachus trophies 0000201 Neophron percnopterus live 1 0 0 30 0 0 2 Parabuteo unicinctus bodies 1000000 Parabuteo unicinctus live 13 25 24 78 40 1 1 Pernis apivorus bodies 0300210 Pernis apivorus live 0.2 101430 Polemaetus bellicosus bodies 0000000 Polemaetus bellicosus live 0 10 10 60 69 29 12 Polemaetus bellicosus skins 2000100 Polyboroides radiatus live 0 0 20 0400 Polyboroides typus bodies 0020000 Polyboroides typus live 0010660 Spilornis holospilus skins 0000000 Spilornis kinabaluensis skins 0000200 Spizaetus africanus live 0 10 00000 Spizaetus nipalensis live 0001000 Spizaetus ornatus live 0000030 Spizaetus tyrannus live 0000012 Stephanoaetus coronatus live 2 10 20 30 58 22 0 Stephanoaetus coronatus skins 1010000 Stephanoaetus coronatus trophies 1000000 Terathopius ecaudatus bodies 1000000 Terathopius ecaudatus live 2 10 21 10 68 59 10 Terathopius ecaudatus skins 2000000 Terathopius ecaudatus trophies 0000010 Torgos tracheliotus bodies 0.2 000000 Torgos tracheliotus live 2 2 27 31 154 0 0 Torgos tracheliotus skins 2000000 Trigonoceps occipitalis live 3 0 0 45 192 95 86 Trigonoceps occipitalis skins 2000000 Sagittarius serpentarius live 10 10 22 20 36 31 41 Sagittarius serpentarius skins 2000000 Sagittarius serpentarius trophies 0010010 Falco alopex live 30 000000 Falco alopex skins 0000000 Falco amurensis bodies 0000000 Falco amurensis eggs 0000007 Falco ardosiaceus bodies 0000000 Falco ardosiaceus live 0000000 Falco ardosiaceus skins 0000000 Falco ardosiaceus trophies 0000000

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 43 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Falco berigora bodies 0001000 Falco biarmicus bodies 1000000 Falco biarmicus eggs 0000000 Falco biarmicus live 55 0123156 Falco cenchroides bodies 0001000 Falco cenchroides skins 0000010 Falco cherrug bodies 10 000000 Falco cherrug eggs 2000000 Falco cherrug live 309 473 304 153 143 280 49 Falco cherrug skins 13 000000 Falco chicquera bodies 0.4 000001 Falco chicquera live 2000000 Falco columbarius bodies 0200100 Falco columbarius live 008813100 Falco concolor bodies 0100000 Falco concolor live 0010000 Falco cuvieri live 0000320 Falco cuvieri trophies 0000000 Falco deiroleucus eggs 00000018 Falco deiroleucus live 1400020 Falco deiroleucus trophies 0000000 Falco eleonorae live 0000000 Falco eleonorae skins 0002000 Falco fasciinucha skins 0000000 Falco femoralis live 4 16 2 12 2 6 2 Falco mexicanus bodies 0000100 Falco mexicanus live 0010030 Falco naumanni bodies 0000001 Falco naumanni eggs 0000007 Falco naumanni live 0000010 Falco peregrinus live 0000001 Falco rufigularis live 0000010 Falco rufigularis skins 0000100 Falco rusticolus live 0000001 Falco sparverius bodies 4103101 Falco sparverius live 45 224 86 179 72 2 0 Falco sparverius skins 0100100 Falco sparverius trophies 0000200 Falco subbuteo bodies 0000100 Falco subbuteo live 4 5 22 22 49 40 0 Falco subniger bodies 0001000 Falco tinnunculus bodies 4343378 Falco tinnunculus eggs 4010000 Falco tinnunculus live 17 50 32 26 78 51 4 Falco tinnunculus skins 1.4 001000 Falco vespertinus bodies 0000000 Falco vespertinus eggs 0000000 Falco vespertinus live 8 40 42 32 26 10 0 Falco zoniventris bodies 0000000 Herpetotheres cachinnans bodies 0000000 Micrastur gilvicollis bodies 0000011 Micrastur ruficollis bodies 0000002 Microhierax melanoleucus bodies 0010000 Milvago chimachima bodies 0000000 Milvago chimachima live 00002010 Milvago chimachima skins 0000201 Milvago chimango skins 0001300 Phalcoboenus albogularis live 0001000 Phalcoboenus australis live 0 0 12 0000 Phalcoboenus megalopterus live 0 2 8 37 33 0 0 Polihierax semitorquatus live 0010000

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 44 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Polihierax semitorquatus skins 2000000 Polyborus plancus live 0.2 14 32 72 50 0 86 Argusianus argus live 1530300 Gallus sonneratii bodies 0010000 Gallus sonneratii live 0 20 00000 Gallus sonneratii trophies 0000030 Ithaginis cruentus bodies 0000000 Pavo muticus live 1300000 Polyplectron bicalcaratum live 0000000 Polyplectron malacense live 1000000 Balearica pavonina bodies 1000000 Balearica pavonina live 721 279 135 71 50 85 25 Balearica regulorum live 311 0 281 88 114 31 24 Balearica regulorum skins 1000002 Grus americana bodies 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 Grus antigone live 0000000 Grus canadensis bodies 122 652 1358 1353 0 2 2 Grus canadensis bodies kg 0000020 Grus canadensis live 1000000 Grus canadensis trophies 81 545 948 390 1597 1075 1214 Grus canadensis trophies kg 0000001 Grus carunculatus live 0 0 10 17 29 0 1 Grus grus bodies 0000000 Grus grus live 1 3 5 25 22 24 2 Grus paradisea bodies 0010010 Grus paradisea eggs 0000000 Grus paradisea live 0000200 Grus paradisea trophies 0010000 Grus rubicunda trophies 0000000 Grus virgo bodies 0000000 Grus virgo live 146 204 448 76 138 301 0 Ardeotis arabs bodies 1000000 Ardeotis arabs live 13 000000 Ardeotis arabs skins 0000000 Ardeotis arabs trophies 0000090 Ardeotis kori bodies 0025000 Ardeotis kori live 33 29 22 6005 Ardeotis kori skins 3 0 2 57 0 0 0 Ardeotis kori trophies 0000110 Chlamydotis undulata live 0000001 Eupodotis gindiana live 00000047 Eupodotis melanogaster live 5000006 Eupodotis melanogaster skins 0010000 Eupodotis ruficrista live 8000040 Eupodotis savilei bodies 0000000 Eupodotis senegalensis live 99 21 620017 Eupodotis senegalensis trophies 0000010 Neotis denhami skins 0010000 Neotis denhami trophies 0010001 Neotis nuba bodies 0020000 Otis tarda bodies 0000100 Otis tarda eggs 1000000 Otis tarda live 4 0 11 60 0 0 0 Otis tarda skins 0.2 003000 Tetrax tetrax skins 0001000 Goura cristata live 2010000 Goura victoria live 11000100 Oena capensis live 00002000 Agapornis canus bodies 0000000 Agapornis canus live 3185 4108 4600 3700 3700 3702 3500 Agapornis fischeri live 182 2 300 0000

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 45 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Agapornis lilianae live 10 0 0 20 1 0 21 Agapornis nigrigenis live 40002505 Agapornis personatus live 10 000000 Agapornis pullarius live 1335 912 1912 1257 1674 1436 850 Agapornis roseicollis bodies 0000000 Agapornis roseicollis live 6000000 Agapornis swindernianus live 0 50 50 0 205 100 0 Alisterus amboinensis live 822 0 190 16 0 0 0 Alisterus chloropterus live 495 793 358 149 98 134 14 Alisterus scapularis live 2000200 Amazona aestiva live 921 179 771 1289 1686 2538 3296 Amazona agilis bodies 0020000 Amazona agilis live 0001000 Amazona albifrons bodies 0010000 Amazona albifrons live 466 713 114 132 3 60 133 Amazona amazonica live 7384 11049 8297 13670 11111 11850 8867 Amazona auropalliata live 440 217 89 13 1 0 75 Amazona autumnalis bodies 0030300 Amazona autumnalis eggs 0009600 Amazona autumnalis live 1029 1272 324 87 11 4 202 Amazona autumnalis trophies 0000000 Amazona collaria bodies 0010000 Amazona dufresniana live 36 84 67 62 62 484 354 Amazona farinosa bodies 0010001 Amazona farinosa live 1323 1727 843 1630 1328 1483 1249 Amazona festiva live 01400439356 Amazona finschi bodies 0.2 000310 Amazona finschi live 7 6 5 54 288 355 60 Amazona mercenaria live 0040000 Amazona ochrocephala bodies 1000001 Amazona ochrocephala live 1022 1460 981 1731 1561 1477 1165 Amazona ochrocephala skins 0000100 Amazona oratrix bodies 0000300 Amazona oratrix eggs 0000600 Amazona oratrix live 1 0 22 5303 Amazona oratrix tresmariae live 0000000 Amazona ventralis bodies 0001003 Amazona ventralis live 1 23 00000 Amazona xantholora live 1010317915 Amazona xanthops live 0000001 Aprosmictus erythropterus live 222 442 180 0000 Aprosmictus erythropterus skins 0000010 Aprosmictus jonquillaceus live 90 000000 Ara ararauna live 1127 1315 921 1526 1503 1316 1252 Ara chloroptera bodies 0.2 000000 Ara chloroptera live 762 1066 818 1406 1293 1282 963 Ara severa live 141 255 142 174 116 103 132 Aratinga acuticaudata bodies 4000000 Aratinga acuticaudata live 3739 2260 1950 3300 1855 1812 3691 Aratinga acuticaudata skins 0100000 Aratinga aurea live 23 23 33 23 20 9 53 Aratinga aurea skins 0000000 Aratinga auricapilla live 0.2 010001 Aratinga canicularis bodies 1010100 Aratinga canicularis live 312 226 69 176 261 262 203 Aratinga canicularis skins 0000010 Aratinga chloroptera live 1000000 Aratinga erythrogenys live 1461 041455 Aratinga finschi bodies 0300000 Aratinga finschi eggs 0100000 Aratinga finschi live 91 35 000016

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 46 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Aratinga finschi skins 0300000 Aratinga holochlora live 91 45 2 0 0 24 64 Aratinga jandaya live 010001005 Aratinga leucophthalmus bodies 0000000 Aratinga leucophthalmus live 624 181 90 394 519 709 1061 Aratinga mitrata bodies 0000000 Aratinga mitrata live 650 271 141 187 300 0 668 Aratinga nana live 4 54 0 1 1 40 0 Aratinga nana astec live 20000200 Aratinga pertinax bodies 0.2 000000 Aratinga pertinax live 641 719 454 912 1028 791 615 Aratinga pertinax skins 0000400 Aratinga solstitialis live 17 010000 Aratinga strenua live 8000000 Aratinga wagleri live 3714 606 297 855 937 354 2046 Aratinga weddellii bodies 0000021 Aratinga weddellii live 0 0 96 194 60 0 39 Bolborhynchus lineola live 0.4 0 1 0 21 0 0 Bolborhynchus orbygnesius live 163 400 200 13 57 0 0 Brotogeris chrysopterus bodies 0000000 Brotogeris chrysopterus live 362 293 108 270 114 221 197 Brotogeris chrysopterus skins 0000200 Brotogeris cyanoptera bodies 0000003 Brotogeris cyanoptera live 1 0 259 215 116 0 175 Brotogeris jugularis bodies 0300000 Brotogeris jugularis live 270 65 72 3 0 0 54 Brotogeris jugularis skins 0300000 Brotogeris pyrrhopterus live 200 040000 Brotogeris sanctithomae live 1 0 370 521 236 0 317 Brotogeris versicolurus live 2 0 399 1135 496 0 164 Cacatua alba bodies 1000010 Cacatua alba live 1774 954 424 23 10 0 2 Cacatua ducorpsii live 626 174 524 690 90 360 1714 Cacatua galerita bodies 0010000 Cacatua galerita live 89 97 209 148 69 29 129 Cacatua galerita trophies 0000001 Cacatua galerita eleonora live 0000000 Cacatua goffini live 222 000000 Cacatua haematuropygia live 0000000 Cacatua leadbeateri live 6100000 Cacatua ophthalmica live 5 24 000020 Cacatua sanguinea live 64 0 155 5001 Cacatua sulphurea live 1116 121002 Cacatua tenuirostris live 1000006 Callocephalon fimbriatum live 2000000 Calyptorhynchus banksii live 0000000 Calyptorhynchus baudinii live 0100000 Calyptorhynchus funereus bodies 0001000 Calyptorhynchus funereus live 0000020 Chalcopsitta atra live 424 0 241 15 0 0 0 Chalcopsitta cardinalis live 340 30 224 186 0 80 1091 Chalcopsitta duivenbodei live 658 340 399 159 102 127 14 Chalcopsitta scintillata live 87 675 460 178 55 155 15 Charmosyna josefinae live 0 294 185 0000 Charmosyna margarethae live 6000040200 Charmosyna multistriata live 12 0 140 20 0 0 0 Charmosyna papou live 624 619 519 170 88 151 18 Charmosyna placentis live 206 692 678 139 55 132 14 Charmosyna pulchella live 242 365 323 116 33 133 0 Charmosyna rubronotata live 3000000 Charmosyna wilhelminae trophies 0000100

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 47 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Coracopsis nigra bodies 0.2 000000 Coracopsis nigra live 263 143 72 167 277 244 254 Coracopsis vasa bodies 1000000 Coracopsis vasa live 159 0 0 0 100 0 0 Cyanoliseus patagonus live 3331 4021 7710 7245 10160 4120 2185 Cyclopsitta diophthalma live 128 428 255 164 80 105 0 Cyclopsitta gulielmitertii live 21 143 100 159 26 103 0 Deroptyus accipitrinus bodies 0000000 Deroptyus accipitrinus live 248.2 344 176 215 197 696 473 Diopsittaca nobilis live 431 712 492 891 735 955 494 Diopsittaca nobilis skins 0000700 Eclectus roratus live 593 182 445 244 0 190 1344 Enicognathus leptorhynchus live 1000000 Eolophus roseicapillus live 65813022 Eolophus roseicapillus skins 0000010 Eos bornea bodies 2000000 Eos bornea live 3849 2054 2159 284 0 0 1 Eos cyanogenia live 2000000 Eos reticulata live 51 000000 Eos squamata bodies 1000000 Eos squamata live 1323 376 492 129 29 134 14 Forpus coelestis bodies 20 000000 Forpus coelestis live 1049 1107 195 185 226 0 0 Forpus crassirostris bodies 1000000 Forpus crassirostris live 0 0 10 60 0 0 0 Forpus crassirostris skins 0000000 Forpus cyanopygius live 0020000 Forpus passerinus live 233 227 303 1144 1104 1000 688 Forpus passerinus skins 0000200 Forpus sclateri bodies 0000001 Forpus xanthops live 2060600 Geoffroyus geoffroyi live 132 188 175 175 10 128 0 Geoffroyus heteroclitus live 95 0 0 233 0 60 262 Glossopsitta concinna bodies 0010000 Glossopsitta concinna live 0030000 Graydidascalus brachyurus live 1 11 40000 Hapalopsittaca amazonina bodies 0010000 Lathamus discolor live 0000600 Loriculus aurantiifrons live 0 60 36 74 0 77 0 Loriculus galgulus bodies 7000000 Loriculus galgulus live 1079 1086 1515 1224 913 582 1078 Loriculus philippensis live 1000000 Loriculus pusillus live 83 325 35 0000 Loriculus stigmatus live 295 524 337 25 0 0 0 Loriculus vernalis live 617 200 00000 Lorius chlorocercus live 442 152 360 181 80 130 1370 Lorius garrulus live 2407 665 50 0013 Lorius hypoinochrous live 4 32 00000 Lorius lory live 10 000100 Micropsitta finschii live 4000000 Myiopsitta monachus bodies 1000000 Myiopsitta monachus live 25255 23476 17741 12057 12238 4363 7006 Nandayus nenday live 3993 1893 2890 4547 1521 3933 3800 Nandayus nenday skins 0000000 Neophema elegans live 0000000 Neophema pulchella live 5 0 50 0000 Neopsephotus bourkii live 23 000000 Neopsittacus musschenbroekii live 10 380 466 93 10 101 12 Neopsittacus pullicauda live 210 000000 Northiella haematogaster live 20 000000 Oreopsittacus arfaki live 369.4 468 445 105 0 79 0

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 48 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Orthopsittaca manilata live 526 843 253 1009 653 975 539 Orthopsittaca manilata skins 0000200 Phigys solitarius live 0100000 Pionites leucogaster live 2000000 Pionites melanocephala bodies 3000000 Pionites melanocephala live 929 1714 1171 1430 1198 1164 1352 Pionopsitta barrabandi live 2012100 Pionopsitta haematotis live 0700000 Pionus chalcopterus live 1020000 Pionus fuscus live 229 226 631 264 85 699 522 Pionus maximiliani bodies 1000000 Pionus maximiliani live 1632 1550 1370 1941 1323 1430 1566 Pionus menstruus bodies 0000000 Pionus menstruus live 1080 1319 1196 1650 1207 1154 1152 Pionus senilis live 275 298 84 0 0 0 65 Pionus sordidus bodies 0002000 Pionus tumultuosus bodies 1000000 Pionus tumultuosus live 0013000 Pionus tumultuosus seniloides bodies 0010000 Pionus tumultuosus seniloides live 1040000 Platycercus adelaidae live 0200000 Platycercus adscitus live 5200000 Platycercus barnardi live 0200000 Platycercus barnardi macgillivrayi live 1200000 Platycercus caledonicus live 0200000 Platycercus elegans bodies 0000001 Platycercus elegans live 92006500 Platycercus eximius live 86 252 461 275 178 190 150 Platycercus flaveolus live 22 200000 Platycercus icterotis live 22 000000 Platycercus venustus live 20 000000 Platycercus zonarius live 0400000 Platycercus zonarius semitorquatus live 0000000 Poicephalus crassus live 0 400 00000 Poicephalus cryptoxanthus live 769 102 100 126 60 62 73 Poicephalus gulielmi live 2640 1701 1794 1813 2202 1378 920 Poicephalus meyeri live 2944 408 250 0 478 204 36 Poicephalus meyeri trophies 0000000 Poicephalus robustus bodies 0000000 Poicephalus robustus live 1488 559 234 337 101 653 282 Poicephalus rueppellii live 20003003 Poicephalus rufiventris bodies 1000000 Poicephalus rufiventris live 1173 0 40 0 53 100 7 Poicephalus senegalus bodies 0.4 000000 Poicephalus senegalus live 28045 23474 55364 54307 34437 33747 30584 Poicephalus senegalus skins 0000100 Polytelis alexandrae live 20 200000 Polytelis anthopeplus live 20 200000 Polytelis swainsonii live 21 200000 Prioniturus discurus live 0000000 Prioniturus mada live 2000000 Prioniturus platurus live 102.2 208 278 190 10 0 0 Propyrrhura couloni live 2040000 Psephotus haematonotus live 15 000000 Psephotus varius live 0200200 Pseudeos fuscata live 613 753 673 195 78 174 18 Psilopsiagon aurifrons live 145 250 126 142 91 0 0 Psilopsiagon aymara live 1000000 Psittacula alexandri live 2188 1377 113 500 2754 0 0 Psittacula columboides live 3 20 20 0000 Psittacula cyanocephala bodies 0000100

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 49 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Psittacula cyanocephala live 10 100 0 0 0 200 0 Psittacula derbiana live 14 203001 Psittacula eupatria live 481 161 154 80 0 151 4 Psittacula finschii live 190 000000 Psittacula himalayana live 7000000 Psittacula longicauda bodies 7000000 Psittacula longicauda live 301 1137 1170 1137 612 156 516 Psittacula roseata live 1346 000000 Psittaculirostris desmarestii live 454.2 529 185 15 0 0 0 Psittaculirostris edwardsii live 568 000000 Psittaculirostris salvadorii live 182 0 136 28 0 0 0 Psittacus erithacus bodies 131 0000024 Psittacus erithacus eggs 10 000000 Psittacus erithacus live 31264 14385 22049 30356 29690 30464 24942 Psittacus erithacus princeps live 0020000 Psittacus erithacus timneh bodies 10 000000 Psittacus erithacus timneh live 4325 1218 4152 3029 5202 3504 2830 Psitteuteles goldiei live 196 000000 Psitteuteles iris live 56 000000 Psittinus cyanurus bodies 1000000 Psittinus cyanurus live 103 225 434 836 480 214 530 Psittrichas fulgidus live 0006000 Purpureicephalus spurius live 0200000 Pyrrhura egregia live 7200000 Pyrrhura frontalis live 253 010097306 Pyrrhura frontalis skins 0100000 Pyrrhura molinae live 82 0020010 Pyrrhura picta bodies 0000102 Pyrrhura picta live 359 291 147 253 122 98 128 Pyrrhura rhodocephala live 0000007 Pyrrhura rupicola live 0000406 Tanygnathus lucionensis live 0 0 82 0000 Tanygnathus megalorynchos live 380 000000 Touit huetii bodies 0000006 Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus live 0030000 Trichoglossus flavoviridis live 62 245 227 25 0 0 0 Trichoglossus haematodus bodies 2001000 Trichoglossus haematodus live 4545 2618 2724 293 171 173 1198 Trichoglossus ornatus live 0 0 0 64 0 0 0 Musophaga porphyreolopha bodies 0010000 Musophaga porphyreolopha live 20 0 170 180 0 10 20 Musophaga porphyreolopha skins 0100000 Musophaga porphyreolopha trophies 0.8 100101 Musophaga violacea live 00000020 Tauraco corythaix bodies 0000001 Tauraco corythaix live 0 0 75 0000 Tauraco corythaix trophies 0010001 Tauraco fischeri live 86 0040010 Tauraco hartlaubi live 179 425 343 256 343 203 176 Tauraco hartlaubi skins 0020000 Tauraco leucolophus live 0 60 93 0 10 74 0 Tauraco leucotis live 0000300 Tauraco livingstonii live 74 239 196 168 263 220 96 Tauraco macrorhynchus live 0 20 33 6 10 0 9 Tauraco macrorhynchus trophies 0000000 Tauraco persa live 237 591 814 444 510 844 457 Tauraco persa trophies 0010010 Tauraco schalowi live 2 0 10 0 10 0 0 Tauraco schuettii live 0 0 10 0 0 24 0 Tyto alba bodies 7596524 Tyto alba live 45.8 86 40 149 34 97 62

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 50 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Tyto alba skins 0 200 00420 Tyto alba trophies 0000001 Tyto capensis live 00000100 Aegolius acadicus bodies 0000002 Aegolius funereus bodies 0100211 Aegolius funereus live 10046240 Aegolius harrisii bodies 0020001 Asio abyssinicus live 00000200 Asio capensis live 200052533 Asio clamator live 0 5 10 54 30 0 0 Asio flammeus bodies 1011411 Asio flammeus live 4 0 0 50 12 45 0 Asio otus bodies 4394078 Asio otus eggs 0000000 Asio otus live 2 51 15 100 67 30 5 Asio otus skins 1002300 Asio stygius bodies 0010000 Athene noctua bodies 0032410 Athene noctua eggs 0010000 Athene noctua live 33 20 20 30 77 195 0 Athene noctua skins 0000100 Bubo africanus bodies 4000001 Bubo africanus live 700002339 Bubo africanus skins 0000000 Bubo africanus trophies 0003001 Bubo bengalensis bodies 0001000 Bubo bubo bodies 2110411 Bubo bubo live 4 3 0 12 4 1 1 Bubo bubo skins 0200000 Bubo bubo trophies 0000200 Bubo capensis bodies 0000000 Bubo capensis live 00000270 Bubo capensis trophies 0000001 Bubo lacteus bodies 0.2 000000 Bubo lacteus live 1 0 0 10 4 40 30 Bubo lacteus trophies 0000000 Bubo nipalensis live 0001000 Bubo poensis live 000051332 Bubo sumatranus live 0000000 Bubo sumatranus trophies 0000000 Bubo virginianus bodies 2252123 Bubo virginianus live 6 27 33 69 19 0 4 Bubo virginianus skins 0000103 Bubo virginianus trophies 0030000 Glaucidium brasilianum bodies 0000010 Glaucidium brasilianum live 71 389 174 202 92 0 0 Glaucidium brasilianum skins 0100200 Glaucidium brodiei live 0 0 0 80 0 0 0 Glaucidium capense live 00000100 Glaucidium cuculoides live 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 Glaucidium gnoma live 0110000 Glaucidium hardyi bodies 0000030 Glaucidium jardinii bodies 0020034 Glaucidium jardinii live 2000000 Glaucidium minutissimum skins 0020000 Glaucidium parkeri bodies 0000010 Glaucidium passerinum bodies 0000201 Glaucidium passerinum live 00014030 Glaucidium perlatum live 39 00055671 Glaucidium tephronotum live 00000100 Ketupa blakistoni live 0 10 00000

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 51 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Ketupa ketupu live 1002000 Ketupa zeylonensis live 0000004 Lophostrix cristata live 0000400 Ninox novaeseelandiae skins 0000010 Ninox scutulata bodies 0000000 Ninox superciliaris bodies 0000000 Nyctea scandiaca bodies 1110435 Nyctea scandiaca live 4 11 8 1 32 0 5 Otus albogularis bodies 0050001 Otus asio live 1000000 Otus atricapillus bodies 0000000 Otus bakkamoena live 0 0 0 60 0 0 0 Otus brucei live 0000251500 Otus choliba bodies 0012001 Otus choliba live 0 0 14 18 26 0 0 Otus elegans skins 1000000 Otus flammeolus live 1.2 222030 Otus fuliginosus skins 0000000 Otus ingens bodies 0020101 Otus ireneae live 00000100 Otus leucotis bodies 0020000 Otus leucotis live 2 0 0 50 11 561 874 Otus leucotis trophies 0010000 Otus longicornis live 3000000 Otus mindorensis bodies 0.4 000000 Otus mindorensis skins 1000000 Otus petersoni bodies 0010000 Otus roboratus live 0 13 14 23 19 0 0 Otus rutilus bodies 1003000 Otus rutilus live 0020001 Otus scops bodies 0000120 Otus scops live 22 90 90 203 103 130 725 Otus scops trophies 0000001 Otus trichopsis bodies 0000010 Otus trichopsis live 0000010 Otus vermiculatus bodies 0000021 Otus watsonii bodies 0000102 Otus watsonii live 0 0 4 28 34 0 0 Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana trophies 0000000 Pulsatrix melanota bodies 0001000 Pulsatrix melanota live 0 0 0 32 26 0 4 Pulsatrix perspicillata bodies 0100000 Pulsatrix perspicillata live 0.4 0 2 38 39 5 8 Scotopelia peli live 0000121526 Speotyto cunicularia bodies 2000000 Speotyto cunicularia live 33 318 82 176 115 0 1 Speotyto cunicularia trophies 0000100 Strix albitarsus bodies 0040010 Strix aluco bodies 65545112 Strix aluco eggs 0010000 Strix aluco live 1 13 9 8 11 7 0 Strix aluco skins 2403120 Strix aluco trophies 0000000 Strix huhula live 0000008 Strix nebulosa bodies 1010011 Strix nebulosa live 67792670 Strix nebulosa skins 0000001 Strix nebulosa trophies 0000000 Strix nigrolineata bodies 0000000 Strix uralensis bodies 0000020 Strix uralensis live 6 17 24 11 29 10 1

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 52 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Strix varia bodies 0050000 Strix varia live 0220000 Strix virgata bodies 0101000 Strix virgata live 0000008 Strix virgata trophies 0000000 Strix woodfordii bodies 0010000 Strix woodfordii live 1 0 0 23 9 20 56 Strix woodfordii skins 0010000 Strix woodfordii trophies 0000001 Surnia ulula bodies 0011201 Surnia ulula live 0 10 0 2 35 0 0 Abeillia abeillei bodies 1000000 Abeillia abeillei live 2000000 Acestrura bombus bodies 0001000 Acestrura mulsant bodies 0000700 Adelomyia melanogenys bodies 0081671 Adelomyia melanogenys live 0000004 Aglaeactis cupripennis bodies 0 0 10 0106 Aglaeactis cupripennis live 65 89 6 107 173 0 4 Aglaiocercus kingi bodies 0022700 Aglaiocercus kingi live 8 0 0 37 27 0 4 Agyrtria brevirostris bodies 0000005 Agyrtria candida bodies 0003000 Agyrtria candida live 0010000 Agyrtria candida skins 0000200 Agyrtria cyanocephala skins 0000040 Agyrtria franciae live 26 48 0 49 29 0 0 Agyrtria versicolor skins 0000200 Amazilia amazilia live 316 522 18 650 876 0 0 Amazilia chionogaster bodies 1000000 Amazilia rutila bodies 0000020 Amazilia rutila live 1000000 Amazilia rutila skins 0000040 Amazilia tzacatl bodies 0107000 Amazilia tzacatl eggs 0100000 Amazilia tzacatl skins 0000300 Amazilia yucatanensis live 0050000 Amazilia yucatanensis skins 0000400 Anthracothorax dominicus bodies 0000002 Anthracothorax dominicus live 0220000 Anthracothorax mango live 0002000 Anthracothorax nigricollis bodies 0000001 Anthracothorax nigricollis skins 0000400 Anthracothorax prevostii live 2003300 Archilochus alexandri bodies 0 18 000013 Archilochus colubris bodies 0000000 Archilochus colubris live 0000003 Augastes geoffroyi bodies 0000040 Boissonneaua matthewsii bodies 0081130 Calliphlox evelynae bodies 0000002 Calypte anna bodies 0050040 Campylopterus ensipennis live 00000010 Campylopterus hemileucurus bodies 0300020 Campylopterus hemileucurus eggs 0300000 Campylopterus hemileucurus skins 0300100 Campylopterus hyperythrus bodies 4000000 Campylopterus largipennis bodies 00003311 Campylopterus rufus bodies 0000030 Campylopterus rufus live 2000000 Chalcostigma herrani bodies 0050000 Chalcostigma olivaceum live 12 1350 0 33 900 0 0

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 53 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Chalcostigma ruficeps bodies 0000034 Chalybura buffonii bodies 0000000 Chlorostilbon assimilis bodies 0000000 Chlorostilbon assimilis live 00001300 Chlorostilbon aureoventris bodies 1100000 Chlorostilbon aureoventris skins 0100000 Chlorostilbon canivetii bodies 0000010 Chlorostilbon mellisugus bodies 0100400 Chlorostilbon notatus bodies 0000003 Chlorostilbon poortmani auratus live 00000010 Chlorostilbon ricordii bodies 0000200 Chlorostilbon ricordii live 4000000 Chlorostilbon swainsonii bodies 0000006 Chlorostilbon swainsonii live 0200000 Chrysolampis mosquitus bodies 0000302 Chrysolampis mosquitus live 00000020 Chrysuronia oenone bodies 0000125 Chrysuronia oenone live 0 0 31 0000 Coeligena coeligena bodies 0 0 10 0 15 5 4 Coeligena coeligena live 1 0 0 43 33 0 4 Coeligena iris bodies 0 0 10 0000 Coeligena iris live 20 42 11 119 205 0 0 Coeligena lutetiae bodies 0050000 Coeligena torquata bodies 0 0 10 0026 Coeligena torquata live 8 0 6 16 16 0 0 Coeligena violifer bodies 00006410 Coeligena violifer live 0 1 0 25 13 0 0 Coeligena violifer trophies 1000000 Colibri coruscans bodies 0060103 Colibri coruscans live 172 289 24 690 809 0 0 Colibri delphinae bodies 0003000 Colibri delphinae live 0 0 0 20 2 0 0 Colibri thalassinus bodies 0051110 Colibri thalassinus live 0 0 0 25 16 3 0 Damophila julie bodies 0200000 Damophila julie live 3 0 6 48 31 0 0 Discosura langsdorffi live 1000000 Doryfera johannae bodies 0000023 Doryfera ludovicae bodies 0 0 10 0905 Ensifera ensifera bodies 0010001 Ensifera ensifera live 0 0 0 19 13 0 0 Eriocnemis glaucopoides bodies 0000000 Eriocnemis vestitus bodies 0 0 10 0000 Eugenes fulgens bodies 0000010 Eugenes fulgens live 0000020 Eupherusa cyanophrys live 00003600 Eutoxeres aquila bodies 0053020 Eutoxeres condamini bodies 000091210 Eutoxeres condamini live 0000000 Florisuga mellivora bodies 0004547 Florisuga mellivora live 0 0 0 34 13 0 0 Florisuga mellivora skins 0000200 Glaucis hirsuta bodies 06004214 Glaucis hirsuta live 0 0 0 24 18 0 0 Goldmania violiceps bodies 0400000 Goldmania violiceps live 0000001 Haplophaedia aureliae bodies 0023600 Heliangelus amethysticollis bodies 0 0 0 10 4 6 10 Heliangelus exortis bodies 0 0 10 0000 Heliangelus regalis bodies 0000043 Heliangelus viola bodies 0061000

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 54 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Heliangelus viola live 29 12 9 62 20 0 0 Heliodoxa aurescens bodies 0000025 Heliodoxa aurescens live 0000000 Heliodoxa branickii bodies 0000021 Heliodoxa leadbeateri bodies 0062120 Heliodoxa leadbeateri live 0000004 Heliodoxa rubinoides bodies 0000800 Heliodoxa rubinoides live 0 0 0 28 15 0 0 Heliodoxa xanthogonys bodies 0000000 Heliomaster furcifer bodies 0.2 000000 Heliomaster furcifer skins 0100000 Heliomaster longirostris live 1 6 0 48 16 0 0 Heliothryx aurita live 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 Heliothryx barroti bodies 0300000 Hylocharis chrysura bodies 1000000 Hylocharis chrysura skins 0101100 Hylocharis cyanus bodies 0000006 Hylocharis eliciae bodies 0000000 Hylocharis leucotis bodies 0000010 Hylocharis leucotis live 0000040 Hylocharis leucotis skins 0000010 Hylocharis sapphirina bodies 0000001 Hylocharis sapphirina skins 0000300 Hylocharis xantusii live 1000000 Klais guimeti bodies 0000011 Lafresnaya lafresnayi bodies 0 0 10 0003 Lampornis amethystinus bodies 0000060 Lampornis amethystinus live 0000040 Lampornis castaneoventris bodies 0200000 Lampornis castaneoventris skins 0200000 Lampornis viridipallens skins 0000010 Lepidopyga goudoti live 0100000 Lesbia nuna bodies 0030000 Lesbia nuna live 158 260 40 697 242 0 0 Lesbia victoriae live 28 70 0 73 43 0 0 Leucippus baeri live 264 000000 Leucippus chlorocercus bodies 0000001 Leucippus taczanowskii bodies 0022000 Leucippus taczanowskii live 35 40 00000 Melanotrochilus fuscus live 2000000 Mellisuga minima bodies 0000002 Metallura aeneocauda bodies 0000015 Metallura odomae bodies 0070000 Metallura phoebe live 72 79 0 72 37 0 0 Metallura tyrianthina bodies 0 0 10 0949 Metallura tyrianthina live 33 68 0 9 10 0 4 Myrtis fanny live 275 454 10 654 187 0 0 Ocreatus underwoodii bodies 0052001 Ocreatus underwoodii live 10 000000 Oreonympha nobilis live 0 126 00000 Oreotrochilus estella bodies 0030000 Oreotrochilus estella live 20 17 15 114 35 0 4 Oreotrochilus melanogaster live 13 25 10 98 62 0 0 Patagona gigas live 28 82 3 98 22 0 4 Phaeochroa cuvierii bodies 0000000 Phaethornis augusti skins 0000100 Phaethornis bourcieri bodies 0000007 Phaethornis bourcieri live 1000000 Phaethornis griseogularis live 0 0 0 39 12 0 0 Phaethornis guy bodies 0.4 5010311 Phaethornis hispidus bodies 0000006

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 55 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Phaethornis koepckeae bodies 0000701 Phaethornis longuemareus bodies 0001044 Phaethornis longuemareus live 2030000 Phaethornis longuemareus skins 0000200 Phaethornis malaris bodies 00000410 Phaethornis pretrei skins 0100000 Phaethornis ruber bodies 0000103 Phaethornis stuarti bodies 0000205 Phaethornis superciliosus bodies 1005208 Phaethornis superciliosus live 11 6 4 36 6 0 0 Phaethornis superciliosus skins 0000700 Phaethornis syrmatophorus bodies 0037000 Polyerata fimbriata bodies 0021000 Polyerata fimbriata live 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 Polyerata fimbriata skins 00001300 Polyerata lactea bodies 0000001 Polyonymus caroli live 91 370 46 506 159 0 0 Polytmus guainumbi skins 0000100 Polytmus milleri bodies 2000000 Polytmus theresiae bodies 0000007 Polytmus theresiae skins 0020000 Pterophanes cyanopterus bodies 0020100 Rhodopis vesper live 93 295 22 429 157 0 0 Saucerottia beryllina bodies 0000050 Saucerottia beryllina live 1000000 Saucerottia cyanura skins 0000010 Saucerottia edward bodies 0400000 Saucerottia tobaci bodies 0000005 Saucerottia viridigaster skins 0000100 Selasphorus platycercus bodies 0000000 Stephanoxis lalandi skins 0.2 000000 Thalurania colombica bodies 0400000 Thalurania furcata bodies 00003414 Thalurania furcata live 13 000000 Thalurania furcata skins 0000000 Thalurania lerchi live 000020000 Thaumastura cora live 290 502 9 667 237 0 4 Threnetes leucurus bodies 00008215 Threnetes leucurus live 0.6 0 0 14 0 0 4 Threnetes ruckeri bodies 0800000 Topaza pyra bodies 0000006 Trochilus polytmus live 0 0 0 20 0 0 8 Aceros cassidix live 0000000 Aceros corrugatus live 1000000 Aceros plicatus live 0.4 10 63 23 0 0 240 Aceros undulatus live 0201100 Anthracoceros albirostris live 68 000000 Anthracoceros coronatus live 0000000 Anthracoceros malayanus bodies 0000100 Anthracoceros malayanus live 0000000 Buceros bicornis live 0000000 Penelopides panini skins 0000000 Pteroglossus aracari live 202 357 168 237 289 237 217 Pteroglossus aracari skins 0001100 Pteroglossus castanotis live 0002000 Pteroglossus viridis live 126 101 115 115 158 120 74 Pteroglossus viridis skins 0000200 Ramphastos sulfuratus bodies 0500000 Ramphastos sulfuratus live 118 143 52 0 3 16 21 Ramphastos toco bodies 0000000 Ramphastos toco live 62 152 140 180 193 181 342

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 56 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Ramphastos tucanus bodies 0000420 Ramphastos tucanus live 143.6 243 235 273 212 221 154 Ramphastos vitellinus bodies 00001000 Ramphastos vitellinus live 197 340 257 288 320 304 179 Ramphastos vitellinus skins 0000200 Cephalopterus ornatus live 0000000 Cephalopterus penduliger live 0000000 Rupicola peruviana live 088802216 Rupicola peruviana skins 0002000 Rupicola rupicola live 00000150 Pitta guajana skins 0000100 Pycnonotus zeylanicus live 0 348 78 155 15 0 0 Leiothrix argentauris bodies 0100000 Leiothrix argentauris live 0 4140 12610 6770 3410 0 0 Leiothrix argentauris skins 0000001 Leiothrix lutea bodies 0000008 Leiothrix lutea live 0 34690 61252 82012 11818 0 0 Liocichla omeiensis live 0 100 00000 Paroaria capitata bodies 1000000 Paroaria capitata live 0 0 0 275 1428 1379 1391 Paroaria capitata skins 0.2 000000 Paroaria coronata bodies 1013310 Paroaria coronata live 0 0 0 1485 1548 2881 1930 Paroaria coronata skins 0000070 Serinus mozambicus live 0000000 Padda oryzivora live 0 0 251 0000 Poephila cincta live 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 Gracula religiosa bodies 0 0 18 0000 Gracula religiosa live 0 1791 14181 16306 19955 8970 3790 Cicinnurus regius live 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 Epimachus meyeri live 0000000 Paradisaea apoda bodies 0020000 Paradisaea apoda live 10.4 0 0 10 0 0 0 Paradisaea minor live 1 0 0 10 0 0 0 Paradisaea raggiana bodies 2010200 Paradisaea raggiana live 0200004 Paradisaea rubra live 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 Seleucidis melanoleuca live 0 0 0 10 0 0 0

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 57 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 REPTILIA: REPTILES Dermatemys mawii carapace 1001000 Dermatemys mawii live 1000000 Callagur borneoensis live 0 2 47 519 8094 6555 432 Clemmys insculpta live 3000000 Cuora spp. live 00001300210 Cuora amboinensis live 0000274657 51198 38746 Cuora aurocapitata live 000000100 Cuora flavomarginata live 00004760 Cuora galbinifrons live 0000320160 Cuora mccordi live 0000400 Cuora pani live 0000020 Cuora zhoui live 0000300 Terrapene carolina bodies 0000000 Terrapene carolina carapace 0200001 Terrapene carolina live 1495 320431 Terrapene nelsoni live 0010000 Terrapene ornata bodies 0000000 Terrapene ornata carapace 0020000 Terrapene ornata live 2210200 Chersina angulata bodies 1000000 Chersina angulata carapace 1000000 Chersina angulata live 103 5 0 0 25 0 2 Chersina angulata shells 0000100 Geochelone carbonaria bodies 0100000 Geochelone carbonaria carapace 0000200 Geochelone carbonaria live 690.2 1121 668 1276 1215 2046 1050 Geochelone carbonaria meat kg 00000011 Geochelone carbonaria shells 0000020 Geochelone carbonaria skin pieces 300 000000 Geochelone chilensis carapace 0000300 Geochelone chilensis live 49 8 32 7 8 9 19 Geochelone chilensis shells 0000030 Geochelone denticulata carapace 00000010 Geochelone denticulata live 725 926 713 1045 893 792 848 Geochelone denticulata skins 00000010 Geochelone elegans live 256 0 451 0000 Geochelone gigantea bodies 0100000 Geochelone gigantea carapace 3010000 Geochelone gigantea live 35 232700 Geochelone nigra live 0000020 Geochelone pardalis bodies 1000000 Geochelone pardalis carapace 2022021 Geochelone pardalis live 4187 13678 27097 19469 2382 4382 1765 Geochelone pardalis shells 0000030 Geochelone pardalis trophies 0000020 Geochelone platynota live 100 0003610 Geochelone sulcata carapace 1010000 Geochelone sulcata live 1127 739 1180 566 200 14 200 Geochelone sulcata shells 0000100 Gopherus agassizii carapace 0000011 Gopherus agassizii live 1 10 10444 Gopherus berlandieri live 0010000 Homopus areolatus bodies 2000000 Homopus areolatus live 26 12 00010 Homopus bergeri live 0000000 Homopus boulengeri live 5000000 Homopus femoralis live 0500000 Homopus signatus bodies 1000000 Homopus signatus live 5004040 Homopus signatus shells 0000100

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 58 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Indotestudo elongata bodies 0 0 20 0000 Indotestudo elongata live 1523 1850 1818 1216 530 554 600 Indotestudo elongata live kg 200202 00006000 0 Indotestudo elongata shells 0000100 Indotestudo forstenii bodies 0006000 Indotestudo forstenii carapace 0003000 Indotestudo forstenii live 431 965 415 443 416 444 139 Kinixys belliana bodies 2000000 Kinixys belliana carapace 00000040 Kinixys belliana live 4079 4216 3955 2648 2110 1277 2613 Kinixys erosa bodies 0000020 Kinixys erosa carapace 0.2 000100 Kinixys erosa live 328 88 144 75 93 220 46 Kinixys erosa trophies 0001000 Kinixys homeana bodies 0000020 Kinixys homeana carapace 00000053 Kinixys homeana live 3313 1653 1858 999 743 2379 3229 Kinixys homeana live shipments 0000001 Kinixys natalensis bodies 1000000 Kinixys natalensis carapace 0000001 Kinixys natalensis live 5000000 Malacochersus tornieri live 321 2793 925 115 250 193 0 Manouria emys live 450 985 687 432 570 595 276 Manouria impressa live 145 225 75 4 8 9 28 Manouria impressa shells 0000100 Psammobates oculiferus bodies 0000000 Psammobates oculiferus carapace 0010000 Psammobates oculiferus live 29 000001 Psammobates tentorius bodies 1000000 Psammobates tentorius carapace 1003000 Psammobates tentorius live 12 000000 Psammobates tentorius trophies 0000100 Pyxis arachnoides bodies 1000000 Pyxis arachnoides live 1 6 154 46 2632 233 0 Pyxis arachnoides brygooi live 000001000 Pyxis arachnoides oblonga live 000001000 Pyxis planicauda bodies 1002101 Pyxis planicauda live 3 3 64 34 1494 230 0 Testudo graeca bodies 0003100 Testudo graeca carapace 0020000 Testudo graeca live 4666 15 4500 802 1 400 3636 Testudo hermanni bodies 0000000 Testudo hermanni live 428 0 100 0 302 1 100 Testudo horsfieldii live 5843.8 3411 25003 34102 61500 38700 15003 Testudo marginata live 0 0 10 0 22 1 1 Lissemys punctata live 980 100 0 0 83000 450 0 Lissemys punctata live kg 0000088100 0 Lissemys punctata punctata live 10 000000 Trionyx triunguis live 0000030 Erymnochelys madagascariensis bodies 0000101 Erymnochelys madagascariensis carapace 0 0 10 0000 Erymnochelys madagascariensis live 0 0 12 25 59 26 25 Peltocephalus dumeriliana live 0600020 Pelusios gabonensis live 0 0 100 0000 Podocnemis erythrocephala live 0 25 29 11 36 26 9 Podocnemis expansa carapace 0010000 Podocnemis expansa live 0 43 40000 Podocnemis lewyana live 0000000 Podocnemis unifilis live 40 687068 Podocnemis vogli carapace 00000013 Alligator mississippiensis bodies 83 050020

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 59 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Alligator mississippiensis live 585 1 12 417 13 0 0 Alligator mississippiensis meat 1912 2 2715 28 0 0 0 Alligator mississippiensis meat kg 70052.2 27065 12837 32984 14676 32993 18300 Alligator mississippiensis skins 51914 45104 68340 47753 50294 45379 40301 Alligator mississippiensis skins kg 8000000 Alligator mississippiensis skins m2 50 000000 Alligator mississippiensis skin pieces 739 102517 300046 4501 273 2427 2407 Alligator mississippiensis skin pieces kg 0 50 00000 Alligator mississippiensis trophies 0.6 100534 Caiman crocodilus bodies 6 9 67 4 40 84 20 Caiman crocodilus live 3 5 56 0 10 0 2 Caiman crocodilus skins 5107 1007 298 0001 Caiman crocodilus skin pieces 1555 130000 Caiman crocodilus trophies 0010000 Caiman crocodilus crocodilus bodies 6 45 3 5 55 40 3 Caiman crocodilus crocodilus live 10398 7085 4718 12430 8785 4255 4718 Caiman crocodilus crocodilus meat 752 000000 Caiman crocodilus crocodilus meat kg 16663 24734 00000 Caiman crocodilus crocodilus skins 51197 44937 35580 16441 23654 15374 15220 Caiman crocodilus crocodilus skins kg 452 2528 100 0000 Caiman crocodilus crocodilus skins m2 7000000 Caiman crocodilus crocodilus skin pieces 10282 36070 55706 476 90 3872 100 Caiman crocodilus crocodilus skin pieces kg 2815 1095 2478 3101 168 85 0 Caiman crocodilus crocodilus skin pieces sets 13178 000000 Caiman crocodilus crocodilus trophies 00002001 Caiman crocodilus fuscus bodies 2 391 316 222 0 2 188 Caiman crocodilus fuscus live 207.4 000000 Caiman crocodilus fuscus skins 10985 17106 22036 3650 10776 3373 49 Caiman crocodilus fuscus skins m2 73 000000 Caiman crocodilus fuscus skin pieces 10804 4000 1372 7589 0 0 0 Caiman crocodilus fuscus trophies 0000000 Caiman latirostris bodies 0000002 Caiman yacare bodies 0000000 Caiman yacare skins 5844 16464 6102 17500 11366 28473 38615 Caiman yacare skins kg 98.04 000000 Caiman yacare skin pieces 0000003525 Caiman yacare skin pieces kg 0 0 200 0 0 0 13 Palaeosuchus palpebrosus bodies 0000000 Palaeosuchus palpebrosus live 45 193 65 638 441 350 352 Palaeosuchus trigonatus bodies 0030000 Palaeosuchus trigonatus live 45 156 44 431 288 310 224 Crocodylus spp. meat kg 21464 12000 12000 1 0 15000 1 Crocodylus johnsoni bodies 1000000 Crocodylus johnsoni meat kg 5000000 Crocodylus johnsoni skins 478 100 00000 Crocodylus johnsoni skin pieces 0500000 Crocodylus niloticus bodies 4.2 4 2 23 13 14 0 Crocodylus niloticus live 287 20 597 2 1500 14 4000 Crocodylus niloticus meat 306 000000 Crocodylus niloticus meat kg 12652 22300 16783 48410 4000 18470 27000 Crocodylus niloticus skins 14645 3155 7610 26142 5119 3103 4466 Crocodylus niloticus skin pieces 2240 1 50 4501 3 8 4467 Crocodylus niloticus skin pieces m 0000000 Crocodylus niloticus trophies 128 172 191 150 177 186 213 Crocodylus niloticus trophies kg 40.2 000000 Crocodylus novaeguineae skins 159 000000 Crocodylus novaeguineae trophies 0000000 Crocodylus novaeguineae novaeguineaelive 0000800 Crocodylus novaeguineae novaeguineaemeat kg 3200 10 00000 Crocodylus novaeguineae novaeguineaeskins 10015 30041 13055 12085 13324 20227 18790 Crocodylus novaeguineae novaeguineaeskin pieces 30 000000

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 60 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Crocodylus novaeguineae novaeguineaeskin pieces kg 0000000 Crocodylus novaeguineae novaeguineaetrophies 0000000 Crocodylus porosus bodies 1000040 Crocodylus porosus live 0 0 20 0000 Crocodylus porosus meat 0000000 Crocodylus porosus meat kg 9880 50 0 16224 0 500 0 Crocodylus porosus skins 3288 3263 3081 2071 4821 3190 2343 Crocodylus porosus skin pieces 446 0 0 0 918 0 0 Crocodylus porosus skin pieces kg 0000000 Crocodylus porosus trophies 5000240 Cyrtodactylus serpensinsula live 2000000 Phelsuma spp. live 1507 382 530 0 0 823 495 Phelsuma abbotti bodies 5100100 Phelsuma abbotti live 1025 0000050 Phelsuma antanosy bodies 1000000 Phelsuma barbouri bodies 11 010040 Phelsuma barbouri live 1867 0200050 Phelsuma borbonica bodies 0 0 0 29 0 0 0 Phelsuma borbonica live 24 000000 Phelsuma cepediana bodies 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 Phelsuma cepediana live 438 0 130 0 300 0 0 Phelsuma chekei live 5000000 Phelsuma comorensis live 00003965 2410 994 Phelsuma dubia bodies 3001100 Phelsuma dubia live 989 1385 2844 2110 4248 6491 4891 Phelsuma flavigularis bodies 0.6 000000 Phelsuma flavigularis live 852 0000050 Phelsuma guentheri bodies 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 Phelsuma guentheri live 0020000 Phelsuma guimbeaui bodies 0 0 0 44 0 0 0 Phelsuma guimbeaui live 8000000 Phelsuma guttata bodies 9412350 Phelsuma guttata live 1769 1000050 Phelsuma klemmeri bodies 2000020 Phelsuma klemmeri live 339 000000 Phelsuma laticauda bodies 9022480 Phelsuma laticauda live 13572 16663 29258 5387 5003 11087 8215 Phelsuma leiogaster bodies 0 0 120 0010 Phelsuma leiogaster live 320 425 1455 100 0 0 95 Phelsuma lineata bodies 30 371010 Phelsuma lineata live 14843 19397 31450 6002 2535 2310 1810 Phelsuma madagascariensis bodies 13 533670 Phelsuma madagascariensis live 14578 17321 24190 5247 2410 2474 2136 Phelsuma modesta bodies 13 900000 Phelsuma modesta live 60000050 Phelsuma mutabilis bodies 17 882000 Phelsuma mutabilis live 286 060000 Phelsuma nigristriata live 000040060450 Phelsuma ocellata live 2000000 Phelsuma ornata bodies 0 0 0 49 0 0 0 Phelsuma ornata live 6000000 Phelsuma pronki bodies 1000000 Phelsuma pronki live 3000000 Phelsuma pusilla bodies 0003030 Phelsuma pusilla live 396 595 2075 0000 Phelsuma quadriocellata bodies 12 7 11 2149 Phelsuma quadriocellata live 13645 16892 27641 5301 2233 2129 1890 Phelsuma robertmertensi live 00004000100 Phelsuma seippi bodies 3000230 Phelsuma seippi live 169 000000 Phelsuma serraticauda bodies 0000010

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 61 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Phelsuma serraticauda live 2054 00000100 Phelsuma standingi bodies 2001000 Phelsuma standingi live 1621 35 000050 Phelsuma v-nigra live 00003155 5749 500 Uromastyx spp. live 999 5347 4467 4477 3856 6407 200 Uromastyx acanthinura bodies 3000300 Uromastyx acanthinura live 2288 7844 1692 300 50 1433 500 Uromastyx aegyptia bodies 1000100 Uromastyx aegyptia live 2867.4 1300 1551 975 805 614 500 Uromastyx asmussi live 0000003 Uromastyx benti live 553 566 8 1500 500 1700 700 Uromastyx dispar live 487 1077 18012 13578 15103 26755 19484 Uromastyx geyri live 480 1566 0 0 200 2900 2927 Uromastyx hardwickii live 40 0 0 0 250 100 0 Uromastyx ocellata live 2553 491 1291 2047 2075 1168 1990 Uromastyx thomasi live 0 0 16 0000 Bradypodion spp. live 355.8 895 129 75 0 39 74 Bradypodion adolfifriderici live 0000148715120 Bradypodion carpenteri live 20 0 0 0 194 140 0 Bradypodion damaranum live 4 10 00000 Bradypodion dracomontanum bodies 1000000 Bradypodion dracomontanum live 57 000000 Bradypodion fischeri bodies 1000090 Bradypodion fischeri live 4124 4515 4667 4246 3628 3160 4543 Bradypodion fischeri trophies 0010000 Bradypodion gutturale live 1000000 Bradypodion karroicum live 0000000 Bradypodion melanocephalum bodies 2000000 Bradypodion oxyrhinum bodies 0000040 Bradypodion oxyrhinum live 12 000204 Bradypodion pumilum bodies 1000000 Bradypodion pumilum live 5 10 00000 Bradypodion setaroi bodies 0000030 Bradypodion spinosum bodies 0000050 Bradypodion spinosum live 30000516 Bradypodion taeniobronchum live 3000000 Bradypodion tavetanum bodies 0000006 Bradypodion tavetanum live 794 2237 2634 2557 3558 2550 3535 Bradypodion tenue live 26 000200 Bradypodion thamnobates bodies 1000000 Bradypodion thamnobates live 7 10 00050 Bradypodion transvaalense bodies 00004200 Bradypodion uthmoelleri bodies 0000004 Bradypodion uthmoelleri live 00000300 Bradypodion ventrale bodies 6000000 Bradypodion ventrale live 2000000 Bradypodion xenorhinus live 20 0 0 0 282 1161 225 Calumma boettgeri bodies 82534130 Calumma boettgeri live 17 320000 Calumma brevicornis bodies 18 14 11 0 2 2 14 Calumma brevicornis live 1482 0 24 0 0 0 50 Calumma capuroni live 2000000 Calumma cucullata bodies 2203400 Calumma cucullata live 12 000000 Calumma fallax bodies 0050000 Calumma fallax live 1000000 Calumma furcifer bodies 2050010 Calumma furcifer live 149 846 00000 Calumma gallus bodies 2053010 Calumma gallus live 1000000 Calumma gastrotaenia bodies 16 23 15 3063

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 62 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Calumma gastrotaenia live 102 3 12 0000 Calumma globifer bodies 0000020 Calumma globifer live 423 00001020 Calumma guibei bodies 0400400 Calumma guillaumeti bodies 0003030 Calumma hilleniusi bodies 0003000 Calumma linota bodies 0020000 Calumma linota live 1.8 000000 Calumma malthe bodies 5 13 11 0320 Calumma malthe live 70 0 26 0000 Calumma marojezensis bodies 0003030 Calumma nasuta bodies 18 16 935920 Calumma nasuta live 246 3 10 0000 Calumma oshaughnessyi bodies 4 11 10006 Calumma oshaughnessyi live 108 0 25 0 0 4 50 Calumma parsonii bodies 2021000 Calumma parsonii live 2499 475 127 2 6 10 50 Calumma peyrierasi bodies 0300000 Calumma peyrierasi live 0003000 Calumma tigris live 2000000 Chamaeleo spp. live 1672 243 531 27 450 968 268 Chamaeleo affinis live 000011100 Chamaeleo africanus bodies 00000014 Chamaeleo africanus live 23 4 25 56 180 650 148 Chamaeleo anchietae live 00005000 Chamaeleo bitaeniatus bodies 00000103 Chamaeleo bitaeniatus live 282 970 1783 1377 1291 2505 1513 Chamaeleo calcaricarens live 00011500 Chamaeleo calyptratus live 325 93 0 2749 1000 4040 1440 Chamaeleo camerunensis live 00005000 Chamaeleo chamaeleon bodies 00001014 Chamaeleo chamaeleon live 278 0 384 58 3 474 35 Chamaeleo chapini live 26 000000 Chamaeleo cristatus bodies 0030100 Chamaeleo cristatus live 198 480 945 888 564 758 681 Chamaeleo deremensis bodies 0000900 Chamaeleo deremensis live 43 27 15 634 696 388 846 Chamaeleo dilepis bodies 80014610 Chamaeleo dilepis live 5384 8241 5432 5688 11051 8237 10154 Chamaeleo dilepis skins 5000000 Chamaeleo dilepis trophies 0030000 Chamaeleo eisentrauti live 95 150 65 0 0 0 20 Chamaeleo ellioti live 1385 50 0 0 200 1784 1530 Chamaeleo feae live 0 40 0 0 250 416 0 Chamaeleo fuelleborni bodies 0000440 Chamaeleo fuelleborni live 570 2777 3475 1031 536 495 843 Chamaeleo goetzei bodies 0000020 Chamaeleo goetzei live 0000020 Chamaeleo gracilis bodies 2 0 0 11 0 2 2 Chamaeleo gracilis live 2828 2653 2013 2238 2386 3203 2317 Chamaeleo hoehnelii bodies 0000000 Chamaeleo hoehnelii live 50.8 0 0 0 229 1464 710 Chamaeleo incornutus bodies 0000030 Chamaeleo incornutus live 0000002 Chamaeleo jacksonii bodies 5000000 Chamaeleo jacksonii live 2570 1694 1432 999 654 901 883 Chamaeleo jacksonii merumontana live 000974145166 Chamaeleo johnstoni live 2701 100 200 310 368 2298 935 Chamaeleo laevigatus live 0 0 20 20 0 0 0 Chamaeleo marshalli live 10 000000 Chamaeleo melleri bodies 16 000113

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 63 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Chamaeleo melleri live 1942 2956 3985 3114 3775 2592 4488 Chamaeleo melleri skins 2000000 Chamaeleo monachus live 0000000 Chamaeleo montium bodies 4020500 Chamaeleo montium live 1186 1623 2778 2462 1074 1009 1484 Chamaeleo namaquensis live 14 0 20 0000 Chamaeleo oweni live 38 68 191 276 155 80 30 Chamaeleo pfefferi live 27 147 182 482 295 118 0 Chamaeleo quadricornis bodies 2010000 Chamaeleo quadricornis live 1350 2381 3335 3063 1450 968 703 Chamaeleo quilensis live 000050485322 Chamaeleo rudis bodies 0000004 Chamaeleo rudis live 374 1907 2374 1825 1291 1303 1454 Chamaeleo senegalensis bodies 0 0 0 40 1 0 9 Chamaeleo senegalensis live 12725 7754 5552 8157 5032 6787 11449 Chamaeleo tempeli bodies 0000220 Chamaeleo tempeli live 00002210 Chamaeleo werneri bodies 0000426 Chamaeleo werneri live 62 0 0 546 660 451 650 Chamaeleo wiedersheimi bodies 0020100 Chamaeleo wiedersheimi live 312 800 1085 1159 666 347 303 Furcifer angeli bodies 2 19 00000 Furcifer angeli live 0 0 30 0000 Furcifer antimena bodies 2000000 Furcifer antimena live 301.4 0000620 Furcifer balteatus bodies 0000000 Furcifer balteatus live 245 0000020 Furcifer belalandaensis bodies 1000000 Furcifer belalandaensis live 37 000000 Furcifer bifidus bodies 1000200 Furcifer bifidus live 69 5 12 0000 Furcifer campani bodies 3003020 Furcifer campani live 2290 208 30 8 0 0 20 Furcifer cephalolepis live 00002276 3514 2047 Furcifer labordi bodies 1008000 Furcifer labordi live 205 0000020 Furcifer lateralis bodies 14 11 66021 Furcifer lateralis live 8800 14715 24623 4398 2323 2005 1887 Furcifer minor bodies 0000010 Furcifer minor live 446 0000100 Furcifer oustaleti bodies 15 602467 Furcifer oustaleti live 1895 2552 3890 721 1149 997 1716 Furcifer pardalis bodies 7.4 0 2 3 10 8 0 Furcifer pardalis live 7553 14573 34317 6869 2985 2919 1856 Furcifer petteri bodies 1000000 Furcifer petteri live 11 000000 Furcifer polleni live 000040039030 Furcifer rhinoceratus bodies 2000030 Furcifer rhinoceratus live 600020000 Furcifer verrucosus bodies 12 8 3 13 0 0 0 Furcifer verrucosus live 642.6 1825 2601 705 1071 835 1702 Furcifer willsii bodies 0051100 Furcifer willsii live 230 5700050 Amblyrhynchus cristatus bodies 0000200 Amblyrhynchus cristatus skins 0000000 Conolophus subcristatus bodies 0000100 Iguana delicatissima bodies 3000000 Iguana delicatissima live 1000000 Iguana iguana bodies 29 85 133 95 256 92 31 Iguana iguana bodies kg 4000100 Iguana iguana live 170643 73973 89500 49929 47318 62610 39949

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 64 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Iguana iguana meat 10003372 Iguana iguana meat kg 0 191 0 2 6 77.5 44 Iguana iguana skins 671 230200 Iguana iguana skin pieces 0000000 Iguana iguana trophies 0001000 Phrynosoma coronatum live 0004010 Podarcis lilfordi live 60201000 Cordylus spp. live 988 44 18 318 176 819 708 Cordylus cataphractus live 4 10 12 0000 Cordylus cordylus bodies 5.6 000000 Cordylus cordylus live 2131 14 80000 Cordylus giganteus bodies 1000000 Cordylus giganteus live 7100501 Cordylus lawrencei live 20 000000 Cordylus mclachlani live 2000000 Cordylus mossambicus live 0000001470 Cordylus niger live 2080000 Cordylus oelofseni live 0080000 Cordylus peersi live 1000000 Cordylus polyzonus bodies 2000000 Cordylus polyzonus live 6000000 Cordylus pustulatus live 00001173 0 0 Cordylus rhodesianus bodies 1000000 Cordylus rhodesianus live 417 845 0 1077 1270 2000 1420 Cordylus tasmani live 0700000 Cordylus tropidosternum bodies 3000000 Cordylus tropidosternum live 6537 9032 8523 7674 6660 4999 6589 Cordylus ukingensis live 157 0 0 0 100 0 0 Cordylus vittifer bodies 1000000 Cordylus vittifer live 121 00001000 1599 Cordylus warreni bodies 0002000 Cordylus warreni live 515 1853 0 1385 1435 1284 165 Cordylus warreni skins 0000000 Cordylus warreni trophies 0000200 Pseudocordylus melanotus bodies 4000000 Pseudocordylus melanotus live 8 25 00000 Pseudocordylus microlepidotus live 0000000 Crocodilurus lacertinus bodies 0001000 Dracaena guianensis live 0 0 475 73 0 0 0 Tupinambis spp. live 280 30 20 0 165 253 5 Tupinambis spp. skins 42621 186079 187551 105332 174121 27514 0 Tupinambis spp. skin pieces 12732 0 17038 800 500 0 0 Tupinambis spp. skin pieces kg 0 0 300 300 0 0 0 Tupinambis duseni skins 0020000 Tupinambis merianae live 0000305226561 Tupinambis merianae skins 0000122292 233254 185580 Tupinambis merianae skins kg 0000001750 Tupinambis merianae skin pieces 000047252 186943 239684 Tupinambis merianae skin pieces kg 0000012500 Tupinambis merianae skin pieces skins 00000067734 Tupinambis rufescens bodies 0000000 Tupinambis rufescens live 46 152 680 2191 628 1252 1131 Tupinambis rufescens skins 247561 55892 129043 68013 242924 112297 99504 Tupinambis rufescens skins kg 1034 000000 Tupinambis rufescens skins m 2278 000000 Tupinambis rufescens skins m2 11520 000000 Tupinambis rufescens skin pieces 876814 173478 540447 278820 136512 264310 241046 Tupinambis rufescens skin pieces kg 3078 1 100 0 150 0 0 Tupinambis rufescens skin pieces m 1318 000000 Tupinambis rufescens skin pieces sets 230502 000000 Tupinambis rufescens skin pieces skins 0 112668 182198 134852 0 0 82843

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 65 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Tupinambis rufescens skin pieces m2 232.4 000000 Tupinambis teguixin bodies 6031000 Tupinambis teguixin live 3059 3030 2248 3194 3087 3276 2707 Tupinambis teguixin skins 438695 173416 332545 118159 139638 129673 0 Tupinambis teguixin skins kg 555 000000 Tupinambis teguixin skins m2 4978 000000 Tupinambis teguixin skin pieces 998922.6 541472 1815670 165424 45000 0 0 Tupinambis teguixin skin pieces kg 1340 0 100 201 0 0 0 Tupinambis teguixin skin pieces m 2696 000000 Tupinambis teguixin skin pieces sets 473667 000000 Tupinambis teguixin skin pieces skins 0 146011 106876 106106 0 0 0 Corucia zebrata live 2873 2105 1663 1498 1395 2598 0 Heloderma horridum bodies 0014000 Heloderma horridum live 2103100 Heloderma horridum skins 0000004 Heloderma horridum alvarezi bodies 0000080 Heloderma horridum alvarezi live 0000800 Heloderma suspectum bodies 0000100 Heloderma suspectum live 2302000 Varanus spp. live 387 105 842 10 54 29 166 Varanus albigularis bodies 0000000 Varanus albigularis live 1453 1143 1423 1227 1208 4505 2049 Varanus albigularis skins 0020105 Varanus albigularis trophies 0200100 Varanus bogerti live 278.8 106 00000 Varanus doreanus bodies 0000100 Varanus doreanus live 0 0 58 540 462 505 236 Varanus dumerilii bodies 0 10 40000 Varanus dumerilii live 1056 1251 897 759 889 848 428 Varanus exanthematicus bodies 37 000402 Varanus exanthematicus live 33165 20840 21319 19124 17227 20982 31267 Varanus exanthematicus skins 15 20000 00000 Varanus exanthematicus trophies 1221010 Varanus gouldii bodies 0000001 Varanus gouldii skins 0000000 Varanus indicus bodies 1310000 Varanus indicus live 1239 873 590 573 721 709 323 Varanus indicus meat kg 0000005 Varanus indicus skins 2020151 Varanus indicus skin pieces 1000000 Varanus indicus kalabeck live 724 856 484 2000 Varanus jobiensis bodies 0 0 14 0000 Varanus jobiensis live 308 675 423 359 393 434 175 Varanus jobiensis skins 0000000 Varanus kingorum live 0.4 000000 Varanus melinus live 0001000 Varanus niloticus bodies 173 001503 Varanus niloticus live 17063 6071 7550 6193 4130 7230 8368 Varanus niloticus skins 349574 219154 157211 170959 250389 189043 152801 Varanus niloticus skins m2 2000000 Varanus niloticus skin pieces 299 2 0 0 83 0 0 Varanus niloticus trophies 2552410 Varanus ornatus bodies 0000020 Varanus panoptes bodies 0020000 Varanus panoptes live 513 1117 706 109 0 0 88 Varanus prasinus live 48 50 80 4 21 0 0 Varanus prasinus beccarii bodies 0090000 Varanus prasinus beccarii live 288 846 451 369 270 270 124 Varanus prasinus kordensis live 32.2 000000 Varanus rosenbergi live 1000300 Varanus rudicollis bodies 0 10 00000

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 66 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Varanus rudicollis live 1000 1575 858 767 883 853 614 Varanus salvadorii bodies 0020000 Varanus salvadorii live 201 397 332 262 212 244 100 Varanus salvator bodies 9 17 37 10 0 1 0 Varanus salvator live 5237 4461 5235 22120 9926 13074 16743 Varanus salvator live kg 00000020800 Varanus salvator meat 48 000000 Varanus salvator meat kg 192 0 0 700 10100 13140 21140 Varanus salvator skins 811738 727578 568572 637562 624244 669360 247660 Varanus salvator skins kg 310 000000 Varanus salvator skins m2 6084 000000 Varanus salvator skin pieces 20721 0 48 0 17 0 0 Varanus salvator skin pieces m2 25 000000 Varanus salvator trophies 0030000 Varanus semiremex live 03000032 Varanus similis live 436.2 219 270 40 0 0 0 Varanus spenceri live 0000001 Varanus storri live 0000000 Varanus timorensis live 56 116 162 138 87 80 230 Varanus varius bodies 0000020 Varanus varius live 0004000 Varanus yemenensis live 2500000 Loxocemus bicolor bodies 0001000 Loxocemus bicolor live 5.4 0070457 Antaresia maculosa live 0000000 Apodora papuana live 141 334 190 135 201 222 32 Leiopython albertisii live 771 1222 640 436 447 434 326 Liasis fuscus live 39 0 1 151 228 215 2 Liasis mackloti live 486 1081 716 396 384 355 156 Liasis olivaceus live 70 0 32 11 11 12 0 Morelia amethistina live 556 586 570 418 439 442 229 Morelia amethistina skins 1000000 Morelia boeleni bodies 0100000 Morelia boeleni live 143 385 175 146 112 101 12 Morelia bredli live 124 60 60 53 0 0 0 Morelia bredli skins m2 22.6 000000 Morelia spilota bodies 0000100 Morelia spilota live 245 663 671 406 333 323 139 Morelia viridis live 235 291 386 191 216 615 600 Python spp. live 2698 0 3500 265 64 64 80 Python anchietae live 2000000 Python curtus bodies 0 22 00000 Python curtus live 2971 3382 4321 2975 3138 4555 4516 Python curtus skins 66511.4 154704 115785 106865 208777 175665 199946 Python curtus skins m 000004220 Python curtus skins m2 31 000000 Python curtus skin pieces 891 000000 Python molurus bodies 5000000 Python molurus live 3 0 216 247 360 455 0 Python molurus skins 1.8 100000 Python molurus skin pieces 0001001 Python molurus bivittatus live 2496 2915 2371 4319 962 5670 5327 Python molurus bivittatus skins 19571 29942 4131 0 200 20000 0 Python molurus bivittatus skins kg 640 000000 Python molurus bivittatus skins m 698 0 0 0 8800 0 0 Python molurus bivittatus skin pieces 4000000 Python regius bodies 138 020001 Python regius live 102810 51524 58721 76052 41729 72686 72203 Python regius skins 081032000 20 Python regius skin pieces kg 0000000 Python reticulatus bodies 0 1 15 10 0 0 0

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 67 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Python reticulatus live 3417 3222 7287 3787 3758 4061 2151 Python reticulatus meat 497 900 0 1200 0 0 0 Python reticulatus meat kg 9386 22710 26115 30185 24490 19330 10617 Python reticulatus skins 291264 420882 270698 325494 433010 345002 235187 Python reticulatus skins kg 1000 000000 Python reticulatus skins m 6267 0 0 0 2500 0 0 Python reticulatus skins m2 7807.6 000000 Python reticulatus skin pieces 20415 1748 3 0 170 34 0 Python reticulatus skin pieces kg 00001500 Python reticulatus skin pieces m 000002500 Python reticulatus skin pieces m2 58 000000 Python sebae bodies 0000010 Python sebae live 2692 2143 1670 1913 748 720 362 Python sebae skins 14053 25885 22603 10084 16988 7878 1691 Python sebae skins kg 000080000 Python sebae skin pieces 50001044 7 0 Python sebae trophies 2778522 Python timoriensis live 16 0 4 11 0 0 0 Boa constrictor bodies 3118010 Boa constrictor live 6085 2523 3117 3369 1640 4043 4564 Boa constrictor skins 91201040 Boa constrictor trophies 0000000 Boa constrictor imperator bodies 1000000 Boa constrictor imperator live 76 000000 Calabaria reinhardtii bodies 0000100 Calabaria reinhardtii live 854 841 728 1473 1128 1385 908 Candoia aspera live 522 1106 885 973 1000 1020 828 Candoia aspera skins 1000000 Candoia bibroni bodies 1000000 Candoia bibroni live 103 0 50 25 10 30 295 Candoia carinata bodies 1010000 Candoia carinata live 1126 1578 1274 839 864 1012 1065 Candoia carinata skins 1000000 Corallus annulatus bodies 0000000 Corallus annulatus live 0.6 022000 Corallus caninus bodies 0030000 Corallus caninus live 971 714 468 1306 1284 1723 1324 Corallus cookii live 26 0000250 Corallus hortulanus bodies 1 7 23 1000 Corallus hortulanus live 1832 1587 682 2821 3220 3250 2920 Epicrates angulifer bodies 0000001 Epicrates angulifer live 3000910 Epicrates cenchria bodies 0112000 Epicrates cenchria live 303 439 132 521 432 421 465 Epicrates cenchria skins 0010000 Epicrates chrysogaster live 0001000 Epicrates fordii live 00000400 Epicrates gracilis live 00000110 Epicrates maurus live 43 2 50 193 36 142 69 Epicrates striatus bodies 0002000 Epicrates striatus live 00000460 Eryx elegans skins 0100000 Eryx jaculus bodies 0001000 Eryx jaculus live 10 000000 Eryx jayakari live 0 0 0 43 70 190 0 Eryx johnii live 00000200 Eryx miliaris live 58 0 200 204 130 125 150 Eryx tataricus live 10 0 0 50 59 50 40 Eunectes murinus bodies 0.2 000000 Eunectes murinus live 536 493 201 802 650 697 952 Eunectes murinus skins 00000440

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 68 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Eunectes notaeus live 7000388121 Eunectes notaeus skins 13812 21579 26639 8669 3576 2773 2966 Eunectes notaeus skins m2 23 000000 Gongylophis colubrinus live 742 0 72 0200 Gongylophis conicus live 0003000 Gongylophis muelleri live 0 0 20 0 0 173 371 Lichanura trivirgata live 4 10 4 101 8 0 0 Exiliboa placata bodies 0000080 Tropidophis caymanensis skins 0010000 Tropidophis caymanensis skin pieces 0010000 Tropidophis greenwayi live 0001000 Tropidophis haetianus live 00000150 Ungaliophis panamensis live 0000000 Clelia clelia bodies 1740000 Clelia clelia live 200000100 Cyclagras gigas live 1.6 0 0 2 15 0 37 Ptyas mucosus bodies 0090000 Ptyas mucosus live 24551.6 3008 7 0 633 15000 10000 Ptyas mucosus live kg 2300 00006000 0 Ptyas mucosus meat kg 4020 000000 Ptyas mucosus skins 225493 514213 335400 99058 5056 0 0 Ptyas mucosus skins kg 6000000 Ptyas mucosus skins m2 35 000000 Ptyas mucosus skin pieces 24755 000000 Ptyas mucosus skin pieces m2 3000000 Naja naja bodies 98.4 402 202 400 201 151 251 Naja naja bodies kg 329 0 0 50 70 0 0 Naja naja live 19686 9343 12092 18994 14263 22544 8396 Naja naja live kg 2380 000000 Naja naja meat kg 209 260 200 106 70 210 70 Naja naja skins 55394 22311 5754 3212 3970 2395 2726 Naja naja skins m2 4000000 Naja naja skin pieces 1501 000000 Naja naja atra live 0 1500 00000 Naja naja atra skins 2000 000000 Naja naja kaouthia bodies 0000024 Naja naja kaouthia live 5 250 53 5 20 0 0

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 69 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Naja naja kaouthia skins 300 000000 Naja naja oxiana live 0601000 Naja naja sputatrix bodies 0 200 178 375 800 0 0 Naja naja sputatrix live 7650 24173 7393 210 4748 922 11 Naja naja sputatrix meat kg 0 0 1500 600 0 0 0 Naja naja sputatrix skins 109825 142029 128133 124474 125053 127832 48000 Naja naja sumatrana live 60 000003 Naja naja sumatrana skins 00003000 0 0 Ophiophagus hannah live 309.2 193 195 222 103 119 115 Ophiophagus hannah skins 47 000000 Ophiophagus hannah trophies 0100000 Vipera wagneri live 8000000

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 70 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 AMPHIBIA: AMPHIBIANS Ambystoma dumerilii live 2000000 Ambystoma mexicanum live 20 000000 Allobates femoralis bodies 6 0 12 10 0 0 0 Allobates femoralis live 22 000005 Dendrobates arboreus live 7000000 Dendrobates auratus bodies 3 0 0 14 0 0 0 Dendrobates auratus live 1813 990 171 1046 283 149 900 Dendrobates azureus live 0 20 0 11 0 0 5 Dendrobates biolat bodies 0 3 10 10 0 0 0 Dendrobates fantasticus live 0050000 Dendrobates galactonotus bodies 6000000 Dendrobates galactonotus live 0 0 13 0000 Dendrobates granulifer bodies 8000000 Dendrobates granulifer live 4 10 40000 Dendrobates histrionicus bodies 2000000 Dendrobates histrionicus live 282.2 100 0 0 25 0 0 Dendrobates imitator live 0 0 191 501 0 0 0 Dendrobates lehmanni live 6000000 Dendrobates leucomelas live 20002505 Dendrobates pumilio bodies 1.4 000000 Dendrobates pumilio live 1690 1016 248 850 225 289 0 Dendrobates quinquevittatus bodies 3 7 17 0000 Dendrobates quinquevittatus live 1000000 Dendrobates reticulatus live 0 0 423 761 176 0 0 Dendrobates speciosus live 9 0 20 0000 Dendrobates tinctorius bodies 00002700 Dendrobates tinctorius live 998 12845 1497 1647 1563 1198 930 Dendrobates vanzolinii bodies 4.2 000000 Dendrobates vanzolinii live 2000000 Dendrobates ventrimaculatus bodies 2.8 1 0 10 0 0 0 Dendrobates ventrimaculatus live 1000005 Epipedobates boulengeri bodies 2000000 Epipedobates boulengeri live 54 000000 Epipedobates macero bodies 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 Epipedobates pictus bodies 3 1 2 12 0 0 0 Epipedobates pictus live 0.2 0 33 1157 204 0 10 Epipedobates simulans bodies 0003000 Epipedobates tricolor live 137.2 100 0 0 25 10 0 Epipedobates trivittatus bodies 8 0 0 45 0 0 0 Epipedobates trivittatus live 58.4 173 542 2379 827 502 581 Minyobates fulguritus live 2040000 Minyobates minutus live 2000000 Phyllobates bicolor live 6000000 Phyllobates lugubris live 2040040 Phyllobates vittatus bodies 1000000 Phyllobates vittatus live 0 10 36 27 0 0 0 Hoplobatrachus tigerinus bodies 0000000 Hoplobatrachus tigerinus live kg 44 000000 Hoplobatrachus tigerinus meat 0000014967 0 Hoplobatrachus tigerinus meat kg 236491.896 90977 104223 26010 24005 65000 184986 Mantella spp. live 0 0 0 60 6760 9683 1420 Mantella aurantiaca bodies 10801750 Mantella aurantiaca live 5684 17506 31463 8039 11505 10325 4780 Mantella baroni bodies 0000030 Mantella baroni live 000001210 Mantella bernhardi live 0 0 0 30 440 1005 650 Mantella betsileo bodies 000017814 Mantella betsileo live 00001332 3985 1215 Mantella cowani live 00004259751520 Mantella crocea bodies 0000050

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 71 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Mantella crocea live 00001157 1770 630 Mantella expectata live 00001280 1720 2385 Mantella haraldmeieri live 0000240310380 Mantella laevigata bodies 0000050 Mantella laevigata live 00002537 2795 1170 Mantella madagascariensis bodies 0000040 Mantella madagascariensis live 00006265 8825 5570 Mantella milotympanum live 0000001270 Mantella nigricans bodies 0000070 Mantella nigricans live 0000050 Mantella pulchra bodies 0000020 Mantella pulchra live 00003297 4450 2890 Mantella veronica live 000015549080 Mantella viridis live 00001921 3845 2370

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 72 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 ACTINOPTERYGII / SARCOPTERYGII: FISH Neoceratodus forsteri bodies 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 Neoceratodus forsteri live 1.8 02442000 Acipenser spp. bodies kg 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 Acipenser spp. eggs 0 0 1001 1700 0 0 92 Acipenser spp. eggs items 0020100 Acipenser spp. eggs kg 0 0 9293 5640 318 908 865 Acipenser spp. live kg 0 0 0 42 0 0 0 Acipenser spp. meat kg 0 0 45.78 0000 Acipenser baerii eggs kg 00001013 Acipenser baerii egg (live) kg 0002000 Acipenser baerii live 000050000 0 0 Acipenser baerii live kg 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 Acipenser baerii meat kg 0000005 Acipenser fulvescens bodies 0 0 1 299 0 162 2 Acipenser fulvescens bodies shipments 006420000 Acipenser fulvescens eggs kg 0 0 0 224 5 0 0 Acipenser fulvescens egg (live) 00000220000 20000 Acipenser fulvescens live 0 0 560 50000 0 20000 6700 Acipenser fulvescens meat 0 0 5950 271 2904 54 0 Acipenser fulvescens meat kg 0 0 13486.43 411620.45 19592 22373.7 42498 Acipenser fulvescens meat shipments 0003000 Acipenser gueldenstaedtii bodies 0000100 Acipenser gueldenstaedtii bodies kg 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 Acipenser gueldenstaedtii eggs 0 0 500 0 0 74 1 Acipenser gueldenstaedtii eggs cans 000009160 Acipenser gueldenstaedtii eggs kg 0 0 75012 35363 31457 14107 11743 Acipenser gueldenstaedtii egg (live) kg 00021400 Acipenser gueldenstaedtii meat 0000003200 Acipenser gueldenstaedtii meat kg 0 0 2053 2954 66592 0 1050 Acipenser gueldenstaedtii skins 0080000 Acipenser gueldenstaedtii skins m 0 0 9 46 0 0 0 Acipenser nudiventris eggs 000011199.15 0 0 Acipenser nudiventris eggs kg 0 0 11 1486 1691 3434 299 Acipenser nudiventris meat kg 000014000 0 0 Acipenser oxyrinchus bodies 0 0 113 0000 Acipenser oxyrinchus bodies kg 000002720 Acipenser oxyrinchus bodies shipments 00340000 Acipenser oxyrinchus eggs 0 0 0 4000 0 0 0 Acipenser oxyrinchus eggs kg 00002700 Acipenser oxyrinchus live 000001325 0 Acipenser oxyrinchus meat 0 0 0 8800 0 0 0 Acipenser oxyrinchus meat kg 432.182 18548.157 0 15692.65 0 0 500 Acipenser persicus bodies 0001000 Acipenser persicus bodies kg 0000703460 Acipenser persicus eggs kg 0 0 8430 47069 33232 40001 27801 Acipenser persicus egg (live) kg 000003060 Acipenser persicus meat kg 0 0 10 28268 15547 22446 938 Acipenser persicus skins 00000020 Acipenser persicus skins m2 0000000 Acipenser ruthenus eggs 000055000 0 0 Acipenser ruthenus eggs kg 00001500 Acipenser ruthenus live 000003500 0 Acipenser ruthenus live kg 0 0 0 100 0 0 310 Acipenser schrenckii bodies 0000200 Acipenser schrenckii eggs kg 0 0 2837 6273 4356 2620 1756 Acipenser schrenckii meat kg 00002085 0 0 Acipenser stellatus bodies 0002100 Acipenser stellatus bodies kg 0 0 4000 422.5 429.86 0 0 Acipenser stellatus eggs 0 0 476 324 5000 0 4544 Acipenser stellatus eggs cans 000009470

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 73 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Acipenser stellatus eggs kg 0 0 52233 58444 46134 51516 25575 Acipenser stellatus egg (live) kg 0 0 0 2.5 0 179 0 Acipenser stellatus meat kg 0 0 9409 15963 122850 42675 120 Acipenser stellatus skins 00000020 Acipenser stellatus skins m 0020000 Acipenser stellatus skins m2 0000000 Acipenser transmontanus eggs 0 0 0 80000 20000 50000 0 Acipenser transmontanus eggs kg 000001000 Acipenser transmontanus egg (live) 0000010000 0 Acipenser transmontanus live 0 0 155 0 0 2940 44000 Acipenser transmontanus meat kg 0 0 67 1762 68 0 0 Huso dauricus eggs 000007050 Huso dauricus eggs kg 0 0 6139 7179 5477 4450 2433 Huso dauricus meat kg 00008000 0 0 Huso huso bodies 0001000 Huso huso bodies kg 0 0 12750 3203 0 500 0 Huso huso eggs 0000003 Huso huso eggs cans 000003562 0 Huso huso eggs kg 0 0 10362 9738 18352 14224 9911 Huso huso egg (live) kg 00000150 Huso huso meat 0 0 0 15 37 0 0 Huso huso meat kg 0 0 17230 90663 45719 26081 21434 Huso huso skins 0 0 22 0 0 0 20 Huso huso skins m 0 0 9.941 0000 Huso huso skins m2 0000100 Scaphirhynchus platorynchus eggs 0001000 Polyodon spathula eggs 30000 0 150000 0 326 0 0 Polyodon spathula eggs kg 00403066 1947 2174 Polyodon spathula live 2062 0 21000 0000 Polyodon spathula meat kg 85.4 00006021 Arapaima gigas bodies 1000100 Arapaima gigas live 412 0 0 0 81 68 173 Arapaima gigas meat kg 6174 000000 Caecobarbus geertsi live 300 000000

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 74 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 ARTHROPODA / ANNELIDA / MOLLUSCA / CNIDARIA: INVERTEBRATES Bhutanitis lidderdalii bodies 00001410220 Bhutanitis mansfieldi bodies 00001410380 Bhutanitis thaidina bodies 00001410370 Bhutanitis yulongensis bodies 0000100 Ornithoptera spp. bodies 130 230 0 1 40 70 0 Ornithoptera aesacus bodies 0.2 200000 Ornithoptera caelestis bodies 1000000 Ornithoptera chimaera bodies 0.8 23 116 20 16 0 4 Ornithoptera chimaera raw corals 0000010 Ornithoptera croesus bodies 12 20 115 195 20 0 0 Ornithoptera goliath bodies 98 64 267 40 26 2 19 Ornithoptera goliath live 0000200 Ornithoptera goliath samson bodies 0 12 50 0000 Ornithoptera meridionalis bodies 0 2 53 0 11 0 4 Ornithoptera paradisea bodies 41 32 37 0204 Ornithoptera paradisea live 0000100 Ornithoptera priamus bodies 270 343 152 291 496 76 610 Ornithoptera priamus live 0.2 00041000 Ornithoptera priamus demophanes bodies 0000000 Ornithoptera priamus euphorion bodies 13.2 000000 Ornithoptera priamus poseidon bodies 89 29 150 1000 997 307 40 Ornithoptera priamus poseidon live 60 0 400 0 100 0 100 Ornithoptera rothschildi bodies 168 92 10 120 580 0 0 Ornithoptera tithonus bodies 64 30 16 20 26 0 0 Ornithoptera urvillianus bodies 00000100120 Ornithoptera victoriae bodies 56.4 0 0 12 18 2 46 Ornithoptera victoriae live 0000200 Parnassius apollo bodies 0100040 Parnassius apollo live 4 5 10 5000 Teinopalpus spp. bodies 1000000 Teinopalpus imperialis bodies 000100116 Trogonoptera brookiana bodies 772 368 2444 2442 920 10 1425 Trogonoptera brookiana eggs 0 0 10 0000 Trogonoptera brookiana live 23 99 872 0 210 14 0 Trogonoptera brookiana albescens bodies 109 0 17 0 920 0 0 Trogonoptera brookiana albescens live 6000000 Trogonoptera trojana bodies 0020000 Troides aeacus bodies 116.6 0 40 0 50 1 109 Troides amphrysus bodies 48 63 50 20 90 76 16 Troides amphrysus ruficollis bodies 00004000 Troides andromache bodies 16 0010440 Troides cuneifer bodies 8 20 40 3 76 0 0 Troides cuneifer peninsulae bodies 00004000 Troides haliphron bodies 4000000 Troides helena bodies 168 0 271 140 160 1 0 Troides helena live 76.6 147 467 107 81 374 165 Troides helena cerberus bodies 60004000 Troides hypolitus bodies 10 8 0 60 0 0 0 Troides miranda bodies 0040400 Troides oblongomaculatus bodies 94.8 105 99 800 590 4 0 Troides oblongomaculatus live 00003900 Troides oblongomaculatus papuensis bodies 4000000 Troides plato bodies 0 0 20 0000 Troides rhadamantus live 00000061 Troides vandepolli bodies 0080000 Brachypelma spp. bodies 0 0 62 71 0 2 1 Brachypelma spp. live 161 500 650 0 119 391 156 Brachypelma albopilosum live 476 2404 2665 6128 1562 664 2579 Brachypelma auratum bodies 0000080 Brachypelma boehmei bodies 00000160

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 75 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Brachypelma boehmei live 0000080 Brachypelma smithi bodies 00000140 Brachypelma smithi live 0030040 Brachypelma vagans bodies 0 0 0 39 100 6 0 Brachypelma vagans live 000040200 Brachypelmides klaasi bodies 000009600 Brachypelmides klaasi live 000002900 Pandinus spp. live 70 000000 Pandinus dictator bodies 0 10 00000 Pandinus dictator live 0 200 350 0 34 0 0 Pandinus gambiensis live 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 Pandinus imperator bodies 0 0 11 0001 Pandinus imperator live 18213 55681 60647 71343 62130 97878 124400 Hirudo medicinalis bodies 30 0 0 0 5600 0 0 Hirudo medicinalis bodies kg 3121 4944 5400 500 5675 4150 1550 Hirudo medicinalis live 70146 106030 4895 200 150 500 0 Hirudo medicinalis live kg 1770 1639 1199 1374 1655 1515 2640 Tridacnidae spp. live 397 0 1441 21987 39192 0 0 Tridacnidae spp. meat 57 4679 0 4728 3174 8099 8341 Tridacnidae spp. meat kg 732.1 0 7720 22 0 0 25 Tridacnidae spp. shells 1506 2362 732 294 54 216 304 Tridacnidae spp. shells kg 1410.46 400200 Hippopus spp. live 18 002004 Hippopus spp. shells 5465.4 0 40 2 8 1 23 Hippopus hippopus bodies kg 0008000 Hippopus hippopus live 461 366 209 207 151 361 354 Hippopus hippopus live kg 00000200 Hippopus hippopus shells 28094 99 5235 828 982 1084 1025 Hippopus hippopus shells kg 4798 0 0 0 1000 0 0 Hippopus porcellanus live 0.2 21 00000 Hippopus porcellanus shells 6685 000000 Hippopus porcellanus shells kg 919 000000 Tridacna spp. live 1653 1520 7651 8935 133 3 47 Tridacna spp. live kg 00000130 Tridacna spp. meat kg 2400 44 20 25 6 5 0 Tridacna spp. shells 3308 27 4333 84 32 88 147 Tridacna spp. shells kg 59 000002 Tridacna crocea live 46959 11598 61310 47650 57186 66220 46704 Tridacna crocea live kg 152 0 218 0 266 0 100 Tridacna crocea meat 11102.2 000000 Tridacna crocea meat kg 48551 000000 Tridacna crocea shells 30067.3 150 323 69 763 345 257 Tridacna crocea shells bags 1244 000000 Tridacna crocea shells kg 0000400 Tridacna derasa live 6816 12048 13050 10950 11083 7268 2356 Tridacna derasa live kg 0 217 3 0 75 89 0 Tridacna derasa meat 2000000 Tridacna derasa shells 75 146 105 93 237 310 193 Tridacna derasa shells kg 0 12 0 0 0 11000 0 Tridacna gigas bodies 2.8 000000 Tridacna gigas live 1355 920 330 474 486 9 165 Tridacna gigas live kg 207.3 000000 Tridacna gigas meat kg 400 000000 Tridacna gigas shells 138.4 3 16 35 29 14 13 Tridacna gigas shells kg 3720 0 0 0 29000 0 0 Tridacna maxima bodies 12 000000 Tridacna maxima live 5336 17145 26627 23872 24306 22760 20833 Tridacna maxima live kg 69 273 165 264 286 516 100 Tridacna maxima shells 958 6299 29013 19961 2517 15691 4384 Tridacna maxima shells kg 2000 64000 24000 18565 22000 22500 0 Tridacna squamosa live 2455 3782 5009 9540 26065 15851 18431

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 76 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Tridacna squamosa live kg 040018110000 0 Tridacna squamosa meat kg 400 000000 Tridacna squamosa shells 20112 75 366 259 302 284 325 Tridacna squamosa shells kg 6688 0 0 0 17004 4500 10000 Papustyla pulcherrima shells 0000004 Strombus spp. shells 00002600 Strombus gigas bodies 62940 01209580 0 Strombus gigas live 30002 29194 24519 40987 12 1 2272 Strombus gigas live kg 28113.8942 178 24018 51718 9792 2041 6841 Strombus gigas meat 49461 4673 102452 0 127635 187950 244 Strombus gigas meat cases 33.8 00004000 Strombus gigas meat kg 1196924 2445315 2569943 2601532 1624160 2753354 2465374 Strombus gigas meat pounds 00005000 Strombus gigas meat shipments 10000000 Strombus gigas shells 155044 158975 156650 237954 283081 338641 224886 Strombus gigas shells kg 11468 22720 136 17454 7973 5274 11483 Antipatharia spp. raw corals kg 15425 45 194 1662 13 684 9284 Antipatharia spp. raw corals pieces 0 17000 00000 Antipatharia spp. live 10.8 139 128 184 10 1 0 Antipathes spp. raw corals kg 10124 10357 51211 Antipathes spp. live 03002000 Antipathes abies raw corals kg 4636 000000 Antipathes crispa live 00000020.61 Antipathes densa raw corals kg 2578 87 4814 32366 0 6 2 Antipathes densa raw corals sets 349 000000 Antipathes densa live 0000005236 Antipathes dichotoma raw corals kg 0.232 000000 Antipathes japonica raw corals kg 22638 6 3656 818 0 0 0 Antipathes japonica raw corals sets 1909 000000 Aphanipathes spp. live 320 000000 Bathypathes spp. raw corals flasks 0000002 Bathypathes spp. raw corals kg 0000001 Bathypathes scoparia live 0500000 Cirrhipathes anguina raw corals kg 1943 97119 6886 182 0 29 0 Cirrhipathes anguina raw corals pieces 0 9000 00000 Cirrhipathes anguina live 334 000000 Cirrhipathes contorta raw corals kg 000060500 Cladopathes spp. raw corals kg 0000001 Cladopathes spp. live 3000000 Parantipathes spp. raw corals flasks 0000002 Parantipathes spp. raw corals kg 0000001 Schizopathes spp. raw corals flasks 0000001 Schizopathes spp. raw corals kg 0000001.16 Sibopathes spp. live 5000000 Stichopathes spp. live 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 Stichopathes gracilis live 100 000000 Stichopathes longispina live 0107100.2061 0 Scleractinia spp. bodies 000013700 Scleractinia spp. raw corals kg 475520 648669 989154 1219132 1394773 1666139 2224591 Scleractinia spp. raw corals m 0000500 Scleractinia spp. raw corals shipments 3000000 Scleractinia spp. live 365815 538100 402809 587512 426126 610897 106589 Scleractinia spp. live shipments 00001000 Actinastrea spp. raw corals kg 2000000 Stephanocoenia intersepta live 0000201 Stylocoeniella spp. raw corals kg 1000000 Stylocoeniella spp. live 00000028 Pocilloporidae spp. raw corals kg 0000201 Pocilloporidae spp. live 0000010 Madracis spp. raw corals kg 0000700 Madracis decactis live 00000010

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 77 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Madracis decactis shells 00002000 Madracis mirabilis raw corals kg 00000.58 3.48 2.9 Madracis mirabilis live 000014073 Palauastrea spp. live 0006000 Pocillopora spp. raw corals kg 163716 51061 35074 61371 14931 46284 7863 Pocillopora spp. live 3783.2 7726.7477 15080 4860 6624.6867 2820.549 3779 Pocillopora capitata raw corals kg 1525 000000 Pocillopora capitata live 00300580 Pocillopora clavaria live 00000210 Pocillopora damicornis raw corals kg 61301 3679 18747 31957 29115 8002 1178 Pocillopora damicornis live 232 2253 0 3214 5019 5214 2172 Pocillopora damicornis shells 0000400 Pocillopora eydouxi raw corals kg 16488 903 25310 27719 38761 27237 5991 Pocillopora eydouxi live 239.2 599 1247 1869.995 101 318 132 Pocillopora ligulata raw corals kg 2900 000000 Pocillopora ligulata live 0001000 Pocillopora meandrina raw corals kg 203 1 3527 18631 12342 8800 4640 Pocillopora meandrina live 214 0 0 1948 0 0 0 Pocillopora solida live 0 900 00000 Pocillopora verrucosa raw corals kg 66039 20581 17940 37095 37241 53508 21281 Pocillopora verrucosa live 629 1967 0 2021 3037 3341 1664 Pocillopora verrucosa shells 00004700 Seriatopora spp. raw corals kg 10858 1068 12484 531 200 2136 176 Seriatopora spp. live 485.8 2248.8244 2210 3386 3135.3891 2785.8235 2143.9159 Seriatopora caliendrum raw corals kg 82 000000 Seriatopora caliendrum live 000041400 Seriatopora guttatus live 00000050 Seriatopora hystrix raw corals kg 6422 3161 2442 663 900 1459 1193 Seriatopora hystrix live 128 363 608 769 1683 1334 552 Seriatopora lineata live 0 0 0 607 0 0 0 Stylophora spp. raw corals kg 15308 4198 16421 5250 3029 1940 2068 Stylophora spp. live 1344.8 2922.8854 3553 4521 3697.1599 2273.1137 1742.4122 Stylophora compressa raw corals kg 0000001 Stylophora compressa live 000071300 Stylophora pistillata raw corals kg 13312 1533 998 2349 1100 558 155 Stylophora pistillata live 639.6 648 0 698 1307 1614 986 Acroporidae spp. raw corals kg 19 0005303 Acroporidae spp. live 4.4 000000 Acropora spp. raw corals kg 95397 39669 25016 20070 18581 12171 28829 Acropora spp. live 24683.64636 39076.242 54138.677 50784 50708.114 52513.539 76559.392 Acropora spp. shells 00006800 Acropora spp. shells kg 00001400 Acropora aculeus live 100008080 Acropora acuminata live 120 000000 Acropora aspera live 1000000 Acropora austera raw corals kg 17.748 000000 Acropora austera live 0000000 Acropora brueggemanni raw corals kg 0.116 000000 Acropora brueggemanni live 00000030 Acropora carduus live 0.4 000000 Acropora caroliniana live 00000050 Acropora cerealis raw corals kg 0000000 Acropora cerealis live 000000138 Acropora cervicornis raw corals kg 15355 145 1740 3192 8584 3527 17 Acropora cervicornis live 92031690113 Acropora cervicornis shells 00002000 Acropora clathrata raw corals kg 0000050 Acropora clathrata live 0.4 000000 Acropora cuneata raw corals kg 14 000000 Acropora cuneata live 126.8 00008180 Acropora cytherea raw corals kg 6060 194 1600 4060 150 5 0

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 78 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Acropora cytherea live 0000011 Acropora danai raw corals kg 6000000 Acropora dendrum raw corals kg 643 000000 Acropora dendrum live 132 0 15 0900 Acropora digitifera raw corals kg 70.76 382.22 144.42 42.34 71.34 706.78 30.74 Acropora digitifera live 42 303 00000 Acropora digitifera shells 00006700 Acropora divaricata raw corals kg 0000000 Acropora divaricata live 0.4 0000030 Acropora donei live 0000000 Acropora echinata raw corals kg 8808 842 1593 1152 0 459 140 Acropora echinata live 206 77 181 0 0 109 130 Acropora elseyi live 06000050 Acropora florida raw corals kg 14059 244 16647 5754 8780 7216 1400 Acropora florida live 35.6 85 0 350.37 0 600 0 Acropora formosa raw corals kg 355 0 1 6 520 36 0 Acropora formosa live 0.6 6 0 8969 10686 11430 6433 Acropora gemmifera raw corals kg 0000300 Acropora gemmifera live 0.4 000060060 Acropora grandis raw corals kg 41 30 00000 Acropora grandis live 0000000 Acropora granulosa raw corals kg 255 828 332 0 448 1 9 Acropora granulosa live 0 383 148 0 0 0 50 Acropora horrida live 06000148116 Acropora humilis raw corals kg 8937.452 3343.7 5031.3 2478.34 1432.6 1669 538.24 Acropora humilis live 68 800 0 7708 10657 10351 4174 Acropora hyacinthus raw corals kg 571.3 734.86 7309.68 818.96 2005.64 238.74 95.12 Acropora hyacinthus live 153 1691 416 12880 14332 15367 5703 Acropora implicata live 0000900 Acropora indonesia live 0100000 Acropora kirstyae live 0100000 Acropora latistella raw corals kg 115 302 8080 9016 16559 3357 1008 Acropora latistella live 0 0 197 0 156 0 0 Acropora listeri live 0000100 Acropora longicyathus raw corals kg 0.116 000000 Acropora longicyathus live 0600001 Acropora loripes live 0.6 0 0 0 200 0 198 Acropora microclados raw corals kg 48 335 423 512 1406 1069 75 Acropora microclados live 0.4 0 200 0 240 0 0 Acropora microphthalma raw corals kg 16 000000 Acropora microphthalma live 0000000 Acropora millepora raw corals kg 0000000 Acropora millepora live 1 6 0 10 0 182 767 Acropora monticulosa raw corals kg 0000200 Acropora nana live 0.8 000000 Acropora nasuta raw corals kg 10266 930 6425 3240 2000 942 1556 Acropora nasuta live 227.2 0 100 0000 Acropora nobilis raw corals kg 4756 579 9380 3480 1277 4000 1518 Acropora nobilis live 182.8 684 349 100 206 87 81 Acropora palifera raw corals kg 3290 1866 9202 512 530 487 777 Acropora palifera live 120 1306 305 756 0 307 1 Acropora palmata raw corals kg 128 145 0 1 1 30 3 Acropora palmata live 13.2 1 0 3 468 45.1525 333 Acropora palmerae live 0 0 75 0000 Acropora paniculata live 0000000 Acropora pharaonis live 00000170 Acropora pocilloporina live 00000050 Acropora polystoma live 0000000 Acropora prolifera raw corals kg 0 145 000088.74 Acropora pulchra raw corals kg 000010000 0 0 Acropora pulchra live 0.8 60000605

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 79 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Acropora pumila live 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 Acropora rambleri live 0100000 Acropora retusa raw corals kg 407 000000 Acropora retusa live 164 000000 Acropora robusta raw corals kg 3600 000000 Acropora robusta live 0000011485 Acropora samoensis raw corals kg 0000200 Acropora samoensis live 2.4 00000192 Acropora sarmentosa live 1000000 Acropora secale live 0.8 000000 Acropora selago raw corals kg 50 000000 Acropora selago live 0.4 0 0 0 80 5 0 Acropora spicifera raw corals kg 24 000000 Acropora spicifera live 1 10 00000 Acropora squarrosa raw corals kg 1322 000000 Acropora subglabra raw corals kg 000002030 Acropora subulata live 100008881 Acropora tenella live 0 0 123 0000 Acropora tenuis raw corals kg 2145 93 01000 Acropora tenuis live 0.6 000000 Acropora tortuosa live 00001010183 Acropora valencennesii raw corals kg 0 0 12.18 0 0 11.02 0 Acropora valencennesii live 0000080106 Acropora valida raw corals kg 1000 23780 000087 Acropora valida live 0 40 0 200 0 107 370 Acropora vaughani raw corals kg 1689 209 2132 41 465 1645 854 Acropora vaughani live 140 16 0 0 0 97 0 Acropora willisae raw corals kg 0.232 000000 Anacropora spp. raw corals kg 2000000 Anacropora spp. live 17 2000100 Anacropora forbesi live 1000000 Astreopora spp. raw corals kg 1.276 000000 Astreopora spp. live 02000154 Montipora spp. raw corals kg 3982 215 2000 4015 49 47 87 Montipora spp. live 908 6652 7510 7447 7134 8391 8304 Montipora aequituberculata raw corals kg 1395 67 9332 3915 5422 300 0 Montipora aequituberculata live 7 129 0 237 0 0 0 Montipora caliculata live 00007500 Montipora capricornis raw corals kg 403 000000 Montipora capricornis live 171 47 00070 Montipora digitata raw corals kg 0600002 Montipora digitata live 1.2 10 0 0 100 117 487 Montipora efflorescens live 0000128747146 Montipora effusa live 0 54 00000 Montipora floweri live 0000003 Montipora foliosa raw corals kg 0 0 1000 2140 81 12 0 Montipora foliosa live 0 0 0 1083 2218 2408 831 Montipora foveolata live 0 0 0 60 0 40 40 Montipora informis live 0 35 00000 Montipora monasteriata live 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 Montipora tuberculosa raw corals kg 435 000000 Montipora tuberculosa live 0600000 Montipora venosa raw corals kg 0 2923 00000 Montipora verrucosa raw corals kg 000028015 Montipora verrucosa live 0 0 0 679 1731 1935 580 Agariciidae spp. raw corals kg 0000171 Agaricia spp. raw corals kg 35 002112 Agaricia spp. live 41 30 0 10 4 5 0 Agaricia agaricites raw corals kg 0 145 031725 Agaricia agaricites live 0.2 0 0 209 26 130 160 Agaricia fragilis raw corals kg 0 145 00000

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 80 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Agaricia fragilis live 0000100 Agaricia grahamae live 0000600 Agaricia humilis raw corals kg 3.48 000000 Agaricia humilis live 6 0 30 0 2 3 1035 Agaricia lamarcki raw corals kg 00000013.34 Agaricia lamarcki live 00002600 Agaricia tenuifolia live 0000001 Agaricia undata raw corals kg 0 145 00000 Agaricia undata live 00002400 Coeloseris spp. raw corals kg 1000000 Coeloseris mayeri raw corals kg 30.68 000000 Gardineroseris spp. raw corals kg 6090000 Gardineroseris planulata raw corals kg 7.772 2.32 00000 Helioseris cucullata live 00002201 Leptoseris spp. raw corals kg 4.64 0 58 0 0 5.22 0 Leptoseris spp. live 0 20 17 102 163 386 639 Leptoseris amitoriensis live 00001000 Leptoseris foliosa live 0000095100 Leptoseris mycetoseroides live 0000802 Leptoseris tenuis live 0 26 11 0000 Pachyseris spp. raw corals kg 95.236 136.3 102.08 190.82 96.28 143.84 29.58 Pachyseris spp. live 93 796 1384 1870 1821 1115 1823 Pachyseris rugosa raw corals kg 967.44 12.18 10.44 17.98 10.44 105.24 0 Pachyseris rugosa live 58 0 0 60 120 99 55 Pachyseris speciosa raw corals kg 0 0.58 00000 Pachyseris speciosa live 0 41 15 0041 Pavona spp. raw corals kg 4671 325 1189 199 461 730 206 Pavona spp. live 1525 1858 2217 2716 2154 3209 3211 Pavona cactus raw corals kg 1172 139 0 160 226 495 0 Pavona cactus live 78 0 0 857 219 69 160 Pavona clavus raw corals kg 28.652 0.58 87 0.58 2.9 182.7 0 Pavona clavus live 3 280 193 70 0 0 0 Pavona decussata raw corals kg 969.644 0 0.58 4.06 0 10.44 1.16 Pavona decussata live 23 13 0 84 24 175 162 Pavona explanulata raw corals kg 0.232 000000 Pavona frondifera raw corals kg 0000300 Pavona gigantea raw corals kg 15 000900 Pavona gigantea live 3000000 Pavona maldivensis live 0000001 Pavona minuta live 0000001 Pavona varians raw corals kg 11.832 000000 Pavona varians live 300041242 Pavona venosa live 0000001 Coscinastrea spp. raw corals kg 1 28 83000 Coscinastrea spp. live 0.4 24 20000 Coscinastrea columna live 0100001 Coscinastrea exesa raw corals kg 2 12 00000 Coscinastrea exesa live 0 24 00000 Plesioseris spp. live 0200000 Psammocora spp. raw corals kg 38 2 46 0000 Psammocora spp. live 0.8 600000 Psammocora contigua raw corals kg 602 000000 Psammocora profundacella live 0000001 Psammocora stellata raw corals kg 9000000 Psammocora stellata live 6.4 000000 Psammocora superficialis live 0000002 Siderastrea spp. raw corals kg 00200080 Siderastrea spp. live 17 000200 Siderastrea radians raw corals kg 0100040 Siderastrea radians live 000028055 Siderastrea siderea raw corals kg 0 0 0 69.85 0 6.38 5.8

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 81 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Siderastrea siderea live 4000104080 Fungiidae spp. raw corals kg 1.624 0 0 0 1.74 1.16 1.16 Fungiidae spp. live 0000300 Cantharellus spp. raw corals kg 0.116 000000 Cantharellus spp. live 00013000 Ctenactis spp. raw corals kg 2000000 Ctenactis spp. live 0000004 Ctenactis albitentaculata live 0000001 Ctenactis echinata raw corals kg 3700 12 3456 0000 Ctenactis echinata live 11.2 00004040 Fungia spp. raw corals kg 226786 5949 220 207 47851 162566 102 Fungia spp. live 3239.4 6308.6793 8313 7901.2819 8462.5037 10080.214 8467 Fungia spp. shells 00006900 Fungia concinna raw corals kg 365.4 0 0.58 0 0 40.52 0 Fungia concinna live 2 0 10 0000 Fungia distorta raw corals kg 705.86 0 0 0 21000 0 0 Fungia distorta live 80004000 Fungia fungites raw corals kg 87887.4 0 0 80.62 385.7 181.54 145.58 Fungia fungites live 2 0 0 138 8346 9007 4218 Fungia horrida raw corals kg 0000000 Fungia horrida live 0 0 0 50 0 60 40 Fungia moluccensis raw corals kg 001024900 Fungia moluccensis live 00006120 6992 2753 Fungia paumotensis raw corals kg 0 0 0 8.7 120.06 11.6 46.4 Fungia paumotensis live 0 0 0 5893 6532 7065 2608 Fungia repanda raw corals kg 5348.18 000000 Fungia repanda live 0000001 Fungia scabra live 0020000 Fungia scruposa live 00000640 Fungia scutaria raw corals kg 0400000 Fungia scutaria live 00005506066 Halomitra spp. raw corals kg 1214 000000 Halomitra spp. live 1000000 Halomitra pileus live 0000001 Heliofungia spp. raw corals kg 21246 2860 150 1299 57 20 47 Heliofungia spp. live 15497 22687 42229 25415 17468 19248.388 14697 Heliofungia actiniformis raw corals kg 1136 0 0 128 2196 55 99 Heliofungia actiniformis live 85 59 100 52673 53404 58629 20095 Herpolitha spp. raw corals kg 3190 36 000417 Herpolitha spp. live 556 308 840 62 46 349 284 Herpolitha limax raw corals kg 436 0 0 95 166 187 158 Herpolitha limax live 0 0 15 1092 2197 2317 309 Herpolitha weberi live 0000100 Lithophyllon spp. raw corals kg 66.236 000000 Lithophyllon spp. live 00000110 Lithophyllon undulatum raw corals kg 3.48 000000 Podabacia spp. raw corals kg 1000000 Podabacia spp. live 0400000 Polyphyllia spp. raw corals kg 6630 202 39 10 18 116 44 Polyphyllia spp. live 2895 3265 5783 12056 3665 2668 2860 Polyphyllia novaehiberniae live 00003001 Polyphyllia talpina raw corals kg 100643269 Polyphyllia talpina live 3 0 0 8160 8858 9821 2639 Sandalolitha spp. raw corals kg 1116.732 000000 Sandalolitha robusta raw corals kg 2114 000000 Zoopilus spp. raw corals kg 1.16 000000 Zoopilus spp. live 0 0 0 72 0 0 0 Fungiacyathus spp. live 14.8 104 10 0 0 2.2061 0 Poritidae spp. raw corals kg 00001186 Alveopora spp. raw corals kg 50000029 Alveopora spp. live 66 40 30 79 37 224 58

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 82 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Alveopora catalai live 1000254550 Alveopora verrilliana live 20000030 Goniopora spp. raw corals kg 42339.188 10433.04 303.34 472.12 222.72 14003.74 133.98 Goniopora spp. live 40376 51877 108770 47533 39649 43793 36033 Goniopora arbuscula live 00000130 Goniopora columna live 0 0 2 85 0 73 75 Goniopora djiboutiensis live 0 0 0 160 0 35 75 Goniopora fruticosa live 0000070300 Goniopora lobata raw corals kg 18 0 0 74 1849 41 143 Goniopora lobata live 186 0 100 40982 44876 45906 19120 Goniopora minor raw corals kg 0 0 0 56 2144 17 32 Goniopora minor live 0 0 0 41618 43140 47890 21111 Goniopora norfolkensis live 0 0 40 0000 Goniopora palmensis live 0 0 0 69 0 0 0 Goniopora reptans live 5000000 Goniopora stokesi raw corals kg 38 0 0 99 3237 0 127 Goniopora stokesi live 0 0 1 40628 43742 47892 17596 Goniopora tenuidens live 0 40 00000 Porites spp. raw corals kg 23134 2743 160 11809 3704 59 55 Porites spp. live 10492 12846 25221 10988 9885 9663 7779 Porites astreoides raw corals kg 00020813 Porites astreoides live 10 2 10 10 281 50 98 Porites attenuata live 000050030 Porites australiensis raw corals kg 0000000 Porites branneri live 0200000 Porites californica live 0070000 Porites cumulatus live 00000100 Porites cylindrica raw corals kg 0 0 0 12 632 25 44 Porites cylindrica live 1.2 6 0 12751 14865 16008 5983 Porites divaricata raw corals kg 0000066 Porites divaricata live 020004080 Porites furcata raw corals kg 0000066 Porites furcata live 000004080 Porites lichen raw corals kg 0000292203 Porites lichen live 0 6 0 6273 7320 7992 2667 Porites lobata raw corals kg 201415100 Porites lobata live 2.4 6 0 1491 2680 3000 1091 Porites lutea raw corals kg 49 0 0 0 125 11 24 Porites lutea live 1.4 1 0 752 1707 1988 526 Porites negrosensis live 00000030 Porites nigrescens raw corals kg 0 0 0 11.6 566.08 0 20.3 Porites nigrescens live 0 0 0 7326 8547 9892 2960 Porites nodifera live 00000100 Porites panamensis raw corals kg 00000060 Porites porites raw corals kg 0 0 0 13 0 7 9 Porites porites live 3103265083 Porites rus live 000017000 Porites stephensoni live 00000010 Porites vaughani live 000000160 Faviidae spp. raw corals kg 3 31 2 0 45 111 124 Faviidae spp. live 1.8 54.4104 53 18 12 0 0 Australogyra spp. raw corals kg 07000029 Australogyra spp. live 17 272 209 383 1918 565 139 Australogyra zelli live 000005464 Barabattoia spp. raw corals kg 1000000 Barabattoia spp. live 2000000 Barabattoia amicorum live 0.6 000000 Caulastraea spp. raw corals kg 3777 1659 139 49 176 32 41 Caulastraea spp. live 1362.44732 8478 16809 11843 8147.8087 9324.9002 8457 Caulastrea curvata live 0000800 Caulastraea echinulata raw corals kg 0 0 0 10.44 288.26 37.7 32.48

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 83 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Caulastraea echinulata live 0 0 0 8167 8871 9634 4592 Caulastraea furcata raw corals kg 27 000000 Caulastraea furcata live 26 000000 Caulastraea tumida raw corals kg 00064931577 Caulastraea tumida live 1 0 0 11353 12558 13997 5987 Coelastrea tenuis live 100 000000 Colpophyllia spp. raw corals kg 0000100 Colpophyllia natans raw corals kg 0 0 0 12.18 0 0 0 Colpophyllia natans live 00031203 Cyphastrea spp. raw corals kg 386.86 0 0 0 6.96 0 0 Cyphastrea spp. live 0 22 31 0 0 17 6 Cyphastrea serailia live 0 0 0 336 288 486 153 Diploastrea spp. raw corals kg 55 0 95 0 1 0 15 Diploastrea spp. live 22 22 24 27 126 213 320 Diploastrea heliopora live 0 0 0 247 251 485 245 Diploria spp. raw corals kg 0.812 0 0 0.58 1.74 2.32 16.82 Diploria spp. live 8 0 0 18 9 55 0 Diploria clivosa live 0.2 00004060 Diploria labyrinthiformis raw corals kg 0000055 Diploria labyrinthiformis live 3.4 1 0 6 13 40 80 Diploria strigosa raw corals kg 1011043 Diploria strigosa live 500434070 Echinopora spp. raw corals kg 521 115 73 21 100 12 10 Echinopora spp. live 20 126 176 3201 Echinopora fruticulosa raw corals kg 0000020 Echinopora gemmacea raw corals kg 0 0 0 1500 0 0 0 Echinopora lamellosa raw corals kg 17 90 0 119 768 473 104 Echinopora lamellosa live 21.2 165 00011 Echinopora pacificus raw corals kg 00000280 Favia spp. raw corals kg 6908.264 929.74 21931.01 23.78 37.04 1.16 32 Favia spp. live 3492 4521 9190 5322 3151 4012 3516 Favia elongata skins 0000100 Favia favus live 0 38 12 0 20 85 68 Favia fragum raw corals kg 0 0 29 0 0 6 12 Favia fragum live 17 00034090 Favia gravida live 00001500 Favia matthaii live 0000003 Favia maxima raw corals kg 0.116 000000 Favia maxima live 0000000 Favia pallida raw corals kg 0 0 0 1.16 171.68 29 16.24 Favia pallida live 0 0 0 4216 5657 5910 2662 Favia speciosa live 3.8 20 0 22 10000 17 0 Favia stelligera live 0000001 Favia veroni live 000001050 Favites spp. raw corals kg 5506 745 84 17 53 26 42 Favites spp. live 3661 5726 8806 7944 5404 5292 5403 Favites abdita raw corals kg 15 0 0 2 140 0 0 Favites abdita live 0 0 0 5376 5179 5757 1845 Favites flexuosa raw corals kg 0000000 Favites flexuosa live 0.2 000000 Favites halicora live 10003022888 Favites russelli live 0000010120 Favites stylifera live 3000000 Goniastrea spp. raw corals kg 479.08 1.74 0.68 20 15.08 0 1 Goniastrea spp. live 76 306 641 1828 1153 2019 1094 Goniastrea aspera raw corals kg 71 000000 Goniastrea aspera live 05000300 Goniastrea palauensis live 0 0 0 50 0 0 20 Goniastrea pectinata raw corals kg 0000660 Goniastrea pectinata live 0.2 0 0 300 393 482 93 Goniastrea retiformis raw corals kg 91 010600

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 84 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Goniastrea retiformis live 0 0 0 418 362 489 145 Leptastrea spp. raw corals kg 654 000000 Leptastrea spp. live 14.2 0002021 Leptastrea bottae live 00001400 Leptastrea purpurea live 060010000 0 0 Leptastrea transversa live 0000002 Leptoria spp. raw corals kg 56 16 211 23 24 60 0 Leptoria spp. live 39 405 15 0 43 0 475 Leptoria phrygia raw corals kg 2708.832 262.16 268.54 54.52 9252 300 23.2 Leptoria phrygia live 0 493 132 0000 Manicina areolata raw corals kg 0.116 00005.22 4.64 Manicina areolata live 0 2 0 40 11 40 80 Montastraea spp. raw corals kg 928 108.46 0 1.16 1.74 11.6 7.54 Montastraea spp. live 932 2050 4179 2724 2156 1477 1446 Montastraea annularis raw corals kg 32 0 0 13 1 6 13 Montastraea annularis live 10 2 6 103 125 159 92 Montastraea annuligera raw corals kg 0 0 0 18 34 26 21 Montastraea annuligera live 0 0 0 2368 2610 2840 1006 Montastraea cavernosa raw corals kg 24.2 0 0 11.6 0 6.96 5.8 Montastraea cavernosa live 20 2 15 29 86 40 83 Montastraea curta raw corals kg 0 0 0 0.58 0 0 0 Montastraea curta live 00003001 Montastraea faveolata raw corals kg 0 0 0 11.6 0 0 0 Montastraea faveolata live 0 0 5 328 30 50 3 Montastraea franksi raw corals kg 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 Montastraea franksi live 00001800 Montastraea magnistellata live 0000001 Montastraea valenciennesii raw corals kg 000019910 Montastraea valenciennesii live 0 0 0 2861 3047 3859 1484 Moseleya spp. raw corals kg 1000000 Oulastrea spp. raw corals kg 31.436 000000 Oulophyllia spp. raw corals kg 1000000 Oulophyllia spp. live 18 002001 Oulophyllia bennettae live 0020000 Oulophyllia crispa raw corals kg 0100000 Oulophyllia crispa live 1000000 Platygyra spp. raw corals kg 2864 10 57 19 102 61 35 Platygyra spp. live 458 1505 1711 2904 2983 3032 4366 Platygyra crosslandi raw corals kg 4300 000000 Platygyra crosslandi live 000038200 Platygyra daedalea live 0.6 0 1 50 75 157 32 Platygyra lamellina raw corals kg 8010000 Platygyra lamellina live 0.2 000000 Platygyra pini live 000035189100 Platygyra sinensis raw corals kg 5000000 Platygyra sinensis live 0000550120 Plesiastrea spp. raw corals kg 1010000 Plesiastrea spp. live 0 10 0 20 0 0 0 Plesiastrea versipora raw corals kg 0.116 000000 Solenastrea spp. raw corals kg 57 000000 Solenastrea hyades raw corals kg 129.34 000000 Trachyphyllia spp. raw corals kg 35030 6261 532 276 344 62 42 Trachyphyllia spp. live 30982.2 51173 75118 44105 32355 37288.548 25682 Trachyphyllia geoffroyi raw corals kg 258 0 0 183 4179 9 28 Trachyphyllia geoffroyi live 138.2 469 83 81287 80391 81125 14796 Astrangia spp. live 0000000 Astrangia solitaria live 0000100 Phyllangia spp. live 0 4 0 25 0 0 0 Dendrogyra spp. raw corals kg 0000100 Dendrogyra cylindrus raw corals kg 696 001000 Dendrogyra cylindrus live 1203601

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 85 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Dichocoenia spp. raw corals kg 00000030 Dichocoenia spp. live 0.4 000000 Dichocoenia stokesii raw corals kg 0002036 Dichocoenia stokesii live 11.6 10334080 Meandrina spp. raw corals kg 0001000 Meandrina spp. live 0000500 Meandrina maeandrites raw corals kg 0001056 Meandrina maeandrites live 800854083 Meandrina maeandrites shells 0000200 Acrhelia spp. raw corals kg 1 0 17 0000 Acrhelia spp. live 0001000 Acrhelia horrescens live 0 37 0 50 0 0 27 Amphelia spp. live 00001500 0 0 Amphelia atlantica live 0 225 00000 Archohelia spp. live 000007127 Bathelia spp. live 00006800 Galaxea spp. raw corals kg 6455 883 78 56 79 55 29 Galaxea spp. live 4076 7136 14365 8967 8417 7199 6168 Galaxea astreata raw corals kg 0000259130 Galaxea astreata live 53 0 0 5660 5096 5688 2509 Galaxea fascicularis raw corals kg 670 0 0 11 644 15 34 Galaxea fascicularis live 37.4 0 0 15082 16646 18353 5870.0915 Madrepora spp. raw corals kg 0000000 Madrepora spp. live 0009162850 Madrepora oculata raw corals kg 0000040 Oculina spp. live 0 264 00000 Oculina diffusa live 0000200 Oculina varicosa live 0000200 Sclerhelia spp. live 0 0 268 0 0 152 0 Simplastrea spp. live 6000000 Hydnophora spp. raw corals kg 4066 1649 155 95 357 55 29 Hydnophora spp. live 2963.2 7379 15406 7641 7262.5342 7038.6331 4475 Hydnophora exesa raw corals kg 0000806923 Hydnophora exesa live 0 0 16 9378 10591 11611 2313 Hydnophora grandis live 000009840 Hydnophora microconos raw corals kg 32.364 0 0 2.9 342.2 0 7.54 Hydnophora microconos live 0 0 0 3195 4280 4979 580 Hydnophora pilosa live 2000000 Hydnophora rigida raw corals kg 0 0 0 64 550 6 26 Hydnophora rigida live 1 0 0 3991 4342 4824 1972 Merulina spp. raw corals kg 3265 1020 922 588 1297 889 216 Merulina spp. live 992.6 1677.6488 3352 1913 1055.5037 1253 1138 Merulina ampliata raw corals kg 3594 581 1379 289 1390 1561 30 Merulina ampliata live 149.6 277 274 1946 3884 4492 1338 Merulina scabricula live 000001026 Scapophyllia spp. raw corals kg 0.116 0 0 230.84 0 0 0 Scapophyllia spp. live 0000070 Scapophyllia cylindrica raw corals kg 12 000000 Acanthastrea spp. raw corals kg 132 300000 Acanthastrea amakusensis raw corals kg 0200000 Acanthastrea echinata live 0000001 Acanthophyllia spp. live 0 10 0 0 10 0 0 Blastomussa spp. raw corals kg 1493 712 33 43 0 6 3 Blastomussa spp. live 473.8 3649 7649 2758 1719 2997.6257 1828 Blastomussa merleti raw corals kg 000034720 Blastomussa merleti live 0 0 0 6775 214 5 0 Blastomussa wellsi raw corals kg 0000270128 Blastomussa wellsi live 0 0 0 50 7169 5780 860 Cynarina spp. raw corals kg 5035 1130 28 52 0 9 29 Cynarina spp. live 1938 5013 7100 4263 2770 3411 2751 Cynarina lacrymalis raw corals kg 0 0 0 52 1585 0 8

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 86 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Cynarina lacrymalis live 0 60 29 8192 8761 9918 1653 Isophyllastrea rigida raw corals kg 0001000 Isophyllastrea rigida live 0003101 Lobophyllia spp. raw corals kg 12495 2457 501 196 181 115 47 Lobophyllia spp. live 8397.2 16603.137 23219 16992 13471.771 13684.762 15870.679 Lobophyllia spp. shells 0000200 Lobophyllia corymbosa raw corals kg 1518.324 0 1.16 22.62 187.34 23.2 37.12 Lobophyllia corymbosa live 61 0 100 11190 12044 13560 5607 Lobophyllia costata raw corals kg 00002.900 Lobophyllia costata live 0000001 Lobophyllia hataii live 00200020 Lobophyllia hemprichii raw corals kg 87 0 45 49 638 26 116 Lobophyllia hemprichii live 2 0 2 13620 15350 16473 5605 Lobophyllia robusta live 0 4 0 15 10 0 6 Mussa spp. raw corals kg 0 0 0.58 0.58 0 0 0 Mussa spp. live 2000000 Mussa angulosa raw corals kg 4640 0 0.58 0000 Mussa angulosa live 1000101 Mycetophyllia spp. raw corals kg 0 0 0 2.32 0 0 0 Mycetophyllia spp. live 1 30 066010 Mycetophyllia daniana live 0000101 Mycetophyllia ferox live 00001000 Mycetophyllia lamarckiana raw corals kg 0002033 Mycetophyllia lamarckiana live 010314070 Scolymia spp. raw corals kg 1155.824 449.5 52.2 17.98 254.62 506.92 29 Scolymia spp. live 1279 1428 3671 3819 6147 1612 1562 Scolymia australis live 00000035 Scolymia cubensis live 0000103 Scolymia lacera live 0 0 0 65 20 0 0 Scolymia vitiensis raw corals kg 00099290 Scolymia vitiensis live 0 0 0 3349 3322 3801 1561 Scolymia wellsii live 0000200 Symphyllia spp. raw corals kg 806 114 46 3 6 7 29 Symphyllia spp. live 500 769 2176 1135 1176 1193 1012 Symphyllia agaricia raw corals kg 000074.82 5.8 11.02 Symphyllia agaricia live 0 0 0 1235 1328 1477 772 Symphyllia radians raw corals kg 266.8 000000 Symphyllia radians live 001005473 Symphyllia recta live 0.4 00002660 Symphyllia valenciennesii live 000001050 Echinophyllia spp. raw corals kg 45 000000 Mycedium spp. raw corals kg 1 4 46 0 17 0 29 Mycedium spp. live 60 246 282 1193 559 883 685 Mycedium elephantotus live 000004190 Oxypora spp. raw corals kg 1.276 0 46.4 2.32 0 0 29 Oxypora spp. live 45 48 207 247 242 180 176 Oxypora glabra live 00000040 Oxypora lacera live 0000980100 Pectinia spp. raw corals kg 5218.956 2225.34 58 17.98 15.08 0 43.5 Pectinia spp. live 1128 1095 1208 2346 1412 1554 1533 Pectinia alcicornis live 0000133030 Pectinia lactuca raw corals kg 2286 0 1 0 30 13 25 Pectinia lactuca live 33 0 0 805 898 984 244 Pectinia paeonia live 0 0 0 15 0 25 82 Physophyllia spp. raw corals kg 0.116 000000 Australocyathus spp. live 0004900 Caryophyllia antarctica live 0000007 Caryophyllia corrugata live 2000000 Caryophyllia diomedeae live 00000050 Caryophyllia ephyala live 00000200 Caryophyllia lamellifera raw corals kg 0000001

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 87 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Caryophyllia perculta live 0 0 1600 0000 Catalaphyllia spp. raw corals kg 32419 5942 242 21 96 19 86 Catalaphyllia spp. live 34034 48761 87063 35572 24120 26525 17087 Catalaphyllia jardinei raw corals kg 2654.892 0 0 6.96 2879.7 8.7 34.8 Catalaphyllia jardinei live 224 64 4 60145 55981 54056 8276 Catalaphyllia plicata raw corals kg 4787.204 0 0 0 17.4 0 0 Catalaphyllia plicata live 244 0 0 0 15 77 40 Cladocora arbuscula live 0000200 Cladocora caespitosa raw corals kg 0000010 Colangia spp. live 0000100 Colangia immersa live 0000100 Crispatotrochus spp. live 0000000 Desmophyllum spp. live 0 15 0 0 50 0 0 Euphyllia spp. raw corals kg 50002.38 11821.56 1728 333.5 7584.66 149.64 148.48 Euphyllia spp. live 46090 64929 116772 70834 68740 72299 56494 Euphyllia ancora raw corals kg 139.2 0 3656 6966.38 28605 17500 1395.48 Euphyllia ancora live 625 220 100 180 35883 38248 12939 Euphyllia cristata raw corals kg 4670.74 0 0 0 1351.4 58 92.22 Euphyllia cristata live 1200 78 50 0 52792 52570 12139 Euphyllia divisa raw corals kg 0 0 0 94.54 960.48 0 0 Euphyllia divisa live 1 0 0 66759 2484 49 40 Euphyllia glabrescens raw corals kg 4179.248 0 0 164.14 2625.66 8.7 3.48 Euphyllia glabrescens live 239 14 0 49459 32607 38945 7288 Euphyllia paraancora live 0000003 Euphyllia paradivisa live 000013824600 Euphyllia picteti live 1 0 0 30 0 0 0 Eusmilia fastigiata raw corals kg 0001066 Eusmilia fastigiata live 0 0 376 3 5 40 80 Goniocorella spp. live 0 16 00000 Heterocyathus spp. raw corals kg 0.116 000000 Heterocyathus spp. live 0040000 Heterocyathus alternatus live 000099190 Holcotrochus crenulatus live 0 15 00000 Kionotrochus spp. live 0000020 Lophelia spp. live 0 15 00000 Lophelia pertusa raw corals kg 0000060 Lophelia pertusa live 0011000 Paracyathus spp. live 7.8 000000 Paracyathus conceptus live 00005600 Paracyathus vittatus live 0070000 Physogyra spp. raw corals kg 6351 1341 17 39 30 30 41 Physogyra spp. live 3307.8 7075 14954 6749 3850 5505.7708 3908 Physogyra lichtensteini raw corals kg 0 0 0 20 375 26 19 Physogyra lichtensteini live 5 0 100 9961 8796 9926 5032 Platycyathus spp. live 00000020 Platytrochus spp. live 0 20 000020 Plerogyra spp. raw corals kg 40331 5472 238 230 216 116 176 Plerogyra spp. live 27511.28244 39195 60054 25512 17661.237 25861.205 24967.71 Plerogyra eurysepta live 00001400 Plerogyra simplex raw corals kg 0 0 0 147.9 607.84 0 0 Plerogyra simplex live 0 0 0 31557 447 30 30 Plerogyra sinuosa raw corals kg 4548.476 203 278.4 0 1215.1 8.7 19.14 Plerogyra sinuosa live 314 20 350 110 30765 35404 8016 Plerogyra turbida raw corals kg 000067023 Plerogyra turbida live 15 0 18 0 16051 14865 3858 Polycyathus spp. live 00003405 Polycyathus palifera live 0300000 Polycyathus verrilli live 0 0 0 50 20 156 177 Pseudocyathoceras spp. live 00000230 Stephanocyathus platypus live 0 50 00000 Tethocyathus minor live 00005000

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 88 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Trematotrochus corbicula live 25.4 24 3 334 0 109 0 Trochocyathus cepulla live 000002620 Blastotrochus spp. live 0 30 00000 Flabellum lamellulosum live 0 0 90 0000 Flabellum patens live 0300000 Flabellum vaughani live 0 0 48 0 785 0 0 Gardineria paradoxa live 20 000000 Polymyces spp. live 0005090 Truncatoflabellum crassum live 000002630 Truncatoflabellum multispinosum live 0000006 Truncatoflabellum paripavoninum live 0 0 0 3187 0 0 513 Schizocyathus spp. live 000001100 Dendrophylliidae spp. raw corals kg 0000120 Balanophyllia spp. live 0000100 Balanophyllia chnous live 00002000 Balanophyllia elegans live 000001000 Dendrophyllia spp. raw corals kg 3927.064 0 0 34.8 16.82 0.58 34.8 Dendrophyllia spp. live 204 278 0 4456 5082 761 728 Dendrophyllia florulenta live 000004028 Duncanopsammia spp. live 0000500 Eguchipsammia fistula raw corals kg 0 0 0 9.28 1147.82 34.8 95.7 Eguchipsammia fistula live 0 0 0 17382 22317 20862 7606 Heteropsammia spp. raw corals kg 0000000 Heteropsammia spp. live 0 0 22 0000 Leptopsammia spp. live 0000400 Trochopsammia spp. live 05002000 Tubastraea spp. raw corals kg 13878.472 2532.28 419.92 142.1 103.82 103.24 605.52 Tubastraea spp. live 9600 16740 30034 7416 2378 4576 6742 Tubastraea coccinea raw corals kg 5615.212 136.3 00000 Tubastraea coccinea live 468 30 2 15 8 0 0 Tubastraea coccinea live sets 4000000 Tubastraea diaphana raw corals kg 0000000 Tubastraea faulkneri raw corals kg 0.0002 000000 Tubastraea faulkneri live 1 0 0 50 3 95 247 Tubastraea floreana live 0 0 15 0000 Tubastraea micranthus raw corals kg 542 25 0 2 0 236 70 Tubastraea micranthus live 0 30 5 0 0 60 60 Turbinaria spp. raw corals kg 18122 1833 675 268 482 406 133 Turbinaria spp. live 8882 13403 25824 15705 13746 15535 15884 Turbinaria conspicua live 000000165 Turbinaria frondens raw corals kg 177.48 66.12 81.2 27.84 208.8 409.48 0 Turbinaria frondens live 0 265 141 0 0 165 40 Turbinaria irregularis raw corals kg 0 2.32 00000 Turbinaria mesenterina raw corals kg 291 0 0 32 461 15 44 Turbinaria mesenterina live 44.6 0 0 15954 16782 18940 6470 Turbinaria patula live 00000100 Turbinaria peltata raw corals kg 41 0 0 39 623 12 34 Turbinaria peltata live 1 0 0 14449 14963 16976 6928 Turbinaria radicalis raw corals kg 0100000 Turbinaria reniformis raw corals kg 03260197 Turbinaria reniformis live 0 39 5 4 210.305 181 236 Turbinaria sinensis live 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 Turbinaria speciosa live 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 Milleporidae spp. raw corals kg 14846 3000 00200 Millepora spp. raw corals kg 6210.756 1117.06 841.86 538.24 280.72 147.08 37.7 Millepora spp. live 1850 1081 1060 1472 965 525 742 Millepora alcicornis raw corals kg 0201000 Millepora alcicornis live 30038501 Millepora complanata raw corals kg 267 000000 Millepora complanata live 0000101 Millepora cruzi raw corals kg 48.72 000000

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 89 Average value Taxon Term Unit 1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Millepora dichotoma raw corals kg 1834 191 10 0000 Millepora dichotoma live 0000101340 Millepora exaesa raw corals kg 2 194 113 273 201 305 0 Millepora exaesa live 0 187 0 0 50 0 0 Millepora intricata raw corals kg 6000000 Millepora murrayi live 0002000 Millepora platyphylla raw corals kg 5175 100000 Millepora squarrosa raw corals kg 474 000000 Millepora tenera raw corals kg 18 121 1038 95 306 799 161 Millepora tenera live 0 0 0 50 80 0 25 Stylasteridae spp. raw corals kg 0 251 0 507 1 87 16 Stylasteridae spp. live 00700500 Congregopora nasiformis live 00000050 Crypthelia stenopoma live 1 0 450 0000 Distichopora spp. raw corals kg 10 6 46 0 37 7 0 Distichopora spp. live 25 508 186 1981 309 292 144 Distichopora violacea raw corals kg 0002000 Distichopora violacea live 0002000 Distichopora yucatanensis live 0006000 Gyropora spp. live 7000000 Lepidotheca inconsuta live 000001620 Stylaster spp. raw corals kg 0 0 29 18.56 52.2 12.18 39.44 Stylaster spp. live 45 36 691 1454 1057 686 424 Stylaster alaskanus live 0 0 0 80 0 0 0 Stylaster californicus live 0 0 0 75 12 12 0 Stylaster crassior live 00003050 Stylaster ramosus live 400 000000 Stylaster roseus live 0000101 Coenothecalia spp. raw corals kg 7000 1800 21000 Coenothecalia spp. live 000013100 Heliopora spp. raw corals kg 26653 2673 7041 9728 3773 10148 4983 Heliopora spp. live 2504.6 852 833 1084 1026 995 719 Heliopora coerulea raw corals kg 31247 4042 25102 38242 49353 42086 870 Heliopora coerulea live 1484.4 1685 0 1147 1142 1412 826 Heliopora coerulea shells 00001000 Tubiporidae spp. raw corals kg 730 000020 Tubiporidae spp. live 0 0 820 5000 Tubipora spp. raw corals kg 23862 2803 3422 371 230 1724 488 Tubipora spp. live 8644 12236 18368 9078 5651 6519 5964 Tubipora spp. shells 0000600 Tubipora musica raw corals kg 33986 3860 81 1567 211 2561 31 Tubipora musica live 712.6 1453 3 9230 8488 8452 3932

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 90 Annex A

REVIEW OF SIGNIFICANT TRADE

ANALYSIS OF TRADE TRENDS WITH NOTES ON THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF SELECTED SPECIES

ANNEX A: MAMMALS

Prepared for the

CITES Animals Committee, CITES Secretariat

by the

United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre

JANUARY 2004

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 91 Table of Contents

1. Pteropus vampyrus...... 93 2. Delphinapterus leucas...... 94 3. Monodon monoceros ...... 97 4. Pseudalopex culpaeus ...... 99 5. Pseudalopex griseus...... 101 6. Vulpes zerda ...... 103 7. Ursus arctos ...... 104 8. Ursus maritimus ...... 110 9. Conepatus humboldtii...... 113 10. Caracal caracal...... 114 11. Panthera leo ...... 116 12. Prionailurus bengalensis...... 119 13. Arctocephalus pusillus ...... 121 14. Equus zebra hartmannae...... 123

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 92 1. Pteropus vampyrus

FAMILY PTEROPODIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Large Flying-fox (English); Zorro volador de cuello rojo (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LR/lc (Chiroptera Specialist Group, 1996)

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Brunei Darussalam: Found throughout lowland coastal areas, occasionally invading the interior during the fruiting season (Payne et al., 1985). Cambodia:: India: Occurrence reported (Corbet and Hill, 1992) Indonesia: Occurrence reported (Corbet and Hill, 1992) Java: ‘Tidemann et al. (1990) recorded it from islands in the Krakatau group off west Java. Bats were seen to move between the islands. A single specimen was seen roosting in a Casuarina (Casuarinaceae) tree and a colony of 250 roosted in Terminalia (Combretaceae) trees on Sertung in 1985 but none were seen in 1986. In the same region, Dammerman (1948) observed large numbers of Pteropus moving between Sebesi and Sebuku. At Bogor Gardens, west Java, it roosted in a variety of trees, including dead ones, in groups of hundreds of individuals (Kitchener et al., 1990)’ (Mickleburgh et al., 1992). Kalimantan: Found throughout lowland coastal areas, occasionally invading the interior during the fruiting season (Payne et al., 1985). Lesser Sundas: Savu, Timor: ‘Goodwin (1979) observed a spectacular colony of 2000 adults of both sexes near Metinar, Timor, in a dense mangrove forest which extended for about 8 km along the coast’ (Pteropus vampyrus malaccensis) (Mickleburgh et al., 1992). Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa: P. v. pluton: (Mickleburgh et al., 1992). Sumatra: Found quite commonly in the Padang Highlands up to 914m (Pteropus vampyrus malaccensis) (Mickleburgh et al, 1992). ?Lao People’s Democratic Republic: Occurrence reported (Duckworth et al., 1999). Malaysia: Occurrence reported (Corbet and Hill, 1992) Peninsular Malaysia: Widespread but declining in forest areas (Pteropus vampyrus malaccensis) (Mickleburgh et al., 1992). A severe decline in the abundance and distribution of Pteropus vampyrus is occurring throughout peninsular Malaysia suggesting that unregulated hunting and habitat loss are the primary reasons for the decline in abundance of this species (Mohd-Azlan et al., 2001). Sabah: ‘Found throughout lowland coastal areas, occasionally invading the interior during the fruiting season’ (Payne et al., 1985). ‘C. M. Francis (pers. comm.) reports that flock sizes in Sabah appear to have become smaller over the past 10 years, possibly indicating a decline’ (Mickleburgh et al., 1992). Sarawak: ‘Found throughout lowland coastal areas, occasionally invading the interior during the fruiting season’ (Payne et al., 1985). Myanmar: Occurrence reported (Corbet and Hill, 1992). Philippines: Occurrence reported (Corbet and Hill, 1992). Widespread and locally common in primary lowland forest up to 1250m, also foraging in adjacent agricultural areas. Formerly occurred in many large colonies, but these are now greatly reduced in size and number. Heavily hunted and declining substantially (Heaney et al., 2002). Pteropus vampyrus lanensis, which is endemic to the Philippines, is heavily hunted, both at its conspicuous roosts and in orchards. Declines in mixed Pteropus/Acerodon roosts from 100,000 per camp in the 1920s to the 500-1000 reported currently indicate drastic falls in population numbers. It is possible that Pteropus vampyrus lanensis could be extinct within the Philippines in the next 20 years, although it is more likely that small populations would persist in isolated areas. Although it may be able to persist in agricultural habitats, heavy hunting pressure is causing a serious decline on many islands throughout the country. Most captures are for local consumption, but, in recent years, the large demand for fruit bats on Guam has resulted in havey trade in large fruit bats, and a small number fo these have been Pteropus vampyrus lanensis (Mickleburgh et al., 1992). Singapore: Occurrence reported (Harrison, 1974). Thailand: Occurrence reported (Corbet and Hill, 1992). Pteropus vampyrus intermedius: No information on status (Mickleburgh et al., 1992). Pteropus vampyrus malaccensis: ‘Recorded from the coastal area of the peninsula and the south-east coast as far north as Korat, with records from the provinces of Chon Buri, Krabi and Nakhon Si Thammarat (Lekagul and McNeely, 1977; Yenbutra and Felten, 1986)’ (Mickleburgh et al., 1992). Tonga: Vanuatu: Viet Nam: Occurrence reported (Corbet and Hill, 1992).

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 93 REFERENCES Chiroptera Specialist Group 1996. Pteropus vampyrus. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 16 January 2004. Corbet, G. B. and Hill, J. E. 1992. The mammals of the Indomalayan region: a systematic review. Oxford University Press, Oxford Dammerman, K. W. 1948. Mammalia (fauna of Krakatau). Verh. K. ned. Akad. Wet. 44(2): 314-325. Duckworth, J. W., Salter, R. E. and Khounboline, K (comps.) 1999. Wildlife in Lao PDR, 1999 status report . IUCN, WCS, CPAWM. Vientiane ISBN 2831704839 Goodwin, R. E. 1979. The bats of Timor: systematics and ecology. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 163: 75-122. Harrison, J. 1974. An introduction to mammals of Singapore and Malaya. Singapore Branch, Malayan Nature Society. -Singapore ISBN 900848 67 7 Heaney, L.R. et al. 2002. A Synopsis of the Mammalian Fauna of the Philippine Islands. Fieldiana. http://www.fmnh.org/philippine_mammals/Pteropus_vampyrus.htm Kitchener, D. J., Boeadi, B., Charlton, L. and Maharadatun kamsi 1990. Wild mammals of Lombok Island, Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia: systematics and natural history. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement No. 33. Lekagul, B. and McNeely, J. A. 1977. Mammals of Thailand. Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, Bangkok. Mickleburgh, S. P., Hutson, A. M. and Racey, P. A. 1992. Old World fruit bats: an action plan for their conservation. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Mohd-Azlan, J., Zubaid, A. and Kunz, T.H. 2001. Distribution, relative abundance, and conservation status of the large flying fox, Pteropus vampyrus, in peninsular Malaysia: A preliminary Assessment. Acta Chiropterologica 3 (2): 149-162. Payne, J., Francis, C. M. and Phillipps, K. 1985. A field guide to the mammals of Borneo. The Sabah Society, Kota Kinabalu. Tidemann, C. R., Kitchener, D. J., Zann, R. A. and Thornton, I. W. B. 1990. Recolonisation of the Krakatau Islands and adjacent areas of West Java, Indonesia, by bats (Chiroptera) (1883-1986). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 328: 123-130. Yenbutra, S. and Felten, H. 1986. Bat species and their distribution in Thailand according to the collections in TISTR and SMF. Cour. Forsch. Inst. Senckenberg,ForschInst. Senckenberg 87: 9-45.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Pteropus vampyrus

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Malaysia Bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Brunei Darussalam live 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Indonesia live 0 0 0 0 1400 1250 0 0 12 0 30 Malaysia live 0 24 0 0 55 55 0 0 0 0 0 Indonesia Meat (kg) 0 0 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Malaysia Skins 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Export Quotas for Pteropus vampyrus for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Indonesia live 90 1000 1000 1000 Indonesia 1350 475

COMMENT Populations in Philippines are declining but there is no reported trade for this country. Widespread but declining in Malaysia but not due to trade. Most of the trade is coming out of Indonesia but levels of trade have been low since 1997 and the Indonesian trade is within its quota. No information on status in Indonesia but given that trade has been low since 1997 and within the quotas the species is not considered a priority for review.

2. Delphinapterus leucas

FAMILY MONODONTIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Beluga (English); White whale (English); Bélouga (French); Dauphin blanc (French); Ballena blanca (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS VU A1abd (Cetacean Specialist Group, 1996)

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Beluga whales are distributed throughout seasonally ice-covered arctic and subarctic waters of the Northern Hemisphere (Gurevich, 1980) and are closely associated with open leads and polynyas in ice-covered regions (Hazard, 1988). Annual migrations may cover thousands of kilometers (Reeves, 1990). "This circumpolar species was formerly abundant throughout the Arctic and Subarctic. There may still be in the order of 150,000 White Whales in total (IWC, 2000; NAMMCO, 2000), but many of the 29 stocks provisionally

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 94 recognized by the IWC Scientific Committee have been seriously reduced by hunting. Even these depleted [sub]populations continue to be hunted and are therefore at risk of being extirpated.” Reeves et al. (2003).

Belgium: Occurrence reported (de Smet, 1974). Canada: Occurrence reported (Hall, 1981). The population at Ungava Bay has been estimated at under 50 individuals individuals and the eastern Hudson Bay population at around 1,000 individuals (Kingsley, 2000). The Cumberland Sound [sub]population in the eastern Canadian Arctic numbers only several hundred whales but continues to be hunted (Reeves et al., 2003). There is also concern about many other White Whale populations. The St. Lawrence River [sub]population of perhaps 1,200 animals may be increasing slowly but remains vulnerable owing to its low numbers, restricted range, and exposure to marine traffic and contaminants (Kingsley, 1998; Kingsley, 2001; Lesage and Kingsley 1998; Michaud and Béland 2001). Denmark: Estonia: Occurrence reported (Ernits, 1986). Finland: France: Germany: Greenland: The Belugas in West Greenland have been estimated at around 2,000 individuals (Kingsley, 2000). Japan: Lithuania: Occurrence reported (Skeiveris, 1992). Netherlands: Norway: Poland: Russian Federation: Occurrence reported (Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984). In the Russian Federation, where almost half of the 29 provisional stocks of belugas spend at least part of the year, there is less infrastructure for hunt management and population assessment. Studies of stock structure, abundance, and contaminants in Russian belugas should be a high priority (Cetacean Specialist Group, 1996). Another concern is that in 1999, 13 tons of Beluga meat were exported to Japan for commercial use, and further shipments were planned. This initiative ended when export permits covering the additional shipments were abruptly withdrawn (Marine Mammal Commission, 2000), but the event signals the potential for resumed commercial hunting of Belugas in Russia, whether solely as a meat-for-export enterprise, or combined with live-capture operations to supply foreign oceanaria (Cetacean Specialist Group, 1996). Svalbard and Jan Mayen: Sweden: United Kingdom: United States: Occurrence reported (Hall, 1981). Five stocks of beluga whales are recognized within US waters: 1) the Cook Inlet stock, 2) the Bristol Bay stock, 3) the Eastern Bering Sea stock, 4) the Eastern Chukchi Sea stock, and 5) the Beaufort Sea stock. During the winter, beluga whales occur in offshore waters associated with pack ice. In the spring, they migrate to warmer coastal estuaries, bays, and rivers for molting (Finley, 1982) and calving (Sergeant and Brodie, 1969). Some, if not all, of the Cook Inlet stock may inhabit Cook Inlet year-round (Hansen and Hubbard, 1999), while the other stocks winter in the Bering Sea (NMML, 2003). The Belugas in Cook Inlet, Alaska are estimated at around 350 individuals (Kingsley, 2000). “The Cook Inlet stock of beluga whales is a small isolated stock that is geographically and genetically segregated from the other four stocks of belugas found in Alaskan waters (O'Corry-Crowe et al., 1997; Laidre et al., 2000). This stock is especially vulnerable to deleterious impacts from large or persistent harvests or changes to their environment (Mahoney and Shelden, 2000; Moore et al., 2000). Each summer since 1993, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) has conducted systematic aerial surveys of the Cook Inlet stock of beluga whales (Rugh et al., 2000). Results of these surveys indicated that both the distribution and abundance of the Cook Inlet beluga stock were declining, while reported harvests by Native hunters had increased. Abundance estimates dropped from 653 in 1994 to 347 in 1998, nearly a 50% decline during the survey period (Hobbs et al., 2000a; Hobbs et al., 2000b). In the summer of 1998, the Native hunt for belugas ceased, and since then abundance estimates (367 in 1999, 435 in 2000 and 389 in 2001) have stopped declining (Hobbs et al. 2000a)" (NMML, 2003).

Aquatic Distribution: Arctic Sea, northeast and northwest Atlantic and northeast and northwest Pacific.

The major threats to Belugas are harvesting for food, trade, water pollution (affecting the habitat and/or the species) and human disturbance such as transport (Cetacean Specialist Group, 1996). In addition to the threat of over-hunting, the constant increase in vessel traffic is a concern, especially in some of the northern bays and estuaries where White Whales congregate in the summer and autumn. Local and regional management bodies exist in Canada, Greenland, and Alaska, with the expectation that they will ensure the conservation of Belugas for the sustainable benefit of maritime aboriginal hunting communities. Their record of accomplishing this mandate is variable (Cetacean Specialist Group, 1996).

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 95 REFERENCES Bannikov, A. G. and Sokolov, V. I. 1984. Krasnaya Kniga SSSR. Second edition. Lesnaya Promiishlyennost, Moscow Cetacean Specialist Group 1996. Delphinapterus leucas. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 16 January 2004. de Smet, W. M. A. 1974. Inventaris van de walvisachtigen (Cetacea) van de Vlaamse kust en de Schelde. Bulletin Inst. r. Sci. nat. Belg. (Biol.), 50(1): 1-156. Ernits, P. 1986. A white whale in Estonian waters. Estonian Eesti Loodus, 29(8): 529-533. Finley, K. J. 1982. The estuarine habitat of the beluga or white whale, Delphinapterus leucas. Cetus, 4:4-5. Gurevich, V. S. 1980. Worldwide distribution and migration patterns of the white whale (beluga), Delphinapterus leucas. Rep. Int. Whal. Comm., 30:465-480. Hall, E. R. 1981. The mammals of North America. 2 vols. (2nd edition). Wiley, New York. Hansen, D. J., and Hubbard, J. D. 1999. Distribution of Cook Inlet beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in winter. Final Report, OCS Study MMS 99-0024. U.S. Dept. Interior, Minerals Management Service, Alaska OCS Region, Anchorage, AK. v.p. Hazard, K. 1988. Beluga whale, Delphinapterus leucas. Pp. 195-235, In: J. W. Lentfer (ed.), Selected marine mammals of Alaska: species accounts with research and management recommendations. Marine Mammal Commission, Washington, D.C. Hobbs, R. C., Rugh, D. J. and DeMaster, D. P. 2000a. Abundance of beluga, Delphinapterus leucas, group sizes in Cook Inlet, Alaska, 1994-2000. Mar. Fish. Rev., 62(3): 37-45. Hobbs, R. C., Waite, J. M., and Rugh, D. J. 2000b. Estimates of from aerial video recordings and observer counts. Mar. Fish. Rev., 62(3): 46-59. IWC 2000. Report of the standing sub-committee on small cetaceans. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 2 (Supplement), 235–263. Kingsley, M.C.S. 1998. Population index estimates for the St. Lawrence Belugas, 1973–1995. Marine Mammal Science, 14: 508–530. Kingsley, M.C.S. 2001. Beluga surveys in the St Lawrence: a reply to Michaud and Béland. Marine Mammal Science 17: 213–218. Laidre, K. L., Shelden, K. E. W., Mahoney, B. A., and Rugh, D. J. 2000. Distribution of belugas, Delphinapterus leucas, and survey effort in the Gulf of Alaska. Mar. Fish. Rev., 62(3): 27-36. Lesage, V. and Kingsley, M.C.S. 1998. Updated status of the St. Lawrence River population of the Beluga, Delphinapterus leucas. Canadian Field- Naturalist, 112: 98–114. Mahoney, B. A., and Shelden, K. E. W. 2000. Harvest history of belugas, Delphinapterus leucas, in Cook Inlet, Alaska. Mar. Fish. Rev., 62(3): 124- 133. Marine Mammal Commission 2000. Annual report to congress 1999. Marine Mammal Commission, Bethesda, MD, USA. Michaud, R. and Béland, P. 2001. Looking for trends in the endangered St. Lawrence Beluga population. A critique of Kingsley, M.C.S. 1998. Marine Mammal Science, 17: 206–212. Moore, S. E., Shelden, K. E. W. Litzky, L. K. Mahoney, B. A. and Rugh, D.J. 2000. Beluga, Delphinapterus leucas, habitat associations in Cook Inlet, Alaska. Mar. Fish. Rev., 62(3): 60-80. NAMMCO. 2000. Report of the NAMMCO scientific committee working group on the population status of Beluga and Narwhal in the North Atlantic. Annual Report of the North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission, Tromsø, Norway, 1999, 153–188. NMML. 2003. Beluga Whale Home Page. National Marine Mammal Laboratory http://nmml.afsc.noaa.gov/CetaceanAssessment/BelugaWhale.html. Downloaded on 28 January 2004. O'Corry-Crowe, G. M., Suydam, R. S. Rosenberg, A. Frost, K. J. and Dizon, A. E. 1997. Phylogeography, population structure and dispersal patterns of the beluga whale Delphinapterus leucas in the western Nearctic revealed by mitochondrial DNA. Mol. Ecol., 6:955-970. Reeves, R. R. 1990. An overview of the distribution, exploitation and conservation status of belugas, worldwide. Pp. 47-58, In: J. Prescott and M. Gauquelin (eds.), For the future of the beluga: Proceedings of the International Forum for the Future of the Beluga. University of Quebec Press, Canada. Reeves, R.R., Smith, B.D., Crespo, E.A. and di Sciara, G.N. (comps.) 2003. Dolphins, Whales and Porpoises: 2002-2010 Conservation Action Plan for the World's Cetaceans. IUCN/SSC Cetacean Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Rugh, D. J., Shelden, K. E. W. and Mahoney, B. A. 2000. Distribution of belugas, belugas, Delphinapterus leucas, in Cook Inlet, Alaska, during June/July, 1993-2000. Mar. Fish. Rev., 62(3): 6-21. Sergeant, D. E. and Brodie, P. F. 1969. Body size in white whales, Delphinapterus leucas. J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 26:2561-2580. Skeiveris, R. 1992. Observations of Baltic seals and dolphins on Lithuanian seacoast. Tartu Ulikooli Toimetised 955: 148-150.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Delphinapterus leucas

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Canada Bone carvings 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Canada Carvings 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 Canada live 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Canada Meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Canada Meat (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.5 0 Canada Skin pieces 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 Canada Skull 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Canada Skull (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Canada Teeth 0 51 0 0 0 0 0 114 0 8 0 Greenland Bones 0 34 234 3 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 Greenland Bones (kg) 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Greenland Carvings 0 0 10 11 16 11 0 1 0 0 0 Greenland Carvings (kg) 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Greenland Meat 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Greenland Meat (kg) 2651.6 200 40 1062.6 578.85 814 585 0 0 0 40.5 Greenland Skin pieces 0 27 232 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Greenland Skin pieces (kg) 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 96 Greenland Skull 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Greenland Teeth 1 0 14 12 0 65 0 516 0 0 0 Norway Skin pieces 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 Russian live Federation 0 4 0 0 0 2 12 25 13 12 3 Russian Meat (kg) Federation 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13200 0 0 0 Saudi Arabia live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 United States Extract 0.003 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

COMMENT Trade has been relatively low since 1999. However, populations appear to be declining and are thought to be negatively affected by trade as well as other threats. This species is therefore recommended for review.

3. Monodon monoceros

FAMILY MONODONTIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Narwhal (English); Narval (French); Narval (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS DD (Cetacean Specialist Group, 1996).

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

The Narwhal is endemic to Arctic waters, where three stocks have traditionally been recognized: one centered in Baffin Bay; one in northern Hudson Bay; and one in the Greenland Sea and eastward. Future research is expected to reveal further stock structure (IWC, 2000; NAMMCO, 2000).

Canada: Abundance estimates include about 35,000 in the Baffin Bay-Davis Strait region and 1,400 in northern Hudson Bay. The numbers refer to animals at the surface and visible from a low-flying aircraft, with no adjustment for diving animals that would have been overlooked (Cetacean Specialist Group, 1996).

Germany: Greenland: "Hay and Mansfield (1989) suggest from unpublished data, that in 1971 the Thule-district narwhal population in north-west Greenland was estimated ranging between 1,500 - 2,500. A more recent land-based count in 1984 (Born, 1994) showed the population in Inglefield Bay to number at least 4,000. In the Eurasian sector of the Arctic the only known estimate of narwhal numbers is from Scoreby Sound and Kung Oscar Fjord in eastern Greenland. A conservative figure of only 176 was obtained from an aerial line-transect survey carried out in September 1983 by F. Larsen (cited in Hay and Mansfield, 1989). Born (1994) confirms that more detailed data is lacking. He suggests that in this sector, narwhals prefer areas distant from the coast and may number at most a few thousand individuals" (Culik, 2003). The Scoresby Sund (east Greenland) population is estimated at 300 individuals. The numbers refer to animals at the surface and visible from a low-flying aircraft, with no adjustment for diving animals that would have been overlooked (Cetacean Specialist Group, 1996). Iceland: Netherlands: Norway: Russian Federation: Svalbard and Jan Mayen: United Kingdom: United States:

Aquatic Regions: Arctic Sea, northeast Atlantic and northwest Atlantic.

“Narwhals are heavily exploited in the eastern Canadian Arctic and Greenland for their skin, meat, and tusks. The Narwhals in Davis Strait and Baffin Bay, as a “shared” stock, are subject to monitoring by the Canada-Greenland Joint Commission on Conservation and Management of Narwhal and Beluga. The responsibility for conservation rests with national agencies. At present, there is no official limit on the number of Narwhals that can be taken in either Canada or Greenland, nor are data on catch and hunting loss reported regularly to the IWC. Although the IWC Scientific Committee attempted to review the status of Narwhal and Beluga stocks in 1999, Canada and Greenland refrained from participating in the meeting. However, both countries participated fully in a review of these species by the Scientific Committee of the North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission in the same year (NAMMCO, 2000)." (Cetacean Specialist Group, 1996).

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 97 The major threats to Narwhals are harvesting for food and materials for subsistence use as well as local and national trade (Cetacean Specialist Group, 1996).

"Neither of the countries hunting narwhals and exporting tusks (Greenland and Canada) sets hunting quotas, and the population estimate for the main population targeted (the Baffin Bay/Davis Strait stock) is based on survey data from 1979. For years, the International Whaling Commission (IWC), the Canada/Greenland Joint Commission on Conservation and Management of Narwhal and Beluga (JCNB), and the North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO) have warned of the risk of over-exploitation of narwhals and the need for new, comprehensive surveys" (Fisher, 2003).

"The CITES Animals Committee conducted a Review of Significant Trade in narwhal products in 1995. The review expressed some concerns about the species and, as a result, CITES made several Primary and Secondary Recommendations, including the need for new surveys. Although some small scale surveys and other studies have been done since 1995 (which add to the growing body of evidence that there are at least two populations in the Baffin Bay/ Davis Strait region), a comprehensive survey has still not been done" (Fisher, 2003).

"Incomplete and imprecise reporting of trade data make it difficult to assess the true extent of the trade, and its impact on the species. For example, Greenland has reported exports of over 100 ‘sets of carvings’ without specifying the number of carvings in a set, and their size or weigh, these could be anything from small items of jewelry to carved whole tusks the distinction between teeth and tusks reported in trade data is still unclear. The original Significant Trade Review notes a comment that “reported trade in ‘teeth’ originating from Greenland, refers to what is commonly called ‘tusks’”. Noting that Greenland reported the export of 1950 teeth between 1992 and 2001, it would be significant if some or all of these were actually tusks" (Fisher, 2003).

"According to Strong (1988), Hay and Mansfield (1989) and IWC (2000), the most recent population surveys were carried out in 1984 and yielded 18,000 narwhals in the four major summering areas south of Lancaster Sound. A further 1,000 narwhals were estimated for the Repulse Bay - Frozen Strait area. Koski and Davis (cited in Born, 1994) recorded 34,000 narwhals in parts of Baffin Bay after the end of winter" (Culik, 2003).

REFERENCES Born, E.W. 1994. Monodon monoceros Linnaeus, 1758 - Narwhal. In: Handbuch der Säugetiere Europas. Meeressäuger. Teil IA: Wale und Delphine 1 (Robineau D, Duguy R and Klima M, Eds.) Aula-Verlag, Wiesbaden. pp. 209 - 240. Cetacean Specialist Group 1996. Monodon monoceros. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 16 January 2004. Culik, B. 2003. Monodon monoceros CMS Fact Sheet. http://www.wcmc.org.uk/cms/reports/small_cetaceans/data/M_monoceros/m_monoceros.htm#population. Downloaded on 28 January 2004. Fisher, S. 2003. Comments on Monodon monoceros from Sue Fisher on behalf of the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society. Pers. Comm. Hay K.A. and Mansfield, A.W. 1989. Narwhal - Monodon monoceros Linnaeus, 1758. In: Handbook of Marine Mammals (Ridgway SH, Harrison SR eds.) Vol. 4: River Dolphins and the Larger Toothed Whales. Academic Pres, London, pp. 145 - 176. IWC 2000. Report of the standing sub-committee on small cetaceans. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 2 (Supplement): 235–263. NAMMCO 2000. Report of the NAMMCO scientific committee working group on the population status of Beluga and Narwhal in the North Atlantic. Annual Report of the North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission, Tromsø, Norway, 1999, 153–188. Strong, J.T. 1988. Status of the narwhal, Monodon monoceros , in Canada. Can Field Nat, 102(2): 391-398.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Monodon monoceros

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Canada Bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 Canada Bones 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Canada Carvings 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 Canada Horn 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Canada Ivory carvings 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 Canada Ivory pieces 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 Canada Live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Canada Meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Canada Meat (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 Canada Oil (flasks) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Canada Plates 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Canada Skull 4 0 0 0 0 3 1 5 0 0 0 Canada Teeth 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 4 0 Canada Trophies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 98 Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Canada Tusks 35 45 35 75 76 123 78 77 37 162 94 Canada Tusks (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20.92 0 0 0 Denmark Live 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Faroe Islands Bones 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Georgia Carvings 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Georgia Teeth 0 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Georgia Tusks 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Germany Ivory carvings 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Greenland Bodies 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Greenland Bone carvings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Greenland Bones 2 168 166 1 5 8 6 3 1 0 0 Greenland Carvings 236 572 499 740 740 544 248 748 34 21 193 Greenland Horn products (kg) 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Greenland Ivory carvings 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 Greenland Ivory pieces 0 4 6 18 16 10 9 41 0 0 0 Greenland Ivory scraps 46 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Greenland Meat 0 1052 2 0 0 1012 0 0 0 0 0 Greenland Meat (kg) 0 0 353 387.5 1023.02 618.34 2558.38 0 0 0 636.6 Greenland Skin 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Greenland Skin (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 Greenland Skin pieces 0 158 208 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Greenland Skull 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 1 Greenland Teeth 0 208 85 99 54 28 25 767 675 9 30 Greenland Teeth (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 5 0 0 0 Greenland Trophies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Greenland Tusks 227 267 258 208 240 211 116 106 68 25 45 Norway Tusks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 United Bone carvings Kingdom 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 United Tusks Kingdom 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 United States Skin 0 0 0 0 61 0 0 0 0 0 0

COMMENT Levels of trade from Canada and Greenland appear to be stable. However, despite the Animals Committee’s recommendation in 1995, a comprehensive survey has still not been done and the impact of current levels of trade on populations is uncertain. It is therefore recommended that this species should be reviewed.

4. Pseudalopex culpaeus

FAMILY CANIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Andean Wolf (English); Colpeo Fox (English); Renard colfeo (French); Culpeo (Spanish); Zorro andino (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LR/lc (Canid Specialist Group, 1996)

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Argentina: Occurrence reported (Cabrera, 1957). Overall estimates of abundance are not available, though Crespo (1975) noted that in general the species appeared to have maintained dense populations despite intensive persecution for many years. Crespo (1986) considers this species most abundant in the south of the country. Crespo and DeCarlo (1963) estimated a density of 0.72 foxes per sq. km (over an area of 18 sq. km) at their study site in southern Neuquen in the early 1960s. They noted that, on the basis of anecdotal information, the species appeared to have undergone a significant and sustained increase in density in the province around 1910-1915 when there was a change in land use from intensive horse- rearing and a small amount of cattle-rearing to sheep-grazing, this coinciding with a marked increase in abundance of the introduced European Hare which, along with sheep, has become the most abundant food item. To what extent this is paralleled elsewhere in the species’s range is unclear. In 1981 it was described as rare and possibly in danger of extirpation

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 99 in Salta Province, northern Argentina (Mares et al., 1981) and it is apparently scarce on Isla Grande of Tierra del Fuego, though has been so at least since the 1930s (Jaksic and Yanez, 1983; Osgood, 1943). “Estimated numbers 60,000 individuals in Santa Cruz province, 200,000 for Patagonia and 30,000 for Chubut province (F.A.C.I.F., 1987). It is more numerous in the southern parts of Argentina, with a strong population of over 200,000 individual animals. In northern Argentina, however, the culpeo is almost nonexistent. They prefer to live in the pampas grasslands and deciduous forests of their range (Alderton, 1994). In Patagonia, six years of data collected on population trends using scent line stations suggest that although there are annual cycles, the population of Pseudalopex culpaeus has remained essentially constant (Bellati pers. comm.)"(Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). Classified as Endangered by the Argentine Wildlife Board (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). Bolivia: Occurrence reported (Cabrera, 1957). Not individually protected, although a blanket ban on wildlife exports was in force until 1986 (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). Chile: Occurrence reported (Cabrera, 1957). Generally scarce. In Torres del Paine National Park (Magallanes) 45 individuals were sighted in a 424km strip census yielding a density of 1.3 individuals/km2 (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). Protected since 1980, although hunting for scientific purposes may be authorised by the bureau of Livestock and Agriculture (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). Appears to be threatened, both from habitat loss and from illegal hunting, with pelts trans-shipped to Argentina (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). It has been stated as becoming generally scarce in Chile, though there is little detailed information (Fuentes and Jaksic, 1979). Osgood (1943) noted that D. culpaeus appeared to be relatively scarce in the extreme south, where it had been persistently pursued for the fur market, and was very scarce on Tierra del Fuego; it did however seem to be quite common in central Chile, while Greer (1965) stated it to be the most widespread canid in Malleco and Olrog (1950) described it as common on Isla Hoste in the Cabo de Hornos Archipelago. Pine et al. (1979) reported that the northern subspecies D. c. andinus did not appear to be abundant on the altiplano. `Generally scarce. In Torres del Paine National Park, Magallanes, 45 zorros were sighted in a 424 km strip census yielding a density of 1.3 individuals/km2 (Rau pers. comm.; Abello 1979).’ (Ginsberg and Macdonald 1990). ?Colombia: Distribution extends into Colombia (Honacki et al., 1982; Alderton, 1994), and it is listed on Colombian legislation (Honacki et al., 1982). Ecuador: Occurrence reported (Cabrera, 1957). Peru: Occurrence reported (Cabrera, 1957). "Abundant in the highlands of south Peru (de Macedo, pers.comm.; Grimwood 1969). Known on the eastern side of the Andes, and is abundant in the deserts (Grimwood, 1969), but does not descend into the coastal forest" (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). Not protected (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). Abundant throughout its range, despite heavy persecution; and not considered to be in need of protection at this time Grimwood (1969).

Extensively trapped and used for pelts (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). It is hunted for its skins in Argentina and Bolivia, but this does not seem to be having an impact on their population (Alderton, 1994).

Consequences of changes in land use has been suggested to benefit Pseudalopex griseus to the detriment of P. culpaeus. Predation on lambs results in strong local pressure for predator control measures (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990).

The true situation concerning legal and illegal trade combined is far from clear. Considering only CITES recorded trade, IUCN concluded in 1988 that international trade is currently not a significant threat to the species, and that its present level does not have a deleterious effect on the Argentine population. Cattan (pers. comm.) however considers illegal hunting to be undoubtedly the most important threat to the species. Strict enforcement of wildlife legislation in most Latin American countries is unlikely to occur in the near future. Domestic enforcement of legislation is minimal (Ginsberg and Macdonald 1990).

REFERENCES Abello, O. 1979. Densidad de una pobulacion de Zorros colorados Dusicyon culpaeus, en el Parque Nacional “Torres del Paine” (Magallanes, Chile). Chilean Forestry Service, Technical Report No. 7, 26 pp. Alderton, D. 1994. Foxes, Wolves, and Wild Dogs of the World. Blandford Press, UK. Cabrera, A. 1957. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del sur, vol. I, Metatheria, Unguiculata, Carnivora. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardino Rivadavia', Ciencias Zoologicas, 4(1): 1-307. Canid Specialist Group 1996. Pseudalopex culpaeus. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 16 January 2004. Crespo, J. A. 1975. Ecology of the Pampas Gray Fox and the Large Fox (Culpeo). In: Fox, M. W. (Ed.) The wild canids, their systematic behavioural ecology and evolution. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 179-191. Crespo, J. A. and DeCarlo, J. M. 1963. Estudio ecologico de una poblacion de zorros colorados. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, ‘Bernadino Rivadavia’, Ecologia 1(1): 1-53. F.A.C.I.F. (Federacion Argentina de Commercializacion e Industrializacion de la Fauna – Argentine Federation of Wildlife Trade and Industry) 1987. Ecological studies of the Argentine red and grey foxes. A scientific research proposal for the national management of wild populations. Buenos Aires, Argentina. Fuentes, R. E. and Jaksic, F. M. 1979. Latitudinal size variation of Chilean foxes: tests of alternative hypotheses. Ecology, 60: 43-47. Ginsberg, J. R. and Macdonald, D. W. 1990. Foxes, wolves, jackals, and dogs. An action plan for the conservation of canids. IUCN, Gland. Greer, J. K. 1965. The mammals of Malleco Province, Chile. Publications of the Museum of Michigan State University, Biology Series, 3(2): 49-152. Grimwood, I. R. 1969. Notes on the distribution and status of some Peruvian mammals. Special publication No. 21, American Committee for International Wildlife Protection and New York Zoological Society.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 100 Honacki, J. H., Kinman, K. E. and Koeppl, J. W. 1982. Mammal species of the world, a taxonomic and geographic reference. The Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. Jaksic, F. M. and Yanez, J. L. 1983. Rabbit and fox introductions in Tierra del Fuego: history and assessment of the attempts at biological control of the rabbit infestation. Biological Conservation, 26: 367-374. Mares, M. A., Ojeda, R. A. and Kosco, M. P. 1981. Observations on the distribution and ecology of the mammals of Salta Province, Argentina. Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 50: 151-206. Osgood, W. H. 1943. The mammals of Chile. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoology Series, 30: 1-268. Pine, R. H., Miller, F. D. and Schamberger, A. M. L. 1979. Contributions to the mammalogy of Chile. Mammalia, 43: 339-375.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Pseudalopex culpaeus

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Argentina Garments 80 6 6 0 350 0 0 0 36 16 73 Argentina Garments (skins) 0 0 0 0 0 70 0 126 0 0 1962 Argentina Plates 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Argentina Plates (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 232 0 Argentina Skin pieces 73 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Argentina Skin pieces (kg) 43.7 0 0 0 0 0 2.25 0 0 0 184.2 Argentina Skin pieces (skins) 0 0 0 0 0 0 166 1 0 0 0 Argentina Skins 54 0 13 16 3982 613 6703 73 521 721819009 Argentina Skins (kg) 0 0 0 0 500 0 2250 0 0 0 0 Argentina Tails 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chile Skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

COMMENT Argentina is the main exporter and exports have been increasing with relatively high levels in 2002. No recent population estimates seem to be available, and this species is considered endangered in Argentina, therefore recommended for review.

5. Pseudalopex griseus

FAMILY CANIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Argentine Grey Fox (English); Renard de Chiloé (French); Renard gris d'Argentine (French); Chilla; Zorro chico (Spanish); Zorro de la Isla Chiloe (Spanish); Zorro gris argentino (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LR/lc (Canid Specialist Group, 1996)

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

The Argentine gray fox is wide spread throughout Patagonia and western Argentina. Tierra del Fuego is now the area with the highest population density. These foxes are also found on several small islands off the western coast of West Falkland, in Chile, southern Peru, and are believed to exist in central Peru. They live on both sides of the Andes Mountains (23° S to 55° S) (Knop, 2003).

Argentina: Occurrence reported (Bertonatti and Gonzalez, 1992). Introduced to Tierra del Fuego in 1951 to control the European rabbit. Widespread throughout Patagonia form the Straits of Magellan to Chubut province and northwards, apparently in a relatively narrow strip in the lowlands of western Argentina. On the Malvinas/Falkland Islands, it is found on several small islands off the west coast of west Falkland (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). Classified as Endangered by the Argentine Wildlife Board (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). Chile: Introduced to Tierra del Fuego. Widespread from the Straits of Magellan northewards as far as the southern half of the II Administrative region, mainly in lowlands and foothills of coastal mountain ranges. (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). In Rio Nego, Patagonia, population levels have been stable since 1983, in spite of heavy harvesting for furs. Deep snowfall can depress population levels, but recovery is usually speedy (Knop, 2003). Ginsberg and Macdonald (1990) consider doubful the population estimates of 37,250 to 65,837 provided by Duran et al. (1985). Ginsberg and Macdonald (1990) note that the study was funded by a Magallanes’ hunters association, and that it resulted in the ban on hunting of grey zorro being lifted and hunting licences being issued. Hunting later became uneconomical (due to scarcity) after a very small proportion of estimated populations were removed, suggesting an overestimate of standing densities. It is protected by law but enforcement is lax (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990).

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 101 Falkland Islands: Found on several small islands off the west coast of west Falkland (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). Peru: Occurrence reported (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990).

No hunting or skin trade has been permitted since 1929 in some areas, although fox skins are still exported through Chile via Argentina. Hunting is banned year-round in some areas. (The World Conservation Union, 1998).

Both hunting, legal and illegal, and the presence of Pseudalopex culpaeus may limit the gray fox’s distribution, even though their territories do not overlap (Knop, 2003). Consequences of changes in land use has been suggested to benefit Pseudalopex griseus to the detriment of P. culpaeus. Predation on lambs results in strong local pressure for predator control measures (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). Local people believe that these foxes prey upon sheep and domestic fowl, although scat analysis indicates that such predation is probably not common (Nowak, 1999).

Ginsberg and Macdonal (1990) note that better estimates of population densities and absolute population numbers in both Chile and Argentina are urgently required and that although trade in this species has declined somewhat in recent years, levels of harvesting are still very high. They also note that confusion and disagreements concerning previous surveys suggest that surveys should be made by parties without an economic interest in the species.

REFERENCES Bertonatti, C. and Gonzalez, F. 1992. Lista de vertebrados Argentinas en peligro de extinción. Fundacion Vida Silvestre Argentina. Boletin Tecnico Number 8. Canid Specialist Group 1996. Pseudalopex culpaeus. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 16 January 2004. Duran, J. C., Cattan, P. E. and Yanez, J. L. 1985. The Grey Fox Canis griseus (Gray) in Chilean Patagonia (southern Chile). Biological Conservation, 34(2): 141-148. Ginsberg, J. R. and Macdonald, D. W. 1990. Foxes, wolves, jackals and dogs, an action plan for the conservation of canids. IUCN, Gland. Knop. K. 2003. Pseudalopex griseus – Animal Diversity Web. The University of Michingan Museum of Zoology. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification Downloaded on 28 Januray 2004. Nowak, R. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, Sixth Edition. Baltimore and London, The Johns Hopkins University Press. The World Conservation Union, Species Survival Commission, Canid Specialist Group, 1998. "Gray Zorro" (On-line). Accessed November 28, 2001 at http://www.canids.org/SPPACCTS/dgriseus.htm.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Pseudalopex griseus

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Argentina Bones 0 4 000000 0 00 Argentina Feet 0 0 000000 1510 0 0 Argentina Garments 2684 3271 2844 1015 4775 173 342 0 387 148 387 Argentina Garments (kg) 0 0 149 88 324.5 172.6 0 34 0 0 0 Argentina Garments (skins) 0 0 0 0 0 22628 0 2661 0 0 6324 Argentina Hair (kg) 0 0 000000 0 400 Argentina Plates 51 32504 95 0 0 56 21 78 897 60 62 Argentina Plates (kg) 0 0 000000 2525.95 889.65 160.25 Argentina Plates (skins) 0 0 000000 0 0168 Argentina Skins 22975 8500 15020 4016 79603 22202 42334 20362 23150 39368 124803 Argentina Skins (kg) 150 0 0 0 657 62 356.6 92.2 1170.45 22.5 303.25 Argentina Skin pieces 2290 4542 1000 2928 6400 30 0 0 903 1 448 Argentina Skin pieces (kg) 2130.9 0 70 178 200 839.5 624.85 335.7 32 80.3 1241.93 Argentina Skin pieces (skins) 0 0 0 0 0 2568 128 2167 0 0 0 Argentina Tails 191 2 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 100 Argentina Tails (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 0.4 0 0 1.5 Argentina Trophies 0 0 000113 0 41 Chile Skins 0 0 000000 0 3831 1230

COMMENT There are no recent population estimates in any range state. Although it is said to be widespread in Argentina, the main exporter of this species, it is classified as endangered. Given the high levels of recent trade from Argentina and an apparent increase in trade in 2002 the species is recommended for review.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 102 6. Vulpes zerda

FAMILY CANIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Fennec Fox (English); Fennec (French); Fennec (Spanish); Zorro del Sahara (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS DD (Canid Specialist Group, 1996)

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Occurs in the deserts of North Africa, throughout the Sahara. Scant information available due to nocturnal habit. One sighting was made in the Sinai in the late 1970s. No recent sightings have been made there (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990).

Algeria: Occurrence reported (Rosevear, 1974). ? Burkina Faso: Occurrence reported (Roure, 1968). Chad: Occurrence reported (Newby, 1970). Egypt: Occurrence reported (Osborn and Helmy, 1980). Iraq: Israel: Kuwait: Occurrence reported (Harrison, 1968). Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Occurrence reported (Rosevear, 1974). Mali: Occurrence reported (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). Mauritania: Occurrence reported (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). Morocco: Occurrence reported (Cabrera, 1932). Niger: Occurrence reported (Newby, 1982). Oman: Saudi Arabia: Occurrence reported (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). Sudan: Occurrence reported (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). Tunisia: Occurrence reported (Rosevear, 1974). Western Sahara: Occurrence reported (Valverde, 1957).

Trapped and sold as pets and extensively hunted for pelts by indigenous people in the Sahara. Does not breed well in captivity. No known threats other than potential over-exploitation. Given its habitat requirements, it is unlikely that the species will be in any danger of extinction in the near future (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). Fennecs are rare (Anon., 2004) and although they do no harm to human interests, they are intensively hunted by the native people of the Sahara. The Fennec has become rare in some parts of northwestern Africa (Grzimek, 1975).

REFERENCES Anon. 2004. Fennec Fox, Chaffee Zoo. http://www.chaffeezoo.org/zoo/animals/fennec.htm Downloaded on 28 Januray 2004. Cabrera, A. 1932. Los mamiferos de Marruecos. Trabajos del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Serie Zoologica, Vol. 57 361 pp. Canid Specialist Group 1996. Vulpes zerda. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 20 January 2004. Ginsberg, J. R. and Macdonald, D. W. 1990. Foxes, wolves, jackals, and dogs. An action plan for the conservation of canids. IUCN, Gland. 116pp. Grzimek, B. (ed.) 1975. Grzimek's animal life encyclopedia. Mammals, I-lV. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, vols. 10-13. Harrison, D. L. 1968. The mammals of Arabia, Vol. II, Carnivora, Artiodactyla and Hyracoidea. English Benn, London. Newby, J. 1970. The ecological resources of the Ouadi Rimé - Ouadi Achim Faunal Reserve, Chad. UNDP/FAO Wildlife Conservation and Management Project CHD/69/004. Unpublished. Newby, J. E. 1982. Avant-projet de classement d'une aire protégée dans l'Air et le Ténéré (République du Niger). Report to IUCN/WWF, Gland. Unpublished. Osborn, D. J. and Helmy, I. 1980. The contemporary land mammals of Egypt (including Sinai). Series/Edition 2 Fieldiana Zoology, Number 5. Rosevear, D. R. 1974. The carnivores of West Africa. British Museum (Natural History),London. Roure, G. 1968. Petit atlas de classification, de morphologie, de repartition et de determination des animaux sauvages de Haute Volta et des pays voisins. Direction des eaux et forets, Ministere de l'Agriculture, Ouagadougou, Haute-Volta. Valverde, J. A. 1957. Aves del Sahara Español. Instituto de Estudios Africanos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Vulpes zerda

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Egypt Bodies 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 United Arab Live Emirates 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 Egypt Live 10 0 502 554 60 0 10 19 0 0 0

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 103 Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Mali Live 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sudan Live 0 0 138 4 5 10 12 95 0 40 43 Chad Trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0

COMMENT Sudan has been the only country exporting this species recently. Fennecs are rare and being intensively hunted. Given the lack of information on the status in any range state the species is recommended for review.

7. Ursus arctos

FAMILY URSIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Brown Bear (English); Grizzly Bear (English); Grizzly (French); Ours brun (French); Oso pardo (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LR/lc (Bear Specialist Group, 1996)

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Brown bears are distributed throughout Eurasia with a large 'mainland' population in tundra and taiga forests of Russia extending into neighbouring areas of the D.P.R. of Korea, Mongolia, and China (Servheen, 1990).

CITES Appendix I range states: Bhutan, China, Mexico, Mongolia

CITES Appendix II range states: Afghanistan: unknown (Servheen, 1999). Albania: Populations of uncertain size are also found in Albania (Servheen, 1990). Many of these populations are likely to go extinct in the near future unless they are carefully managed (Craighead, 2001). Armenia: Austria (ex): Population very small and threatened (Servheen et al., 1999). At present, there are just a few brown bears living in Austria, but the situation is promising and bear numbers are rising. Today in Austria the brown bear occurs in two small populations. Three to six individuals are assumed to live in southwestern Carinthia, representing an outpost of the southern Slovenian population expanding into the border area with Austria and Italy. The second population is located in the Limestone Alps of Styria and Lower Austria and comprises 8–10 individuals; it is the result of a reintroduction project started by WWF-Austria in 1989. In addition to these populations, the Alps of Styria and Carinthia and to a lesser extent also of Salzburg and Upper Austria, are visited by migrating individuals with increasing frequency. A third center of bear distribution is emerging in northwestern Styria and the bordering areas of Upper Austria (Rauer, 1999). Azerbaijan: Belarus: Belgium (ex): Bosnia and Herzegovina: decreasing (Servheen et al., 1999). Bulgaria: The Bulgarian micro-population inhabits the Rila-Rhodopes Mountain Massif (including the smaller mountains north of Rila), and numbers some 500 specimens. Rare in Bulgaria and potentially threatened, owing to the limited population number and distribution that results from human pressure. At the same time, numbers have slowly increased in the last fifty years (Spassov and Spiridonov, 1999). Canada: Stable? (Servheen et al., 1999). Population c. 25,000, in western Canada. Threatened or extirpated in some areas of relatively dense human rural and urban settlement, while over much of their range populations remain healthy. (ref?) The grizzly bear in Canada exists throughout the western part of the country from the coast to the prairie of Alberta and north to the Arctic Ocean. Total population estimates are of 53,280-66480. The grizzly is considered a game animal in Canada and is protected by the game laws of each province or territory. Concern about the population in Alberta exists (Horejsi, 1989) and the population of British Columbia, though large, has been eliminated from some areas in the southern part of their range by human activities (Servheen, 1989). The harvest of grizzly bears in British Columbia can be managed on a sustainable basis, with minimal risk of population declines. One important improvement in the current system would be to incorporate the effects of uncertainty in population parameters when calculating quota allocations. The Panel’s evaluation of grizzly bear harvest did not reveal any compelling evidence of over-harvest in the province as a whole or in any GBPUs [grizzly bear population units]. Nevertheless, the Panel cannot conclude that over-harvest is not occurring. Small sample sizes precluded any meaningful analysis at the MU [management unit] level. The current scale of allowable harvest (3% to 6% per year) has been derived from population models that did not include sampling error as a distinct source of uncertainty in parameter

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 104 values. We recommend that the upper end of the current scale be reduced by 1% (i.e. from 6% to 5%) to ensure that it captures the full extent of uncertainty (Anon., 2003). Croatia: About 400 bears in Croatia (Berkhoudt, 1999) and the population is considered to be stable (Berkhoudt, 1999; Swenson et al., 2000). Monitoring is said to take place. However, no information is provided on how it is carried out and organized (Berkhoudt, 1999). Czech Republic: Very small population and threatened (Servheen, 1999). Denmark: Estonia: Stable (Servheen, 1999). Finland: There are about 450 brown bears in Finland contiguous with Russia (Pullainen, 1989). France: Very small, endangered (Servheen, 1999). About 20 to 30 brown bears are found in smaller subpopulations in the Pyrenees Mountains between France and Spain (Camarra and Parde, 1992). Georgia: Germany (ex): Greece: Very small, threatened (Servheen, 1999). Brown bears total about 90 to 170 in two populations in Greece (Mertzanis, 1989). Hungary: India: Small, threatened (Servheen, 1999). Iran (Islamic Republic of): Small? (Servheen, 1999). Iraq: Israel (ex): Italy: Two populations are found in Italy, one of 50 and one of 10 to 16 animals (Zunino, 1992; Boscagli, 1987). About three brown bears are known in the Brenta Mountains of Italy bordering Switzerland. These bears are seldom observed and were censused by DNA analysis of hair and scat samples (Kohn et al., 1995a; Kohn et al., 1995b). Japan: Hokkaido may have received no immigrants since the last, Wisconsin, glaciation. Historically, Hokkaido may have supported as many brown bears as Sakhalin in a 77,000 km2 area. Up to 3,000 bears have been reported in recent times (Domico, 1988), but Servheen considered the population size as unknown in 1989. The population is much reduced from historic levels and it appears to be fragmented into three subpopulations (Servheen, 1990) that are separated from each other by human development. Jordan (ex): Kazakhstan: The populations is estimated at 1800 (Servheen, 1994). Korea, DPR: Kyrgyzstan: Latvia: Very small, threatened (Servheen, 1999). Lebanon (ex): Liechtenstein (ex): Lithuania (ex): Macedonia (former Yugoslav Republic of): The former Yugoslavia was estimated to support 1600 to 2000 brown bears in 1989 (Isakovic, 1970; Huber, 1992), but the recent war has reduced bear numbers and further fragmented the habitat (Huber, 1994). Netherlands (ex): Norway: Approximately 700 brown bears were estimated in Sweden and Norway in 1994 (Swenson, 1994). Pakistan: Very small, endangered (Servheen, 1999). Poland : There are many small, isolated populations and 70 to 75 individuals in Poland (Jakubiec and Buchalczyck, 1987). Portugal (ex): Romania: Large numbers but decreasing (Servheen, 1999). Romania has the largest brown bear population in Europe outside the Soviet Union with an estimated 6,000 bears in the Carpathian Mountains and the Transylvanian Alps in an area of 34,000 km2 or 52% of the wooded area of Romania. This population has increased from less than 1,000 animals in 1950 to its present size; and more than 4,000 km2 has been reoccupied by bears in the past 20 years. The density of this population is approximately 1 bear/6 km2 on average with certain areas having a density of 1 bear/1.25 km2 (Servheen, 1989). A population of 6,000 is estimated in southwestern Russia\Romania (Rosler, 1989). Russian Federation: Increasing in the European part? (Servheen, 1999). Stable to decreasing in the Central/Eastern part (Servheen, 1999). `The population of Ursus arctos of the area comprising the Soviet Union may be as high as 100 000, representing more than 50% of the extant global population of the species (Servheen, 1990). This population had been estimated to number around 100,000 individuals in the 1960s; by the 1970s, however, this number had decreased to around 70,000. By the 1970’s, the Kamchatka population had been greatly reduced due to over-hunting. In the Kronotsky State Reserve, in the 1940’s numbers were estimated to be several thousands, but by 1970 the numbers did not exceed several hundreds. Populations are thought to be stable throughout the country except for U. a. leuconyx (= U. a. isabellinus) and U. a syriacus (Ovsyanikov, 1988).

In the eastern portion of the geographical area comprising the Soviet Union, population estimates based on wildlife counting efforts of the Soviet Hunting Department (Glavokhota) were: 8 850 in West Siberia; 40 000 in East Siberia; 32 000 in the far eastern section of the country; 1 400 in Sakhalin; and 700 in the Kuril Islands (Vereschchagin, 1978). For

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 105 the far eastern USSR, Dunishenko (1987) estimated 12-14 000 individuals in Kamchatka; 1 900-2 000 in Sakhalin; 5 000- 5 500 in Khabarovsk; 2 000 in Primorye; 1 700 in Amurskaya; and 2 000 in Magadanskaya. Pazshetnov (1989 in Brautigam, 1989) believes populations of the species in the far east could be threatened with extinction due to hunting.

In Russia, since the decline of communism, there has been a tremendous increase in hunting by overseas clients and poaching by local residents. The game management and enforcement infrastructure collapsed, and has been slow to rebuild (Craighead, 2001).

A population of 6,000 is estimated in southwestern Russia\Romania (Rosler, 1989). Europe has one large contiguous brown bear population in northwestern Russia and Finland. Servheen (1990) reports estimates of 30,000 to 33,000 west of the Ural Mountains. This total includes 4000 in central regions, 4000 in the Ural Mountains, 5000 in the Volga- Vyatka region, 1000 in the Carpathian Mountains, 3000 in the Caucasus Mountains, and 16,000 in northwestern regions. Since the fall of Communism this northwestern population has begun to reconnect with smaller populations of 700 in Sweden and Norway (Swenson, 1994). There are about 450 brown bears in Finland contiguous with Russia (Pullainen, 1989). Sakhalin Island has an estimated population of 1,400 brown bears (Servheen, 1990). It is less than 10 km from the mainland of the Russian Far East at the closest point and migrant individuals are probably exchanged occasionally.

The Russian Kamchatka Peninsula is estimated to support 12,000 to 14,000 brown bears (Dunishenko, 1987) but these populations are rapidly being decimated except in protected areas. Between Hokkaido and Kamchatka, the Kurile Islands form a stepping stone array of smaller intermediate islands. The larger of the Kurile Islands adjacent to either of these 'mainlands' have resident bear populations. These larger islands are separated from each other and from the 'mainlands' by about 25 km. A total of 700 brown bears are estimated on the larger Kurile Islands (Dunishenko, 1987). The smaller islands in the center of the chain do not support resident bear populations. Serbia and Montenegro: Slovakia: Increasing (Servheen, 1999). Slovenia: Stable (Servheen, 1999). Spain: Very small, threatened (Servheen, 1999). Two populations are found in Spain, of 93 to 103 individuals and of 17 individuals (Clevenger et. al., 1987), and about 20 to 30 brown bears are found in smaller subpopulations in the Pyrenees Mountains between France and Spain (Camarra and Parde, 1992). Sweden: Increasing (Servheen, 1999). Sweden has actively managed to protect and increase their brown bear population after a period during which they were almost extirpated. Approximately 700 brown bears were estimated in Sweden and Norway in 1994 (Swenson, 1994). Sweden contains the densest brown bear population in Europe and it is located in areas with the highest road densities known for brown bear habitat. Presently there may be close to 1000 brown bears, most of these bears reside in Sweden (Craighead, 2001), but they are begining to expand into Norway where they are more likely to come into conflict with sheep herding practices (sheep roam freely in Norway) (Swenson et al. 1995). Switzerland (ex): Syrian Arab Republic (ex): Tajikistan: Unknown (Servheen, 1999). Turkey: The forests in Turkey have been diminishing in size, as in the rest of Europe, and the human population is increasing. This has led to the rapid decrease of the bear (Ursus arctos) population over the last 30 to 40 years in Turkey. In comparison to the past, although there is a decline in the bear populations in Turkey, the situation seems quite good in the following areas: Artvin and its vicinity, Hakkari and its vicinity, the Cilo and Sat mountains, and the region between Tunceli and Erzincan where the Munzur mountains are located. These regions, which are far away from human beings, have quite a good population of bears. Although the population in the rich forests of the Black Sea region is less dense, relict groups have not yet been formed. The inhabitants of the localities south west of Artvin i.e. Yusufeli province and its vicinity, have repeatedly complained of the harm done to their livestock and their orchards by bears. As a result, since 1982, the General Directory of Forestry has had to permit bear hunting from August to April, but only by foreign hunters. Experienced guides from the villages in the vicinity are assigned to these tourists and the high fees paid to them have encouraged the protection of the species. The decision of whether to allow the hunting of bears rests on an evaluation of the number of bears hunted and the stock of live bears (Mursasoglu, 1989). Turkmenistan: Ukraine: Decreasing (Servheen, 1999). United Kingdom (ex): United States: The Alaskan population is stable, still occurring throughout its historic range. The brown bear has been extirpated from the remainder of its range in the western USA due to intolerant attitudes. Legal protection, wildlife management, and the existence of large reserves of public lands in Alaska appear adequate to assure the survival of the species in Alaska through the 21st century. Most hunting is for trophies but a small and under-documented proportion of the kill is for susbistence use by residents in rural villages. Although sale of bear parts is illegal in Alaska, the increasing value of these parts in overseas markets has doubtless resulted in an increased number of illegal kills (Servheen, 1999). A few hundred animals occur in the lower 48 United States, protected under Federal Law, with killing not permitted except in self-defense (Servheen et al., 1999).

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 106 In the United States the estimated total population is less than 700-900 animals in the six subpopulations. The grizzly bear is listed as a threatened species and is subject to protection and management under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Unauthorized killing is illegal and federal agencies are required to assure that management actions on federal lands will not adversely affect the species. Illegal killing of grizzly bears in the United States outside of Alaska is punishable by federal fines of up to $20,000 and five years in prison and/or state imposed fines (Servheen, 1990).

Uzbekistan: The total Alps-Dinaric-Pindos population is estimated to consist of about 2800 bears (Berkhoudt, 1999).

Throughout the world, three major factors drive the loss or decline of bear populations: human-induced mortality, habitat loss, and habitat fragmentation (Servheen et al., 1999). Main sources of mortality are poaching, hunting and traffic kills. Poaching is regarded to be a threat, hunting to be a possible threat (Berkhoudt, 1999; Swenson et al., 2000). Because of grizzly bears’ low reproductive rate and low density, extraordinary caution must be exercised in harvesting them (Anon., 2003).

REFERENCES Anon. 2003. Highlights of the Grizzly Bear Scientific Panel Report. Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection of British Columbia, Canada. http://www2.news.gov.bc.ca/nrm_news_releases/2003WLAP0014-000244-Attachment1.htm Downloaded on 28 January 2004. Bear Specialist Group 1996. Ursus arctos. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 16 January 2004. Berkhoudt, K. 1999. The status of bears in Europe and Russia. 160 pp. Report of TRAFFIC Europe, Brussels, Belgium. Boldenkov,S.V. and Krainev, E.D. 1979. Carnivorous mammals of the fauna of the Ukraine. pp.15-16 in Ekologicheskiye Osnony Okhrany i Ratsional'nogo Ispol'zovaniya Khishchnykh Mlekopitayushchikh Symposium. Moscow. Boscagli, G. 1987. Brown bear mortality in central Italy from 1970 to 1984. cited in C. Servheen. 1990. The status and conservation of the bears of the world. Proceedings International Conference on Bear Research and Management. 8: monograph series Vol. 2, Page 13. Craighead, L. 2001. Distribution and Status of Brown Bears of the World. Craighead Environmental Research Institute: http://www.grizzlybear.org/gbstatus/griznum.htm. Downloaded on 28 January 2004. Camarra, J.J., and Parde, J.M. 1992. The brown bear in France - status and management in 1985. cited in C. Servheen. 1990. The status and conservation of the bears of the world. Proceedings International Conference on Bear Research and Management. 8: monograph series no. 2. page 12. Clevenger, A.P., Purroy, F.J. and De Buruage, M.S. 1987. Status of the brown bear in the Cantabrian Mountains, Spain. Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage., 7:1-8. Domico, T. 1988. Bears of the World. Facts on File. New York. 189 pages. Dunishenko, Y.M. 1987. Distribution and numbers of the brown bear in Siberia and far east. Pp. 45-51 in B.S. Yudin, ed. The Ecology of Bears. Novosibirski Nauka. (In Russian). Horejsi, B.L. 1989. Uncontrolled land use threatens an international grizzly bear population. Cons. Biol., 3:220-223. Huber, D. 1992. The brown bear in Yugoslavia. cited in C. Servheen. 1990. The status and conservation of the bears of the world. Proceedings International Conference on Bear Research and Management. 8: monograph series no. 2. page 13. Huber, D. 1994. Bears and bear research in Croatia. International Bear News, 3:2. Isakovic, I. 1970. Game management in Yugoslavia. J. Wildl. Manage., 34:800-812. Jakubiec, Z. and Buchalczyk, Y. 1987. The brown bear in Poland: its history and present numbers. Acta Theriologica. 32:289-306. Kohn, M., Knauer, F., Stoffela, A., Schroder, W. and Paabo, S. 1995a. Conservation genetics of the European brown bear - a study using excremental PCR of nuclear and mitochondrial sequences. Molecular Ecology, 4:95-103. Kohn, M., Knauer, F., Stoffela, A., Schroder, W. and Paabo, S. 1995b. Conservation genetics of the European brown bear. Proceedings Tenth International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Fairbanks, Alaska. in press. Mertzanis, G. 1989. Considerations on the situation of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Mediterranean areas. pp. 27-30 in Proc. of a workshop on the situation and protection of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Europe. Oviedo, Asturias, Spain. May 18-20, 1988. Council of Europe, Envir. Encounter Ser., No. 6. Mursaloglu, B. 1989 Regional report on the status and protection of bears in Turkey. Pp 31-33 In Workshop on the situation and protection of the Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) in Europe. Council of Europe (Environmental Encounters series, No. 6), Strasbourg. Ovsyanikov, N. 1988. Polar Bears. WorldLife Library, Voyageur Press. Pullainen, E. 1989. The status of the brown bear in northern Europe. cited in C. Servheen. 1990. The status and conservation of the bears of the world. Proceedings International Conference on Bear Research and Management. 8: monograph series no. 2. page 15. Rauer, G. The status and management of the brown bear in Austria. In C. Servheen, S. Herrero and B. Peynton (comps.). 1999. Bears: Stautus Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Bear and Polar Bear Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Rosler, R. 1989. The status of the brown bear in central and eastern Europe. cited in C. Servheen. 1990. The status and conservation of the bears of the world. Proceedings International Conference on Bear Research and Management. 8: monograph series no. 2. pages 14 and 15. Servheen, C. 1989.The management of the grizzly bear on private lands: some problems and possible solutions. pp. 195-200 in Bear/people conflicts - Proc. of a symposium on management strategies. NWT Dept. of Renew. Res. Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Apr. 6-10, 1987. Servheen, C. 1990. The status and conservation of the bears of the world. Proceedings International Conference on Bear Research and Management. 8: monograph series no. 2. page 15. Servheen, C., 1999. Summary of the status of bear species by distribution. In: Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B. 1999. Bears. Status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC Bear and Polar Bear Specialist Groups. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B. 1999. Bears. Status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC Bear and Polar Bear Specialist Groups. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Spassov, N.S. and Spiridonov, G. 1999. Status and management of the brown bear in Bulgaria. In C. Servheen, S. Herrero and B. Peynton (comps.). 1999. Bears: Stautus Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Bear and Polar Bear Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Spiridonov, G. and Spassov, N.S. 1992. Status of the brown bear in Bulgaria. cited in C. Servheen. 1990. The status and conservation of the bears of the world. Proceedings International Conference on Bear Research and Management. 8: monograph series no. 2. page 14. Swenson, H. 1994. Sweden and Norway: historic and present status of the brown bear in Scandinavia. International Bear News, (3)3:5. Swenson, J.E., Wabakken, P., Sandegren, F., Bjarvall, A., Franzen, R. and Soderberg A.. 1995. The near extinction and recovery of brown bears in Scandinavia in relation to the bear management policies of Norway and Sweden. Wildlife Biology, 1:11-25. Swenson, J.E., Gerstl, N., Dahle, B. and Zedrosser, A. (eds.) 2000. Action Plan for the Conservation of the Brown Bear in Europe (Ursus arctos). Nature and environment,No. 114. Council of Europe/ Strasbourg.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 107 Vereshcagin, N.K. 1978. The brown bear. Pages 50-69 in A.A. Kaletski, (ed.). Large predatory and hoofed mammals. Moscow: Lesnaya Promishlennost. Zunino, F. 1992. The brown bear in central Italy - status report 1985. cited in C. Servheen. 1990. The status and conservation of the bears of the world. Proceedings International Conference on Bear Research and Management. 8: monograph series, 2: 13.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Ursus arctos

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Angola live 0 0100000 0 00 Argentina live 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Armenia skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Australia trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Azerbaijan trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Belgium live 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Brazil live 0 3000000 0 00 Bulgaria skins 3 4100211 1 00 Bulgaria skulls 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 Bulgaria trophies 2 0 11 5 1 5 10 7 4 5 2 Cambodia derivatives 0 00020000 0 00 (kg) Canada bodies 14 17 19 33 30 40 26 45 4 27 23 Canada bones 18 5 1 4 15 8 1 1 0 5 2 Canada gall bladders 1 0 0 0 41 0 0 0 0 0 0 Canada hair 0 0 0 0 41 0 203 209 0 740 0 Canada live 1 2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Canada meat (kg) 31.82 13.63 0 18.18 3.2 46.45 1 93.1 0 056 Canada plates 5 912 5 11 17 20 26 32 4321 Canada skins 280 258 233 221 304 299 276 262 69 194 236 Canada skulls 168 164 175 175 186 225 157 155 53 136 166 Canada trophies 143 145 131 147 172 148 116 190 131 110 112 China derivatives 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Croatia skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Croatia skulls 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Croatia trophies 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 7 4 12 Czech Republic live 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 Czech Republic skulls 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 Czech Republic trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Estonia bodies 0 0 0 0 0 20 1 3 1 0 1 Estonia live 0 0 2 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 Estonia meat 0 0 0 25 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 Estonia meat (kg) 0 0 0 1052 1067 0 250 0 0 0 0 Estonia skins 0 1 19 0 4 2 5 6 3 2 1 Estonia skulls 0 0 1 0 1 9 3 5 11 1 0 Estonia trophies 0 0 8 14 23 11 16 23 18 3 12 Finland bodies 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Finland skins 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 Finland trophies 7 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 2 0 Georgia skins 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Georgia trophies 0 0 16 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Germany skins 0 0000000 1 00 Greece bones 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Greenland skins 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Guatemala live 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary live 0 0110000 0 00 Hungary skins 1 0000000 0 00 Kazakhstan live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 108 Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Kazakhstan trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Latvia live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Lithuania skulls 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 Mexico live 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 Mongolia trophies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Norway bodies 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Norway live 0 1001000 0 00 Poland live 0 0000000 1 00 Romania bodies 0 0 63 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Romania meat (kg) 0 0 0 0 4076 3538 0 0 0 0 0 Romania skins 0 1 1 24 11 28 75 21 29 5 16 Romania skulls 0 0 0 21 7 26 75 20 30 5 16 Romania trophies 0 1 47 20 12 25 128 90 152 109 110 Russian bodies 0 1 0 0 3 0 1 5 12 4 0 Federation Russian bones 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Federation Russian gall (kg) 0 0 15 15 63.24 30.77 3.855 5.307 12 11.73 0 Federation 5 7 7 Russian gall bladders 0 0 0 0 11 18.09 0 2.995 0 9.83 0 Federation (kg) 4 Russian live 133 148 25 7 39 43 49 23 20 250 Federation Russian meat 0 0000000 2 00 Federation Russian meat (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 2000 150 1300 900 0 0 Federation Russian plates 0 6 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 1 0 Federation Russian skins 13 101 157 40 166 46 55 64 66 4941 Federation Russian skulls 0 15 17 18 29 33 40 33 37 39 32 Federation Russian trophies 271 582 390 284 303 314 335 446 513 590 268 Federation former live 0 2000000 0 00 Yugoslavia Slovak Republic bodies 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 Slovak Republic live 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Slovak Republic meat (kg) 0 700 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Slovak Republic skins 4 6 7 1 0 15 0 2 3 4 0 Slovak Republic skulls 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Slovak Republic trophies 0 0 4 0 11 1 10 3 4 1 9 Slovenia bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 2 Slovenia live 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 3 2 3 Slovenia skins 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Slovenia skulls 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Slovenia trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 former Soviet live 7 0000000 0 00 Union former Soviet plates 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Union former Soviet skins 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Union former Soviet skulls 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Union former Soviet trophies 73 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Union

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 109 Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Spain bones 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sweden bodies 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 Sweden live 0 1000000 0 00 Sweden meat (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 81.7 Sweden skins 0 5101101 1 00 Sweden trophies 1 0 0 1 1 4 0 0 0 2 0 Turkey live 0 0300000 0 00 Turkey skins 0 0001000 0 00 Turkey trophies 0 2 3 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 Ukraine skulls 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 United Kingdom skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 United States bodies 1 0 1 0 108 4 3 2 4 10 2 United States bones 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 33 United States live 1 0601120 0 60 United States meat (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 United States plates 19 9 3 6 11 10 8 8 6 10 4 United States skins 168 37 19 29 26 21 34 29 32 33 6 United States skulls 9 12 7 5 15 16 25 17 7 23 6 United States trophies 72 92 68 87 98 89 109 86 93 86 85 Uzbekistan live 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 0 3 0 former live 3 2000000 0 00 Czechoslovakia Former trophies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Czechoslovakia

Export Quotas for Ursus arctos for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Romania carcases / 20000 20000 meat (kg) Romania hunting 150 150 150 150 150 200 trophies Romania live 5 2 Turkey hunting 10 10 trophies Uzbekistan live 3

COMMENT

Not recommended for review. Romanian exports have remained below the quota, as have exports from Turkey and Uzbekistan. Levels of trade from Canada, Romania and the Russian Federation do not appear too high given the population size in these countries. 8. Ursus maritimus

FAMILY URSIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Polar Bear (English); Ours blanc (French); Ours polaire (French); Oso polar (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LR/cd (Polar Bear Specialist Group, 1996)

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

The world population estimate in 2001 was 21,500-25,000 individuals, in 20 relatively discrete populations (Lunn et al., 2002). The polar bear is the only bear, and probably one of the only large carnivores, that still occurs throughout most of its original range (Lunn et al., 2002). The population trend is considered stable (Polar Bear Specialist Group, 1996).

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 110 Canada: Occurrence reported (Hall, 1981). 15,000 or more individuals occur in Canada. 14 of the 19 currently recognised populations are in or shared by Canada (Polar Bear Specialist Group, 2001). It is estimated that there are 230 individualsin the Viscount Melville Sound and that the population is stable. It is estimated that there are 100 individuals in the Norway Bay, and that the population is stationary, being managed with a flexible quota system in which any over- harvest in a one year results in a fully compensatory reduction to the following year’s quota (Polar Bear Specialist Group, 2001). Greenland: Occurrence reported (Hall, 1981). An estimate of 2,000 individuals but this estimate is not thought to be very reliable (Polar Bear Specialist Group, 2001). Iceland: Occurrence reported (Polar Bear Specialist Group, 1996). Japan: Occurrence reported (Polar Bear Specialist Group, 1996). Norway: Occurrence reported (Polar Bear Specialist Group, 1996). It is estimated that there are 100 individuals in the Norway Bay, and that the population is stationary, being managed with a flexible quota system in which any over- harvest in a one year results in a fully compensatory reduction to the following year’s quota.

Russian Federation: Occurrence reported (Mittchell-Jones et al., 1999). It is estimated that there are 800-1200 individuals in the Laptev Sea (Polar Bear Specialist Group, 1996).

Svalbard and Jan Mayen: Occurrence reported (Mittchell-Jones et al., 1999). United States: Occurrence reported (Hall, 1981).

It is estimated that there are 2,000-5,000 individuals in the Barents Sea, over 2,000 in the Chukchi Sea (thought to be a stable population, although this is not certain), 1,800 in the southern Beaufort Sea (increasing populations) , 1,200 in the northern Beaufort Sea (increasing populations), 200 in Queen Elizabeth (thought to be a stable population, although this is not certain) (Polar Bear Specialist Group, 1996).

In the early 1960s, concern was expressed about the increasing harvest of polar bears. In 1965, when little management was in effect except for the USSR, where polar bear hunting was banned in 1956, an international meeting was convened which agreed upon protection actions throughout the animal's range. The Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bear and Their Habitat, which came into effect in 1976 arose from this meeting. The primary goal of the agreement is to limit hunting to sustainable levels. To date, although not enforceable by law in any of the countries that have signed it, this agreement has been the most important single influence on the development of internationally coordinated management and research programs, which have ensured the survival of polar bars (Lunn et al., 2002).

Serveen et al. (1999) provide comprehensive information on the status and conservation needs and measures facing the polar bear, including comments on compliance with the polar bear agreement. They note that both historically and currently the main threat to polar bears is over-harvesting.

The polar bear is particularly susceptible to the effects of climate change, paticularly changes in sea-ice which is known to alter polar bear numbers and productivity(Lunn et al., 2002). The extent to which human activities, such as shipping, seismic exploration, drilling, hard mineral mining offshore or onshore, transport of oil, and ecotourism might affect polar bear habitat is not known. Also, contamination of ice, water, food species and bears themselves by oil and other toxins may increas as human activites in the Arctic increase (Serveen et al., 1999). The effect of persistent organic pollutants on polar bears are only partially understood, but levels of such pollutants are already sufficiently high that they are considered to pose a potential risk to reproduction (Lunn et al., 2002).

Specific conservation recommendations in Serveen et al. (1999) include urging all signatory governments to the convention to comply fully with the agreement as well as prioritising research and management action for populations where current management practices appear to be causing numbers to decline.

Harvesting of polar bears remains of great importance to the culture and economy of aboriginal groups through much of the Arctic (Polar Bear Specialist Group, 2001).

Polar bears are legally hunted throughout most of their range today. They are not considered rare or endangered at present by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). Hunting quotas are enforced by law in Alaska, and by agreement in parts of Canada. There are no legal limits for eskimos in Quebec, Greenland, and Alaska. Hunting is prohibited in Russia and the Svalbard Archipelago, but enforcement is difficult. In Russia especially, the current economic conditions have encouraged poaching and the extent of it is unknown. An international Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears was signed in 1973 by Canada, Denmark, Norway, the United States, and the former USSR which regulates hunting and guides the management of polar bear populations. The use of set guns and hunting from ships and aircraft are prohibited (Craighead, 2001).

Overharvesting and illegal killing are considered to be the greatest threat to polar bear populations today. However, human activities are becoming more of a threat as oil and gas development in particular begins to encroach on the

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 111 Arctic. Human developments displace polar bears from important habitat, create conflicts that result in bear deaths, create disturbance and stress that affects their behavior and survival, and can introduce toxic substances that impact polar bears and their prey in direct and indirect ways (Craighead, 2001).

REFERENCES Craighead, L. 2001. The Polar Bear, Craighead Environmental Research Institute. http://www.grizzlybear.org/bearbook/polar_bear.htm Downloaded on 28 January 2004. Hall, E. R. 1981. The mammals of North America. 2 vols. (2nd edition). Wiley, New York. Lunn, N.J., Schliebe, S. and Born. E.W. (comps. and eds.) 2002. Polar Bears. Proceedings of the 13th Working Meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group, 23-28 June 2001, Nuuk, Greenland. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. vii + 153pp. Mitchell-Jones, A. J., Amori, G., Bogdanowicz, W., Krystufek, B., Reijnders, P. J. H., Spitzenberger, F., Stubbe, M., Thissen, J. B. M. et al. 1999. The atlas of European mammals. T. & A. D. Poyser, London. Polar Bear Specialist Group 1996. Ursus maritimus. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 20 January 2004. Polar Bear Specialist Group 2001. Press Release for the 13th meeting of PBSG in Nuuk, Greenland 2001. http://pbsg.npolar.no Downloaded on 28 January 2004. Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B. 1999. Bears. Status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC Bear and Polar Bear Specialist Groups. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Ursus maritimus

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Canada bodies 6 11 5 19 11 26 23 50 7 40 34 Canada bones 2 4 1 1 3 8 7 21 1 27 35 Canada gall 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Canada gall bladders 0 2 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Canada live 0 1 1 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 Canada plates 1 142 93 110 43 3 53 0 1 1 1 Canada skin pieces 20 740 2 6 0 18 2 20 6 0 2 Canada skin pieces (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.7 59 0 0 0 Canada skins 176 230 161 199 294 430 293 295 37 131 175 Canada skulls 18 29 14 28 17 96 62 126 14 106 96 Canada teeth 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 0 3 9 Canada trophies 22 22 21 19 20 104 82 136 87 82 85 Canada tusks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Greenland bones 0 16 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 Greenland meat 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Greenland meat (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 Greenland skin pieces 13 0 11 12 16 42 19 17 0 1 2 Greenland skins 81 109 62 70 45 64 69 157 56 46 57 Greenland skulls 21 36 24 18 25 45 34 13 9 7 3 Greenland teeth 9 8 1 22 8 0 1 5 2 0 5 Greenland trophies 13 0 5 5 5 1 0 1 0 0 1 Greenland tusks 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Norway bodies 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Norway skins 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 Norway teeth 0 26 0 42 0 158 0 48 96 100 320 Norway trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Romania trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 Russian Fed. bodies 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Russian Fed. live 1 0 2 0 0 7 0 1 0 12 0 Russian Fed. teeth 0 0 27 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 United States bodies 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 United States bones 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 United States live 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 United States plates 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 United States skin pieces 0 0 0 0 0 313 0 0 0 2 1 United States skin pieces (kg) 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 United States skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 112 Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 United States teeth 56 3 39 0 0 0 0 104 0 126 74 United States trophies 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0

COMMENTS Not recommended for review.This species is considered globally to be low risk. Canada is exporting similar quantities every year, but population sizes in Canada appear large and stable.

9. Conepatus humboldtii

FAMILY MUSTELIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Humboldt's Hog-nosed Skunk (English); Patagonian Hog-nosed Skunk (English); Moufette à nez de cochon (French); Moufette de Patagonie (French); Anas (Spanish); Chingue de la Patagonia (Spanish); Mofeta de Patagonia (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LR/lc (Mustelid Specialist Group, 1996)

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

A largely Patagonian species, found at low altitudes in southern Chile and Argentina. Taxonomy of the genus Conepatus is the subject of controversy and the limits of the range depend on the classification adopted. Little recent information on status is available and the species has recently been variously described as `scarce’ or `locally common (Broad et al., 1988). Globally, it is considered ‘apparently secure’ (uncommon but not rare; some cause for long-term concern due to declines or other factors) (NatureServe, 2003).

Argentina: `Olrog and Lucero (1980) state that it is locally common. Noted as possibly scarce, but there was no concrete recent information’ (Broad et al., 1988). Some indication that the numbers of C. humboldtii have decreased (Broad et al., 1988), but T. Waller (in litt. to TSG, 1991) considers the species to be abundant. The numbers killed each year in Patagonia are not known but unpublished data show that population levels have been stable from 1989 to 1993 (A. Novaro and M. Funes in litt. to TSG, 1993).’ (Anon., 1993) Chile: In 1978 it was reported to have become scarce, as a result of intensive hunting for its pelt (Anon., 1978); Osgood (1943) found it to be fairly numerous.’ (Broad et al., 1988). The species is `now, as C. chinga humboldti [sic] categorized as Out of Danger in the Red List of Chilean vertebrates (Glade, 1988).’ (Anon. 1993). ?Paraguay: Occurrence reported (Honacki et al., 1982).

Considerable numbers of skins appear to have been exported from Argentina up to 1983, although most available figures relate to Conepatus species in general, with around 155,000 per year in the 1970s; the proportion of these being C. humboldtii is unknown. According to CITES data, the declared number of skins of C. humboldtii exported from Argentina in 1983 and 1984 was far lower (2,000-3,000) than that for 1982 (c. 44,000), coinciding with the instigation of legal protection for the species; there should theoretically have been no export of skins after 1983 (Broad et al., 1988).

REFERENCES Broad, S., Luxmoore, R. and Jenkins, M. (1988) Significant trade in wildlife: a review of selected species in CITES Appendix II. Volume 1: mammals. IUCN and CITES Secretariat. Glade, A.A. 1988. Libro rojo de los vertebrados terrestres chilenos. Corporación Nacional Forestal, Ministerio de Agricultura, Santiago, Chile. 65 pp. Honacki, J. H., Kinman, K. E. and Koeppl, J. W. 1982. Mammal species of the world, a taxonomic and geographic reference. The Association of Systematics Collections. Lawrence, Kansas Mustelid Specialist Group 1996. Conepatus humboldtii. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 16 January 2004. NatureServe 2003. Conepatus humboldtii. Info Natura. http://www.natureserve.org/infonatura/servlet/InfoNatura?searchName=Conepatus+humboldtii#summary Downloaded on 28 Januray 2004. Olrog, C. C., and M. M. Lucero. 1980. Guiá de los Mamiferos Argentinos. Fundación Miguel Lill, Tucuman, Argentina. Osgood, W.H. 1943. The mammals of Chile. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series, 30: 1-268.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 113 INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Conepatus humboldtii from Argentina

Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Garments 23 18 56 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 Garments (skins) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2550 0 0 0 Plates 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 69 0 0 0 Skins 0 0 150 0 3320 24 900 1550 10348 1980 1 Skins (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37.5 0 Skin pieces (kg) 1.35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

COMMENT Conflicting information regarding status in Argentina but globally this species is not considered to be threatened. Traded in high numbers as skins but not possible to determine whether these levels are sustainable. Recommended for review because of uncertainty over population status in Argentina.

10. Caracal caracal

FAMILY FELIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) African Caracal (English); Asian Caracal (English); Caracal English); Caracal (French); Lynx du désert (French); Caracal (Spanish); Lince africano (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LC (Cat Specialist Group, 2001)

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Widely distributed across North Africa, Central Asia, and south-west Asia. While it is relatively common, there is concern over the status of populations on the edge of its range in the Central Asian republics and in Pakistan. Found in the drier habitats, including savannah and woodland, as well as desert, and absent only from the tropical rainforest. Caracals take a variety of prey, including relatively large prey such as gazelles, and they are known for their exceptional ability to catch birds (Nowell and Jackson, 1996).

Appendix I Range States: Afghanistan, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Yemen

Appendix II Range States: Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, ? Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, ? Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, ? Guinea, Guinea- Bissau, Kenya, ? Lesotho, ? Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Malawi, ? Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, ? Swaziland, Tanzania, United Republic of, ? Togo, ? Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe

The status of the caracal is satisfactory in sub-Saharan Africa. It appears to be most abundant in South Africa and Namibia, where its range is expanding (Stuart and Wilson, 1988; Rowe-Rowe, 1992) possibly linked to local extirpation of black- backed jackals by farmers (Pringle and Pringle, 1979; Stuart, 1982, H. Berry in litt. 1991). In the savannah regions of west and central Africa, it is less common and patchily distributed in pockets of drier habitat (Kingdon, 1977).

It is not protected over most of its sub-Saharan range and has no legal protection in Egypt. Hunting of the species is prohibited in Algeria, India, Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan, Morocco, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the caracal is protected from hunting in about half of its range states; in Namibia and South Africa, it is classified as a Problem Animal. It is capable of taking small domestic livestock, and records from South Africa show large numbers of caracals trapped by farmers each year. Hunting for skins and "luxury bushmeat" is reported to be a threat in west and central Africa, where it is more sparsely distributed (Nowell and Jackson,1996).

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 114 REFERENCES Cat Specialist Group 2001. Caracal caracal. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 16 January 2004. Kingdon, J. 1977. East African mammals: an atlas of evolution in Africa. Vol. 3(A), Carnivores. Academic Press, New York. Nowell, K. and Jackson, P. (comps. and eds.) 1996. Wild Cats. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Pringle, J. A. and Pringle, V. L. 1979. Observations on the lynx Felis caracal in the Bedford district. S. Afr. J. Zool. 14: 1-4. Rowe-Rowe, D. T. 1992. The carnivores of Natal. Natal Parks Board, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. Stuart, C. T. 1982. Aspects of the biology of the caracal (Felis caracal) in the Cape Province, South Africa. M.S. thesis, Univ. Natal, Pietermaritzburg. Stuart, C. T. and Wilson, V. J. 1988. The cats of southern Africa. Chipangali Wildlife Trust, Bulawayo.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Caracal caracal

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Angola live 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Argentina trophies 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Australia trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Central African trophies Republic 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ethiopia skins 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Ethiopia skulls 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Ethiopia trophies 0 9 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 Namibia bodies 4 0 0 0 7 2 1 0 0 1 1 Namibia bones 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Namibia live 3 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 Namibia skin pieces 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 Namibia skins 211 497 55 48 75 14 98 30 57 18 8 Namibia skulls 1 1 1 6 2 2 16 7 7 5 5 Namibia teeth 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Namibia trophies 22 29 15 50 11 15 60 30 25 50 52 South Africa bodies 2 1 5 3 0 2 2 5 2 3 1 South Africa bones 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 South Africa claws 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 South Africa feet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 0 South Africa live 10 10 41 32 13 10 5 6 4 10 13 South Africa plates 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 South Africa skeletons 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 South Africa skin pieces 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 South Africa skins 53 2 3 5 8 12 94 78 48 89 117 South Africa skulls 27 19 11 25 13 2 86 103 43 78 59 South Africa teeth 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 South Africa trophies 36 41 61 42 44 114 117 123 232 227 419 trophies South Africa (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Tanzania skulls 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tanzania trophies 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 Zambia skins 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Zambia skulls 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Zambia trophies 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zimbabwe bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 Zimbabwe feet 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 Zimbabwe plates 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Zimbabwe skins 2 1 2 6 2 4 6 5 9 2 0 Zimbabwe skulls 1 0 2 11 1 3 5 3 11 3 0 Zimbabwe trophies 7 7 4 10 7 9 12 12 15 15 9

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 115 Export Quotas for Caracal caracal for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Ethiopia Skins 10 Ethiopia Trophies 10 10 Mozambique live 10 10 10 10 10 10

COMMENT Not recommended for review. South Africa and Namibia are the main exporters but these are the countries in which the Caracal is most abundant, with an expanding range. Moreover, Caracals are classified as problem animals in these countries. Ethiopia and Mozambique are not exceeding their quotas.

11. Panthera leo

FAMILY FELIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Africa Lion (English); Lion d'Afrique (French); León (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS VU C2a(i) (Cat Specialist Group, 2001)

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

The lion formerly ranged from northern Africa through south-west Asia (where it disappeared from most countries within the last 150 years), west into Europe, where it apparently became extinct almost 2,000 years ago, and east into India (where a relict population survives today in the Gir Forest (Nowell and Jackson, 1996).

Optimal habitat appears to be open woodlands, and thick bush, scrub and grass complexes, where sufficient cover is provided for hunting and denning. The lion has a broad habitat tolerance, absent only from tropical rainforest and the interior of the Sahara desert (Nowell and Jackson 1996). Medium- to large-sized ungulates (including antelopes, zebra, and wildebeest) are the bulk of their prey, but lions will take almost any animal, from a rodent to a rhino. They also scavenge, pushing other predators (such as the spotted hyaena) off their kills (Nowell and Jackson, 1996).

CITES Appendix I population (Panther leo persica): Greece (ex), India, Iran (Islamic Republic of) (ex), Iraq (ex), Israel (ex), Pakistan (ex), Syrian Arab Republic (ex)

CITES Appendix II populations (Panther leo): Algeria (ex), Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti (ex), Egypt (ex), Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, ? Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, ? Mauritania (ex), Morocco (ex), Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, ? Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, United Republic of, Togo, Tunisia (ex), Uganda, Western Sahara (ex), Zambia, Zimbabwe

Based on estimates of density and geographic range, the lion’s total effective population size is estimated at below 10,000 mature breeding individuals, with a declining population due to habitat and prey base loss and persecution, and with no subpopulation containing more than 1,000 mature breeding individuals. East and Southern Africa are home to the majority of the continent’s lions; in West Africa, numbers have greatly declined. Throughout most of Africa, lions are becoming increasingly rare outside protected areas (Nowell and Jackson, 1996).

Lions are generally considered serious problem animals whose existence is at odds with human settlement and cattle culture. Many people are killed each year in Africa by lions. Their scavenging behaviour makes them particularly vulnerable to poisoned carcasses put out to eliminate predators (Nowell and Jackson, 1996). The main threat is currently persecution for pest control (Cat Specialist Group, 2001).

Hunting is banned in Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Malawi, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, and Rwanda. Hunting is restricted to "problem" animals in Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaïre, Zambia and Zimbabwe (Nowell and Jackson, 1996).

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 116 REFERENCES Bauer, H., De Iongh, H.H., Princee, F.P.G. and Ngantou. D. 2001. Status and needs for conservation of lions in west and central Africa. Workshop report, CBSG and ALWG. Cat Specialist Group 2001. Caracal caracal. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 16 January 2004. Nowell, K. and Jackson, P. (comps. and eds.) 1996. Wild Cats. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Panthera leo

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Angola live 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Benin skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Benin trophies 0 0 3 4 4 10 3 3 4 1 0 Botswana bodies 1 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Botswana live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 Botswana plates 6 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Botswana skins 8 19 33 94 234 102 64 94 72 0 0 Botswana skulls 6 56 12 1 2 0 3 2 2 0 0 Botswana trophies 145 151 49 34 9 18 9 22 30 9 2 Burkina Faso skins 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Burkina Faso skulls 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Burkina Faso trophies 8 3 3 6 5 7 12 12 20 10 2 Central African skins Republic 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Central African skulls Republic 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Central African trophies Republic 23 8 9 9 6 6 3 10 12 5 0 Cameroon skins 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Cameroon skulls 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Cameroon trophies 26 7 5 10 14 12 9 16 20 6 9 Chad trophies 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 8 3 Congo, trophies Democratic Republic of 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 Cote d'Ivoire skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Cote d'Ivoire trophies 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Egypt live 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ethiopia live 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ethiopia skins 2 12 0 4 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 Ethiopia trophies 1 6 13 1 0 0 1 3 0 2 2 Gabon skins 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gabon trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Kenya derivatives 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kenya live 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Kenya skin pieces 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Kenya skins 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 Kenya skulls 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kenya trophies 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 Malawi live 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Malawi skins 0 3 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Malawi trophies 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Malaysia live 8 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mozambique skins 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 21 7 13 0 Mozambique skulls 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 20 9 13 0 Mozambique trophies 0 0 11 5 17 14 21 1 29 15 11

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 117 Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Namibia bodies 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Namibia live 0 33 0 13 21 3 2 0 0 0 0 Namibia skins 7 6 6 8 21 18 11 9 7 1 2 Namibia skulls 5 0 2 1 1 1 4 2 4 2 1 Namibia trophies 30 19 22 23 7 8 10 7 11 11 6 Niger live 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal skins 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal trophies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Africa bodies 21 2 5 13 1 9 4 2 3 2 3 South Africa bones 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 2 0 0 South Africa live 10 7 7 2 0 8 2 17 0 0 18 South Africa plates 2 3 2 1 4 1 4 8 13 4 15 South Africa skin pieces 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 South Africa skins 26 37 34 82 32 84 71 60 85 55 32 South Africa skulls 18 18 34 14 15 18 91 93 83 69 33 South Africa trophies 168 137 192 105 102 108 110 107 146 134 147 Sudan skins 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tanzania bodies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tanzania live 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 Tanzania skin pieces 0 0 0 2 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 Tanzania skins 3 25 26 34 47 35 50 32 25 13 6 Tanzania skulls 1 9 15 33 42 35 49 35 20 10 6 Tanzania trophies 202 195 282 230 298 276 264 272 316 230 226 Togo trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Zambia bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zambia live 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zambia skins 9 6 17 19 24 8 15 11 9 4 0 Zambia skulls 3 0 11 14 25 6 13 9 9 2 0 Zambia trophies 118 36 51 65 50 45 82 74 47 24 3 Zimbabwe bodies 0 0 1 1 2 1 2 0 15 0 1 Zimbabwe bones 0 36 0 6 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 Zimbabwe live 0 0 6 0 0 2 0 11 3 0 25 Zimbabwe plates 0 2 1 1 2 2 0 9 0 0 2 Zimbabwe skin pieces 0 2 42 4 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 Zimbabwe skins 13 24 37 82 35 20 31 24 68 20 7 Zimbabwe skulls 13 33 46 104 27 19 43 24 73 16 5 Zimbabwe trophies 246 189 102 123 100 93 81 123 91 95 104

Export Quotas for Panthera leo for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Ethiopia Live and 10 15 trophies Ethiopia Trophies 30

COMMENT Not recommended for review. South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe are the main exporters for this species and show relatively high but stable levels of trade over time. These are the countries in which the lion is most abundant. Ethiopia is not exceeding its quotas.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 118 12. Prionailurus bengalensis

FAMILY FELIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Bengal Leopard Cat (English); Leopard Cat (English); Chat de Chine (French); Chat- léopard du Bengale (French); Gato bengalí (Spanish); Gato de Bengala (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LC (Cat Specialist Group, 2001)

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Has a wide distribution Asia, ranging up to 3,000m in parts of its range, which extends into the Himalayas along river valleys. It occurs in a broad spectrum of habitats, from tropical rainforest to temperate broadleaf and, marginally, coniferous forest, as well as shrub forest and successional grasslands. The northern boundaries of its range are limited by snow cover; the leopard cat avoids areas where snow is more than 10cm deep. It is not found in the cold steppe grasslands, and generally does not occur in arid zones, although there are a few records from relatively dry and treeless areas in Pakistan (Nowell and Jackson 1996).

Leopard cats occur commonly in dense secondary growth, including logged areas, and have been found in agricultural and forest (rubber tree, oil palm) plantations. The species can live close to rural settlements, occasionally raiding poultry, and have recently been reported from the outskirts of Beijing, where they were thought to have disappeared years ago. They are excellent swimmers, and have successfully colonized offshore islands throughout their range (Nowell and Jackson 1996).

Appendix I populations:

Bangladesh: Occurrence reported (Sarker and Sarker, 1984). India: Occurrence reported (Biswa et al., 1986). Thailand: Occurrence reported (Chasen, 1935).

Appendix II populations:

Afghanistan: Occurrence reported (Anon., 1981). Bhutan: Occurrence reported (Chakraborty, 1976). Brunei: Cambodia: China: Occurrence reported (Lu, 1990). In China, the center of its range, commercial exploitation has been heavy, especially in the south-west. Hundreds of thousands of Leopard Cat skins per year were exported until Europe stopped imports in the late 1980's over concern for the species status (Nowell and Jackson 1996). Hong Kong: Occurrence reported (Marshall, 1967). Indonesia: Occurs in Bali, Java, Kalimantan and Sumatra (Robinson and Kloss, 1917). Japan: On Tsushima islands Prionailurus bengalensis (including Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis) was estimated to number less than 100 individuals, down from perhaps 200-300 individuals in the 1960s-1970s (Izawa, 1990; Cat Survival Trust, 2003). There is debate among cat specialists about whether the Iriomote cat, found only on the small Japanese island of Iriomote off the eastern coast of Taiwan, is a unique species (as suggested by morphology) or an isolated subspecies of Leopard Cat (as suggested by genetic analysis). As a species, the Iriomote cat would qualify as Critically Endangered and the world’s most threatened cat, with a single population of less than 100 animals (Nowell and Jackson 1996). Populations of Tsushima cats are protected (Cat Survival Trust, 2003). Island populations are seriously threatened (Nowell and Jackson 1996). D.P.R. Korea: Occurrence reported (Won, 1976). Korea Republic: Occurrence reported (Won, 1976). Lao P.D.R.: Occurrence reported (Gressitt, 1970). Macao: Malaysia: Occurs in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak (Medway, 1969). Myanmar: Occurrence reported (Corbet and Hill, 1992). Nepal: Occurrence reported (Mitchell, 1975). Pakistan: Occurrence reported (Nawaz, 1983). Philippines: Perhaps extirpated from Cebu (Nowell and Jackson, 1996). Island populations are seriously threatened (Nowell and Jackson 1996). Russian Federation: Occurrence reported (Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984). Concern about their status in the Russian Far East (Nowell and Jackson, 1996). Singapore: Occurrence reported (Harrison, 1966). Taiwan: Uncommon (Nowell and Jackson, 1996).

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 119 Viet Nam: Occurrence reported (Dào van Tiên, 1978).

Leopard cats are common (relative to other felids) across much of their range. Island populations are the most vulnerable. Leopard cats can hybridize with domestic cats and hybridization in the wild has been reported (Nowell and Jackson 1996). Skins of spotted cats are always in demand for clothing (Cat Survival Trust, 2003).

The leopard cat is protected at the national level over part of its range, with hunting prohibited in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia (except Sabah), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Thailand and Taiwan, and hunting and trade regulations in place in South Korea, Laos and Singapore (Nowell and Jackson 1996).

Insufficient information exists about the numbers of leopard cats in the wild to really assess their status. Although subspecies may be threatened, the species is sufficiently widespread to withstand a lot of human encroachment (Cat Survival Trust, 2003).

REFERENCES Anon. 1981. Afghanistan. A contribution to a conservation strategy. Volume II: Appendices. UNDP/FAO/National Parks and Wildlife Management Afghanistan. FO:DP/AFG/78/007 Technical Report, Rome. Bannikov, A. G. and Sokolov, V. I. 1984. Krasnaya Kniga SSSR. Second edition. Lesnaya Promiishlyennost, Moscow. Biswas, B., Ghose, R. K. and Ghosal, D. K. 1986. The lesser cats in eastern India. WWF Monthly Report June 1986, Pages 143-147. Cat Specialist Group 2001. Prionailurus bengalensis.. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 16 January 2004. Cat Survival Trust 2003. The Leopard Cat. Felis (Prionailurus) bengalensis. Kerr. http://catsurvivaltrust.org/lepcat.htm Chakraborty, S. 1976. On a collection of mammals from Bhutan. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 68: 1-20. Chasen, F. N. 1935. On mammals from Siam. Journal Siam Society, Natural History Supplement, 10: 31-57. Corbet, G. B. and Hill, J. E. 1992. The mammals of the Indomalayan region: a systematic review. Oxford University Press, Oxford Dào van Tiên. 1978. Sur une collection de mammiferès du plateau de Moc Chan. Mitteilungen Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 54: 377-391. Gressitt, J. L. 1970. Biogeography of Laos. Pacific Insects Monograph, 24: 573-626. Harrison, J. 1966. An introduction to the mammals of Singapore and Malaya. English Singapore Branch, Malayan Nature Society, Singapore. ISBN 900848 67 7 Izawa, M. 1990. Iriomote Cat Felis iriomotensis. In: Anon, Cat Specialist Group meeting reports. Cat News 12: 2-14. Pages 10-11. Lu, H.. 1990. Cat problems in China. In: Anon, Cat Specialist Group meeting reports. Cat News 12, 2-14 Page 10. Marshall, P. 1967. Wild mammals of Hong Kong. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Medway, Lord. 1969. The wild mammals of Malaya and Singapore. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Mitchell, R. M. 1975. A checklist of Nepalese mammals. English Säugetierkundliche Mitteilungen, 2: 152-157. Nawaz, M. 1983. The endangered mammals of Pakistan. Tigerpaper, 10(3): 15-20. Nowell, K. and Jackson, P. (comps. and eds.) 1996. Wild Cats. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Robinson, H. C. and Kloss, C. B. 1917. List of the mammals of Sumatra. Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums, 8(2): 73-80. Sarker, S. U. and Sarker, N. J. 1984. Mammals of Bangladesh - their status, distribution and habitat. Tigerpaper, 11(1): 8-13. Won P-O. 1976. Checklist of the mammals of Korea. Institute of Ornithology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Prionailurus bengalensis including the subspecies chinensis

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 China bodies 0 0020000 0 00 China garments 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 0 14 39 123 China plates 12506 0 0 10 4956 23095 9180 7671 16560 21855 24283 China plates (m2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 0 0 0 0 China skin pieces 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 2798 0 China skins 8211 0 0 0 4700 20499 16000 28793 66415 24459 24696 Japan garments 0 0000001 0 00 Laos bodies 0 1000000 0 00 Malaysia bodies 1 0000000 1 00 Malaysia live 4 3020006 0 00 Myanmar live 0 0000000 0 02 Russian live Federation 0 2000000 0 00 Taiwan bodies 0 1000000 0 00 Thailand skins 1 0000000 0 00 Viet Nam bodies 1 9911002 0 00 Viet Nam trophies 0 0000000 0 02

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 120 COMMENT Recommended for review. China is the main exporter with very high levels of trade. Although China is the centre of the leopard cat’s range, no information on national status is available so given the high levels of trade the species is recommended for review

13. Arctocephalus pusillus

FAMILY OTARIIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Afro-Australian Fur Seal (English); Cape Fur Seal (English); Arctocéphale d'Afrique du Sud (French)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LR/lc (Seal Specialist Group, 1996)

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS Two subspecies: South African or Cape fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) and Australian fur seal (A. pusillus doriferus). The Australian fur seal population is believed to be derived from the South African fur seal population (Seal Conservation Society, 2001).

South African fur seal: The South African fur seal is found along the coast of Namibia and the west and south coasts of South Africa. Breeding colonies stretch from Cape Frio in Namibia, close to the Angolan border, to Black Rocks, near Port Elizabeth in South Africa. The population size is estimated to be 1.5-2 million, about two thirds of which are in Namibia (Seal Conservation Society, 2001).

Australian fur seal: Breeding colonies for the Australian fur seal are restricted to nine islands in Victoria and Tasmania, all in the Bass Strait, and there is a total population estimate of 30,000-50,000. The largest colony is at Seal Rocks in Victoria. The non-breeding range of the Australian fur seal extends from Kangaroo Island in South Australia to Tasmania and Port Macquarie in New South Wales (Seal Conservation Society, 2001).

Aquatic distribution: Southeast Atlantic, eastern Indian Ocean and southwest Pacific.

Angola: Occurrence reported (Skinner and Smithers, 1990). Australia: Occurrence reported (Pearse, 1979). It is estimated that 200,000 Australian fur seals were killed for their fur in the 18th - 19th centuries. Restricted sealing continued in Tasmanian waters until as recently as 1970, but the fur seals are now protected by state law in both Victoria and Tasmania and, since 1975, by national legislation. Conflicts with fisheries still pose a great threat however, and there are concerns that these will increase as the population recovers. Australian fur seals are attracted to fish in static and, less commonly, trawl fishing nets and many are drowned in nets and traps or shot by fishermen and fish farmers. Fishermen in Victoria also claim that fur seals are drastically reducing commercial fish stocks but this is not substantiated by scientific evidence. Increased disturbance and increased pollution of Australian fur seal habitat with pesticides and heavy metals are additional threats to the population (Seal Conservation Society, 2001). In October 2000, it was revealed that, despite their protected status, the Tasmanian government is to allow the killing of Australian fur seals that are deemed to be a hazard to fish farms and commercial fishermen (Seal Conservation Society, 2001). Gabon: Occurrence reported (Thibault, 1999). Mozambique: Occurrence reported (Smithers et al., 1976). Namibia: Occurrence reported (Skinner and Smithers, 1990). An annual commercial hunt of South African fur seals takes place in Namibia. The hunt quota for the 2000 season was set at 60,000 pups and 7,000 adult males, almost double that of the 1999 quota of 30,000 pups and 5,000 adult males. The number of hunt concession holders for the 2000 season was also doubled from two to four. The Namibian government has claimed that the increased hunt is needed to protect fisheries, a claim countered by environmental groups who point out that no scientific evidence has been shown to indicate that an increased seal hunt would actually benefit Namibian fisheries. (Seal Conservation Society, 2001). According to the Seal Conservation Society (2001) there are plans to build a factory complex at Henties Bay which will act as an abattoir, bone meal plant, fat processing plant, tannery, shoe factory, leatherware factory, canning factory, research laboratory, museum and retail sales outlet. It is believed that the sale of seal genitalia for the aphrodisiac trade in the Far East is the most lucrative part of the industry (Seal Conservation Society, 2001). An estimated 150,000 new born pups, virtually all of the pups born, unexpectedly died each year on the Namibian coast in 1994 and 1995. Tens of thousands of adult fur seals also died during these two years. This mortality was almost certainly due to malnutrition and starvation because of a scarcity of fish caused by environmental conditions (Seal Conservation Society, 2001). South Africa: Occurrence reported (Skinner and Smithers, 1990). Commercial killing of South African fur seals has continued in some form since the early 1600s and more than 2.7 million South African fur seals have been killed since 1900, mostly in Namibia. In the 1980s the demand for the bulls' genitals by the Far Eastern aphrodisiac trade meant that

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 121 only the genitals of many of the killed seals were taken. An unknown, but relatively small, number of fur seals are victims of marine pollution (Seal Conservation Society, 2001). Fur seals in South Africa have been protected since 1893, the most recent legislation being the Sea Birds and Seals Protection Act of 1973 which affords complete protection but allows the government to grant permits to kill fur seals at specific colonies. Between 1973 and 1982 there were an average of 18,750 pups and 530 adult males killed per year, and from 1983 until the suspension the average was 3,500 pups and 4,300 adult males, although these figures were highly variable between years. The hunt in South Africa has been suspended since 1990 by Government decree. A small number of subadult male fur seals were culled around the island of Malgas in March 1999 and again in February 2000 in order to protect Cape gannet fledglings on the island from seal predation (Seal Conservation Society, 2001). There are numerous interactions between South African fur seals and line, trawl and purse-seine fisheries. Seals are accused of taking fish from the nets and lines or chasing the fish away. Many seals drown in the fishery nets and discarded fishing gear, or get caught in fishing boat propellers. Fishermen also claim that culling South African fur seals will increase fish stocks. Mathematical modelling studies have shown however that this is not necessarily the case due to the complexity of the marine food web, and that a seal cull might actually cause a reduction, for example, in the commercial catch of hake (Seal Conservation Society, 2001).

REFERENCES Pearse, R. J. 1979. Distribution and conservation of the Australian Fur Seal in Tasmania. Victorian Naturalist 96(2): 48-53. Seal Conservation society, 2001, Arctocephalus pusillus. http://www.pinnipeds.org/species/saausfur.htm. Downloaded on 22 January 2004 Seal Specialist Group 1996. Arctocephalus pusillus. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 16 January 2004 Skinner, J. D. and Smithers, R. H. N. 1990. The mammals of the Southern African subregion. University of Pretoria, Pretoria Smithers, R. H. N. and Tello, J. L. P. 1976. Checklist and atlas of the mammals of Moçambique. Museum Memoir, The Trustees of the National Museum of Rhodesia Volume 8 Pages 1-184. Thibault, M. 1999. Sighting of a South African fur seal on a beach in south-western Gabon. African Journal of Ecology 37(1): 119-120.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Arctocephalus pusillus

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Namibia bodies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 gall bladders Namibia (kg) 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 197 00 Namibia live 30 14 10 0 0 11 45 0 0 1 0 Namibia meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 Namibia oil (flasks) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 Namibia oil (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30000 0 0 Namibia oil (l) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3420 Namibia skin pieces 0 460 0 0 0 0 0 0 102 0 8 Namibia skins 13141 43478 43547 37019 42611 29950 5860 2124 48686 20654 117409 Namibia skulls 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 100 1 Namibia trophies 0 0 5 2 0 3 1 0 0 4 1 South Africa bodies 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Africa live 13 13 10 3 8 7 3 24 12 65 12 South Africa skins 6000 0 0 0 5500 0 0 0 50 409 0 South Africa skulls 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

COMMENT Recommended for review. Namibia is the main exporter, with relatively stable levels of trade over time but a relatively large and sudden increase in 2002. Although Namibia’s population is large, a review is recommended to determine sustainability of the trade.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 122 14. Equus zebra hartmannae

FAMILY EQUIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Hartmann's Mountain Zebra (English); Zèbre de Hartmann (French); Zèbre de montagne de Hartmann (French); Cebra de Hartmann (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS EN A1b (status for E.zebra) (Equid Specialist Group, 1996)

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Historically, mountain zebras ranged from the southern parts of South Africa through Namibia into the extreme south west of Angola (Moehlman, 2002).

Angola: Occurrence reported (Hill and Carter, 1941; Moehlman, 2002). Namibia: Occurrence reported (Joubert, 1973; Moehlman, 2002). It still occurs throughout its range at low densities. The Namibian population is relatively large and occurs in a large area and across a variety of land tenure systems. Only about a quarter of the estiamted population occurs within formally proclaimed conservation areas (Moehlman, 2002). Detailed population figures, based primarily on aerial surveys are available in Moehlman (2002) with an estimate of c. 13,000 individuals in 1997. South Africa: Occurrence reported (Skinner et al., 1983). Virtually all the South African population of c. 366 animals were originally reintroduced from a Namibian stock (Moehlman, 2002).

The most important threat is livestock production and farming activities such as fencing, compounded by drought. Many landholders regard the animals as a nuisance and a competitor for scarce grazing and water. However, encouragement by the Ministry of Environment and Tourism in Namibia for commercial use of the animals has created considerable take-off pressure and may have caused localised population declines. In South Africa the sub-species is at risk of hybridization with E.z.zebra (Moehlman, 2002).

Although E. zebra is considered endangered (Equid Specialist Group, 1996) based on a suspected population decline of at least 50% in ten years or three generations, Moehlman (2002) doubts that the population figures support this idea and considers that the issue will remain unresolved until the overall population trend is established more reliably.

REFERENCES Equid Specialist Group 1996. Equus zebra ssp. hartmannae. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 23 January 2004. Hill, J. E. and Carter, T. D. 1941. The mammals of Angola, Africa. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 78(1): 1-211. Joubert, E. 1973. Habitat preference, distribution and status of the Hartmann Zebra Equus zebra hartmannae in South West Africa. Madoqua, 1(7): 5- 15. Moehlman, P.D. (ed.) 2002. Equids: Zebras, Asses and Horses. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Equid Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK ix + 190 pp. Skinner, J. D., Fairall, N. and Bothma, J. du P. 1977. South African red data book - large mammals. Cooperative Scientific Programmes Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. South African National Scientific Programme Report No. Number 18

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Equus zebra hartmannae

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Namibia bodies 4 11 0 1 6 0 0 0 1 0 1 Namibia bones 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 18 1 0 Namibia horn products 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Namibia live 2 4 0 0 78 140 0 0 0 0 0 Namibia plates 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 Namibia skin pieces 1 2 0 0 1 104 77 42 3 1 9 Namibia skins 721 858 771 999 1540 2498 1466 1582 1763 1073 935 Namibia skulls 0 0 2 0 8 2 3 4 7 4 11 Namibia trophies 503 566 502 439 131 168 238 238 264 887 775 South Africa plates 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 South Africa skin pieces 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 10 2 South Africa skins 93 95 65 166 10 379 183 38 65 44 37 South Africa skulls 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 2 1 4 0

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 123 Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 South Africa trophies 12 40 21 17 19 53 48 44 67 44 54 Zimbabwe live 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 Zimbabwe skin pieces 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zimbabwe skins 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Zimbabwe trophies 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

COMMENT Recommended for review. Constant and relatively high level of trade from Namibia and lower levels from South Africa. Namibia has a widespread population but South Africa has a very small population. Suggested for review to determine whether current levels of trade are sustainable from these two countries.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 124

Annex B

REVIEW OF SIGNIFICANT TRADE

ANALYSIS OF TRADE TRENDS WITH NOTES ON THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF SELECTED SPECIES

ANNEX B: BIRDS

Prepared for the

CITES Animals Committee, CITES Secretariat

by the

United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre

JANUARY 2004

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 125

Table of Contents

1. Amazona dufresniana...... 127 2. Brotogeris sanctithomae ...... 128 3. Brotogeris versicolurus ...... 129 4. Forpus passerinus ...... 130 5. Poicephalus crassus...... 131 6. Poicephalus cryptoxanthus ...... 132 7. Poicephalus flavifrons ...... 133 8. Poicephalus gulielmi ...... 134 9. Poicephalus meyeri...... 135 10. Poicephalus robustus...... 137 11. Poicephalus rueppellii ...... 139 12. Poicephalus rufiventris ...... 139 13. Poicephalus senegalus ...... 140 14. Psittinus erithacus ...... 143 15. Psittinus cyanurus...... 148 16. Otus leucotis ...... 149 17. Otus scops ...... 151 18. Ramphastos toco...... 153 19. Leiothrix argentauris...... 154 20. Leiothrix lutea ...... 155 21. Paroaria capitata...... 156 22. Paroaria coronata...... 157 23. Gracula religiosa ...... 158

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 126

1. Amazona dufresniana

FAMILY PSITTACIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Blue-cheeked Amazon (English); Amazone à joues bleues (French);Amazona cariazul (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LR/nt (BirdLife International, 2000)

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Brazil ? : Occurrence reported (Sick, 1993) French Guiana (br): Occurrence reported (Tostin et al, 1992) Guyana (br): Occurrence reported (Snyder, 1966) Suriname (br): In Suriname it appears to be considerably rarer now than it was a few decades ago: Haverschmidt (1968) termed it “Fairly common”, but more recent observers have usually failed to record this species at all. Davis (1980) calls it “rare” and has never personally seen A. dufresniana during more than a dozen field trips to that country.’ (Ridgely 1981) Recorded from Brownsberg Nature Park (Collar 1997). Venezuela (br): Ridgley (1981) suspected that it occurred primarily in the tepui region of southern Venezuela, adjacent to western Guyana between 1000m and 1700m in rainforest and cloud forests (Meyer and Schauensee and Phelps 1978). It occurs in many protected areas including Roraima National Park. (Collar1997, Juniper and Parr 1998). Recorded from Roraima National Park (Venezuela). Threatened nationally in Venezuela by deforestation. (Collar 1997).

Amazona dufresniana occurs in south-east Venezuela (Bolwith an isolated record in Amazonas), north Guyana (north of north-east Suriname and north-east French Guiana4. There are reports from Par and Amap Brazil, where its occurrence seems probable, but no conclusive records1,4. The scarcity of records from frequently surveyed areas suggests that this is a low density and rather uncommon species, at least in some parts of its range4. It inhabits humid and cloud forest in the lower subtropical zone but is known from savanna woodlands in Venezuela4. Most birds in the Guianas have been reported from gallery forest4 but this may be an artefact of river transport use by observers3. There are some seasonal movements, apparently in response to food availability, from interior to coastal Suriname in July- August3,4. It occurs up to 1,700 m in Venezuela and 560 m in Guyana4. It has probably declined since the 19th century as a result of trapping for trade and habitat loss, particularly in the Gran Sabana region of Boland parts of coastal Guianas4. It was internationally traded in small numbers during the 1980s, especially from Guyana, and some internal trade continues, perhaps most frequently for food and pets in the far east of its range2,4. (BirdLife International, 2003).(1. Collar (1995). 2. Desenne and Strahl (1991). 3. Juniper and Parr (1998). 4. Wege and Collar (1991).)

REFERENCES BirdLife International 2000. Amazona dufresniana. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 23 January 2004. BirdLife International 2003. BirdLife's online World Bird Database: the site for bird conservation. Version 2.0. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. Available: http://www.birdlife.org (accessed 15/1/2004). Collar, N. J. 1997. Family Psittacidae (parrots). Pp. 280-477 in J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott and J. Sargatal (eds.) Handbook of the birds of the world, 4. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. Davis, T. 1980. An annotated checklist of the birds of Suriname. Los Angeles Audubon Society, Los Angeles. Forshaw, J. and Cooper, W. 1989. Parrots of the World, 3rd (revised) edn. Weldon Publishing, Willoughby, NSW. Haverschmidt, F. 1968. Birds of Surinam. Oliver and Boyd, London. IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.redlist.org. Juniper, T. and Parr, M. (1998) Parrots: a guide to the parrots of the world. Pica Press, Sussex. Meyer de Schauensee, R. and Phelps, W.H. (1978) A guide to the birds of Venezuela. Princeton: Princeton Univ.Press. Ridgely, R. S. (1981) The current distribution and status of mainland neotropical parrots. In: Pasquier, R. F. (ed.),Conservation of New World Parrots. ICBP Technical Publication No.1. Smithsonian Press. Sick, H. 1993. Birds in Brazil. Princeton University Press. -Princeton, USA Snyder, D. E. 1966. The birds of Guyana. Peabody Museum. -Salem Tostain, O., Dujardin, J. L., Erard, C. and Thiollay, J.-M. 1992. Les oiseaux de Guyane.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of live Amazona dufresniana

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Guyana 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 485 321 Suriname 2 13 24 78 70 84 69 69 62 51 32

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 127

Export Quotas for Amazona dufresniana for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Guyana live 0 0 520 520 520 Suriname live 85 70 70 70 70 786

COMMENT Considered to be declining. Trade is fairly low but has increased in the last 2 years for Guyana. Little information about population status there, thus although within quota should be looked at further.

2. Brotogeris sanctithomae

FAMILY PSITTACIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Tui Parakeet (English); Toui à front d'or (French); Catita frentigualda (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS Occurs mainly along rivers in west Amazon basin (Clements and Shany, 2001). Confined to the Amazon Basin from south-east Colombia (Leticia area), north-east and south-east Peru and western Brazil possibly to right bank of Rio Negro and in catchments of Rios Purus, Solimoes (east to about Cojadás) and Juruá south to northern Bolibia in Pando and Beni, occuring in the eastern Amazon possibly disjunctly from around mouths of Rios Negro and Madeira east to Amapá and eastern Pará possibly as far as Belém area. Apparently sedentary. Local (e.g. Loreto, Peru) but common or abundant in many places (e.g. near Leticia) (Juniper and Parr, 1998).

Bolivia (br): Occurrence reported (Remsen and Traylor, 1989) Brazil (br): Occurrence reported (Sick, 1993) Colombia (br): Occurrence reported (Hilty and Brown, 1986) Ecuador (br): Occurrence reported (Ridgely et al, 1999) Peru (br): Occurrence reported (Parker et al, 1982). Common in humid lowland forests east of the Andes to 300m (Clements and Shany, 2001). In the southern part of the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve (Loreto-Peru), at least 33 species of birds are frequently harvested and sold in local markets, with parakeets (Brotogeris versicolorus, B. cyanoptera, B. sanctithomae), amazons (Amazona amazonica, A. festiva, A. ochrocephala), and macaws (Ara ararauna, A. macao) the most commonly traded birds. Brotogeris versicolorus was the most frequently sold pet in the area, but Amazona amazonica, A. festiva and Ara ararauna were the most important species in terms of gross profit for local people (Gonzalez, 2003).

Found in pairs or in small groups, occasionally in swarms of up to 500 feeding sites or river banks. The food consists mainly of fruits, buds, berries, seeds and insects as well as their larvae. In addition they visit mineral deposits. Tuis are active, but shy birds. Not particularly successful at breeding in captivity. (Sittich-info, 2004).

Kept as pet locally but uncommon in captivity outside range. Perhaps locally reduced owing to trade (e.g. Peru) but effect of habitat loss within range still minor. Present in many protected areas (e.g. Manu National Park, Peru) (Juniper and Parr, 1998).

REFERENCES Clements and Shany. 2001. A Field Guide to the Birds of Peru, Lynx Edicions Gonzalez, J. A. 2003. Harvesting, local trade, and conservation of parrots in the Northeastern Peruvian Amazon. Biological Conservation 114 (2003) 437–446 Hilty, S. and Brown, W. L. 1986. A guide to the birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press. -Princeton, New Jersey Juniper, T. and Parr, M. 1998. Parrots: a guide to the parrots of the world. Pica Press, Sussex. Parker, T. A., Parker, S. A. and Plenge, M. A. 1982. An annotated checklist of Peruvian birds. Buteo Books. -Vermillion, South Dakota Remsen, J. V. Jr and Traylor, M. A. 1989. An annotated list of the birds of Bolivia. Buteo Books. -Vermillion, South Dakota Ridgely, R., Greenfield, P. and Guerrero, M. 1999. An annotated list of the birds of mainland Ecuador. Sick, H. 1993. Birds in Brazil. Princeton University Press. -Princeton, USA Sittich-info 2004. http://www.sittich-info.de/?/sittiche/tuisittich.html Downloaded on 21 January 2004

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 128

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of live Brotogeris sanctithomae

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Peru 0 0 0 04 0 370 521 236 0 317

Export Quotas for Brotogeris sanctithomae for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Peru live 1000

COMMENT Fluctuating trade from Peru. No population information seems to be available, but internal trade may also be a significant factor. Given the low numbers traded and that it occurs in a number of countries which are not trading it, it does not appear to be necessary to review this species at this time.

3. Brotogeris versicolurus

FAMILY PSITTACIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Canary-winged Parakeet (English);: Toui à ailes variées (French); Catita aliamarilla (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Native range: open woodland, scrubland, and open areas with scattered trees, less frequently in dense forest, in both arid and humid situations (Raffaele 1989).

Occurs in South America east of the Andes, from the lowlands of southeast Colombia to eastern Peru and Amazonian Brazil (Clements and Shany, 2001). Occurs through central Amazon basin from extreme south-east Colombia (mainly around Leticia), eastern Equador and north-east Peru (south to Rio Ucayali in Loreto) east to French Guiana (no rececent records), Amapá and Mexiana island in the Amazon delta, Brazil. Reported south of Amazon from e.g. lower reaches of Rio Tapajos (race chirri) and from Belém (race versicolurus). Apparently occurs disjunctly further south in South America from northern and eastern Bolivia (from Beni to Tarija) east across interior Brazil. Occurs in Paraguay in eastern moist chaco south into extreme northern Argentina in Formosa, Chaco, Misiones, Salta and Corrientes. Introduced to or feral in several areas outside range, including Lima (Peru), California, Costa Rica and Buenos Aires (Argentina). Generally resident; migratory in (e.g.) Rio de Janeiro and southern Pará. Abundance varies over large range: fairly common in eastern Bolivia, common to abundant in Mato Grosso, rather local over much of Amazonia although most abundant parrot in parts (e.g. Amazon delta), rare to uncommon in Argentina (perhaps extinct in Corrientes and Chaco). Common in captivity following large-scale exports from several countries in 1970s and 1980s (Juniper and Parr, 1998).

Brazil (br) : Recorded along the entire Amazon River, from the Belém area and the islands in the river mouth to the western border (Ridgely, 1982) Colombia (br): Recorded from the vicinity of Leticia in extreme southeast Amazonas (Dugand and Borrero, 1946, see Forshaw and Cooper, 1978) and occurs in a few other locations along the Amazon river (Hilty and Brown, 1986) Ecuador (br?)?: The only record is that of Goodfellow (1900 see Ridgely, 1981) who observed “thousands” along the lower Rio Napo. Ridgely (1981) thought it likely that this was within the territory subsequently ceded to Peru. French Guiana (br): no recent records (Juniper and Parr, 1998). Peru (br): Common in humid lowland forests east of the Andes to 1200m. Feral populations in Lima (Clements and Shany, 2001). In the southern part of the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve (Loreto-Peru), at least 33 species of birds are frequently harvested and sold in local markets, with parakeets (Brotogeris versicolorus, B. cyanoptera, B. sanctithomae), amazons (Amazona amazonica, A. festiva, A. ochrocephala), and macaws (Ara ararauna, A. macao) the most commonly traded birds. Brotogeris versicolorus was the most frequently sold pet in the area, but Amazona amazonica, Amazona festiva and Ara ararauna were the most important species in terms of gross profit for local people (Gonzalez, 2003).

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 129

Puerto Rico (int, br) : Introduced (status uncertain). Woodland areas along the coast, low hills, and foothills of higher mountains (Raffaele 1989). Suriname (br?) ?: No records from Suriname, although general works include it in the species’ distribution (e.g. Low, 1972; Peters 1937). Haverschmidt (1968) did not include it and Ridgely (1981) stated that it possibly occurred there on evidence of an export shipment from that country. United States (int, br): Introduced and breeding in southerin California and Florida.

Heavily trapped for the pet trade in the past around Iquitos, Peru (O’Neil, 1981). The species is a popular cage-bird in Brazil, young birds being removed from the nest for this purpose (Inskipp et al, 1988; Ridgely 1979). Does not breed readily in captivity (Low, 1986).

REFERENCES Clements and Shany. 2001. A Field Guide to the Birds of Peru, Lynx Edicions Forshaw, J. and Cooper, W. 1978. Parrots of the world second (revised) edition, Landsdowne Editions, Melbourne, Australia. Gonzalez, J. A. 2003. Harvesting, local trade, and conservation of parrots in the Northeastern Peruvian Amazon. Biological Conservation 114 (2003) 437–446 Haverschmidt, F. 1968. Birds of Surinam. Oliver and Boyd, London. Hilty, S. and Brown, W. L. 1986. A guide to the birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press. -Princeton, New Jersey Inskipp, T., Broad, S. and Luxmoore, R. (eds) 1988. Significant trade in wildlife: a review of selected species in CITES Appendix II. Volume 3: birds. IUCN and CITES Secretariat. Juniper, T. and Parr, M. 1998. Parrots: a guide to the parrots of the world. Pica Press, Sussex. Low, R. 1972. The parrots of South America. John Gifford Ltd, London Low, R. 1986. Parrots, their care and breeding second edition, Blandford, Poole, 400pp O’Neil, J. P. 1981. Comments on the status of the parrots occuring in Peru. In: Pasquier, Roger F. (ed.), Conservation of New World Parrots. ICBP Technical Publication No. 1. Smithsonian Press: 419 - 424 Peters, J. L. 1937. Check-list of birds of the world, Volume III, Harvard University Press, Cambridge Raffaele, H. A. 1989. A guide to the birds of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Revised edition. Princeton Univ. Press. 220 pp. Ridgely, R. S. 1979. The status of Brazilian parrots – a preliminary report, unpublished. Ridgely, R. S. 1981. The current distribution and status of mainland neotropical parrtos. In: Pasquier, Roger F. (ed.), Conservation of New World Parrots. ICBP Technical Publication No. 1. Smithsonian Press 233 - 384 Ridgely, R. S. 1982. The distribution, status and conservation of Neotropical mainlaind parrots. 2 vols. Dissertation to Yale University.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of live Brotogeris versicolurus

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Peru 2 1 2 04 0 399 1135 497 0 164

Export Quotas for Brotogeris versicolurus for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Peru live 1000

COMMENT Little trade from Peru but has fluctuated over the last 5 years. Decline in recent years possibly due to increased demand internally or decreasing population. May require further attention. Recommended for possible review.

4. Forpus passerinus

FAMILY PSITTACIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Green-rumped Parrotlet (English); Perruche aux ailes bleues (French); Cotorrita culiverde (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Northern South America from Guianas to Colombia. Occurs throughout Guyana and Surinam to Amapá, Brazil, then westwards north of the Amazon in Pará to eastern Amazonas with an isolated population in Roraima, and south of Amazon from the Rio Tapajos to the Rio Anapu. In Venezuela birds occur north of the Orinoco from Zulia and Táchira to Sucre and Moagas and south of it in northern Bolivár and Delta Amacuro. Range extends into northeast Columbia at the base of the Santa Marta massif, eastern Norte de Santander and perhaps Arauca and Vichada. Introduced to Jamaica, Tobago (numbers increasing), Barbados and Martinique but extinct on Martinique. Occurs Trinidad and Curacao, where possibly

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 130

also introduced. Perhaps locally nomadic in response to food availability. Generally widespread and common and perhaps increasing with clearance of dense forest. Fairly common in captivity (Juniper and Parr, 1998).

Inhabit Savannah and open country, with low bushes and low trees, open woodland, thorn-bush, secondary vegetation and the edges of the rain forest and mangroves, seasonal migration within these localities (Ribot, 2003).

Barbados (int, br): Rare and decreasing (Bond, 1971a in Forshaw and Cooper 1989) Brazil (br): Colombia (br): French Guiana (br): Guyana (br): Widely distributed in both coastal and inland regions of Guyana and may be found near human population centres (Snyder, 1966 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) Jamaica (int, br): widespread (Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) Netherlands Antilles (br): Suriname (br): Quite common (Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) Trinidad and Tobago (br): Widespread and common (Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) Venezuela (br): Common in all habitats except open savannah and shows a preference for forest edges (Forshaw and Cooper, 1989).

Possibly less affected than other species of South-American parrots by the degradation of the forest. Found in urban areas. (Ribot, 2003).

REFERENCES Juniper, T. and Parr, M. 1998. Parrots: A Guide to the Parrots of the World, Pica Press, Sussex. Forshaw, J. and Cooper, W. 1989. Parrots of the World, 3rd (revised) edn. Weldon Publishing, Willoughby, NSW. Ribot. J. H. 2003.Green-rumped parrotlet Downloaded on 21 January 2004

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Forpus passerinus

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Guyana Live 22 0 0 0 0 23 0 38 9 18 0 Suriname Live 177 349 0 527 101 319 303 1436 1095 1032 682 Trinidad and Live Tobago 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 6 Venezuela Live 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 Guyana skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0

Export Quotas for Forpus passerinus for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Guyana live 600 600 600 600 600 600 Suriname live 4707 4632 4632 4632 4632 4798

COMMENTS Relatively high levels of trade from Suriname but well within quota and decreasing. As species is thought to be fairly common there, it is not recommended for review.

5. Poicephalus crassus

FAMILY PSITTACIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Niam-niam Parrot (English); Perroquet des niam-niam (French); - Lorito niam-niam (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS A little known parrot of the forests and savannah woodlands. According to Blancou (1939 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) it is not rare in the upper Ouham River area, Central African Republic, near the Cameroon border. Cave and Macdonald

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 131

(1955 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) say that it is rare in southwestern Sudan, being recorded only a few times from about Yambio. There are very few reports from other parts of the range. They have been found to be wary and hard to approach (Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). Thought to occur in eastern Cameroon (where status unclear) through central and southern Central African Republic, extreme southwestern Chad and extreme north Democratic Republic of Congo to southwestern Sudan (Bahr-el-ghazal). Status poorly known but thought to be generally common, although scarcer in southwest Sudan (Juniper and Parr, 1998).

Central African Republic (br?): Occurrence reported (Caroll, 1988; Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Chad (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Democratic Republic of the Congo (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Sudan (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993)

REFERENCES Carroll, R. W. 1988. Birds of the Central African Republic. Malimbus 10(2): 177-200. Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993. A contribution to the distribution and taxonomy of Afrotropical and Malagasy birds. Tauraco Research Report Number 5 Forshaw, J. and Cooper, W. 1989. Parrots of the World, 3rd (revised) edn. Weldon Publishing, Willoughby, NSW. Juniper, T. and Parr, M. 1998. Parrots: A Guide to the Parrots of the World, Pica Press, Sussex.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of live Poicephalus crassus

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Cameroon 0 0 0 0 0 400 0 0 0 0 0

COMMENT Despite little knowledge of its population status it is not recommended for review. The only trade record is a permit for 400 issued by Cameroon in 1997 for export to United Kingdom. No import was recorded and Cameroon is proably not a range state for this species.

6. Poicephalus cryptoxanthus

FAMILY PSITTACIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Brown-headed Parrot (English); Perroquet à tête brune (French); Lorito cabecipardo (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS Locally common in lowlands, especially near the coast. Maclean (1984 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) states that in northeastern South Africa it is a common resident of woodlands and riverine forests. Similarly in south-eastern Zimbabwe it may be encountered in any woodland or riparian forest, while in southern Malawi it is a resident of woodlands below 1000m and is much more plentiful than the Cape Parrot (P. robustus) (Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). In coastal Kenya it is rather local and uncommon, but elsewhere in East Africa it is fairly common in coastal bushland, woodland, coconut plantations and mangroves, including woodlands up to 1200m (Britton, 1980 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). Pakenham (1979 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) says it is a common breeding resident throughout Pemba Island, frequenting most types of wooded country, including mangrove swamps, but on Zanzibar is only occurs in the extreme South, and may possibly be locally extinct (Forshaw and Cooper, 1989; Juniper and Parr, 1998). Increasingly vulnerable to habiatat loss and fragmentation and probably undergoing general decline. Largely confined to protected areas in Zululand and eastern Transvaal (Juniper and Parr, 1998).

Kenya (br): Occurrence reported (Zimmerman et al, 1996) Malawi (br): Occurrence reported (Newman et al, 1992) Mozambique (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) South Africa (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Swaziland: (br) Occurrence reported (Parker, 1992) Tanzania, United Republic of (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Zimbabwe (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993)

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 132

REFERENCES Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993. A contribution to the distribution and taxonomy of Afrotropical and Malagasy birds. Tauraco Research Report Number 5 Forshaw, J. and Cooper, W. 1989. Parrots of the World, 3rd (revised) edn. Weldon Publishing, Willoughby, NSW. Juniper, T. and Parr, M. 1998. Parrots: A Guide to the Parrots of the World, Pica Press, Sussex. Newman, K., Johnston-Stewart, N. and Medland, B. 1992. The birds of Malawi. A supplement to Newman's birds of Southern Africa. Southern Book Publishers (Pty). -Cape Town Parker, V. 1992. Swaziland bird checklist. The Conservation Trust of Swaziland. -Swaziland Zimmerman, D. A., Turner, D. A. and Pearson, D. J. 1996. Birds of Kenya and northern Tanzania. Christopher Helm. -London

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of live Poicephalus cryptoxanthus

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Mozambique 0 414 0 0 0 102 100 126 60 62 63 Tanzania 612 1440 1248 297 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zimbabwe 0 00 7000000 10

Export Quotas for Poicephalus cryptoxanthus for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Exporter Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Mozambique Live 200 200 Mozambique ranched 200 200 200 200 Tanzania, United Republic of see Notif. 1999/20 00 Tanzania, United Republic of see Notif. 898 00

COMMENT Main export from Mozambique though this is well within quotas. Although no information was found on population status in Mozambique, offtakes seem low and therefore this species is not recommended for review.

7. Poicephalus flavifrons

FAMILY PSITTACIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Yellow-fronted Parrot (English); Perroquet à face jaune (French); Lorito carigualdo (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Endemic to the highlands of western Ethiopia, but exact range unclear. Frequent to common in forested areas; considered commonest in the higher, more northern parts of the range (Juniper and Parr, 1998). Within its restricted range P. flavifrons is fairly common in upland forests, mainly between 1000m and 3000m. According to Urban (1966 in Forshaw, and Cooper, 1989) it is a bird of highland Hagenia forests. Brown (in litt., 1967 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) reports that it occurs commonly in the cedar-podocarp forests of Bale and Arussi provinces. It is an occasional visitor to Addis Ababa from nearby forests, such as the Menagesha State Forest, where it is resident.

Ethiopia: Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993)

REFERENCES Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993. A contribution to the distribution and taxonomy of Afrotropical and Malagasy birds. Tauraco Research Report Number 5 Forshaw, J. and Cooper, W. 1989. Parrots of the World, 3rd (revised) edn. Weldon Publishing, Willoughby, NSW. Juniper, T. and Parr, M. 1998. Parrots: A Guide to the Parrots of the World, Pica Press, Sussex.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE No trade data

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 133

COMMENT No legal trade occurring in this species, therefore despite its limited distribution it is not recommended for review.

8. Poicephalus gulielmi

FAMILY PSITTACIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Jardine's Parrot (English); Red-crowned Parrot (English); Red-fronted Parrot (English); Perroquet à calotte rouge(French); Perroquet vert à calotte rouge (French); Perroquet vert du Congo (French); Lorito frentirrojo (Spanish); Papagayo de Gulielm (Spanish).

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS Angola (br?): Occurrence reported (Dean, 2000) Cameroon (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Central African Republic (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Congo (br): Population is rare, with only four sightings at three localities, and no more than four birds seen together (IUCN-SSC, 1996, Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1991). Côte d'Ivoire (br): Rare and local (Thiollay, 1985) Democratic Republic of the Congo (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Equatorial Guinea (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Gabon (br) Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Ghana (br): Occurrence reported (Grimes, 1987) Kenya (br): Occurrence reported (Zimmerman et al, 1996) Liberia (br): Occurrence reported (Gatter, 1997) Nigeria: Occurrence reported (Künzel and Künzel, 1999) Tanzania, United Republic of (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Uganda (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993)

Status and conservation Locally common in E Africa – scarce in the west. Rare to uncommon resident, from Liberia to Ghana (fatiensis), from SE Nigeria to Congo and in S Central African Republic (nominate) (Borrow and Demey, 2001). Elsewhere in W Africa it is uncommon (Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). This species is rare in the west of the range (Juniper and Parr 1998). Fry et al. (1988) categorized its abundance as `frequent' overall. Rare to fairly common, W Africa, with few records in Ivory Coast, although 35 seen adjacent to Maraoué National Park (del Hoyo, 1997). Present in Kakum and Bia National Parks, Ghana, with flocks of up to 30 sometimes in latter. Uncommon in Korup National Park, Cameroon, fairly rare, Gabon, but common in small range, Cabinda, Angola. Uncommon in Dzinga reserves and present in Manovo-Gounda- St Floris National Park, Central African Republic. Locally common and widespread in highlands, E Africa, often forming large roosting flocks, but local declines in Kenya attributable to deforestation possibly coupled with aversion to secondary woodland. Trapping continues throughout the year on Mt Kilimanjaro and may lead to local extinction there. International trade figures recorded for the period 1987-1993 still unclear, but apparently as many as 16,000 birds involved, with some uncertainty over countries of origin.' (Collar 1997). Locally common to abundant in eastern part of range, apparently declining in others, possibly as result of deforestation. Scarce in west of range (Juniper and Parr, 1998).

REFERENCES Borrow, N. and Demey, R. 2001. Birds of Western Africa, Princeton University Press Collar, N. J. 1997. Family Psittacidae (parrots). Pp. 280-477 in J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott and J. Sargatal (eds) Handbook of the birds of the world, 4. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. Dean, W. R. J. 2000. The birds of Angola: an annotated checklist. BOU Checklist No. 18. British Ornithologists' Union. -Tring Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1991, The Avifauna of the Kouilou basin in Congo. Tauraco Res. Rep. 4 (cited in IUCN, 1996). Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993. A contribution to the distribution and taxonomy of Afrotropical and Malagasy birds. Tauraco Research Report Number 5 Fry, C. H., Keith, S. and Urban, E. K. 1988. The birds of Africa, 3. London: Academic Press. Forshaw, J. and Cooper, W. 1989. Parrots of the World, 3rd (revised) edn. Weldon Publishing, Willoughby, NSW. Gatter, W. 1997. Birds of Liberia. Pica Press. -Sussex Grimes, L. 1987. The birds of Ghana. B.O.U. Check-list No. 9. British Ornithologists' Union. -London del Hoyo J, Elliott A and Sargatal J. 1997. Handbook of the birds of the world 4, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions IUCN-SSC, TRAFFIC, WCMC, 1996, p. 77-82, Significant Trade in Animals, Phase III, Report to the Animals Committee Juniper, T. and Parr, M., 1998, Parrots. Guide to the Parrots of the World, Pica Press, Sussex Künzel, T. and Künzel, S. 1999. First Nigerian record of Red-fronted Parrot Poicephalus gulielmi, and other notable records from SE Nigeria. Malimbus 21(2): 111-113. Thiollay, J. M. 1985. Birds of Ivory Coast: status and distribution. Malimbus 7(1): 1-59. Zimmerman, D. A., Turner, D. A. and Pearson, D. J. 1996. Birds of Kenya and northern Tanzania. Christopher Helm. -London

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 134

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of live Poicephalus gulielmi

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Congo, Democratic Republic of 300 278 810 1946 2365 1501 1572 1778 1450 766 0 Cote d'Ivoire 584 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 335 Cameroon 2 226 500 0300 562 200 35 468 161 100 Guinea 250 2625 150 0 0 0 0 0 300 481 440 Liberia 0 00 00 0 0 100 100 220 280 Senegal 0 00 050 0 0 0 0 0 0 Togo 762 124 52 273 0 62 50 20 50 3 Tanzania 589 1168 826 600 20 0 40 0 34 0 40 Uganda 0 00 00 0 0 0 0 400 0

Export Quotas for Poicephalus gulielmi for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Exporter Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Congo, Democratic Republic Live of 1000 Mozambique Live 100 100 Mozambique ranched 100 100 100 100 Tanzania, United Republic of see Notif. 1998/25 250 Tanzania, United Republic of see Notif. 1999/20 00 Tanzania, United Republic of see Notif. 898 0

COMMENT Trade seems to be quite high and from countries with no quotas. Given the varying reports of population status from rare to common it is recommended this be examined further.

9. Poicephalus meyeri

FAMILY PSITTACIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Brown Parrot; Meyer's Parrot (English); Perroquet de Meyer (French); Lorito de Meyer (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Widely distributed and inhabits most tyes of timbered country, including savannah woodland, riparian forest, secondary growth around cultivation and dry Acacia scrubland (Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). In Sudan it is more abundant in the south than the north, and is common also in southern Chad (Cave and Macdonald, 1955; Salvan, 1968 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). It avoids the dense lowland forests of the Congo River basin, but elsewhere is generally common, especially in the southern Democratic Republic of Congo, where it is the ubiquitous parrot of Savannah woodland (Lippens and Wille, 1976 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). In East Africa it is a locally common resident up to 2200m in woodland and wooded grassland, bushland, scrub and cleared habitats where there are remnant large trees (Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). Traylor (1963 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) reports that it is common in the woodlands of northern Angola, but does not reach the coastal plain. Though resident throughout much of its range, there are areas where it is absent from apparent suitable localities, and local movements have been reported from Kenya and Uganda (Williams, 1963; Jackson, 1938 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). Decline reported from some parts e.g. Transvaal, thought to be result of habitat destruction. Also persecuted in some localities owing to damage to crops (e.g. in middle Zambesi because of damage inflicted on ripening Ziiziphis berries) (Juniper and Parr, 1998).

Angola (br): Occurrence reported (Dean, 2000), most abundant parrot (Juniper and Parr, 1998) Botswana (br): Occurrence reported (Newman, 1989)

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 135

Burundi (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Central African Republic (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Chad (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Democratic Republic of the Congo (br?): Occurrence reported Eritrea (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Ethiopia (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Kenya (br): Occurrence reported (Zimmerman, 1996) Malawi (br): Occurrence reported (Newman et al, 1992) Mozambique (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Namibia (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Rwanda (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) South Africa (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993). Feral population in eastern Cape Province thought to have died out (Juniper and Parr, 1998). Sudan (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Tanzania, United Republic of (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Uganda (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Zambia (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Zimbabwe (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993). Most abundant parrot (Juniper and Parr, 1998).

REFERENCES Dean, W. R. J. 2000. The birds of Angola: an annotated checklist. BOU Checklist No. 18. British Ornithologists' Union. -Tring Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993. A contribution to the distribution and taxonomy of Afrotropical and Malagasy birds. Tauraco Research Report Number 5 Forshaw, J. and Cooper, W. 1989. Parrots of the World, 3rd (revised) edn. Weldon Publishing, Willoughby, NSW. Juniper, T. and Parr, M., 1998, Parrots. Guide to the Parrots of the World, Pica Press, Sussex Newman, K. (1989) Birds of Botswana. Southern Book Publishers (Pty). Newman, K., Johnston-Stewart, N. and Medland, B. 1992. The birds of Malawi. A supplement to Newman's birds of Southern Africa. Southern Book Publishers (Pty). -Cape Town Zimmerman, D. A., Turner, D. A. and Pearson, D. J. 1996. Birds of Kenya and northern Tanzania. Christopher Helm. -London

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of live Poicephalus meyeri

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Congo, Democratic Republic of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 420 0 0 Cameroon 0 0 0 0 0 400 0 0 0 0 0 Tanzania 1911 6080 6303 1514 0 0 250 0 52 0 0 Uganda 0 00 00 0 0 0 0 158 0 South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 Zimbabwe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 46 36

Export Quotas for Poicephalus meyeri for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Exporter Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Congo, Democratic Republic Live of 1000 Mozambique Live 100 100 Mozambique ranched 100 100 100 100 Tanzania, United Republic of see Notif. 1998/25 250 Tanzania, United Republic of see Notif. 1999/20 00 Tanzania, United Republic of see Notif. 898 0

COMMENT There is very little trade in this species and it seems ables to reside in a variety of habitats including cultivated and cleared land, and is therefore under no immediate threat from deforestation or trade. Not recommended for review.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 136

10. Poicephalus robustus

FAMILY PSITTACIDAE

NAME AND AUTHOR(S) Poicephalus robustus (Gmelin, 1788)

COMMON NAME(S) Brown-necked Parrot; Cape Parrot (English); Perroquet du Cap; Perroquet robuste; Lorito robusto; Papagayo robusto (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

This species may be locally common but is generally scarce (Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). Probably occupies 3 distinct ranges in West, southcentral and southern Senegal east to Ghana and Togo. In southcentral Africa, from southwestern Congo, southern and eastern DRC, southwestern Uganda, Rwanda and from central Tanzania to northern Namibia, northern Botswanam Zambia and Zimbabwe (Juniper and Parr, 1998). Occurs in South Africa from northeastern Transvaal to eastern Cape Province (Juniper and Parr, 1998). In some parts of the Transkei, eastern South Africa, there is widespread removal of young birds from nests and trapping of adults or sale as pets, and it has been suggested that this may be contributing to the noticeable decline in numbers (Skead, 1971 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). Cawkell and Moreau (1963 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) suspect that numbers have declined in Gambia, where previously it had been reported to be more numerous than elsewhere in West Africa. Confrimation of this would seem to be provided by Gore (1981 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989), who states that it is a scarce local resident, mainly in the belt of mangroves along the south bank of the middle to lower Gambia River. Harvey and Harrison (1970 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) state that the species is rare in northern Ghana. It is a casual visitor to Nigeria and breeding has not been reported there (Elgood, 1982 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). In East Africa it is an uncommon resident of woodlands, being patchily distributed in some regions, while in the highlands of eastern Democratic Republic of Congo it frequents montane forest up to 3750m, and it occurs regularly in the lowlands in the south but not in great numbers (Britton, 1980; Chapin, 1939 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). In Malawi and Zambia it is generally uncommon in woodlands up to about 2000m, though usually more plentiful in the lowlands and decidedly more nomadic than other Poicephalus species (Benson and Benson, 1977; Benson et al., 1971 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). In Angola it is locally distributed in woodlands below 1250m (Traylor, 1963 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989).

Local and mostly uncommon throughout range, although more numerous and frequent in Ghana. Southern subspecies considered vulnerable in South Africa where, although erratic movements give impression of fluctuating population, it has suffered a decline due to trapping for the live bird market, habitat destruction and persecution by pecan nut farmers. Only fragmented patches of native vegetation now remain (Juniper and Parr, 1998).

Angola (br?): Occurrence reported (Dean, 2000) Botswana (br?): Occurrence reported (Newman, 1989) Burundi (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Cameroon ? : Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Côte d'Ivoire (br): Occurrence reported (Thiollay, 1985) Democratic Republic of the Congo (br): Gambia (br): Occurrence reported (Gore, 1990) Ghana (br): Occurrence reported (Grimes, 1987) Guinea (v?): Guinea-Bissau (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Liberia (v): Occurrence reported (Gatter, 1997) Malawi (br): Occurrence reported (Newman et al, 1997) Mali (v): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Mozambique (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Namibia (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Nigeria (br): Rwanda (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Senegal (v): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Sierra Leone (v): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) South Africa (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Swaziland (br): Occurrence reported (Parker, 1992) Tanzania, United Republic of (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Togo (br?): Occurrence reported (Cheke and Walsh, 1996) Uganda (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Zambia (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993)

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 137

Zimbabwe (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993)

REFERENCES Dean, W. R. J. 2000. The birds of Angola: an annotated checklist. BOU Checklist No. 18. British Ornithologists' Union. -Tring Cheke, R. A. and Walsh, J. F.1996. The birds of Togo: an annotated checklist. BOU Checklist No. 14. British Ornithologists' Union. -Tring Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993. A contribution to the distribution and taxonomy of Afrotropical and Malagasy birds. Tauraco Research Report Number 5 Forshaw, J. and Cooper, W. 1989. Parrots of the World, 3rd (revised) edn. Weldon Publishing, Willoughby, NSW. Gatter, W. 1997. Birds of Liberia. Pica Press. -Sussex Gore, M. E. J. 1990. The birds of the Gambia. 2nd ed. British Ornithologists' Union Check List No. 3. BOU. -London Grimes, L. 1987. The birds of Ghana. B.O.U. Check-list No. 9. British Ornithologists' Union. -London Juniper, T. and Parr, M., 1998, Parrots. Guide to the Parrots of the World, Pica Press, Sussex

Newman, K. 1989. Birds of Botswana. Southern Book Publishers (Pty). Newman, K., Johnston-Stewart, N. and Medland, B. 1992. The birds of Malawi. A supplement to Newman's birds of Southern Africa. Southern Book Publishers (Pty). -Cape Town Parker, V. 1992. Swaziland bird checklist. The Conservation Trust of Swaziland. -Swaziland Thiollay, J. M. 1985. Birds of Ivory Coast: status and distribution. Malimbus 7 (1): 1-59.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of live Poicephalus robustus

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Burundi 0 00 00042000 0 Congo, Democratic Republic of 0 0 50 350 0 0 0 20 20 0 0 Cote d'Ivoire 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 215 Cameroon 0 0 0 0 0 400 0 0 40 0 0 Guinea 20 81918 310 489 152 198 255 20 413 115 Liberia 0 00 00 0 0 0 0 39 55 Mali 10 00 1495 2 38 0 0 0 0 Mozambique 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal 0 00 07 0 0 0 0 0 0 Togo 19 1205 250 0 11 50 0 0 1 Tanzania 92 438 2898 998 117 0 12 10 10 0 0 Uganda 0 00 00 0 0 0 0 240 0 South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 Zimbabwe 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 22 11 0 26

Export Quotas for Poicephalus robustus for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Exporter Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Live – Secretariat recommended a trade Congo, Democratic Republic suspension in 2001 of Notif. 2001/039 1000 Tanzania, United Republic of see Notif. 898 12 12 12

COMMENT There is little detailed information on population abundance of this species. Most of the trade is from Guinea where it is only recorded as a possible vagrant. Although numbers traded seem low, with so little information on exact population levels and the suggestion that it is becoming rarer in much of its range this species is recommended for review.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 138

11. Poicephalus rueppellii

FAMILY PSITTACIDAE

NAME AND AUTHOR(S) Poicephalus rueppellii (Gray, 1849)

COMMON NAME(S) Rueppell's Parrot English; Perroquet de Rüppell French; Lorito de Rüppell; Rüppell's Parrot Spanish

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS Southwestern Africa from southwestern Angola (Luanda) to Damaraland, western Ovamboland and northern Namaqualand (region of Rehoboth), northern Namibia, Some local nomadic movements in relation to food supply, otherwise resident. Generally reported as locally common although fluctuations may occur with nomadic shifts and numbers depleted by trapping with Namibia (most of species’ range) now estimated to hold only 9000 birds. Although not reported as at risk, small population, restricted range and illegal trapping pressure are perhaps leading to decline with recent shrinkage in observed flock sizes (Juniper and Parr, 1998).

Angola (br): Occurrence reported (Dean, 2000) Namibia (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993)

REFERENCES Dean, W. R. J. 2000. The birds of Angola: an annotated checklist. BOU Checklist No. 18. British Ornithologists' Union. -Tring Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire. 1993. A contribution to the distribution and taxonomy of Afrotropical and Malagasy birds. Tauraco Research Report Number 5 Juniper, T. and Parr, M., 1998, Parrots. Guide to the Parrots of the World, Pica Press, Sussex

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of live Poicephalus rueppellii

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Namibia 0 00 00 0 0 0 30 0 0 South Africa 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zimbabwe 0 00 0000000 3

COMMENT Almost no trade therefore although possibly at risk in native range it is not a significant trade issue.

12. Poicephalus rufiventris

FAMILY: PSITTACIDAE

NAME AND AUTHOR(S) Poicephalus rufiventris

COMMON NAME(S) African Orange-bellied Parrot; Red-bellied Parrot (English); Perroquet à ventre rouge (French); Lorito ventrirrojo (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

In Tsava National Park, Kenya the favoured habitat was woodland, where a density of 12 birsd per 10ha was recorded, while a density of 6 birds per 10ha was found in wooded bushland, 4 birds per 10ha in the narrow riverine forest and 1 per 10ha or less in open bushland an dgrassland habitats (Lack, 1985 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). The species is a fairly common, widespread resident of bushland and open woodland in Somalia, except in the coastal lowlands (Ash and Miskell, 1983 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). In Ethiopia it is encountered in savannah with Acacia-Chrysopogon associations, and in Acacia-Commiphora bushland or grassland savannah with acacias (Urban and Brown, 1971, in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). Benson (1945 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) found it to be fairly common on the arid plains up to 1400m. Widespread within range and generally frequent to common (Juniper and Parr, 1998).

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 139

Ethiopia (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Kenya (br): Occurrence reported (Zimmerman et al, 1996) Somalia (br): Occurrence reported (Ash and Miskell, 1998) Tanzania, United Republic of ? (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993)

REFERENCES Ash, J. S. and Miskell, J. E. 1998. Birds of Somalia. Pica Press. -Sussex Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993. A contribution to the distribution and taxonomy of Afrotropical and Malagasy birds. Tauraco Research Report Number 5 Forshaw, J. and Cooper, W. 1989. Parrots of the World, 3rd (revised) edn. Weldon Publishing, Willoughby, NSW. Juniper, T. and Parr, M., 1998, Parrots. Guide to the Parrots of the World, Pica Press, Sussex Zimmerman, D. A., Turner, D. A. and Pearson, D. J. 1996. Birds of Kenya and northern Tanzania. Christopher Helm. -London

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of live Poicephalus rufiventris

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Congo Dem. Rep. 0 00 00 0 0 0 20 0 0 Kenya 1 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tanzania 235 3527 1910 245 0 0 40 0 28 100 0 South Africa 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zimbabwe 0 00 0000050 7

Export Quotas for Poicephalus rufiventris for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Exporter Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Tanzania, United Republic of see Notifi. 898 0 Tanzania, United Republic of see Notif. 1998/25 40 Tanzania, United Republic of see Notif. 1999/20 00

COMMENT Very little trade since 1996 in this species, which seems to be quite common in a variety of habitats therefore not recommended for review.

13. Poicephalus senegalus

FAMILY: PSITTACIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Senegal Parrot (English); Perroquet à tête grise; Perroquet youyou; Youyou (French); Lorito Senegalés; Papagayo senegalés (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

The species is endemic to Africa and widespread throughout Sub-Saharan and West Africa. There are three accepted subspecies (Fry et al. 1988) although their limits are not well established. The subspecies present in Guinea is the typical one, being also that of larger range.

Population status of the species was unknown for Benin, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia and Mauritania (Inskipp et al., 1988). It was deemed to be rare in Burkina Faso (Bannerman, 1931; Holyoak and Seddon, 1989), Chad (Malbrant, 1952; Salvan, 1968; Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) and Togo (Millet-Horsin, 1923; Cheke and Walsh, 1980). In all other countries for which status assessments existed it was regarded as common (Mackworth-Praed and Grant, 1970) or fairly common (Serle and Morel, 1977).

Common in Koundara and Gaoual departments in the north-west of Guinea, bordering Senegal and Guinea-Bissau (Morel and Morel, 1988). Since the species is widespread and common in southern Mali, which borders Senegal and northern

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 140

Guinea, and is suspected to be migratory in this region (Fry et al., 1988) it would appear that the three countries support a single large population or a metapopulation with fairly frequent mixing. Off-take from each country may therefore have an impact on populations in all three. The shift in off-take from Mali to Guinea following the import restriction may therefore effectively mean that the restriction has had little effect on the population status of P. senegalus in Mali.

The range of this species is restricted to a “corridor” in the western part of Africa, from Senegal to northern Cameroon, where the tree scattered savannah is present below 1,000 meters above sea level (Fry et al. 1988). This type of habitat is also present on the northern third part of Guinea, where most records have been made. Its preference for open areas with scattered trees allows the species to adapt to cultivated areas including cities surroundings (Fry et al. 1988), which could be also responsible for records around Conakry, far away from the savannah habitat. This preference could also explain why the species seems not to be in regression (Forshaw and Cooper 1989) despite the progressive habitat degradation and forest loss.

The Senegal parrot, Poicephalus senegalus, is one of the most heavily traded of the parrot Family (WCMC et al., 1993). It has long been involved in international trade and, during the first part of the twentieth century it had already built a reputation as a ‘pet par excellence’ (Low, 1986).

In the early 1990s, the large off-takes experienced by individual populations were considered alarming, with possible severe effects on local populations (Mundy, 1991).

Benin (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993). Population status unknown (Inskipp et al., 1988). Burkina Faso (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993). Rare, only discrete sightings reported (Bannerman, 1931; Holyoak and Seddon, 1989) Cameroon (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993). ‘Not known with accuracy, but regarded as not threatened (Cameroon CITES MA, 1987).’ (Inskipp et al., 1988) Chad (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993). Rare (Malbrant, 1952; Salvan, 1968; Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) Côte d'Ivoire (br): Occurrence reported, common (Thiollay, 1985) Gambia (br): Occurrence reported (Gore, 1990). Common, probably only on the lower and middle stretches of the Gambia River but uncommon elsewhere (Gore, 1981, 1990) Ghana (br): Occurrence reported (Grimes, 1987). Common (Ussher, 1874; Alexander, 1902; Bannerman, 1931; Greig- Smith, 1976, Grimes, 1987; Fry et al., 1988) Guinea (br?): Occurrence reported (Walsh, 1987). Common (Morel and Morel, 1988). Common in Koundara and Gaoual departments. Occasional sightings at Kipe. (Morel and Morel, 1988 Richards, 1982). The species has been recorded as common at the northwest part of the country, at Koundara and Gaoual (Morel and Morel 1988). Besides that, only a pair of birds have been recorded 16 km north of Doko (Walsh 1987), near the Mali border, and occasional observations have been made at the Conakry surroundings and at Los island (Richards 1982, Morel and Morel 1988). Dowset and Forbes-Watson (1993) conclude that the species is a Guinean resident of not proved breeding. This is based both on the knowledge that the species can make dispersal movements (Fry et al. 1988) and on the fact that existing records inform just about presence. However, breeding of Poicephalus senegalus in Guinea is fairly probable where habitat is available given that it breeds in neighbouring countries –Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Mali and Ivory Coast- (Dowset and Forbes-Watson 1993). Guinea-Bissau (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993). Population status unknown (Inskipp et al., 1988). Liberia (int, br?): Occurrence reported (Gatter, 1997). Population status unknown (Inskipp et al., 1988). Mali (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993). Common in the south (Bates, 1934; Lamarche, 1980; Fry et al., 1988) Mauritania (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993). Population status unknown (Inskipp et al., 1988). Niger (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993). ‘Regarded as common in riverine woods such as in Parc National du “W” (Niger CITES MA, 1986)’ (Inskipp et al., 1988) Nigeria (br): Frequent to common (Elgood, 1982; Sharland and Wilkinson, 1981) Senegal (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993). Common to very common (Bannerman, 1931; Morel and Morel, 1990; Descarpentries and Villiers, 1969; Dupuy, 1976; Smet and van Gompel, 1980) Sierra Leone: Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) Togo (br): Occurrence reported (Cheke and Walsh, 1996). Rare (Millet-Horsin, 1923; Cheke and Walsh, 1980)

REFERENCES Alexander, B. 1902. Birds of the Gold Coast Colony and his hinterland. Ibis (8)2: 278-333, 355-377. Bannerman, D. A. 1931. The birds of tropical West Africa, 2. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh. Bates, G. L. 1934. Birds of the southern Sahara and adjoining countries in French West Africa. Ibis (13)3: 752-780; (13)4: 61-79, 213-239, 440-466, 685-717. Cheke, R. A. and Walsh, J. F. .1980. Bird records from the Republic of Togo. Malimbus 2: 112-120.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 141

Cheke, R. A. and Walsh, J. F.1996. The birds of Togo: an annotated checklist. BOU Checklist No. 14. British Ornithologists' Union. -Tring Descarpentries, A. and Villiers, A. .1969. Sur une collection d’oiseaux du sahel Sénégalais. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris (2)41: 385-394. Dowsett, R.J and Forbes-Watson, A.D. 1993. A checklist of Afrotropical and Malgasy regions. Tauraco Press, Liege. Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993. A contribution to the distribution and taxonomy of Afrotropical and Malagasy birds. Tauraco Research Report Number 5 Dupuy, A.-R. /1976/ Données nouvelles concernant la reproduction de quelques espèces aviennes au Sénégal. Oiseau et R.F.O. 46: 47-62. Elgood, J. H. 1982. The birds of Nigeria. An annotated checklist. London: British Ornithologists' Union. Forshaw, J. M. and Cooper, W. T. 1989. Parrots of the world. 3 rd Edition. Weldon. Australia. Fry, C. H., Keith, S. and Urban, E. K. 1988. The birds of Africa, 3. London: Academic Press. Gatter, W. 1997. Birds of Liberia. Pica Press. -Sussex Gore, M. E. J. 1981. The birds of the Gambia. An annotated checklist. London: British Ornithologists' Union. Gore, M. E. J. 1990. The birds of the Gambia. An annotated checklist. Second revised edition. London: British Ornithologists' Union. Greig-Smith, P. W. 1976. The composition and habitat preferences of the avifauna of Mole National Park, Ghana. Bull. Nigerian Orn. Soc. 12(42): 49-66. Grimes, L. G. 1987. The birds of Ghana. An annotated checklist. London: British Ornithologists' Union. Holyoak, D. T. and Seddon, M. B. 1990. Notes on some birds of the Ivory Coast. Malimbus 11: 146-148. Inskipp, T., Broad, S. and Luxmoore, R. (eds) 1988. Significant trade in wildlife: a review of selected species in CITES Appendix II. Volume 3: birds. IUCN and CITES Secretariat. Lamarche, B. 1980. Liste commentée des oiseaux du Mali. 1ère partie: non-passereaux. Malimbus 2(2): 121-158. Low, R. 1986. Parrots, their care and breeding. 2nd edition. Blandford. Poole. Macworth-Praed, C.W. and Grant, C.H.B. 1977. Birds of West Central and Western Africa. African Handbook of Birds. Series III. Vol. I. Longmans. London. Malbrant, R. 1952. Faune du centre africain français (mammifères et oiseaux). Second edition. Léchevalier, Paris. Millet-Horsin, 1923. Contribution à l’étude de la faune ornithologique du Bas-Togo. Bull. Comité d’ Etudes Hist. Sci. Afr. occid. fr. Jan.-Mar. 1923: 67-73. Morel, G. J. and Morel, M. V. 1988. Liste des oiseaux de Guinée. Malimbus 10(2): 143-176. Morel, G.J. and Morel, M V. 1990. Les oiseaux de Sénégambie. Notices et cartes de distribution. Editions de l’Orstom. Institut Francais de Recherce Scientifique pour le Développement en Coopération. France. Mundy, P. J. 1991. Poicephalus senegalus (Senegal Parrot). Section II: Species summaries. In: WCMC and IUCN/SSC. Review of Significant Trade in Animal Species included in Appendix II – Based on data for the years 1983 – 1998. Draft report to the CITES Animals Committee August 1991. Unpublished. Richards, D. K. 1982. The birds of Conakry and Kakulima, Democratic Republic of Guinea. Malimbus 4: 93-103. Salvan, J. 1968. Contribution à l’étude des oiseaux du Tchad. Oiseau et R.F.O. 38: 127-150. Sharland, R. E. and Wilkinson, R. 1981. The birds of Kano State, Nigeria. Malimbus 3: 7-30. Serle, W and Morel, G.J. 1977. A field guide to the birds of West Africa. Collins. London. Smet, K. and van Gompel, J. 1980. Observations sur la côte senegalaise en decembre et janvier. Malimbus 2: 56-70. Thiollay, J. M. 1985. The birds of Ivory Coast: status and distribution. Malimbus 7: 1-59. Ussher, H. T. 1874. Notes on the ornithology of the Gold Coast. Ibis (3)4: 43-75. Walsh, J.F. 1987. Records of birds seen in north.eastern Guinea in 1984-1985. Malimbus, 9: 105-122. WCMC, IUCN/SSC and TRAFFIC. 1993. Significant Trade in Wildlife: A review of selected animal species in CITES Appendix II. Unpublished.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of live Poicephalus senegalus

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Burkina Faso 0 20 0008120 1 Congo 0 00 0100000 0 Cote d'Ivoire 502 0 1 1 1 0 2 0 4 31 402 Cameroon 100 0 0 0 0 800 887 0 0 0 0 Ghana 0 00 0000010 0 Gambia 0 01 0000001 0 Guinea 10736 6477 8325 11628 10700 16171 40146 37325 12944 11762 8144 Guinea-Bissau 0 2 12 71 32 5 0 0 2 0 0 Liberia 0 00 00 0 0 450 800 1210 900 Mali 1500 00 1038 3536 2475 1269 1484 6732 11352 12390 Niger 0 00 0900000 0 Nigeria 0 00 01 0 300 0 0 0 0 Senegal 19308 15559 22926 25952 18262 11239 17156 15434 17652 12892 14801 Togo 10 150 100 60 167 635 728 373 690 402 Tanzania 8 00 0000000 0 Unknown 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 241 South Africa 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zimbabwe 0 00 0000000 8

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 142

Export Quotas for Poicephalus rufiventris for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Exporter Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Benin wild-taken 100 100 181 50 Guinea live 15000 9000 Mali live 19000 19000 Senegal live 16000 16000 16000 16000 16000 16000 Togo live / wild-taken 300 300 300 300 300 300

COMMENT Although trade seems high from some countries it is within the quotas, with the exception of Togo for which is has been consistently over quota since 1998. The species is considered common in those countries that are exporting it, though concern has been raised over the level of trade. It seems able to adapt to cleared habitats and therefore may not suffer adversely from deforestation in its range. It might be worth taking a closer look at this species for those countries exporting the largest numbers e.g. Mali, Senegal and Guinea especially as there is a suggestion that the populations from these countries may actually be one large, shifting population.

14. Psittacus erithacus

FAMILY: PSITTACIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Grey Parrot (English); FJacko; Jacquot (French); Perroquet gris (French); Perroquet jaco (French); Loro yaco; Yaco (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Psittacus erithacus occurs in: Angola (br), Benin (br), Burundi (br?), Cameroon (br?), Central African Republic (br?), Congo (br), Côte d'Ivoire (br), Democratic Republic of the Congo (br), Equatorial Guinea (br): Equatorial Guinea, Bioko, Gabon (br), Ghana (br), Guinea (br?), Guinea-Bissau (br), Kenya (br?), Liberia (br?), Mali (br), Nigeria (br), Rwanda (br), São Tomé and Principe (br), Sierra Leone (br?), Tanzania, United Republic of (br?), Togo (br?), Uganda (br?)

Psittacus erithacus erithacus (Linnaeus, 1758) occurs in: Angola (br), Benin (br), Burundi (br?), Cameroon (br?), Central African Republic (br?), Congo (br), Côte d'Ivoire (br), Democratic Republic of the Congo (br), Equatorial Guinea (br): Equatorial Guinea, Bioko, Gabon (br), Ghana (br), Guinea (br?), Guinea-Bissau (br), Kenya (br?), Liberia (br?), Mali (br), Nigeria (br), Rwanda (br), São Tomé and Principe (br), Sierra Leone (br?), Tanzania, United Republic of (br?), Togo (br?), Uganda (br?)

Psittacus erithacus timneh (Fraser, 1844) occurs in: Côte d'Ivoire (br), Guinea (br?), Guinea-Bissau (br?), Liberia (br?), Sierra Leone (br?)

‘Locally abundant with a very large range, hence with a high world population. However, clearly must suffer to some degree from forest destruction, especially loss of large nesting trees. More importantly, second most heavily traded parrot in world in period 1982-1989 after Agapornis fischeri, with an average annual export from Africa of 47,357 birds. This trade is judged to be the cause of its decline from common in the recent past to relative current rarity in Liberia, where other than in Sapo National Park only feral birds were observed, 1988-1990. Similarly in Ghana chronic exploitation since at least the 1870s, and in spite of a 1986 ban, has reduced local populations that numbered many hundreds in 1940s to twos and threes today, e.g. in Bia National Park, although the total population in the country is still estimated to be 30,000-80,000 birds. Generally uncommon in Sierra Leone, with large decline since 1930s and 1940s, now confined to mangrove belts and forests of E. Common throughout forest zone S of 8°N in Ivory Coast, where population of nominate race (E part of country) is probably 10,000-25,000; likewise in many areas in rest of range, including Nigeria, Congo and Cabinda; thus, over 500 outside Korup National Park, Cameroon, and abundant in the park with little sign of trade. Several roosts in Gabon accommodate 5000-6000 birds nightly, and one in the N takes 10,000. Declining but still common on Principe, despite capture of some 1500 chicks per year. An abundant resident (10-100 seen or heard daily) of the two Dzanga reserves, Central African Republic. Around Kinshasa, Zaire, large flocks (200) are now gone, possibly owing to trade, and the species is also diminishing around Congo cities. In Uganda occurs in Budongo, Bugoma and Bwamba forest reserves plus Rwenzori National Park. In Kenya now absent from several forests where previously reported, and virtually now only known from Kakamega Forest where although still locally common in 1980s only 10 reportedly survived in mid-1990s.’ (Collar 1997).

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 143

Angola: ‘Said to be relatively frequent near Lândana, Cabinda, and not rare at Cassanga in the north of Lunda (Pinto, 1983).’ (Inskipp et al. 1988). Benin: ‘Brunel (1958) thought that if it occurred at all, it was certainly very rare; he did not see any during 20 months of observation. Reported as very rare in the forested region north of Sakété (Bouet, 1961).’ (Inskipp et al. 1988) Burundi: ‘Snow (1978) mapped records in the country.’ (Inskipp et al. 1988). It was collected at Bujumbura by R. Grauer in 1912 (Schouteden 1966). Cameroon: Central African Republic: ‘On the Ile de Kombe two or three parrots were regularly seen flying over in the evening. A flock of 45 was considered exceptional (Jehl, 1976).’ (Inskipp et al. 1988). Côte d’Ivoire: ‘Described as common throughout the forest zone south of 8°N (Thiollay, 1985).’ (Inskipp et al. 1988). Equatorial Guinea: ‘Present (Bannerman, 1931a). Resident on Bioko (Naurois, 1983b). Recorded from Banterberi, Bioko (Neumann, 1908).’ (Inskipp et al. 1988). Bioko: ‘first records by Newton in 1894/1895 who found it abundant (Barboza du Bocage 1895). Constantly observed in large flocks (Alexander 1903). Wolff-Metternich and Stresemann (1956) reported that in 1939/40 birds were found at altitudes up to 1900 m and the species was quite frequent in some areas. In 1987, the Equatorial Guinea Commission of experts on Flora and Fauna put the total population of Psittacus erithacus in the country at “no less than 2,500,000 (Obama 1987) but this would equate to 90 birds per km² across the whole country and therefore seems barely credible. In 1987/8, Antor-Castellarnau and Camacho-Fumanal (1989) found the species in rain forest at altitudes between 400-800 m on Pico Basile in the North of the island. More recently Pérez del Val (1993a) reported that during 1988-1992 the species had a wide distribution from lowlands up to 1200-1500 m and was locally abundant in the undisturbed southern third of the island, an area of some 500 km².’ (Anon. 1994). Guinea: In Guinea, already small populations of P.erithacus are seriously threatened by the combination of harvesting and habitat lost (Clemmons, 2003).’ (Michels, 2003) Guinea-Bissau: ‘In Guinea-Bissau, already small populations of P.erithacus are seriously threatened by the combination of harvesting and habitat lost (Clemmons, 2003).’ (Michels, 2003) Liberia: 'Said to be the characteristic parrot of the country, commonly seen in flocks of forty or more birds (Allen, 1930). Bannerman (1931a) said that the species occurred commonly over most parts of the country. Said to be common in the country and sometimes a plague to farmers (Büttikofer, 1885). At Firestone Plantation, Rand (1951) reported that it was uncommon and seldom seen, and at Ganta, small flocks were seen, apparently coming from distant places. Colston and Curry-Lindahl (1986) recorded the species in forests and adjacent cleared land on Mt Nimba, but they were surprised at its rarity. No recent population studies have been carried out (Liberia CITES MA, 1992).' (WCMC and IUCN/SSC Trade Specialist Group 1992). ‘Not uncommon to locally common resident (P. a. timneh). Today rare in north (C and CL) and northwest (WG) and lacking in some coastal areas (G. Hodgson), but widely distributed in main forest blocks. In 1981-84, according to estimates of forest guards and myself, about 1,400 birds annually were smuggled from Ivory Coast via Cavalla River near Zwedra at only 3 canoe crossings (93% of all parrots imported there). Less than 1% of them are P. e. erithacus (WG).’ (Gatter 1997). Mali: ‘Said to be uncommon (Lamarche, 1980).’ (Inskipp et al. 1988) São Tomé and Principe: ‘Present in an extraordinary density on the small island of Principe, although the population appears to have suffered a perceptible reduction over the past 100 years (Naurois, 1983b), and in particular since 1968 (Naurois, 1983a).’ (Inskipp et al. 1988). ‘Principe: Historically this species has been common on Principe. In 1865 specimens of this species were numbered in thousands and it was still reported “fairly numerous” in 1909 but “no doubt decreased” due to forest clearance (Bannerman 1914). It was described as very abundant everywhere and never out of sight or hearing in 1949 by Snow (1950). De Naurois (1983b) remarked on the abundance of the species; however, in another paper the same author (de Naurois 1983b) also noted that the abundant population had declined after 1968 due to habitat loss and perhaps pesticide usage. The species was described as still one of the commonest birds on the island in 1987 (Anon. 1987), being common to very abundant wherever there were tall fruiting trees (Jones and Tye 1988). In early 1989 the species was reported “reasonably common” but in their view likely to decline as a result of hunting pressure (Harrison and Steele undated). Sao Tome: The occurrence of the species on this island has long been in doubt. Lopez de Lima, quoted in Hartlaub (1850) mentioned the species as occurring on Sao Tome but this was doubted by subsequent authors (Salvadori 1903, Bannerman 1915). However, de Naurois (1983b) quotes a letter by A. Newton in 1890 that suggested that storm blown birds did occur on Sao Tome but these were quickly predated. More recently, de Naurois (1983b) reported that in 1972 two or three small colonies existed in the North of the island. Günther and Feiler (1985) suggested that breeding conditions for this species are less favourable on Sao Tome than Principe but do not expand on this point.'’ (Anon. 1994). Sierra Leone: ‘Bannerman (1931b) thought that this species was not as plentiful in the forests of Sierra Leone as it was in Liberia. He reported that it was plentiful at Bonthe in Sherboro Island (Bannerman, 1931a). Said to be tolerably common at the southern end of Tasso Island (Lowe, 1921). Apparently a relatively healthy population at present (Sierra Leone, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, in litt., 20 March 1987).’ (Inskipp et al. 1988). Tanzania: ‘Said to be a locally common resident (Britton, 1980). Mackworth-Praed and Grant (1952) considered that it might be extending its range in East Africa.’ (Inskipp et al. 1988). Togo: 'Millet-Horsen (1923) described the status in "Bas-Togo" as very rare "au nord de la lagune", becoming less rare further north. There is only one subsequent record from the country (Cheke and Walsh, 1980).' (Inskipp et al. 1988, WCMC and IUCN/SSC Trade Specialist Group 1992) 'Very rare resident (P. e. erithacus), possibly now extinct in

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 144

Togo. Previously rare north of the lagoon near Lomé, but becoming less so further north (Millet-Horsin 1923). The only subsequent record is of a bird flying over Mo, 11 May 1979 (Cheke and Walsh 1980). Many are seen for sale but these probably originate in neighbouring countries or from as far afield as Zaïre. In 1993 Togo agreed not to issue any more export permits and the CITES (The Washington Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) Secretariat requested all parties to cease imports from Côte d'Ivoire, which is not a party to the CITES agreement (IUCN 1994).' (Cheke and Walsh 1996) Uganda:

In addition to capture for international trade, there is an active internal trade of live birds for pets and exhibition (Clemmons 2003; McGowen 2001 in Michels, 2003). The species is also hunted within its range as bushmeat (Fa and Gracia Yuste 2001 in Michels, 2003) and to supply heads, legs and tail feathers for use as medicine or fetishes in black magic (Clemmons 2003; Fotso 1998b; McGowen 2001; in Michels, 2003).

REFERENCES Alexander, B. 1903. On the birds of Fernando Po. Ibis (8)3: 330-403. Allen, G. M. 1930. The birds of Liberia. In R. P. Strong The African Republic of Liberia and Belgian Congo, based on observations made and material collected during the Harvard African Expedition 1926-1927. Harvard University, Boston. Anon. 1987. São Tome and Principe birds increase. World Birdwatch 9(4): 1-2. Anon. 1994. Amendments to Appendices I and II of the Convention. Inclusion of the population of Sao Tome and Principe of Psittacus erithacus in Appendix I in lieu of Psittacus erithacus princeps; or transfer of Psittacus erithacus princeps from Appendix I to Appendix II. Proposed by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Unpublished. Antor-Castellarnau, R. and Camacho-Fumanal, R. 1989. Composicion de las Comunidades de aves a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal en Africa occidental. Acta biol. mont. 9: 69-76. Bannerman, D. A. 1914. Report on the birds collected by the late Mr Boyd Alexander (Rifle Brigade) during his last expedition to Africa – Part I: the birds of Prince’s Island. Ibis (10)2: 596-631. Bannerman, D. A. 1915. Report on the birds collected by the late Mr Boyd Alexander (Rifle Brigade) during his last expedition to Africa – Part II: the birds of St Thomas’ Island. Ibis (10)3: 89-121. Bannerman, D. A. 1931a. The birds of tropical West Africa, 2. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh. Bannerman, D. A. 1931b. Account of birds collected by G. L. Bates, on behalf of the British Museum, in Sierra Leone and French Guinea. Ibis (13)1: 661-697. Barboza du Bocage, J. V. 1895. Aubsidios para a fauna da ilha de Fernâo do Pó. J. Scienc. Math. Phys. Nat. (2)13: 1-15. Bouet, G. 1961. Oiseaux de l’Afrique tropicale. Volume 2. Office de la recherche scientifique et technique outre-mer, Paris. Britton, P. L. (ed.) .1980. Birds of East Africa. East Africa Natural History Society, Nairobi. Brunel, J. (1958) Observations sur les oiseaux du Bas-Dahomey. Oiseau et R.F.O. 28: 1-38. Büttikofer, J. 1885. Zoological researches in Liberia. A list of birds collected by J. Büttikofer and C. F. Sala in western Liberia, with biological observations. Notes from the Leyden Museum 7: 129-255. Cheke, R. A. and Walsh, J. F. 1980. Bird records from the Republic of Togo. Malimbus 2: 112-120. Cheke, R. A. and Walsh, J. F. 1996. The birds of Togo: an annotated check-list. British Ornithologists' Union, Tring (Check-list No. 14). Collar, N. J. 1997. Family Psittacidae (parrots). Pp. 280-477 in J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott and J. Sargatal (eds) Handbook of the birds of the world, 4. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. Colston, P. R. and Curry-Lindahl, K. 1986. The birds of Mt Nimba, Liberia. British Museum, London. Gatter, W. 1997. Birds of Liberia. Sussex: Pica Press. Günther, R. and Feiler, A. 1985. Die Vögel der Insel São Tomé. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin 61 (Suppl.) Ann. Orn. 9: 3-28. Harrison, M. J. S. and Steele, P. undated. ICBP/EEC forest conservation mission to São Tomé and Principe, January-March 1989. Report on conservation and training. International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge. Hartlaub, G. 1850. Beitrag zur Ornithologie Westafrika’s. Pp. 1-4, 48 In K. W. M. Wiebel Verzeichnis der öffentlichen und Privat-Vorlesungen, welche am Hamburgischen Akademischen Gymnasium von Ostern 1850 bis Ostem 1851 gehalfen werden. Hamburg. Inskipp, T., Broad, S. and Luxmoore, R. (eds) 1988. Significant trade in wildlife: a review of selected species in CITES Appendix II. Volume 3: birds. IUCN and CITES Secretariat. IUCN 1994. Note by the Director General on taking of wild birds for the pet trade. Addendeum 2 to General Assembly paper GA/19/94/3. 19th Session of the General Assembly, Buenos Aires, 17-26 January 1994. IUCN, Gland. Jehl, H. 1976. Les oiseaux de l’Ile de Kembe (R.C.A.). Alauda 44: 153-167. Jones, P. J. and Tye, A. 1988. A survey of the avifauna of Sao Tome and Principe. International Council for Bird Preservation (Study Report No. 24), Cambridge. Lamarche, B. 1980. Liste commentée des oiseaux du Mali. 1ère partie: non-passereaux. Malimbus 2(2): 121-158. Lowe, W. P. 1921. The birds of Tasso and adjoining islands of the Rokelle River, Sierra Leone. Ibis (11)3: 265-282. Mackworth-Praed, C. W. and Grant, C. H. B. 1952. Birds of Eastern and North-eastern Africa. African handbook of birds, Series 1, Volume 1. Longmans and Green, London. Michels, A. 2003. Psittacus erithacus. Species Survival Network, USA. Millet-Horsin, H. 1923. Contribution à l'étude de la faune ornithologique du Bas-Togo. Bull. Comité d'Etudes Hist. Sci. Afr. Occid. Fr. Jan.-Mai: 47- 73. Morel, G. J. and Morel, M. V. 1988. Liste des oiseaux de Guinée. Malimbus 10(2): 143-176. de Naurois, R. 1983a. Falconidae, Psittacidae et Strigiformes des îles de Sao Tomé et Principe (Golfe de Guinée). Bonn. Zool. Beitr. 34: 429-451. de Naurois, R. 1983b. Les oiseaux reproducteurs des îles de Sao Tomé et Principe: liste systématique commentée et indications zoogeographiques. Bonn. Zool. Beitr. 83: 129-148. Neumann, O. 1908. Notes on African birds in the Tring Museum. II. List of the African Psittacidae. Novit. Zool. 15: 379-390. Obama, C. N. (Jefe de Negociado de Administración Forestal de la Dirección General Forestal del Ministerio de Aguas. Bosques y Repoblación Forestal) Certificate number 2513. 28 December 1987. Unpublished. Pérez del Val, J. 1993. In litt. to JNCC 29 August 1993. Pinto, A. A. da Rosa 1983. Ornitologia de Angola. Volume 1 (Non Passeres). Instituto de Investigacao Cientifica Tropical, Lisboa. Rand, A. L. 1951. Birds from Liberia. Fieldiana, zool. 32: 561-653. Salvadori, T. 1903. Contribuzioni alla ornithologia delle isole del Golfo di Guinea II. Ucelli dell’Isola d. S. Thomé. Mem. Accad. Sci. Torino (2)53: 1-45. Schouteden, H. 1966. La faune ornithologique du Burundi. Doc. Zool. Mus. Roy. Afr. Centr. 11: 81 pp. Snow, D. W. 1950. The birds of São Tomé and Principe in the Gulf of Guinea. Ibis 92: 579-595. Snow, D. W. (ed.) 1978. An atlas of speciation in African non-passerine birds. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) London.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 145

Thiollay, J. M. 1985. The birds of Ivory Coast: status and distribution. Malimbus 7: 1-59. Wolf-Metternich, G. F., and Stresemann, E. 1956. Biologische Notizen über Vögel von Fernando Po. J. Orn. 97: 274-290. World Conservation Monitoring Centre and IUCN/SSC Trade Specialist Group 1992. Review of Significant Trade in animal species included in CITES Appendix II. Detailed reviews of 24 priority species. Final report to the CITES Animals Committee, March 1992. Unpublished.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of live Psittacus erithacus and Psittacus erithacus timneh

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

PSITTACUS ERITHACUS

Angola live 13 2 17 15 23 3 0 1 0 1 9 Benin live 6 1 4 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 Burkina Faso live 0 8 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Burundi bodies 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Burundi live 4 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 C. African Rep. live 1 5 24 29 27 18 30 24 14 6 4 Cameroon bodies 0 61 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 Cameroon eggs 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cameroon live 18572 22135 17093 20796 22408 4564 12717 19221 17429 15065 16402 Chad live 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 Congo bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Congo live 25 23 35 5 4 1 2506 1073 2101 8272 8205 Congo Dem. Rep. live 17739 8982 13478 10333 10677 10820 12834 14763 14292 10183 0 Cote d'Ivoire bodies 0 594 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cote d'Ivoire live 7524 1892 7 12 17 75 38 53 78 1111 958 Egypt live 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eq. Guinea live 0 0 0 10 1 1 1 3 5 0 0 Gabon live 6 2 23 29 20 29 37 40 44 82 33 Ghana live 0 0 5 7 2 2 1 0 1 0 1 Guinea live 2945 1 400 203 64 267 63 12 19 308 103 Guinea-Bissau live 1 1 2 7 5 0 0 0 1 1 4 Kenya live 1 1 8 5 1 329 126 6 1 20 6 Liberia live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 650 400 475 420 Madagascar live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Malawi live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mali live 0 1 0 3 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco live 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mozambique live 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 7 1 0 1 Namibia live 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Niger live 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Nigeria live 34 4 4 7 13 19 314 7 2 4 9 Oman live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 São Tomé and live Principe 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal live 0 400 0 5 2 0 1 2 0 0 2 Sierra Leone live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 South Africa live 0 1 61 3 0 0 205 0 29 52 0 Sudan live 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 Tanzania live 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Togo live 3345 648 15 42 13 3 8 6 3 13 6 Uganda live 0 0 2 0 2 5 0 3 7 15 5 Zambia live 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 Zimbabwe live 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 4 9

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 146

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

PSITTACUS ERITHACUS TIMNEH

Angola live 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Burkina Faso live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Cote d'Ivoire live 3661 0 0 0 0 3 2 2103 2676 1940 2778 Guinea bodies 0 51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Guinea live 10900 4348 443 504 532 748 514 225 856 756 500 Guinea-Bissau live 0 1 3 26 7 0 0 2 0 0 0 Liberia live 0 0 0 0 0 0 2300 2200 1700 1601 1 Senegal live 0 1 0 3211 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sierra Leone live 0 0 890 0 2000 500 2500 1000 1100 720 0 South Africa live 0 0 0 100 0 0 6 80 0 0 0 United Arab Em. live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 0 0 0 Zimbabwe live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

Export Quotas for Psittacus erithacus for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Cameroon live 12000 12000 12000 12000 Cameroon see Notif. 1998/05 12000 Cameroon see Notification No. 993 0 Congo live 6000 6000 6000 Democratic Republic of the live 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 Congo Equatorial Guinea No longer listed in CITES 500 Notif. No. 1998/36 Gabon live 500 500 200 200

Export Quotas for Psittacus erithacus erithacus for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Côte d'Ivoire Notif. No. 746 is no longer 0 valid Côte d'Ivoire live 500

Export Quotas for Psittacus erithacus timneh for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Côte d'Ivoire live 2000 2000 2000 Guinea live 450 450 450 450 750 Liberia live 2500 2500 3000 Sierra Leone live 1000 1000 1000 2000 2000

COMMENT Relatively high level of trade, which appears to be above the quotas for Cameroon, Congo and Côte d'Ivoire. The species appears to be in decline over much of its range.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 147

15. Psittinus cyanurus

FAMILY PSITTACIDAE

NAMES AND AUTHOR(S) Psittinus cyanurus (Forster, 1795)

COMMON NAME(S) Blue-rumped Parrot (English); Perruche à croupion bleu (French); Lorito dorsiazul (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LR/nt (BirdLife International, 2000)

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Confined to the Sundaic lowlands, where it is known from south Tenasserim, Myanmar, peninsular Thailand, Sabah, Sarawak and Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Kalimantan, Sumatra (including the Riau, Lingga, Bangka, Simeulue, Mentawai islands), Indonesia and Brunei (uncommon), to 1300m. It inhabits primary, dry-land evergreen and semi- evergreen lowland forest, both mature and selectively logged, and also visits edge vegetation, cultivated areas and gap- phase growth of forest clearings and occasionally mangroves (Birdlife International, 2003).

Brunei Darussalam: (br) Occurrence reported (Juniper and Parr, 1998) Indonesia (br): Occurrence reported Kalimantan, Sumatra:(Andrew, 1992; Juniper and Parr, 1998) Malaysia (br): Occurrence reported Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak: (Juniper and Parr, 1998; Smythies, 1981) Myanmar (br): Occurrence reported (Smythies, 1986) Singapore (v): Occurrence reported (Hails and Jarvis, 1987) Thailand (br): Occurrence reported (Boonsong Lekagul and Round, 1991) Viet Nam (br): Occurrence reported (Round, 1987)

The world population of the Simeule race may be less than 5000 (Juniper and Parr, 1998). Estimates based on the results of several transects made between 27th July to 7th August, 1995 suggest a population of 35,000 to 47,000 birds for Psittinus cyanurus abbotti (Arndt and Raharjaningtrah, 1998).

It is only locally common and less abundant than the sympatric Psittacula species throughout most of its range. The world population is thought to be greater than 100,000, but probably declining everywhere and already sparsely distributed in the north of its range through massive habitat loss compounded by trapping (Juniper and Parr, 1998). Forest destruction in the Sundaic lowlands of Indonesia has been so extensive that all primary formations are expected to disappear by 2010, and the situation is little different in Malaysia. However, the species's ability to persist in secondary growth and at higher elevations, where forest destruction has been less severe, means that it is not immeadiately threatened. (Birdlife International, 2003).

Anecdotal evidenece of low survival rate in captivity. For one shipment in Italy in 2000 of approximately 200 birds about 90% of the birds died shortly following their arirval, Most deaths were due to severe enteritis caused by Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas infections very resistant to antibiotics. It appears that the species is more prone than other species to the stress of capture and shipment, causing a decreased immune response (Conzo in litt., to World Parrot Trust, 27 January 2004)

REFERENCES Andrew, P. 1992. The birds of Indonesia: a checklist (Peters' sequence). Indonesian Ornithological Society. -Jakarta Arndt and Raharjaningtrah. 1998. Parrots and their status on Simeulue Island, west Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia Status der Papageien auf der indonesischen Insel Simeulue (Sumatra), Parrot Biology vol 1/98 < http://www.arndt-verlag.de/parr198.htm> BirdLife International 2000. Psittinus cyanurus. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 23 January 2004 BirdLife International 2003. BirdLife's online World Bird Database: the site for bird conservation. Version 2.0. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. Available: http://www.birdlife.org (accessed 21/1/2004) Boonsong Lekagul and Round, P. D. 1991. A guide to the birds of Thailand. Saha Karn Bhaet Co. Ltd. -Bangkok Conzo, G. 2004. in litt. to The World Parrot Trust, 27 January 2004 Hails, C. J. and Jarvis, F. 1987. Birds of Singapore. Times Editions. -Singapore Juniper, T. and Parr, M. (1998) Parrots: a guide to the parrots of the world. Pica Press, Sussex. Round, P. D. 1988. Resident forest birds in Thailand: their status and conservation. International Council for Bird Preservation (Monograph No. 2). - Cambridge, U.K. Smythies, B. E. 1981. The birds of Borneo. 3rd edition. The Sabah Society and the Malayan Nature Society. -Malaysia Smythies, B. E. 1986. The birds of Burma. 3rd edition. Nimrod Press and Silvio Mattacchione and Co. -Liss, Hampshire, U.K and Pickering, Ontario

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 148

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Psittinus cyanurus

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Malaysia Bodies 5 0 000000 0 00 Malaysia Live 155 30 30 0 278 245 514 956 520 242 530 Singapore live 10 0 0200000 0 00

Export Quotas for Psittinus cyanurus for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Malaysia Live 1000 1000 1000 Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia Live 1000 only) Malaysia 2000

COMMENT Trade is within quotas. However it is restricted to a range which is under considerable pressure from human population expansion, and may well be in decline. The species does not appear to cope well with the stress associated with capture for trade

16. Otus leucotis

FAMILY: STRIGIDAE

COMMON NAME(S): White-faced Scops-Owl (English); Petit-duc à face blanche (French); Autillo cariblanco (Spanish); Gran autillo veliblanco (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Wide range of bush and woodland habitats, from tall miombo woodland to low thorn scrub. Absent from continuous forest, but inhabits forest edge, and treeless grass and scrublands. Most common in areas of widespread low thorn trees with sparse or patchy ground cover, especially on Kalahari sands (Mendelsohn 1997). Extends into grassland or semi- desert scrub where trees grow along watercourses or clumps of exotics have been planted. Enters suburban gardens in several towns (Kemp, 2000).

Angola (br), Benin (br?), Botswana (br), Burkina Faso (br), Burundi (br?), Cameroon (br?), Central African Republic (br?), Chad (br?), Congo (br?), Côte d'Ivoire (br), Democratic Republic of the Congo (br), Djibouti (br?), Eritrea (br), Ethiopia (br), Gabon (br?), Gambia (br), Ghana (br), Guinea (br?), Guinea-Bissau (br), Kenya (br), Liberia (br), Malawi (br), Mali (br), Mauritania (br), Mozambique (br?), Namibia (br), Niger (br?), Nigeria (br), Rwanda (br), Senegal (br), Sierra Leone (br), Somalia (br) , South Africa (br) , Sudan (br) , Swaziland (br) , Tanzania, United Republic of (br?) , Togo (br?) , Uganda (br) , Zambia (br) , Zimbabwe (br)

Uncommon to locally common in Africa; abundance varies regionally (Fry et al., 1988).

Botswana: Uncommon to fairly common (Newman, 1989). Chad: Less common but more widespread than the Barn Owl (Newby, 1979 - 80). Cote d’Ivoire: Widely distributed through all Guinea and Sudan savannas from Toumodi northwards (Thiollay, 1985). Eritrea: Nowhere common (Smith, 1957). Ghana: Not common resident (Grimes, 1987). Guinea: Authors differ about status of this species. Uncommon to locally common (Fry, 1988). Occurs in northern part of Guinea. Locally common to uncommon in throughout its Range (Hoyo, 1999). Uncommon to locally rather common and widespread insuitable habitats; abundance may vary locally (König, 1999). Occurs as not uncommon resident (Borrow and Demey, 2001). Kenya: Local and uncommon (Zimmerman et al., 1996). Malawi: Uncommon resident (Newman et al., 1992). Nigeria: Not uncommon resident (Elgood et al., 1994). Senegal: Common (Morel and Morel, 1990).

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 149

Somalia: Rare (Uncommon resident with 10 records ( Ash and Miskell, 1983). Sudan: Fairly common in the North, uncommon in the South (Nikolaus, 1987). Swaziland: Uncommon breeding resident (Parker, 1992). Tanzania: Rare in the North (Zimmerman et al., 1996). Togo: Not uncommon resident (Cheke and Walsh, 1996). Uganda: Rather uncommon resident (Britton, 1980). Zimbabwe: Widespread and common on the central plateau, but sparse in the major river valley systems and in the southeast lowveld (Irwin, 1981).

May occur at density of 4 prs/10km2 during rodent plague in thornveld habitat (Malherbe 1963) or 20 pairs/69km2 in mixed with agricultural lands, in northern South Africa (Mendelsohn 1989). Along riverine trees in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier National Park, pairs spaced about 4.5km apart (Herholdt 1992). One territory in Zimbabwe occupied for 12yrs (Priest 1939). Age of first breeding, survivorship and longevity unknown (Kemp 2000).

Resident in many areas of its range, but in more marginal and variable habitats may arrive, breed and later disappear, suggesting nomadism related to food availability, especially rodent plagues (Malherbe 1963; Tarboton and Erasmus 1998). Some of scattered records in south of range expected to be of nomadic vagrants (Kemp, 2000; Mendelsohn 1997).

Wide choice of extensive habitats, and ability to be sedentary or nomadic, make it resilient to minor habitat alteration. May be limited by availability of nesting platforms in some areas, but also very flexible in this choice. Little affected by grazing pressure as favours more open substrates. Reasonably common, rarer in northern part of range. Well established in National Parks (Kemp, 2000).

REFERENCES Ash, J.S. and Miskell, J.E. 1983. Birds of Somalia, their habitat, status and distribution. Scopus special suppl. 1: 1-97. Britton, P.L. 1980. Birds of East Africa. East Africa Natural History Sociey, Nairobi. Borrow,N. and Demey, R., 2001, Birds of Western Africa. Princeton University Press Cheke, R.A. and Walsh, J.F. 1996. The birds of Togo. BOU Check-list. Elgood, J.H., Heigham, J.B., Moore, A.M., Nason, A.M., Sharland, R.E. and Skinner, N.J. 1994. The Birds of Nigeria. Second edition. British Ornithologists’ Union, London (B.O.U. Check-list No. 4). Fry, C.H., Keith, S. and urban, E. 1988. The Birds of Africa. Volume 3. Academic Press London. Grimes, L. 1987. The Birds of Ghana. British Ornithologists’ Union, London (B.O.U. Check-list No. 9). Herholdt, J.J. 1992. Breeding of the Whitefaced Owl in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. Ostrich 63:183-184 Hoyo, J. del et al, 1999, Handbook of the Birds of the World, Volume 5. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. Irwin, M.P.S. 1981. The birds of Zimbabwe. Quest, Zimbabwe Kemp, A.C. 2000. Otus leucotis In: Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology Roberts VII Project, http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/fitzpatrick/docs/r397.html Downloaded on 19 January 2004 König et al, 1999, Owls, A guide to the owls of the world. Yale University Press Malherbe, A.P. 1963. Notes on the birds of prey and some others at Boshoek, north of Rustenburg, during a rodent plague. Ostrich 34:95 Mendelsohn, J.M. 1997. Whitefaced Owl In: Harrison JA, Allan DG, Underhill LG, Herremans M, Tree AJ, Parker, V and Brown CJ (eds) The atlas of southern African birds. Vol. 2, 584-585. Birdlife South Africa, Johannesburg Mendelsohn, J.M. 1989. Habitat preferences, population size, food and breeding of six owl species in the Springbok Flats, South Africa. Ostrich 63:183- 190 Morel, G.J. and Morel, M. Y. 1990. Les oiseaux de Senegambie. ORSTOM, Paris. Newby, J. 1979-80. The birds of the Ouadi Rime – Ouadi Achim Faunal Reserve. A contribution to the study of the Chadian avifauna. Malimbus 1: 90- 109; 2: 29-50. Newman, K. 1989. Birds of Botswana. Southern Book Publishers, Cape town. Newman, K., Johnston-Stewart, N. and Medland, B. 1992. Birds of Malawi. Soutehrn Book Publishers, Cape Town. Nikolaus, G. 1987. Distributional atlas of Sudan’s birds, with notes on habitat and status. Bonn. Zoologische Monographien 25. Parker, V. 1992. Swaziland Bird Checklist. The Conservation Trust of Swaziland, Swaziland. Priest CD 1939. The Southern White-faced Scops Owl. Ostrich 10:51-53 Smith, K.D. 1957. An annotated checklist of the birds of Eritrea. Ibis 99: 1-26, 307-337. Steyn, P 1982 Birds of prey of Southern Africa. David Philip, Cape Town Tarboton W and Erasmus R 1998 Sasol owls and owling in southern Africa. Struik, Cape Town Thiollay, J. M. 1985. Birds of Ivory Coast: status and distribution. Malimbus 7(1): 1-59. Zimmerman, D.A., Turner, D.A. and Pearson, D.J. 1996. Birds of Kenya and Northern Tanzania. Christopher Helm, London.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Otus leucotis

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Austria Bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 China Bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Denmark Bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Egypt live 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Guinea live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 10 39

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 150

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Russian Federation live 0 0 0 0 20 25 0 48 73 25 0 Togo live 0 0 0 0 85 65 90 155 0 45 685 Uzbekistan live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 50 0 South Africa live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 South Africa trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

COMMENT A very widespread species, ranging from uncommon to common. Relatively high trade observed only in Togo, where it is said to be a “not uncommon resident”. This level of trade does seem fairly high but given the widespread distribution of this bird and lack of trade from elsewhere, it is not considered a priority candidate for review.

17. Otus scops

FAMILY: STRIGIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) African Scops-Owl (English); Common Scops-Owl (English); Hibou petit-duc (French); Petit-duc africain (French); Autillo (Spanish); Autillo Africano (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS Afghanistan (br?), Albania (br), Algeria (br), Andorra (v), Angola (br), Armenia (br), Austria (br), Azerbaijan (br), Bahrain, Bangladesh (br), Belarus (br), Belgium (v), Benin (br?), Bhutan (br), Botswana (br), Bulgaria (br), Burkina Faso (br?), Burundi (br), Cambodia (br), Cameroon (br), Central African Republic (br?), Chad (br?), China (br), Côte d'Ivoire (br), Cyprus (br), Czech Republic (br), Democratic Republic of the Congo (br); Denmark (v), Djibouti (br?), Egypt (br?), Equatorial Guinea (br) : Bioko, Eritrea (br?) , Ethiopia (br) , Faroe Islands (v) , France (br) , Gambia (br) , Georgia (br) , Germany (v) , Ghana (br) , Gibraltar (br?) , Greece (br) , Guinea (br?) , Guinea-Bissau (br) , Hong Kong , Hungary (br) , Iceland (v) , India (br) , Indonesia (br) : Sumatra, Iran (Islamic Republic of) (br) , Iraq (br) , Ireland (v) , Israel (br) , Italy (br) , Japan (br) , Jordan (br) , Kazakhstan (br) , Kenya (br) , Korea, DPR (br) , Korea, Republic of (br), Kuwait , Kyrgyzstan (br) , Lao People's Democratic Republic (br) , Latvia (v) , Lebanon (br) , Lesotho (v) , Liberia (br?) , Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (br) , Liechtenstein (v) , Luxembourg (v) , Malawi (br) , Malaysia , Malta , Mauritania (br?) , Moldova, Republic of (br) , Mongolia (br) , Morocco (br) , Mozambique (br?) , Myanmar (br) , Namibia (br) , Nepal (br) , Netherlands (v) , Niger (br?) , Nigeria (br) , Norway (v) , Oman (br) , Pakistan (br) , Poland (br) , Portugal (br) : Portugal (br), Madeira (v), Qatar (v) , Romania (br) , Russian Federation (br) , Rwanda (br) , Saudi Arabia (br) , Senegal (br) , Serbia and Montenegro (br) , Seychelles (v) , Sierra Leone (br?) , Singapore (v) , Slovakia (br) , Somalia (br) , South Africa (br) , Spain (br) , Sri Lanka (br) , Sudan (br) , Swaziland (br) , Sweden (v) , Switzerland (br) , Syrian Arab Republic (br?) , Tajikistan (br) , Tanzania, United Republic of (br?) , Thailand (br) , Togo (br?) , Tunisia (br) , Turkey (br) , Turkmenistan (br) , Uganda (br) , Ukraine (br) , United Arab Emirates , United Kingdom (v) , Uzbekistan (br) , Viet Nam (br) , Western Sahara , Yemen (br) , Zambia (br) , Zimbabwe (br)

Mostly migratory; southern populations either partially so or resident. Wholly resident in Cyprus; mallorcae present all year in Balearics and south and east Spain, although winter numbers considerably reduced, emigrants presumably making short-distance migrations to Africa, where several trapped in N during passage periods; cycladum largely migratory, some birds winter in southern Italy and southern Greece; Pakistan breeders winter largely in southern Pakistan, some probably in west India. Remaining populations apparently all long-distance migrants, leaving breeding grounds from August onwards; most reach Afrotropical savanna regions in winter; return migration from late Mar. Overshooting migrants in spring occasionally reach N and NW Europe. Family may stay together during migration. (Global Register of Migratory Species, undated).

Breeds over much of Iberia and southern France, parts of Central France but now absent from most of the north, throughout Italy, the Balkans and much of Turkey. Also breeds in Austria, Slovakia and north Hungary, the Ukraine and in Russia north to about 58°N and east to the Urals and Caspian. In the Mediterranean found on all major islands and also scattered parts of the Middle East and in Morocco, coastal Algeria and Tunisia in North-West Africa (Eurobirding, undated)

Vagrants recorded north to Iceland and Faroes, British Isles, Scandinavia and most north European countries, also recorded on Madeira and Canary Islands. There has been a sharp decline in the number of vagrants reaching Britain as the normal range has contracted in Europe. Of the more than 90 British records only around thirty have been in recent years and most of these in southern England in April-June. However this species is sometimes recorded north to Orkney

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 151

and Shetland and in the past has been recorded west to Ireland. In March 2002 one was present at the well-known rarity haunt of Porthgwarra in Cornwall. (Eurobirding, undated)

Sub-Saharan Africa and adjacent islands (Socotra, Annobon/Pagulu) s, in South Africa, to the edges of the Namib Desert, Karoo scrublands, highveld grasslands and southern limits of coastal bushveld (Mendelsohn 1997). Widespread and common in some parts of range (northern Botswana, eastern South African and Zimbabwe lowlands), but absent or rare in others. Isolated population in E Cape (Mendelsohn 1997). Occurs at high density in some areas of mopane woodland, with 8-12 audible from one location in spring in Zimbabwe. Age of first breeding, survivorship and longevity unknown. Arid savanna woodlands extending along wooded watercourses into desert and grassland, and existing in patches of valley bushveld among coastal forest and grassland. Absent from areas of true desert, scrub and grassland without any trees. Especially common in mopane woodlands and acacia parklands (Mendelsohn 1997), which supply many nesting holes and hunting perches. Prefers areas of scattered large trees with sparse grass cover, but inexplicably absent from areas of bushveld within total range (Tarboton and Erasmus 1998).

Found in dry, sunny areas of open woodland, forest edge, olive groves and almond plantations, vineyards, parks and gardens. Does not usually use conifers except in parts of Russian range. Its preference is for areas that will give a July temperature of not less than 22 degrees Celcius (72 degrees Fahrenheit). (The Hawk Conservancy and Country Park, 2004)

Widespread and common over its extensive range, including throughout Kruger National Park. Some areas of absence may require explanation (Mendelsohn 1997), and may possibly be vulnerable in southeast extension of range, where valley bushveld habitat is limited and patchy. Generally only vulnerable where bush clearing is extensive or there is heavy overgrazing. Occupies several areas among human habitation, where usually overlooked, and enters patches of eucalyptus trees (Kemp, 2000). Uncommon resident throughout savannah areas in Togo (Cheke and Walsh, 1996).

Threats include rarefaction of large insects, which it feeds on, and habitat destruction of its hunting and nesting grounds. Possibly sensitive to road noise. Annual slaughter in Malta and Italy as game bird. (The Hawk Conservancy and Country Park, 2004)

Current status thought to be Rare (Europe) to Common (Med) (The Hawk Conservancy and Country Park, 2004)

REFERENCES Cheke, R.A. and Walsh, J.F. 1996. The birds of Togo. BOU Check-list Global Register of Migratory Species, undated. Species Factsheet, Otus scops, http://131.220.109.5/groms/Species_HTMLs/Oscops.html Downloaded on 19 January 2004 Kemp, A.C. 2000. Otus scops In: Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology Roberts VII Project, http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/fitzpatrick/docs/r396.html Downloaded on 19 January 2004 Mendelsohn J. M. 1997 African Scops Owl In: Harrison JA, Allan DG, Underhill LG, Herremans M, Tree AJ, Parker, V and Brown CJ (eds) The atlas of southern African birds. Vol. 2, 582-583. Birdlife South Africa, Johannesburg Eurobirding, undated. Otus scops In: Eurobirding http://www.eurobirding.co.uk/eurasian_scops_owl.HTM Downloaded on 19 January 2004 Tarboton W. and Erasmus R. 1998. Sasol owls and owling in southern Africa. Struik, Cape Town The Hawk Conservancy and Country Park, 2004 < http://www.hawk-conservancy.org/priors/scops.shtml> Downloaded on 19 January 2004

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Otus scops

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Austria Bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 China Bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Denmark Bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Egypt live 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Guinea live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 10 39 Russian Fed. live 0 0 0 0 20 25 0 48 73 25 0 Togo live 0 0 0 0 85 65 90 155 0 45 685 Uzbekistan live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 50 0 South Africa live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 South Africa trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 152

Export Quotas for Otus scops for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Slovakia 0 0 Uzbekistan live 50 50 200

COMMENT Widespread species. Relatively high trade observed only in Togo, and the species is reported as being “uncommon” in this country. Recommended for review in Togo only.

18. Ramphastos toco

FAMILY RAMPHASTIDAE

COMMON NAME(S): Toco Toucan (English); Toucan toco (French); Tucán de pico verde (Spanish); Tucán grande (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Found throughout eastern South America. This species frequents the canopy of the tropical rainforests from the Guianas through Brazil to northern Argentina (Perrins, 1996). Reports of them living up to 1200 - 3500m elevation. Widely distributed in savanna regions of interior, from Amazonia to Paraguay, Bolivia and Argentina. Moves from one savannah area to another taking advantage of deforested areas (Sick, 1993). No geographic variation has been reported (Whitfield, 1998).

The only toucan extending in to open country. Occurs from Guyana and Upper Rio Branco in northeastern Brazil through coastal Guianas (and interior savannas) to Amapa, up the Amazon to Manaus; along coastal Maranhao, inland in Piaui to Goias and W Bahia then south and west through Mato Grosso and central Bolivia to southeastern corner of Peru (Rio Heath), through Bolivia west to Andean foothills, throughParaguay and western Minas Gerai, Sao Paulo and Parana, and south as far as Tucuman, Argentina, along the base of the Andes in the west, in areas adjacent to Rio Paraguay-Rio de la Plata, to northern Santa Fe and Corriented, Argentian, and south west (along Rio Uruguay) and southeastern (Pelotas Region) Rio Grande do Sul (Short and Horne, 2001). Inhabits savannas with palms, groves or riverine forest, chaco, cerrado and forest islands and edges, inland gallery forest, secondary forest, caatinga edges, open woodland, clearigs, scrub, scrub woods, plantations and trees planted in urban areas (Short and Horne, 2001).

Still hunted in much of its range. Do not regularly breed until 2 years old or more, but data sparse, especially from the field (Short and Horne, 2001).

Argentina (br): Bolivia (br): Brazil (br): Guyana (br): Paraguay (br): Peru (br): Suriname (br): Rare?

This species range is the victim of heavy deforestation. There are areas of South and Central America where some toucan species are rare due to hunting for food, ornamental feathers, and trophies. Many species of toucan are popular in the pet trade due to their brightly colored bill and keen intelligence (SeaWorld/Busch Gardens Animal Information Database, 2004). Sought after due to its “calmer” disposition compared to other toucans; many of the birds die in transit. Probably explanding range in less populated, newly cleared areas of Amazonia, but hunted and young taken for pets (Short and Horne, 2001). This species may also be important as a disperser of some species of tropical forest trees. Besides its economic importance, R. toco has symbolic significance in the tribal societies of Central and South America. (Marek, 1998)

REFERENCES Marek, 1998, Ramphastos toco In: Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/ramphastos/r._toco.html Downloaded on 19 January 2004 Perrins, C. M. 1996. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Birds. The Definitive Reference to Birds of the World. Greenwich Editions, London SeaWorld/Busch Gardens Animal Information Database, 2004, http://www.seaworld.org/AnimalBytes/tocotoucan.htm Downloaded on 20 January 2004 Sick, H. 1993. Birds in Brazil: A natural history, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 153

Short, L. and Horne, J. 2001. Toucans, Barbets and Honeyguides, Bird Familiesof the World, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Whitfield, P. 1988. The Macmillan Illustrated Encyclopedia of Birds. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Ramphastos toco

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Paraguay bodies 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Argentina live 1 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Brazil live 0 2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Guyana live 141 42 0 10 104 148 145 199 193 193 135 Nicaragua live 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Peru live 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 7 Paraguay live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 204 Suriname live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0

Export Quotas for Ramphastos toco for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Guyana live 200 200 200 200 200 200

COMMENT A widespread and adaptable species with little trade (within quotas for Guyana) over the past years. Paraguay began exporting the species in 2002 and originally set a quota of 1046 for 2003. This country has imposed a moratorium on export of wildlife.

19. Leiothrix argentauris

FAMILY MUSCICAPIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Silver-eared Mesia (English); Léiothrix à joues argent (French); Mesía (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Distributed from the Eastern Himalayas to Western China, ranging south, down through Indo-China to Malaysia and Sumatra. Resident, subject to small altitudinal movements. Himalayas from N Uttar Pradesh east to Arunachal Pradesh; NE India and Bangladesh (Grimmett et al., 1998). They also reside in North, Northeast Indian subcontinent, Southwest China and Southeast Tibet. They live in bushes on the edge of broadleaved forest, secondary growth, jungle and scrub at elevations of 500-2,000m. Descends to lower terrain in winter. (Honolulu Zoo, 2004)

Bangladesh (ex, br): former resident, no recent records, could still occur in hill tracts (Grimmett et al., 1998) Bhutan (br): common, 250 – 1600m (Grimmett et al., 1998) Cambodia (br): China (br): The five subspecies present in China are collectively judged to be fairly common (Cheng, 1987 in IUCN/SSC and TRAFFIC Network 1997). India (br): From plains edge up to 2135m in Himalayas, fairly common from Sikkim eastwards, less common farther west; common in NE hills, 300 – 1500m (Grimmett et al., 1998). Indonesia (br): Sumatra. Quite common in the mountains of western and northern Sumatra (Holmes and Nash, 1990) between 600 – 2200m (Mackinnon and Phillips, 1993) Lao People's Democratic Republic (br): Malaysia (br): common resident above 900m in the Larut Hills (Perak) and the Titiwangsa Range south to Ulu Langat (Selangor). Also on Gunung Tahan (Pahang). Rare on Bukit Larut (Perak) but common on Cameron Highlands, Fraser’s Hill and Genting Highlands (Pahang). Birds seen in Singapore are cage escapees. (Jeyarajasingham and Pearson, 1999) Myanmar (br): Nepal: Local, frequent in the far east, rare farther west; mainly 365 – 1220m (205 – 1830m) (Grimmett et al., 1998) Thailand (br): Fairly common resident, hill evergreen forest, secondary growth and scrub, 1300 – 2000m. (Lekagul and Round, 1991) Viet Nam (br):

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 154

REFERENCES Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C. and Inskipp, T. (1998) Birds of the Indian subcontinent. Christopher Helm, London. Holmes, D. and Nash, S. 1990. The Birds of Sumatra and Kalimantan, Images of Asia, Oxford University Press, Singapore Honolulu Zoo 2004. < http://www.honoluluzoo.org/silver-eared_mesia.htm> Downloaded on 21 January 2004 IUCN Species Survival Commission and TRAFFIC Network 1997. IUCN Analyses of Proposals to amend the CITES Appendices. Prepared by the IUCN Species Survival Commission and the TRAFFIC Network for the Tenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to CITES. IUCN, Gland Jeyarajasingham, A. and Pearson, A. 1999. A Field Guide to the Birds of West Malaysia and Singapore, Oxford University Press, Oxford Lekagul, B. and Round, P. D. 1991. A Guide to the Birds of Thailand, Darnsutha Press Mackinnon, J. and Phillips, K. 1993. A Field Guide to the Birds of Borneo, Sumatra, Java and Bali, Oxford University Press, Oxford

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Leiothrix argentauris

Exporter 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 China 6150 12760 7315 1420 0 0 Hong Kong, Province of China 1240 0 0 0 0 0 Viet Nam 0 0 0 3410 0 0

COMMENT Common in many areas of its range. Zero trade since 2001 therefore not recommended for review.

20. Leiothrix lutea

FAMILY MUSCICAPIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Red-billed Leiothrix (English); Pekin robin (English); Léiothrix jaune (French); Ruiseñor del bambú (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Bhutan (br): China (br): ‘…fairly common in China (Cheng, 1987). The supporting statement reports that habitat destruction in China is very serious, but given that the species extends throughout the entire southern half of the country (map in Cheng, 1987) this remark is vague. It is certain that forest clearance has been almost total in many parts of the country, but nonetheless the species is common in small patches of forest that remain within its Chinese range (King, 1989a, b).’ (IUCN SSC and TRAFFIC Network 1997). India (br): Myanmar (br): Nepal (br): Pakistan (v): Réunion (int, br): United States (br): Introduced to the Hawaiian islands as cage-birds around 1911, escapees became established there before 1918. In 1928 and 1929 more were released there with the result that, at least up to 1985, flocks of up to 100 birds have been reported. (Hinze, undated). Native habitat is being destroyed and the demand for Leiothrix for the cage bird market. Even so, their populations still prosper in Hawaii. Populations remain stable in Hawaii except for Kauai where they have recently disappeared (Honolulu Zoo, 2004). Viet Nam (br):

In the wild, outside the breeding season, groups of Pekin robins can be found across all but north of the Himalayas, heading eastward across northern Myanmar (formerly Burma) to just south of the Yangtse River in China. Although occasionally found as far east as Hong Kong, the bird's range takes on a more southerly direction and falls across northern Indo-China to southwest Myanmar (Hinze, undated).

REFERENCES Hinze, undated. Breeding the Peking Robin, < http://www.birds2grow.com/art-pekinrobin.html> Downloaded on 21 January 2004 Honolulu Zoo, 2004, < http://www.honoluluzoo.org/red-billed_leiothrix.htm> Downloaded on 21 January 2004 IUCN Species Survival Commission and TRAFFIC Network (1997) IUCN Analyses of Proposals to amend the CITES Appendices. Prepared by the IUCN Species Survival Commission and the TRAFFIC Network for the Tenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to CITES. IUCN, Gland.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 155

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Leiothrix lutea

Exporter Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 China Bodies 000008 China Live 25860 64172 85788 12618 0 0 Hong Kong, Province of Live China 15080 1000 0 0 0 0 Malaysia Live 1800 130 0 0 0 0

COMMENT Minimal trade since 2001 and a fairly common species in China where trade was high in the past. Therefore not recommended for review.

21. Paroaria capitata

FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Yellow-billed Cardinal (English); Paroare à bec jaune (French); Paroare cardinal à bec jaune (French); Cardenal cabecirrojo (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Low altitudes in humid scrub, brush, thickets, and shrubbery, generally by water, including marshes, flooded grasslands, along shores of lakes and rivers, and edges of forests, open fields and woodlands (Ross Park Zoo online, 2004; Sibley and Munroe, 1990). Common in the matogrossense pantanal (Ridgely and Tudor, 1989 in Centro De Estudos Ornitológicos, Estudo E Preservação Das Aves, São Paulo, 2002). Considered abundant in the Mato Grosso Pantanal (Sick, 1993).

Argentina (br): Bolivia (br): From Weeds Grosso in the West to the south Mato Grosso Brazil (br): Probably extinct around São Paulo (Aves ameaçadas de extinção em São Paulo, 1998) Paraguay (br): United States (br): They have been introduced into Hawaii. Uruguay ? :

The main threat to the species is excessive capture for pets.

REFERENCES Aves ameaçadas de extinção em São Paulo: Lista das aves ameaçadas de extinção e as provavelmente ameaçadas de extinção do Estado de São Paulo (Decreto 42.838, de 04 de fevereiro de 1998), 2004, http://www.aultimaarcadenoe.com/ameacasp.htm Downloaded on 20 January 2004 Centro De Estudos Ornitológicos, Estudo E Preservação Das Aves, São Paulo, 2002 http://www.ib.usp.br/ceo/ameac/amparcap.htm Downloaded on 20 January 2004 Sibley, C. G. and Munroe, B. L. 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World, Yale University Press, New Haven and London Sick, H. 1993. Birds in Brazil. Princeton University Press. -Princeton, USA Ross Park Zoo online. 2004. http://www.rossparkzoo.com/virtualtour/rainforest_aviary/cardinal/ Downloaded on 20 January 2004

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Paroaria capitata

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Argentina bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Paraguay bodies 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Paraguay live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 275 1648 1379 1391 Paraguay skins 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 156

Export Quotas for Paroaria capitata for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Paraguay live 1500 1644 2000

COMMENT No population information for Paraguay but there have been high trade levels and a lack of quota in the past. However, Paraguay has imposed a moratorium on export of wildlife, therefore not recommended for review.

22. Paroaria coronata

FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Red-crested Cardinal (English); Cardinal gris (French); Paroare huppé (French); Cardenal copetón (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Inhabits lowlands to 500 meters of southeastern South America (Smithsonian National Zoological Park, 2004). Lives in open areas, with tall vegetation. In general it accepts temperature changes very well as well as the rigors of winter (Ind. e Com. de Alimentos Desidratados Alcon Ltda, 2004). Also prefers a riparian (stream-side) habitat. Common in marshes, shrubby lake and stream banks and along the edge of forest streams (Sibley and Munroe, 1990). They especially like areas where there are partially submerged sticks and dead bushes that protrude or where bare shoreline is exposed. These partially submerged sticks give emergent insect larvae and place to climb out of the water to do their adult molt. Since paorarias feed aquatic insect larvae to their chicks, this would be an important aspect of their habitat (The Chaffee Zoo, 2004). Red headed cardinals have been found to do well in a captive situation. They are quite adaptable to a variety of surroundings. They are closely akin to American cardinals and grosbeaks, which are also found in a variety of habitats (The Chaffee Zoo, 2004).

Appears to compete with P. capitata in the southwestern Mato Grosso Pantanal as numbers of pairs here are reduced in contrast with abundant P. capitata (Sick, 1993).

Argentina (br): Bolivia (br): Brazil (br): Occurrence reported (Sick, 1993) Paraguay (br): United States (br): Introduced to Hawaii Uruguay (br): Venezuela (int): Occurrence reported (Sick, 1993)

REFERENCES Ind. e Com. de Alimentos Desidratados Alcon Ltda, 2004, Downloaded on 20 January 2004 Sibley, C. G. and Munroe, B. L. 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World, Yale University Press, New Haven and London Sick, H. 1993. Birds in Brazil. Princeton University Press. -Princeton, USA Smithsonian National Zoological Park, 2004, Downloaded on 20 January 2004 The Chaffee Zoo, 2004, Downloaded on 20 January 2004

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 157

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Paroaria coronata

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Argentina bodies 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 Paraguay bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 Argentina live 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Paraguay live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1485 1669 2881 1930 Paraguay skins 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Uruguay skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0

Export Quotas for Paroaria coronata for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Paraguay live 1500 1640 4000

COMMENT There appears to be little information on population levels. Trade is low with the exception of Paraguay but Paraguay has imposed a moratorium on export of wildlife therefore not recommended for review at this time.

23. Gracula religiosa

FAMILY STURNIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Common Hill Myna (English); Hill Myna or mynah (English) Mainate religieux (French); Merles des Indes (French) Miná de la India (Spanish); Miná religioso (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

‘Very little information on population status and trends is provided in the supporting statement, however, G. religiosa has generally been reported as common within its range, e.g. in Lao PDR, Borneo and Palawan, widespread in Myanmar and locally common in Thailand and Sumatra (Dickinson et al.,1991; MacKinnon and Phillips, 1993; Round, 1998; Smythies, 1981, 1986; Thewlis et al., 1996; van Marle and Voous, 1988) but uncommon in China (Cheng, 1987), despite a statement in the supporting statement that it is common there. In terms of population trend, G. religiosa remains common in parts of India, e.g. Arunachal Pradesh (Singh, 1995) and the south-west (Gaston and Zacharias, 1993), in Lao PDR (Thewlis et al.. 1996), and in some protected areas in Borneo and Sumatra (various publications), but it is declining or rare on Flores and Sumbawa, declining in the Philippines and at risk in Thailand, all due to the effects of trade (Round, 1988; Butchart et al., 1996). Indeed, Holmes (1997) considers it now rare throughout Indonesia. There are no formal population estimates or estimates of rates of decline. Threats include trade and habitat declines, the latter considered of considerable importance, but very poorly documented and little emphasised by the supporting statement.’ (IUCN SSC and TRAFFIC Network 1997)

‘Uncommon to locally fairly common resident [in South-East Asia].’ (Robson 2000) Reported as common within its range (IUCN analysis 1997, CC97/339, p. 141-143). However, Bertram, 1970 (in Feare and Craig, 1998), reports that they are rarely abundant, except temporarily in roaming flocks.

Bangladesh (br): ‘local’ (Grimmett et al. 1998) Bhutan (br): ‘fairly common’ (Grimmett et al. 1998) Brunei (br): Cambodia (br): China (br): Uncommon (Cheng 1987). Considered very rare now due to overhunting for cage birds (China Red Data Book, Aves, 1998). Christmas Island (int, br): India (br): ‘locally fairly common; from base of hills locally to 2000 m in Himalayas, mainly in lower foothills, from plains up to 1700 m in Western Ghats.’ (Grimmett et al. 1998). Export banned since 1972. In northeastern India, the HIll myna used to be caught for food. In fact, curried myna was a favorite among the people there (Feare, 1999).

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 158

Indonesia (br): Bali, Jawa, Kalimantan, Lesser Sunda Is, Sumatra. Now rare throughout (D. A. Holmes in litt. to IUCN SSC, 1997) Now very rare in Java and Bali; rare throughout Indonesia (Holmes, 1997, in IUCN analysis of COP10 proposal). Laos (br): ‘Resident, north, centre, south. Wide habitat range: scarce in closed-canopy forest, treeless areas, heavily settled areas and above 600 m; recorded locally to 1000 m. Records prior to 1997 were reviewed by Thewlis et al. (1998), and the species was dropped from the list of key species. Although there is evedence of local declines, the species remains widespread and was recorded from almost all recent survey areas. The species’ conservation status should be reconsidered at regular intervals. Nestlings are captured for use as pets (Baird 1993, Salter 1993a, Thewlis et al. 1998), of which some are kept locally and some traded to Thailand and Vietnam. Trade to Thailand reportedly involves at least 50 birds per year and that to Vietnam may be of the same order of magnitude (Baird 1993).’ (Duckworth et al. 1999) Malaysia (br): (Peninsular Malaysia): Common (Strange and Jeyarajasingam 1993) Malaysia (br): (Sabah and Sarawak): ‘A common resident throughout the lowlands of Borneo, south-west to Kendawangan and south-east to P. Laut.’ Protected in both states. (Smythies and Davison 1999) Myanmar (br): Nepal (br): ‘Frequent in the centre and east, rare in the west, mainly below 455 m.’ (Grimmett et al. 1998) Philippines (br): (Palawan): ‘Common..’ (Dickinson et al. 1991) Population declining due to collection and trade and habitat destruction. (COP10 Proposal, 1997). Puerto Rico (br) (int): Singapore (br): Sri Lanka (br): ‘lower hills of wet and dry zones and S lowlands; frequent at middle altitudes; infrequent elsewhere’ (Grimmett et al. 1998) Thailand (br): ‘Uncommon to fairly common resident, much reduced by capture and habitat loss.’ (Boonsong and Round 1991). Populations have declined markedly in Thailand and Lesser Sundas owing to excessive capture for the captive bird trade (Coates and Bishop, 1997). Vietnam (br): No available information on population size, however, since the area of natural forest within its range seems to be declining then the overall population may also be in decline.

Hill mynahs’ prefered habitat is hill forest from about 1000 feet up to 5000 feet and more, but because of deforestation, they now reside at sea level in lowland forests (Butterfield, 2003, Feare, 1999). They prefer areas of high rainfall and humidity and spend most of their lives in trees, inhabiting dense jungle forests (Sims, 1998). Common in the forest edge, clearings or thinned areas, and cultivated areas such as tea and coffee plantations where there are lots of large flowering shade trees, and mangroves. (Butterfield, 2003, Feare, 1999).

Its ability to mimic human speech, bird-calls, and a wide variety of other sounds has made this bird more demanded than the parrot (Orenstein, 1997). This demand has led to the creation of industries that harvest and prepare juveniles for the pet trade (Sims, 1998).

Very heavily traded species. While some of these birds are traded legally many are not. Surevys carried out by TRAFFIC in North Sumatra found that the birds traded there are largely from Vietnam (via Malaysia) as illegal trapping and trade has apparently reduced local populations. The subspecies, G. r. robusta, endemic to the Nias islands off the west coast of Sumatra, has been illegally captured fro trade to the point where it is now considered to be extremely rare by locals and bird dealers in North Sumatra. Many of these are, according to dealers, sold to dealersi Malaysia and Singapore (Chris Sheppard, TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, pers. Comm.)

REFERENCES CC97/113, Netherlands proposal to COP10 to include species in Appendix II, 1997. CC97/339, Analyses of IUCN/SSC of proposals for COP11, 1997, page 141-143. CC99/151, China Red Data Book, Aves, 1998. Bertram, B. 1970. The vocal behavior of the Indian Hill Myna, Gracula religiosa.. Animal Behavior 3 :79-192. Boonsong Lekagul and Round, P. D. 1991. A guide to the birds of Thailand. Butterfield 2003. Mynahbird.com, Hill Mynahs, http://www.mynahbird.com/articles/mynahs/hills/hills.html Downloaded on 20 January 2004 Cheng Tso-hsin 1987. Synopsis of the avifauna of China. Science Press, Beijing. Churmann, C. L. 2000. Note on the import of 1400 live Gracula religiosa, Hill Myna from Vietnam. Coates, B.J. and Bishop K.D.1997. A Guide to the Birds of Wallacea; Sulawesi, The Moluccas and Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. Dove Publications, Alderley, Australia. Dickinson, E. C., Kennedy, R. S. and Parkes, K. C. 1991. The birds of the Philippines: an annotated check-list. Tring: BOU. Duckworth, J. W., Salter, R. E. and Khounboline, K. (compilers) 1999. Wildlife in Lao PDR: 1999 status report. Vientiane: IUCN/WCS/CPAWM. Feare, Chris and Adrian Craig. 1999. Starlings and Mynas. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C. and Inskipp, T. 1998. Birds of the Indian subcontinent. Christopher Helm, London. IUCN Species Survival Commission and TRAFFIC Network 1997. IUCN Analyses of Proposals to amend the CITES Appendices. Prepared by the IUCN Species Survival Commission and the TRAFFIC Network for the Tenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to CITES. IUCN, Gland. Mackinnon, J. and Phillips, K. 1993. A Field Guide to the Birds of Borneo, Sumatra, Java and Bali, Oxford University Press, Oxford Orenstein, Ronald. 1997. Songbirds: Celebrating Nature's Voices. Sierra Club Books, San Francisco. Robson, C. 2000. A field guide to the birds of South-East Asia. Sims. 1998. Ramphastos toco In: Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Downloaded on 19 January 2004

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 159

Smythies, B. E. and Davison, G. W. H. 1999. The birds of Borneo. Fourth edition. Strange, M. and Jeyarajasingam, A. 1993. Birds: a photographic guide to the birds of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Sun Tree Publishing, Singapore.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Gracula religiosa

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Malaysia bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 Bahrain live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 China live 0 0 0 0 0 1547 560 5 0 0 0 France live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Indonesia live 0 0 0 0 0 107 171 193 95 161 0 Myanmar live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 Malaysia live 0 0 0 0 0 1058 6060 3889 6203 9113 3794 Pakistan live 0 0 0 0 0 100 375 150 50 0 4 Singapore live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 Viet Nam live 0 0 0 0 0 150 8611 13295 19475 0 0

Export Quotas for Gracula religiosa for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Indonesia live 180 190 175 135 135 Malaysia live 3000 (Peninsular Malaysia only)

COMMENT Relatively high trade from Myanmar, Malaysia and Vietnam. There appears to be considerable internal trade as well as illegal international trade. For Malaysia trade is above the quota. Although cited as common in Malaysia and not immediately threatened by habitat destruction, information on the status of the population does not appear to be available.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 160

Annex C

REVIEW OF SIGNIFICANT TRADE

ANALYSIS OF TRADE TRENDS WITH NOTES ON THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF SELECTED SPECIES

ANNEX C: REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS

Prepared for the

CITES Animals Committee, CITES Secretariat

by the

United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre

JANUARY 2004

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 161

Table of Contents

1. Callagur borneoensis...... 163 2. Geochelone denticulata...... 164 3. Geochelone sulcata ...... 165 4. Indotestudo elongata ...... 167 5. Indotestudo forstenii ...... 168 6. Manouria emys ...... 169 7. Testudo horsfieldii...... 170 8. Phelsuma comorensis ...... 172 9. Phelsuma dubia...... 173 10. Phelsuma v-nigra...... 173 11. Uromastyx spp...... 174 12. Bradypodion xenorhinum ...... 178 13. Chamaeleo bitaeniatus...... 179 14. Chamaeleo calyptratus ...... 180 15. Chamaeleo cristatus ...... 181 16. Chamaeleo hoehnelii ...... 182 17. Furcifer cephalolepis...... 182 18. Cordylus vittifer...... 183

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 162

1. Callagur borneoensis

REPTILIA: EMYDIDAE

COMMON NAME(S): Painted Batagur (English); Painted Terrapin (English); Émyde peinte de Bornéo (French); Galápago pintado (French)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS CR - A1bcd (Asian Turtle Trade Working Group 2000a)

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Brunei Darussalam ?: Indonesia : Kalimantan, Sumatra: Locally wide spread to rare in Sumatra and Borneo (Kalimantan). Rapidly declining. (Honeggar, 1998). Malaysia : Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak: The following population estimates have been made for this species: 178 individuals in Terengganu, Malaysia in 1985, 585 in 1990 and 405 in 1995. 160 individuals at Paka-Kerteh, Terengganu, Malaysia in 1990 and 108 in 1995. (Asian Turtle Trade Working Group, 2000a). Individual nesting populations are in general extremely small. Seriously threatened with extinction (Honeggar, 1998). This species is widely distributed, but few large population remain. It is now rarely seen on many rivers where it was once common. On the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia the largest known breeding population is on the Setiu-Chalok and Paka river systems in Terengganu. On the west coast, the largest population exist in Sg. Linggi bordering Negeri Sembilan and Melaka. (WWF Malaysia 2001). Thailand: Listed as Critically Endangered in Thailand (OEPP 1997). Only one population left (Honeggar, 1998).

By destroying nesting beaches, sand mining has become one of the most serious factors threatening the survival of tropical Asian turtles. Removal of sand from beaches along Asian rivers to supply construction projects, involving the use of large earth moving equipment, has accelerated over the past two decades. Many rivers are becoming devoid of nesting sites for such sand-nesting chelonians as Batagur baska, Callagur borneoensis, Kachuga spp., Chitra indica, and Pelochelys cantorii. Upriver dams exacerbate the problem by preventing replacement sand from coming downriver while increasing erosion by periodic and unseasonable elevation of water levels. The Kedah River in Malaysia is cited as a case history, exemplifying how the combined effects of sand mining and dams can destroy riverine chelonian populations. Establishment of refuges and zoning of sand mining activities are recommended actions. (Moll, 1997)

A recurring pattern is for collection and export operations to become established at a particular location, collecting turtles through an extensive network of trappers, hunters and middlemen. Collection efforts and capture and export volumes increase rapidly, reach a peak and then decline as accessible populations become depleted and collectors need to venture into new, more distant areas. There is also a corresponding decline in the average size of animals that are traded. Such ‘boom-and-bust’ cycles at particular locations were noted for species such as Callagur borneoensis, Indotestudo forstenii, Manouria emys and Cuora amboinensis in Indonesia. (Asian Turtle Trade Working Group, 2000b).

REFERENCES Asian Turtle Trade Working Group 2000a. Callagur borneoensis. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 19 January 2004. Asian Turtle Trade Working Group 2000b. Conclusions from the Workshop on Trade in Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles in Asia, Dec 1-4, 1999, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. < http://www.traffic.org/turtles> Embl Reptile Database. 2003. http://www.emblheidelberg.de/~uetz/families/Bataguridae.html Downloaded on 21 January 2004 Honeggar, R.E. 1998. CITES Identification Manual Vol. 3. Callagur borneoensis. Submitted by the Management Authority of Switzerland. CITES Secretariat, Geneva. Moll, E. O. 1997. Effects of habitat alteration on river turtles of tropical Asia with emphasis on sand mining and dams. In: J. Van Abbema (ed.), Proceedings: Conservation, Restoration, and Management of Tortoises and Turtles—An International Conference, pp. 37–41. July 1993, State University of New York, Purchase. New York Turtle and Tortoise Society, New York. (http://nytts.org/proceedings/e-moll.htm) OEPP (Office of Environment Policy and Planning). 1997. Proceedings of the Conference on the Status of Biological Resources in Thailand, 29-30 May 1996. Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Bangkok, [in Thai]. WWF Malaysia. 2001. Ma’Daerah Turtle Sanctuary Terrapin Factsheet http://www.wwfmalaysia.org/madaerah/turtles/paintedterrapin.htm#top Downloaded on 21 January 2004

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of live Callagur borneoensis

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Indonesia 0 0 0 00 2 0 245 150 150 18 Malaysia 0 0 0 00 0 47 274 7944 6465 428 Thailand 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 163

Export Quotas for Callagur borneoensis for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Indonesia live 450 180 180

COMMENT Recommended for review. This species is a critically endangered and reported exports total over 15000 live specimens since 1997.

2. Geochelone denticulata

REPTILIA: TESTUDINIDAE

COMMON NAME(S): Brazilian Giant Tortoise (English); Forest Tortoise (English); Tortue de l'Amérique du Sud (French); Morrocoy; Motelo (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS: VU - A1cd+2cd (Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group 1996).

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Bolivia: Brazil: Colombia: Dominica (introduced): Occurs here (Corke, 1992) Ecuador: Occurs here (Miyata, 1982) French Guiana: Guyana: Peru: Occurs here (Rodriguez et al., 1984) Suriname: Trinidad and Tobago: Venezuela: Occurs here (Rodriguez et al., 1999)

G. denticulata is found throughout Amazonia and in Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador, Guianas, Peru and Venezuela. Both species present some individual and geographic variation, but there are no recognized subspecies. It is generally restricted to higher sections of the lowlands but may be found up to 800 m. It is restricted to the moist tropical forest, often in the vicinity of water. The ecological and geographical ranges of both species overlap in some regions. 21/km2 for G. denticulata in one area of the Roraima Territory in Brazil. Over one-third of the vertebrates rescued in the flooding of the Guri dam in Venezuela were tortoises. They are now far scarcer in most areas, no doubt due to frequent capture. Both campesinos and Indians capture these slow-moving easily caught tortoises wherever they find them. Sometimes they use dogs, but other, more destructive - and unfortunately ingrained - techniques involve burning dry- season vegetation to facilitate capture. They are in great demand in southern Venezuela for traditional Holy Week dishes, spurring capture for trade in January and February. The importance of this species in rural diets is spurring the exploitation of wild populations. As harvesting advances, it is now suspected that these slow-growing tortoises, requiring several years to reach sexual maturity and of low reproductive capacity, are gradually dwindling in numbers. (Ojasti 1996)

REFERENCES Corke, D. 1992. The status and conservation needs of the terrestrial herpetofauna of the Windward Islands (West Indies). Biological Conservation, Volume 62, Pages 47-58. Miyata, K. 1982 A check list of the amphibians and reptiles of Ecuador (with a bibliography of Ecuadorian herpetology). Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service. Number 54. Ojasti, J. 1996. Wildlife Utilization in Latin America: Current Situation and Prospects for Sustainable Management. (FAO Conservation Guide - 25), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – FAO, Rome Downloaded on 22 January 2004 Rodriguez Bayona, L. O. and Rylander, M. K. 1984. Notes on the biology of the tortoise Geochelone denticulata L. in Peru. Amphibia-Reptilia, Volume 5, Pages 323-327 Rodríguez, J. P. and Rojas-Suárez, F. 1999. Libro rojo de la fauna Venezolana. 2da edicíon. PROVITA. -Caracas (Venezuela) Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group 1996. Geochelone denticulata. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 19 January 2004. UNEP 1987. Minimum Conflict: Guidelines for Planning the Use of American Humid Tropic Environments Government Of Peru Organization Of American States, United Nations Environment Programme ,Executive Secretariat For Economic And Social Affairs Department Of Regional DevelopmentWashington, D.C. Downloaded on 22 January 2004.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 164

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Geochelone denticulata

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Brazil Live 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Colombia Live 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Guyana Live 751 199 0 266 470 451 177 674 530 467 407 Indonesia Live 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands Live Antilles 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Peru Carapaces 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 Peru Live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 1 0 6 Peru skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 Suriname Live 116 237 660 630 505 589 560 455 378 365 415 Trinidad and Live Tobago 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0

Export Quotas for Geochelone denticulata for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Guyana live 704 704 704 704 704 704 Suriname live 760 692 692 692 692 703

COMMENT Not recommended for review. Trade appears relatively stable and within quota limits set by the two main exporting countries.

3. Geochelone sulcata

REPTILIA: TESTUDINIDAE

COMMON NAME(S): African Spurred Tortoise (English); Grooved Tortoise (English); Tortue sillonnée (French); Tortuga con púas (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS VU A1cd (Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group 1996).

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Chad: The population has plunged because of the war in Chad. There are tortoises in the uninhabited regions near the border with Niger and to the east of Nguigmi (Brahimi, personal communication to Lambert). (CITES, 2000) Egypt: Eritrea: Presence in the north and west. One specimen was recently gathered near Asmara; also sighted at Barentu (Dewhurst, personal communication to Lambert). (CITES, 2000) Ethiopia: Little data, but scarce Sahel environment. Specimens were recently seen 10 kilometres south of the entrance to the Parc National Awash (8° 55' N, 40° 6' E) (Blashford-Snell and Goll, personal communication to Lambert). (CITES, 2000) Mali: There are several hundreds in the loop of the Niger and in Dogon country. Others have been observed near Mpoti and Gao. They are also found at Douentza, Madougou, Mondoro, Soum (mare) and Dounapen, along the border with Burkina Faso (Diakité, personal communication to Lambert). (CITES, 2000) Mauritania: According to a recent survey by Arvy (1997), distribution is now limited to the south-western part of the country in the provinces of Assâba, Brakna, Gorgol, Guidimaka, Trarza and also in western Hodh (Lambert 1996). There is a good density of tortoises in the Parc du Diawling. (CITES, 2000) Niger ?: The Sahel environment is reduced. There are reports of several tortoises. However, there is a good density in the Parc du W (Moore 1997), 6000 specimens according to recent reports by loggers in Niger (Diagne, personal communication). (CITES, 2000) Nigeria: No recent information. Often reported as absent from Nigeria by authors. There is an unconfirmed report from a station near the Niger by Iverson (1992). (CITES, 2000) Senegal: Occurs here Diagne, T. 1996. Etude et conservation de Geochelone sulcata au Sénégal. Pp. 110-111 in B. Devaux (ed.) Proceedings - International Congress of Chelonian Conservation. Gonfaron, France. Editions SOPTOM.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 165

Somalia ?: Sudan: There are probably well-established populations in western Sudan in the Kordofan (Gasperetti et al. 1993). This species was reported by Iverson (1992) near Wadi Halfa in the extreme northern part of Sudan near the border with Egypt, but there are no reports of sightings in the extreme southern part of the country. (CITES, 2000)

Many populations of G. sulcata are rapidly disappearing, especially in Mali, Chad, Niger, and Ethiopia. In Senegal there are still limited populations in the north and north-east, but there is a lot of overgrazing and desertification here too that is wiping this tortoise out. (Harrold, 2000).

From Mauritania and Senegal to Sudan, Eritrea and Ethiopia, this species is found in a band 500 kilometres wide between the isohyets of 200 and 800 mm; between 12° and 18° north latitude. The band descends to 4° north latitude in the Sudan and rises to 20° north latitude in Mali. The northern limit of its distribution is the Sahara Desert; the southern limit being less defined because this species is found in the Parc du W in Niger, where the climate is more humid. Its presence in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, where it was probably introduced, is not confirmed. (CITES, 2000)

According to recent estimates, the total possible population of this species is probably between 18,000 and 20,000 specimens, distributed as follows: Mauritania, 3000, of which 1000 in the Parc du Diawling; Senegal, 2000; Mali, 1000; Burkina Faso, 50; Niger, 6000, almost all of which are in the Parc du W; Chad, 700; Central African Republic, 2000; Sudan, 4000, perhaps more; Eritrea, 500 (Devaux et al.). The largest populations are in Mauritania, southwestern Niger in the Parc du W, Sudan and north of the Central African Republic. Geochelone sulcata is a good-luck charm. There are probably several thousand African spurred tortoises in captivity in the area of distribution of the species, especially in Senegal, both in private possession and in the possession of zoos. (CITES, 2000)

REFERENCES Caspary, H.-U., Mertens, A. D. and Niagaté, B. 1998. Possibilités d'une exploitation durable des ressources fauniques dans la Réserve de Faune du Bafing, Mali. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit. -Eschborn Pages 130. ISBN 3-933984-01-7.IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.redlist.org. CITES Secretariat. 2000. Consideration Of Proposals For Amendment Of Appendices I And II, Proposal 11-38, proponent - France Diagne, T. 1996. Etude et conservation de Geochelone sulcata au Sénégal. Pp. 110-111 in B. Devaux (ed.) Proceedings - International Congress of Chelonian Conservation. Gonfaron, France. Editions SOPTOM. Harrold, A. 2000. Geochelone sulcata In: Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/geochelone/g._sulcata$narrative.html Downloaded on 22 January 2004 Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group 1996. Geochelone denticulata. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 19 January 2004.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Geochelone sulcata

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Cameroon live 0 0 0 184 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 Egypt live 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ghana live 0 0 110 880 671 10 117 10 0 10 100 Guinea live 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 5 0 Indonesia live 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Mali live 0 0 0 1973 1569 720 1003 524 214 0 200 Mozambique live 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 Niger live 0 0 38 0 32 0 0 1 0 0 0 Nigeria live 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal carapace 5 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Senegal live 23 20 0 6 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 South Africa live 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sudan live 597 74 418 602 561 0 5 92 12 0 0 Tanzania shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Togo live 147 234 144 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 United Arab live Emirates 12 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Zambia live 0 0 0 200 0 320 0 0 0 0 0

COMMENT Not recommended for review. Trade in wild specimens has decreased in recent years and exports of captive-bred specimens from El Salvador have been increasing.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 166

4. Indotestudo elongata

REPTILIA: TESTUDINIDAE

COMMON NAME(S): Elongated Tortoise (English); Pineapple Tortoise (English); Tortue à tête jaune (French)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS EN A1cd+2cd (Asian Turtle Working Group, 2000)

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Bangladesh: rare and under continuing pressure from human exploitation (Das, 1989, as cited in Das, 1991) Also cited as common (Moll, 1989). (Turtle Survival Alliance, 2003) Cambodia: Much of the trade through Vietnam comes from Cambodia, where Indotestudo elongata is still harvested in great numbers from the wild. (Turtle Survival Alliance, 2003) China: Guangxi: Endangered (The China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals (Ermi, 1998). (Turtle Survival Alliance, 2003) India: considered rare in the northcentral and northeastern parts of its range (Moll, 1989 and Das,1988 as cited in Das, 1991). Export prohibited (Thidaker and Sharma, 1985). (Turtle Survival Alliance, 2003) Lao People's Democratic Republic: Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia: considered scarce, but no recent reports (Moll 1989). (Turtle Survival Alliance, 2003) Myanmar : considered scarce, but no recent reports (Moll 1989). (Turtle Survival Alliance, 2003) Nepal: apparently consumed locally in Chitwan area (Dinerstein et al, 1988, as cited in Das, 1991). Considered common in Sal forests (Moll, 1989). (Turtle Survival Alliance, 2003) Thailand: considered scarce, but no recent reports (Moll 1989). (Turtle Survival Alliance, 2003) Viet Nam: intensively harvested in Central Highlands and is rare (Platt, 1999). 3, One of the most common species in illegal trade. (Turtle Survival Alliance, 2003)

The species has a huge range in Asia and is found from Nepal to Malaysia. There has been no attempt to break this species down into area “types” though it must be kept in mind that as they are found over such a large range that the requirements may vary from tortoise to tortoise as to habitat preferences. The Elongated tortoise is commonly found in the Asian food markets and as a result of this is under dire pressures in its entire range. It is the most common tortoise shipped to the Chinese food markets from Vietnam. Indotestudo elongata is primarily a damp forest species though it can be found in dry areas as well. It is a crepuscular tortoise, becoming active in the twilight hours before dawn or after sunset. Its large eyes are well adapted to low light levels. (Senneke,2003)

“Indotestudo elongata is perhaps the most common trade species in Vietnam and it appears in most sizeable shipments to China. An abundance of this species at markets in Hong Kong was also described by Lau et al. (1995). Wenjun et al. (1996) observed Indotestudo elongata and Manouria impressa "in large quantities" at markets in Guangdong and Guangxi between 1990 and 1994. The species is nationally protected in Myanmar, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Vietnam and Thailand; China: capture permit needed” (CITES , 2000).

REFERENCES Asian Turtle Trade Working Group 2000. Indotestudo elongata. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 28 January 2004. CITES, 2000. Eleventh Meeting Of The Conference Of The Parties: Interpretation And Implementation Of The Convention: Trade In Freshwater Turtles And Tortoises To And In Southeast Asia. Submitted by prepared and submitted by Germany and the United States of America. Downloaded on 22 January 2004 Hendrie, D. 1999, Trade Action Report for Traffic, Ninh Binh Seizure http://nytts.org/vietnam/ninhbinh.pdf Downloaded on 22 January 2004 Hendrie, D. 2000, Compiled Notes on the Wildlife Trade in Vietnam ,January - May 30, 2000, Report to Traffic S E Asia, < http://www2.gol.com/users/chapa/cphomepage/vietwltrade.html> Downloaded on 22 January 2004 Senneke. D. 2003 Indotestudo elongata - The Elongated Tortoise In: World Chelonian Trust care sheets http://www.chelonia.org/Articles/elongatacare.htm Downloaded on 22 January 2004 Turtle Survival Alliance 2003. Indotestudo elongata Taxon Management Plan http://www.turtlesurvival.org/I_elongata_Taxon_Management_Plan_up.pdf Downloaded on 22 January 2004

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Indotestudo elongata

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Bangladesh live (kg) 280000 721010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cambodia shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 China live 0 0 0 300 1900 1340 650 400 0 4 0 Indonesia live 0 150 50 0 0 0 227 29 0 0 2

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 167

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Laos live (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6000 0 Malaysia live 928 3202 1244 469 552 760 981 852 530 550 600 Viet Nam bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 Viet Nam live 0 0 0 0 0 150 2 0 0 0 0

Export Quotas for Indotestudo elongata for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Malaysia live 1000 1000 500 500 Malaysia live (Note: applies to Peninsular 500 Malaysia only)

COMMENT Recommended for review. Reports from Malaysia suggest that the species is scarce, quotas may have been exceeded by a small amount, and status is unknown in Laos.

5. Indotestudo forstenii

REPTILIA: TESTUDINIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Celebes Tortoise (English); Forsten's Tortoise (English); Tortue de Tranvancore (French); Tortue des Celèbes (French); Tortuga marrón de la India (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS EN A1cd+2cd (Asian Turtle Working Group, 2000) This assessment refers to the Sulawesi population only. The Indian population is threatened separately as I. travancorica. Indonesia has an annual export quota of 450 for the Sulawesi population (S. Platt, pers. comm.). Animals occur in substantial numbers in both the food and pet trade (Asian Turtle Trade Working Group, 2000).

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

This is a terrestrial species. The major threats are harvesting for food and for cultural/scientific/leisure activities. In both cases, regional/international trade is ongoing (Asian Turtle Trade Working Group, 2000).

India: Occurrence noted (Das, 1985) Indonesia: Sulawesi: Occurrence noted (Plat et al. 2001)

“There is also a corresponding decline in the average size of animals that are traded. Such 'boom-and-bust' cycles at particular locations were noted for species such as Callagur borneoensis, Indotestudo forstenii, Manouria emys and Cuora amboinensis in Indonesia and Morenia petersi, Geoclemys hamiltonii, Hardella thurjii and Indotestudo elongata in Bangladesh.” (Asian Turtle Trade Working Group 1999). There are potential difficulties Differentiating Indotestudo forstenii from Indotestudo elongata (Tabaka, 2003)

A status report notes that the status and distribution of the Travencore tortoise, Indotestudo forstenii based on a field survey conducted in the Western Ghats of Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu between 21 October and 30 December 1991, identified stronghold of the several causes for its decline. Paper also describes tortoise habitat morphometry utilization and conservative problems. (Bhupathy and Choudhury, 1995) “Significant range extensions were recorded for several endangered species such as Aspideretes hurum, Chitra indica, Cyclemys dentata, Melanochelys tricarinata, Geoemyda silvatica, and Indotestudo forstenii.” (Choudhury, et al. 1997; Sharath, 1998).

REFERENCES Asian Turtle Trade Working Group 1999. Conclusions from the Workshop on Trade in Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles in Asia, Report from the Workshop held 1–4 December 1999, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, < http://nytts.org/asia/trade-ws.pdf> Downloaded on 22 January 2004 Asian Turtle Trade Working Group 2000. Indotestudo forstenii. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.redlist.org. Bhupathy, S. and Choudhury, B. C. 1995 Status Distribution And Conservation Of The Travancore Tortoise, Indotestudo Forstenii In Western Ghats, J Bombay Natl Hist Soc, 94(1),16-21 Choudhury, B. C., S. Bhupathy, and E. O. Moll. 1997. Conservation and management of freshwater turtles and land tortoises in India (executive summary). In: J. Van Abbema (ed.), Proceedings: Conservation, Restoration, and Management of Tortoises and Turtles—An International Conference, New York, p. 301. July 1993, State University of New York, Purchase. New York Turtle and Tortoise Society < http://nytts.org/proceedings/choud.htm> Downloaded on 22 January 2004 Das, I. 1985. Indian turtles: a field guide. World Wildlife Fund-India (Eastern Region). Tabaka, C. 2003. Differentiating Indotestudo forstenii from Indotestudo elongata, World Chelonian Trust < http://www.chelonia.org/Articles/diffIforselong.htm> Downloaded on 22 January 2004

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 168

Platt, S. G., Lee, R. W., and Klemens M.W. 2001. Notes on the distribution, life history, and exploitation of turtles in Sulawesi, Indonesia, with emphasis on Indotestudo forstenii and Leucocephalon yuwonoi. Chelonian Conservation and Biology - International Journal of Turtle and Tortoise Research vol 4(1) pp: 154 Sharath, B. K. 1998. Range Extension Of The Travancore Tortoise (Indotestudo forstenii) And The Cane Turtle (Geoemyda Silvatica) Reptilia: Testudines: Testudinidae & Emydidae, Along The Western Ghats Of South India - A Report http://www.deancloseprep.gloucs.sch.uk/chelonia/testudo/articles/sharath.htm Downloaded on 22 January 2004

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Indotestudo forstenii

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Indonesia Bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 Indonesia Carapace 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 Indonesia Live 23 727 232 8 1172 1172 457 443 416 444 136

Export Quotas for Indotestudo forstenii for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Indonesia live 900 475 450 450 450 400

COMMENT Not recommended for review. Trade levels from Indonesia have stabalised since 1997 and have remained under quota

6. Manouria emys

REPTILIA: TESTUDINIDAE

COMMON NAME(S): Asian Giant Tortoise (English); Asian Tortoise (English); Tortue brune (French)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS EN A1cd+2cd (Asian Turtle Working Group, 2000)

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Bangladesh: Brunei Darussalam ?: China: India; Assam: Occurrence noted (Uetz, 2001) Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra: Occurrence noted (Samedi et al., 2000) Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak: Occurrence noted (Norsham et al., 2000; Lambert et al., 1994) Myanmar: Thailand:

The species ranges from northeastern India, south and east to southern China, Myanmar, Thailand, Indo-China, Malaysia, and the islands of Sumatra and Borneo. The species is restricted to tropical forests in the highlands (presumably because populations from the lowlands have already been eaten by humans or disappeared due to habitat loss), and although a true tortoise, spends a lot of time in water. Although largely herbivorous, insects and frogs are also reported as eaten. Unusual among turtles and tortoises is its nest-construction and nest-guarding behaviour. (Das and Ismail, 2002)

Much of the range of this chelonian is in upland parts of Asia in temperate, moist forest habitats that come under the influence of monsoon rains. During the warmer parts of the day these tortoises prefer to soak in pools or to remain in the shade, out of the sun's rays. During the 20th century these tortoises have been recorded from Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Thailand. Their status varies from country to country. Because of their heavy exploitation by humans, they are now a species of special concern. One bright note, as far as conservation, is that in parts of Malaysia they may occasionally be found in turtle temples. (McKeown, 1990)

REFERENCES Asian Turtle Trade Working Group 2000. Indotestudo forstenii. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.redlist.org. Das I. and Ismail G. 2002. Asian Brown Tortoise (Manouria emys)In: Corcodiles and Turtles of Borneo, Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. < http://www.arbec.com.my/crocodilesturtles/testudinidae/testudinidae_1.php> Downloaded on 23 January 2004 Honolulu Zoo 2004. < http://www.honoluluzoo.org/burmese_tortoise.htm> Downloaded on 23 January 2004 Jacobsen, G. 2003. Burmese Mountain Tortoise- Manouria emys,World Chelonian Trust Downloaded on 23 January 2004

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 169

Lambert, F. R. and Howes, J. R. 1994. Ranging, breeding behaviour and food of the Asian Brown Tortoise Manouria emys in Borneo. Malayan Nature Journal, Volume 48, Pages 125-131. McKeown, S. 1990. Asian Brown Tortoise, Manouria emys, Tortuga Gazette 33(6): 3-5 http://www.tortoise.org/archives/manemys2.html Downloaded on 23 January 2004 Norsham. Y., Lopez, A., Prentice, R. C. and Lim, B. L. 2000. A survey of the herpetofauna in the Tasek Bera Ramsar site. Malayan Nature Journal, Volume 54, Number 1, Pages 43-56. Ruby, P. and Senneke, D. 2003. Breeding and Nesting of Manouria emys emys ,World Chelonian Trust http://www.chelonia.org/Articles/Memysemysnesting.htm Downloaded on 23 January 2004 Samedi and Iskandar, D. T. 2000. Freshwater turtle and tortoise conservation and utilization in Indonesia. Chelonian Research Monographs, Number 2, Pages 106-111. Uetz, P., Etzold, T. & Chenna, R (comps.) 2001. The EMBL Reptile Database. English. http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/~uetz/LivingReptiles.html

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of live Manouria emys

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Indonesia 65 741 221 4563 861 480 391 430 407 245 Malaysia 37 226 227 103 174 153 219 48 240 189 164

Export Quotas for Manouria emys for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Indonesia live 900 475 450 450 450 450 Malaysia live 300 50 200 200 live (Note: applies to Peninsular Malaysia only) 500

COMMENT Not recommended for review. Trade levels appear to be fairly stable since the late 1990s and quota limits do not appear to be exceeded.

7. Testudo horsfieldii

REPTILIA: TESTUDINIDAE

COMMON NAME(S): Afghan Tortoise (English); Central Asian Tortoise (English); Horsfield's Tortoise (English); Tortue des steppes (French); Tortue d'Horsfield (French); Tortuga terrestre afgana (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS: VU A2d (Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, 1996)

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

The range of the Russian tortoise extends from southeastern Russia southward through eastern Iran, northwest Pakistan and Afghanistan. It inhabits dry, barren localities such as rocky deserts and hillsides and sandy or loamy steppes, often at elevations of 5,000 feet (1,500 m) or higher. In these arid regions, the tortoise is frequently found near springs and brooks where grasses and other vegetation are relatively abundant. (Cohen, 1994)

Afghanistan: Occurrence noted (Leviton et al., 1970). Armenia: Azerbaijan: China: Occurrence noted (Zhao et al., 1993). Iran (Islamic Republic of): Occurrence noted (Anderson, 1979) Kazakhstan: Occurrence noted (Brushko et al., 1982) Kyrgyzstan: Occurrence noted (Bannikov et al., 1977) Pakistan: Occurrence noted (Minton, 1966) Russian Federation: Tajikistan: Occurrence noted (Bannikov et al., 1977) Turkmenistan: Occurrence noted (Bannikov et al., 1977) Uzbekistan: Occurrence noted (Bannikov et al., 1977)

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 170

In the former USSR this species occurs principally on sandy steppes, although loamy habitats have also been recorded. In Pakistan, Minton (1966) found T. horsfieldi exhibited a preference for grassy areas close to springs in generally rocky and hilly terrain. This tortoise is reported not to occur in coastal areas, preferring instead the mountains inland. In the former USSR the species is active for only 3 months of the year, usually March, April and May. From late May onwards activity sharply decreases and the tortoises spend most of their time hidden in their burrows. In the northern parts of its range, T. horsfieldi hibernates in winter deep within its burrow; in the southern parts of its range aestivation occurs in summer (Ernst and Barbour, 1989). In Pakistan, captive tortoises were observed to bury themselves from October to March and aestivation occurred from June to August (Roberts, 1975). This tortoise is also found at unusually extreme altitudes: Minton (1966) found them at between 1,600 and 2,300 m. A more typical altitude in the former soviet sector of their range would appear to be between 800m. and 1,600 m. (Highfield, 1992).

Despite the tortoise occurrence over the vast territory its population density in many places (sands, salines, stony plains and foothills) is low (0,2--5,1 specimens/ha). Its commercial resources are concentrated in the restricted territory making no more than 3% of the species range where its average abundance is 8,0 specimens/ha and higher. Since 1976 until 1983 there were captured 866,000, or average 108,250 specimens per year. Since 1984 until 1993 297,200 specimens were captured in the natural conditions, or average ca 30 thousands per year. The total size of controlled capture (1976--1993) formed ca 1,096,300 specimens or average ca 61 thousand specimens per year. The main commercial regions are Kerbulak plateau (massif) (77 Е, 44 N) and Arys massif (68 30' E, 42 30' N). After the former USSR disintegration the centralized captures of the wild animals, in particular Central Asian tortoise were stopped. At present the conservation of its resources in Kazakhstan actually is not carried out. The explored commercial resources of Central Asian tortoise allow to estimate the present limit of its capture to be 20 thousand specimens annually. (Kubykin, 1999)

In Kazakhstan, the most commonly traded species are Marsh Frogs Rana arvalis and Horsfield's Tortoise. From 1976 to 1993, 3 356 500 Marsh Frogs, were reported captured and traded in Kazakhstan for terraria, food for other captive animals and laboratory use. From 1976 to 1993, 1 097 300 Horsfield's Tortoises were reported collected and traded in Kazakhstan. The period 1993-1995 was the most active trading period of tortoises between Central Asia, the USA and Japan. The tortoise population experienced a dramatic decline, most likely due to over harvesting which resulted in a decreased annual harvest from over 100 000 in the past, to the current 40 000 to 50 000. In 1993, the Russian CITES Management Authority issued permits to export 11 404 Horsfield's Tortoises from Kazakhstan to companies in Moscow and the Ukraine. Most tortoises were then exported to Spain (5400) and the Czech Republic (4000), followed by USA (1000), Japan (1000), and the Netherlands (4). In 1994, permits were issued for the export of 23 686 Horsfield's Tortoises originating in Kazakhstan to the companies in Moscow and the Ukraine. Most tortoises were re-exported. In 1995, the Moscow-based company received permits to re-export 12 350 Horsfield's Tortoises. (Traffic Europe, 1998)

In Uzbekistan, Horsfield’s Tortoises destined for export to the West are collected within quotas. Demand for tortoises as pets in Russia, Ukraine and other CIS countries is met by illegal collectors. Large numbers of tortoises are smuggled out of the country, especially by trains but also by private cars. In 1993, the Russian CITES Management Authority processed export permits for 600 tortoises. Reptiles and amphibians are widely traded in Turkmenistan. (Traffic Europe, 1998)

In Tadjikistan one thousand Horsfield’s Tortoises were exported from Tadjikistan to Sweden in 1996. (Traffic Europe, 1998)

REFERENCES Anderson, S. C. 1979. Synopsis of the turtles, crocodiles, and amphisbaenians of Iran. Series/Edition 4 Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences Volume 41 Number 22, Pages 501-528 Bannikov, A. G., Darevskii, I. S., Iszczenko, W. G., Rustamov, A. K. and Shcherbak, N. N. 1977. Opredelitelj zemnovodnye i presmykajuscichsja fauny SSSR. -Moscow Brushko, Z. K., and Kubykin, R. A. 1982. Horsfield's tortoise (Agrionemys horsfieldi Gray, 1844) and the ways of its rational utilization in Kazakhstan. Vertebrata Hungarica, Volume 21 Pages 55-61. Cohen, M.C. 1994. Russian Tortoise, Testudo horsfieldii, Tortuga Gazette 30(11): 1-4, November 1994 < http://www.tortoise.org/archives/russ.html> Downloaded on 23 January 2004 Heinen, J.E. 2001. Testudo horsfieldii (Agrionemys horsfieldii) < http://russiantortoise.org/> Downloaded on 23 January 2004 Highfield, A. C. 1992. The Horsfield's tortoise: Testudo horsfieldi (GRAY) 1844 - A brief review of it's biology, ecology & captive breeding, Tortoise Trust Article, Downloaded on 23 January 2004 Highfield, A. C. and Martin, J. Date?, A revision of the Testudines of North Africa, Asia and Europe - Genus: Testudo, Tortoise Trust Article < http://www.tortoisetrust.org/articles/testudo.html> Downloaded on 23 January 2004 Kubykin. 1999. The Horsfield's (Steppe, Central Asian) Tortoise(Agrionemys horsfieldi) In Kazakhstan < http://rkubykin.chat.ru/turtle-e.html> Downloaded on 23 January 2004 Leviton, A. E. and Anderson, S. C. 1970. The amphibians and reptiles of Afghanistan, a checklist and key to the herpetofauna. Series/Edition 4 Proceedings of the California Academy of Science Volume 38, Number 10, Pages 163-206. Minton, S. A. 1966. A contribution to the herpetology of West Pakistan. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History Volume 134 Number 2 Pages 27-184 Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group 1996. Testudo horsfieldii. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 29 January 2004 Traffic Europe 1998, Overview Of Wildlife Trade In The Central Asian Countries: A Traffic Europe Report Downloaded on 23 January 2004 Zhao, E. and Adler, K. 1993.Herpetology of China. Oxford. -Ohio

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 171

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of live Testudo horsfieldii

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Kazakhstan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35000 6000 0 Russian Fed. 0 0 11300 4198 3700 3411 3 2002 500 2001 3 former Soviet Union 3966 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ukraine 0 1000 675 4000 0 0 0 5000 4000 4572 0 Unknown 0 0 0 0 0 0 2000 0 0 0 0 Uzbekistan 0 0 0 0 0 0 26000 36100 26500 32700 15000

Export Quotas for Testudo horsfieldii for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Kazakhstan live 39000 40000 Russian Federation as re-exports from Uzbekistan 20000 25000 Russian Federation as re-exports from Kazakhstan 20000 Russian Federation as re-exports from Tajikistan 15000 Tajikistan wild-taken 20000 Uzbekistan 25000 35000 Uzbekistan live 35000 Uzbekistan live (wild-taken and ranched) 30000

COMMENT Not recommended for review. Trade appears to be within quotas.

8. Phelsuma comorensis

REPTILIA: GEKKONIDAE

COMMON NAME(S): Comoro Day Gecko (English); Gecko diurne des Comores (French); Phelsume des Comores (French); Geco diurno de las Comores (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

The species is endemic to the Comoros (Kluge, 1991).

This species is only known from the island Grande Comore. It is found in higher areas (600 meters and upwards). P. comorensis is often found on a variety of pantropic vegetation. (Nationmaster.com 2003)

REFERENCES Kluge, A. G. 1991. Checklist of Gekkonid lizards. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 85, Number 85, Pages 35 pp. Nationmaster.com 2003. Phelsuma comorensis in Nationmaster.com Downloaded on 23 January 2004

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Phelsuma comorensis

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Comoros live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4855 2410 994

COMMENT Recommended for review. Recent trade from the Comoros, where its range is restricted, has been reported.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 172

9. Phelsuma dubia

REPTILIA: GEKKONIDAE

COMMON NAME(S): Bright-eyed Day Gecko (English); Dull-green Day Gecko (English); Gecko diurne de Zanzibar (French); Gecko diurne sombre (French); Geco diurno de Zanzibar (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS A widely distributed species occurring in the Comores, Mayotte, Madagascar, Mozambique and the United Republic of Tanzania. Little is known of the status of this species.

Comoros: Kenya: Occurrence noted (Spawls et al. 2002) Madagascar: Occurrence noted (Glaw et al., 1994) Mayotte: Mozambique: Occurrence noted (Spawls et al. 2002) Tanzania, United Republic of: (Spawls et al. 2002)

REFERENCES Spawls, S., Howell, K., Drewes, R. and Ashe, J. 2002. A field guide to the reptiles of East Africa. Academic Press. -London ISBN 0-12-656470-1 Glaw, F. and Vences, M. 1994. A field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of Madagascar. 2nd edition. English. Series/Edition 2. Moos Druck and FARBO. -Leverkusen and Köln Pages 480. ISBN 3929449013.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE Gross Exports of Phelsuma dubia

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Comoros live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3030 5805 2375 Madagascar bodies 0 7 0 4 6 0 0 1 1 0 0 Madagascar live 663 1390 2262 4 1 0 0 0 6 0 0 Tanzania, United live Republic of 100 109 0 200 374 1385 2976 2132 1854 1994 3225

Export Quotas for Phelsum dubia for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Tanzania, United live 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 Republic of

COMMENT Recommended for review. Trade volumes have increased in recent years as a result of imports from Comoros and increased exports from the United Republic of Tanzania.

10. Phelsuma v-nigra

REPTILIA: GEKKONIDAE

COMMON NAME(S): Boettger's Day Gecko (English); Gecko diurne de Boettger (French); Phelsume de Boettger (French);

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Found in coastal regions of the Comores Islands (Grande Comore, Anjouan and Mohéli) and Mayotte. No data are available regarding status. The species may be affected by habitat destruction.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 173

REFERENCES Kluge, A. G. 1991. Checklist of Gekkonid lizards. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 85 Number 85 Pages 35 pp. Luxmoore, R., Groombridge, B. and Broad, S. 1988. The significance of trade in selected species listed in CITES Appendix II. Vol. 3. Reptiles and invertebrates. CITES Secretariat. -Lausanne

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of live Phelsuma v-nigra

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Comoros 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 4295 5749 500

COMMENT Recommended for review. The species has a very restricted range and trade started in 2000 with over 10000 exported so far.

11. Uromastyx spp.

Uromastyx acanthinura Uromastyx aegyptia Uromastyx alfredschmidti Uromastyx asmussi Uromastyx benti Uromastyx dispar Uromastyx geyri Uromastyx hardwickii Uromastyx leptieni Uromastyx loricata Uromastyx occidentalis Uromastyx ocellata Uromastyx princeps Uromastyx thomasi

REPTILIA: AGAMIDAE

COMMON NAME(S): Spiny-tailed lizards (English); Fouettes-queue (French); Lézards fouette-queue (French)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

There are approximately 13 species in the genus Uromastyx. These lizards are adapted to arid regions and are found from northwestern India throughout southwestern Asia and the Arabian Peninsula to the Sahara of Africa (Moody 1987). Members of this genus are referred to as dab lizards or spiny tailed lizards. There are six species (U. aegypticus, U. ornatus, U. ocellatus, U. acanthinurus, U. hardwicki, and U. benti which are occasionally available in the United States. The other seven species are seldom if ever imported. Uromastyx aegypticus is the largest member of the genus with individuals reaching 30 inches or more in total length and weighing several pounds. The other species are usually under 14 inches in total length. Coloration is variable between and within species. Uromastyx aegypticus and Uromastyx hardwicki are usually dark to light brown. Uromastyx acanthinurus can be yellow, green, bright orange or a combination of these colors. Uromastyx ornatus are sexually dimorphic with adult males being green or blue green with blotches of yellows and oranges. Females have more subtle yellows, browns, and some orange. (Knapp, 2004)

Behaviour differs between species and even individuals within the same species. Some, Uromastyx acanthinurus and Uromastyx aegypticus, can be very shy, often retreating to a hide spot when someone approaches the cage. Others, Uromastyx ornatus, will often be tame. Individuals differ in their behaviours and you can find exceptions to the above generalizations. Large numbers of Uromastyx aegypticus and U. ornatus have been imported into the country during the last few years. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimated that 7,000 members of the genus were brought in 1994. For unknown reasons the death rate for Uromastyx ornatus is rumoured to be as high as 80% during the first two months of captivity. Uromastyx aegypticus is hardier and with proper treatment adapts to captivity. Uromastyx acanthinurus have not been imported from Morocco for several years, however, a few animals occasionally come from Europe and a only two private breeders are known to occasionally produce captive born animals. There is probably less than 100 animals in the United States. This species adjusts well to captivity even if reproductive success is not common. (Knapp, 2004)

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 174

Currently, 16 species of Uromastyx are recognized, but the taxonomy of the genus has been somewhat confused in recent years, with subspecies being promoted and new species or subspecies being described. Several new species have recently been described such as Uromastyx alfredschmidti (Wilms and Böhme, 2001); U. flavifasciata and U. occidentalis (Mateo et al., 1998); U. leptieni (Wilms and Böhme, 2000). The distribution ranges of individual species of Uromastyx are shown in Table 1. These are based on information provided by the UNEP-WCMC (United Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre) database and JNCC (Joint Nature Conservation Committee) checklist for CITES species 2001. Although currently no evidence exists that any of these species is threatened as a whole, and none of these species are listed on IUCN’s Red List, the scale of exploitation, including domestic utilisation is likely to lead to local depletions. Some of species are used domestically for food and medicine (Walls, 1996; Anon. 1999). (Knapp, 2004)

Table 1. Distribution of Uromastyx species (adapted from Knapp, 2004)

Scientific name Distribution U. acanthinura** Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Western Sahara? U. aegyptia** Bahrain*, Egypt, Iran, Iraq*, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman*, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates U. alfredschidti Algeria, Libya U. asmussi Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan U. benti** Oman*, Saudi Arabia, Yemen U. dispar** Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Mali, Mauritania, Sudan, Western Sahara U. geyri** Algeria, Mali, Niger U. hardwickii** Afghanistan, India, Pakistan U. leptieni Oman*, United Arab Emirates U. loricata Iran, Iraq* U. occidentalis Western Sahara U. ocellata** Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, ? Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan U. princeps Somalia U. thomasi** Oman*, Saudi Arabia, Yemen * Range States that are not Parties to CITES; **Species for which CITES trade data are available from UNEP-WCMC. Source: UNEP-WCMC Species Database; TRAFFIC Europe, SRG meeting outcomes

In October 1991, the Egyptian government declared an export ban on U. acanthinura, U. aegyptia, U. ocellata and U. ornata from its country (CITES Notification No. 662 of 16 January 1992). Until 1995, Egypt was the biggest exporter of Uromastyx (and this despite an export ban for all Uromastyx from Egypt that was established in 1991). In 1996, Egyptian exports plummeted and at the same time exports from Mali increased drastically. Since 1996 Mali has been the largest exporter (Knapp, 2004)

Egypt: In October 1991, the Egyptian government declared an export ban on U. acanthinura, U. aegyptia, U.ocellata and U. ornata (CITES Notification No. 662 of 16 January 1992). According to the UNEP-WCMC database and JNCC Checklist, Egypt is listed as a range State for only two of these species: U. aegyptia and U. ocellata; while U. ornata is likely to be a synonym of U. ocellata and U. acanthinura is apparently not reported as occurring in Egypt. Egypt has not submitted annual reports for seven years in the study period (1986-1991). Based on Egyptian export records, the self-declared export ban adopted in late 1991 for U. acanthinura, U. aegyptia and U. ocellata would appear to have been quite successfully implemented; as from 1991 to 1998 Egypt reported virtually no exports of these species. However, looking at importing countries’ reports, a very different picture appears ,with hundreds or thousands of specimens of all three species being reportedly imported from Egypt, particularly from 1993 to 1996. Discrepancies between import and export records are common, but in this case the differences are enormous and strongly suggest that animals are being exported in large quantities from Egypt despite the country’s self-declared export ban (October 1991, notified to CITES Parties in January 1992). (Knapp, 2004)

Mali: Mali is currently the largest exporter of Uromastyx worldwide, however the exports of Uromastyx from Mali only started to be reported in 1995. In total Mali, reported the exports of three Uromastyx species: U. acanthinura, U. dispar and U. geyri and is at the same time the largest exporter for these three species. Mali has been exporting between 13,500 and 26,700 specimens of U. dispar per year for the past four years, but it has not yet established an export quota for this species. However, Mali has established an annual export quota of 32,000 specimens of U. geyri for 2003. Given that U. geyri is Mali’s least exported species, with the highest exports not exceeding 3,000 specimens a year, the basis for the quota for this species and the lack of a quota for U. dispar seems questionable. In addition, U. geyri is restricted to a small area of Mali, in which the estimated total population size is about 7,500 (Joger, pers. comm. to TRAFFIC Europe, 2003). Consequently, the annual export quota of 32,000 specimens exceeds the estimated total population size of this species by more than four fold. U. maliensis is not listed in the UNEP-WCMC database nor in the JNCC checklist and is considered by some to be a sub-species of U. dispar (Kohlmeyer, 2002). Consequently, no trade in U.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 175

maliensis has been reported in the CITES trade database, although some Parties are still including the taxon in their annual reports, such as the USA that declares imports of U. maliensis based on information appearing on export permits (TRAFFIC North America, in litt. to TRAFFIC Europe, 11 December 2003). (Knapp, 2004)

Ethiopia: Ethiopia has established an annual export quota of 3600 specimens of U. ocellata since 2000. However, given the level of exports of this species from Ethiopia the quota does not seem justified, because Ethiopia has only ever exported 46 specimens of U. ocellata according to CITES trade data. As there are no data on population sizes in Ethiopia, it is difficult to assess whether exporting 3,600 specimens a year would be detrimental to the population or not. However, following an enquiry by TRAFFIC Europe into the basis for this quota, the Ethiopian Ministry of Agriculture Wildlife Conservation Organization (in litt. to TRAFFIC Europe, 2003) informed TRAFFIC Europe that a population survey for U. ocellata is planned and that export quotas will be adjusted based on the results of this survey. The SRG of the EU established in March 2001 a negative opinion on the import of U. ocellata from Ethiopia based on the grounds that Ethiopia is not a range State. The basis for this assumption is not known, however the information provided by Ethiopia to TRAFFIC Europe and the fact that Ethiopia does establish an export quota for this species since 2000 do suggest that Ethiopia considers itself as a range State for U. ocellata. (Knapp, 2004)

Sudan: Sudan has exported three species of Uromastyx: U. acanthinura, U. aegyptia and U. ocellata, however its total exports are strongly dominated by U. ocellata. In March 2003, the EU has suspended imports of wild specimens of U. acanthinura from Sudan according to Article 4.6(b) of Council Regulation 338/97. Exports of U. acanthinura were only reported in 1996, 1998, 1999 and 2001 and in total accounted to 469 specimens. (Knapp, 2004)

Seizures Overall, based on data reported by CITES authorities in their annual reports, the number of specimens reported in seizures and confiscation –only 2205 specimens of Uromastyx from 1991 to 2001, appears relatively low in comparison with the volume of specimens reported in legal trade (more than 200,000 during the same period). The level of reported seizures and confiscation fluctuates, showing neither an increase nor a decrease over time. Such trends could reflect alternated increases and decreases of illegal activities, but they could also be caused by changes in enforcement efforts and control methods used by customs and police, which are not readily measurable. Of the total 2205 specimens of Uromastyx reported seized from 1991 to 2001, 60% were seized live and 39% as dead bodies. The ratio of live specimens to dead specimens was substantially higher for the reported seizures than for specimens reported in legal trade. This could be due to higher mortality rates in illegal shipments. A similar conclusion was drawn in a study of mortality rates in wildlife trade commissioned by the German CITES Scientific Authority, which found that mortality rates are higher for species that are not shipped in accordance with the IATA regulations (Altherr and Freyer, 2001). (Knapp, 2004)

Over 11 years (1991 to 2001), U. aegyptia is the species that was seized in the largest quantities and Egypt the country from where most specimens were reported as seizures or confiscation by importing Parties. Of the 1180 specimens exported by Egypt and seized, 79% were U. aegyptia and of the 1194 reported seized specimens of U. aegyptia, 78% came from Egypt. However, these high records of illegal trade in spiny-tailed or Dabb lizards from Egypt are probably the positive consequence of the export ban adopted by Egypt for three species of Uromastyx, in late 1991. This measure concerns in particular U. aegyptia, and is probably the main reason for the high rate of seizures for all three species, which are at the top of the list of Uromastyx species reported to be seized by CITES Parties. Therefore, Uromastyx populations originating from range States other than Egypt, e.g. Mali and Sudan, that do not appear in reported seizures, could in fact be more affected by harvest and exports, due to higher level of permitted trade and the absence of adequate restrictions adopted by the government in charge. The presence on markets of certain products, such as a traditional medicinal oil used by the Muslim community in Malaysia (TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, in litt. to TRAFFIC Europe, 15 December 2003), that are advertised as containing derivatives of Uromastyx (Dabb lizard) suggest that these species are imported, although neither official trade nor seizures are reported in the CITES database. The latter suggests that, although probably not as significant as the EU and US pet trade, spiny-tailed lizards used for medicinal purposes are illegally imported into Southeast Asia. (Knapp, 2004)

REFERENCES Gray, R. 1995. Care Sheet for the Genus Uromastyx In: Melissa Kaplan's Herp Care Collection, http://www.anapsid.org/uromastyx.html Downloaded on 23 January 2004 Knapp, A. (2004). An assessment of the international trade in Spiny-tailed Lizards Uromastyx with a focus on the role of the European Union. TRAFFIC Europe. European Commission, Brussels. 29 pp.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 176

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Uromastyx spp.

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Uromastyx spp. Benin live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 600 0 0 Egypt bodies 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Egypt live 0 127 1408 2810 198 0 294 0 0 0 0 Ghana live 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 24 0 0 0 Madagascar live 0 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 Mali live 0 0 0 0 50 4714 4323 4453 3250 6407 200 Morocco live 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sudan live 0 0 0 302 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Yemen live 0 0 0 0 0 601 0 0 0 0 0 Uromastyx acanthinura Egypt live 140 150 622 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Guinea live 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 Mali live 0 0 0 1000 9475 7914 1692 300 0 1075 0 Mauritania bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 Mauritania live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 Morocco bodies 0 01500000 0 00 Morocco live 9 30 15 20 0 0 0 3 53 0 0 Niger live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 308 0 Sudan live 0 0 0 0 150 0 200 69 0 50 500 Uromastyx aegyptius Egypt bodies 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Egypt live 466 411 3968 8855 590 0 379 250 0 0 0 Ghana live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 Iran live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Lebanon live 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Saudi Arabia live 50 30 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 6 0 Sudan live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 Syria bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 United Arab Em. live 0 0 0 0 0 1300 1550 715 905 608 0 Uromastyx asmussi Iran live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Uromastyx benti Oman live 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 Yemen live 786 295 0 0 1686 566 0 1500 500 1700 700 Uromastyx dispar Ghana live 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 173 Mali live 0 0 0 0 2433 967 18012 13578 15303 26955 19366 Zambia live 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 Uromastyx geyri Benin live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 850 1235 Ghana live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 590 Mali live 0 0 0 0 2400 1566 0 0 200 3000 532 Niger live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 800 Zambia live 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 Uromastyx hardwickii Ukraine live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 250 100 0 United Arab Em. live 0 0 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 177

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Uromastyx ocellatus Egypt live 299 100 5781 5406 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ethiopia live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 67 172 Lebanon live 0 0 0 20 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sudan live 0 0 193 638 718 0 1291 1969 2075 1102 1818 Yemen live 0 0 0 0 0 491 0 397 0 0 0 Uromastyx thomasi Oman live 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0

Export Quotas for Uromastyx geyri for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Mali live 32000 32000

COMMENT Genus selected for review as there has been a general increase in trade across the genus

12. Bradypodion xenorhinum

REPTILIA: CHAMAELEONIDAE

COMMON NAME(S): Single Welded-horn Chameleon (English); Strange-horned Chameleon (English); Caméléon de Rüppell (French)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Found in Uganda and Democratic Republic of Congo (Klaver et al., 1997). B. xenorhinum is endemic to the montane rainforests of the Ruwenzori Mountains of western Uganda and eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (Pickering, 2003)

REFERENCES Klaver, C. J. J. and Böhme, W. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, Number 112 Pickering, D. 2003. Bradypodion xenorhinum In: Chamowners Web, http://www.adcham.com/html/taxonomy/species/bxenorhinum.html Downloaded on 23 January 2004

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of live Bradypodion xenorhinum

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Democratic Republic of Congo 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Uganda 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 294 1201 225

COMMENT Recommended for review. Uganda began exporting the species in recent years and the species appears to have a restricted range.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 178

13. Chamaeleo bitaeniatus

REPTILIA: CHAMAELEONIDAE

COMMON NAME(S): Montane Chameleon (English); Side-striped Chameleon (English); Caméléon à deux bandes (French); Camaleón de dos bandas (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Widely and abundantly distributed throughout east Africa including Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, southern Sudan, northern Tanzania, Uganda, and northeastern Congo (Zaire). C. bitaeniatus prefers humid regions up to 3,000 m elevation. (Pickering, 2003)

Democratic Republic of the Congo: Occurrence noted (Klaver et al., 1997) Ethiopia: Occurrence noted (Klaver et al., 1997) Kenya: Occurrence noted (Klaver et al., 1997) Somalia: Occurrence noted (Klaver et al., 1997) Sudan: Occurrence noted (Klaver et al., 1997) Tanzania, United Republic of: Occurrence noted (Klaver et al., 1997) Uganda: Occurrence noted (Klaver et al., 1997)

Chamaeleo bitaeniatus is found throughout Kenya, northern Tanzania, eastern Uganda, Ethiopian central Highlands and Somalia (Rand 1963). Its range in Ethiopia and Somalia however seems sketchy and somewhat vague, Bohme and Klaver (1980) also place it in Sudan at the Imatong Mountains where they found it living sympatrically with C. ellioti and C. kinetensis. Rand (1963) states that it is a species from open plains and valleys to lowland mountain slopes up to 7000'. He also goes on to state that it can be found on the plains north of Mount Kenya, the plains of Guaso Nyira (Kedong Valley, Kenya) and further north to the plains of Addis Ababa in Ethiopia. In addition Rand (1971) places it in the Nguru Mountains, Tanzania and also the lower slopes of Kilimanjaro (Rand 1963) but again no altitude or specific data is given and can only be summised. I myself have received specimens collected from the latter locality along with specimens of C. rudis sternfeldi but again no specific collection data was available. All the specimens examined during this study support this and suggest that bitaeniatus is indeed a low montane species that does not exceed 7000' in altitude. However, its range and ceiling below this seems sketchy and is not stated in the literature, for example, its apparent range in lowland Ethiopia and Somalia is not listed. Above 7000' it is replaced by both C. hoehnelii and C. schubotzi on Mount Kenya. Rand (1963) states that bitaeniatus and the former species occur in the same general area and have been collected at the same locality (Loita Plains, Mau Escarpment, Lukenya, Lukenya Hills, Kijabe, Aberdare range). However, it seems that in the places where they are collected together bitaeniatus is at its maximum ceiling of 7000' and that this also represents the lowest altitude at which hoehnelli maybe found. Hence this altitude represents a boundary zone between the two species. The altitudinal relationship between bitaeniatus and schubotzi remains unknown. (Pilley 2000)

REFERENCES Klaver, C. J. J. and Böhme, W. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, Number 112 Pickering, D. 2003. Chamaeleo bitaeniatus In: Chamowners Web, http://www.adcham.com/html/taxonomy/species/chbitaeniatus.html Downloaded on 23 January 2004 Pilley, R. 2000. A Revision of the Bitaeniatus Chameleon Group (Hillenius 1959) with Reference to Biogeographical Origins and Radiation. M.Sc. thesis, Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, London From: Chamowners Web http://www.adcham.com/html/taxonomy/articles/bitaeniatusrevision.html Downloaded on 23 January 2004

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Chamaeleo bitaeniatus

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Ethiopia live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 0 Guinea live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 Madagascar live 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 Tanzania bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 3 Tanzania live 20 308 559 154 379 970 1920 1478 1210 1003 1254 Uganda live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 178 2089 640

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 179

Export Quotas for Chamaeleo bitaeniatus for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Ethiopia live 1000 1000 Tanzania, United wild-taken 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 Republic of

COMMENT Recommended for review. It appears that the United Republic of Tanzania have exceeded their quotas for several of the years between 1998 and 2002, and Uganda has begun exporting the species.

14. Chamaeleo calyptratus

REPTILIA: CHAMAELEONIDAE

COMMON NAME(S): Veiled Chameleon (English); Caméléon casqué (French)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Indigenous to the southwestern coastal regions of Saudi Arabia and western Yemen, the veiled chameleon occupies the wadis and agricultural lands of this otherwise arid region. The nominate form, C. calyptratus calyptratus is found in the more southern reaches of the distribution (Yemen and southwestern Saudi Arabia) while C. calyptratus calcarifer is found in the more northern part of the species' range (western Saudi Arabia). Recent reports also indicate one or more feral populations of C. c. calyptratus on Oahu (G. Homatas, pers. comm.) and Maui. Unlike the feral populations of C. jacksonii in Hawaii, C. calyptratus is large enough to consume fledgling birds, making them the greater ecological threat to the native fauna. Veiled chameleons are a hardy and prolific species that is relatively easy to breed. (Horgan and Pollock, 2003)

Veiled chameleons are arboreal lizards, meaning they prefer to live high up in trees or lower near the ground in bushes and shrubs. They can live in dry areas and are found on plateaux of mountainous regions, forests and valleys of southern Saudi Arabia and Yemen. They are one of the few species of chameleons that can tolerate wide temperate. (Jones, 2000)

REFERENCES Jones, E. 2000, Chamaeleo calyptratus In Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Downloaded on 23 January 2004 Horgan L. and Pollock, E. 2003. Chamaeleo calyptratus In: Chamowners Web, Downloaded on 23 January 2004

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of live Chamaeleo calyptratus

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Yemen 402 700 0 510 14 93 0 2749 700 3990 1240

COMMENT Not recommended for review. Although trade shows a marked increase in trade from the Yemen between 1999 and 2001, the bulk of the trade is in animals bred in captivity in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, El Salvador and Ukraine.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 180

15. Chamaeleo cristatus

REPTILIA: CHAMAELEONIDAE

COMMON NAME(S): Crested Chameleon (English); Caméléon crêté (French); Camaleón crestado (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Cameroon: Occurrence noted (Klaver et al., 1997) Central African Republic: Occurrence noted (Klaver et al., 1997) Congo: Occurrence noted (Klaver et al., 1997) Equatorial Guinea: Equatorial Guinea, Bioko: Gabon: Occurrence noted (Klaver et al., 1997) Ghana ?: May occur (Klaver et al., 1997) Nigeria: Well known to occur in south–eastern Nigeria, this species was captured probably around Oban (Cross River State) by Talbot (1912), and much more recently both east (at Osomba, see Reid, 1986), and west (at Eket, see AKANI et al ., 1999) of Cross River. Original records of this study also indicate that it is also found in the western portion of the Nigerian forest zone (i.e. at Oredo, western axis of the Niger Delta). (Akani, Ogbalu and Luiselli, 2001) Togo ?: May occur (Klaver et al., 1997)

Logging in an area of rainforest in Nigeria did not substantially reduce the abundance of chameleons, but had dramatic effects on the specific diversity. In fact, three of the four species became extinct after the changes on the initial habitat (i.e. C. owenii, C. cristatus, and R. spectrum), while one substantially increased its abundance (i.e. C. gracilis). Altitude is likely not an important factor in the distribution of C. cristatus, which was in fact observed both in lowland moist forests and in hilly–montane sites. However, micro–habitat characteristics seem to be important, as both our observations and those of Wild (1994) indicate a strong preference for specific micro–habitats (low, thick, flowering bushes in our case, and “the shrub layer in primary forest” in Wild’s case), and thus a restricted habitat selection. Accordingly, C. owenii, C. cristatus, and R. spectrum may be dramatically affected by habitat loss and forest fragmentation. (Akani, Ogbalu and Luiselli, 2001)

REFERENCES Akani G. C., Ogbalu O. K. and Luiselli, L. 2001. Life–history and ecological distribution of chameleons (Reptilia, Chamaeleonidae) from the rain forests of Nigeria: conservation implications Animal Biodiversity and Conservation vol 24 (2) Klaver, C. J. J. and Böhme, W. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, Number 112

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Chamaeleo cristatus

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Cameroon Bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 Cameroon Live 20 30 405 229 442 633 619 1117 484 732 339 Equitorial Guinea Live 0 0 0 0 0 0 420 0 30 325 383 Madagascar Live 0 0 25 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 Unknown Live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 0 0

COMMENT Not recommended for review. Trade appears to be fairly stable.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 181

16. Chamaeleo hoehnelii

REPTILIA: CHAMAELEONIDAE

COMMON NAME(S): Helmeted Chameleon (English); High-casqued Chameleon (English); Caméléon à casque élevé (French); Camaleón de casco (Spanish)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Endemic to Kenya and eastern Uganda where it appears to be abundant in the humid, high mountain regions. Night time temperatures frequently drop to around freezing. (James, 2003). C. h. hoehnelii is found in Kenya above 2000 meters while C. h. altaeelgonis is found on Mount Elgon above 3000 meters in Uganda (Chameleon care and information centre, 2000).

REFERENCES Chameleon care and information centre 2000. Chamaeleo hoehnelii Downloaded on 23 January 2004 James, S. 2003. Chamaeleo hoehnelii In: Chamowners Web, Downloaded on 23 January 2004

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Chamaeleo hoehnelii

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Kenya Bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kenya Live 0 0 0 3 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 Uganda Live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 229 1749 710 United Republic live of Tanzania 0 120 25 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

COMMENT Recommended for review. The species has a restricted range in the main exporting country, Uganda, and there have been 2688 exported from Uganda since 2000.

17. Furcifer cephalolepis

REPTILIA: CHAMAELEONIDAE

COMMON NAME(S): Comoro Islands Chameleon (English); Caméléon des Comores (French)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Endemic to Comoros (Grand Comoro Island) (Klaver et al., 1997). This exquisite little chameleon is locally abundant but restricted to the Grand Comoro Island (not Mayotte) in the northern part of the Mozambique Channel that separates Mozambique from Madagascar. It inhabits the humid, tropical coastal regions. (James and Pollak, 2003)

REFERENCES Klaver, C. J. J. and Böhme, W. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, Number 112 James, S. and Pollak, E. 2003 Furcifer cephalolepis In: Chamowners Web Downloaded on 23 January 2004-01-23 Uetz, P., Etzold, T. & Chenna, R (comps.) 2001. The EMBL Reptile Database. English http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/~uetz/LivingReptiles.html

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 182

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of live Furcifer cephalolepis

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Comoros 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 2471 3510 2047

COMMENT Recommended for review. The species has a very restricted range and trade started in 2000 with over 8000 reported as exports in three years.

18. Cordylus vittifer

REPTILIA: CORDYLIDAE

COMMON NAME(S): Reichenow's Spiny-tailed Lizard (English); Transvaal Girdled Lizard (English); Cordyle de Reichenow (French); Lézard à queue épineuse de Reichenow (French)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS -

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Angloa: Occurrence noted in south of Angola (Uetz et al., 2001) Botswana: Occurrence noted (Auerbach, 1987) Mozambique: South Africa: Occurrence noted (Branch, 1988) Swaziland: Occurrence noted (Boycott, 1992)

“One of these is the medium-sized (18 cm total length)Transvaal Girdled Lizard (Cordylus vittifer), so-named because a large part of its total distribution range falls within the borders of the former Transvaal province. It also occurs in the northern half of the Free State and is widespread in KwaZulu-Natal, with a few records in south-eastern Botswana, Swaziland and southern Mozambique (Visser 1984, Branch 1998). In the Free State this species may be confused only with the similar looking Cape Girdled Lizard (C. cordylus), but the latter occurs only in the south-eastern part of the province (De Waal 1978).” (Bates 2002)

REFERENCES Auerbach, R. D. 1987. The amphibians and reptiles of Botswana. Mokwepa Consultants (Pty) Ltd. –Gaborone Bates, M. F. 2002. The Transvaal Girldled Lizard, Culna 57 : 31-33 Downloaded on 23 January 2004 Boycott, R. C. 1992. An annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Swaziland. The Conservation Trust of Swaziland. Branch, B. 1988. Field guide to the snakes and other reptiles of Southern Africa. New Holland (Publishers) Ltd. -London Uetz, P., Etzold, T. & Chenna, R (comps.) 2001. The EMBL Reptile Database. English http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/~uetz/LivingReptiles.html

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Cordylus vittifer

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Mozambique live 0 0 0 600 0 0 0 0 0 1000 1000 South Africa bodies 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Africa live 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Export Quotas for Cordylus vittifer for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Mozambique live 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

COMMENT Not recommended for review. Exports from Mozambique are within quota. Initial look at the data suggested Mozambique was over quota for 2002 (1599 reported) however further investigation revealed this was due to a year-end reporting issue.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 183

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 184

Annex D

REVIEW OF SIGNIFICANT TRADE

ANALYSIS OF TRADE TRENDS WITH NOTES ON THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF SELECTED SPECIES

ANNEX D: FISH AND INVERTEBRATES

Prepared for the

CITES Animals Committee, CITES Secretariat

by the

United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre

JANUARY 2004

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 185

Table of Contents

1 Tridacna crocea...... 187 2 Tridacna derasa...... 189 3 Tridacna gigas ...... 191 4 Tridacna maxima...... 193 5 Tridacna rosewateri ...... 197 6 Tridacna squamosa ...... 197 7 Tridacna tevoroa ...... 200 8 Hippopus hippopus...... 201 9 Hippopus porcellanus ...... 203 10 Tridacnidae spp...... 204 GENERAL REFERENCES ...... 205

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 186

1 Tridacna crocea

FAMILY TRIDACNIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Boring Clam; Crocea Clam; Crocus Clam; Saffron-coloured Clam (English)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LR/lc (Mollusc Specialist Group, 1996)

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS Occurs from southern Japan, south to Australia and east to Palau, and is still reasonably abundant, although it may be extinct in Guam and Northern Marianas (Munro 1989) (Wells 1997).

Australia: Abundant (Braley, 1988a and 1993; Wells, 1997). Fiji: (int) Occurrence reported (Raymakers et al., 2003). Guam: Presumed extinct through overfishing (Munro, 1988; Wells, 1997). ?India: Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). Indonesia: Recorded in many areas (Brown and Muskanofola, 1985; Munro, 1989; Pasaribu, 1988; Tisdell, 1993; Usher, 1984; Wells, 1997). Wild populations have been affected by over-exploitation (Raymakers et al., 2003). Japan: Overfished in Okinawan waters (Munro, 1986; Shang, 1990; Wells, 1997). Malaysia: Sabah: Confirmed population in west Malaysian waters, around island groups off the east coast (Malaysia CITES MA, in litt. to CITES Secretariat, 1995; Wells, 1997). New Caledonia: Occurrence reported (Raymakers et al., 2003). Northern Mariana Islands: Extinct? (Munro, 1989; Wells, 1997). Palau: Occurs (Bryan and McConnell, 1976). The only viable commercial giant clam hatchery of the South Pacific is the one that operates in Palau. It produces T. crocea, amongst other species, as seeds for other countries’ enhancement programmes (Shang et al., 1992). Papua New Guinea: A Stock Assessment and Biogeographical Survey conducted in 2001 recorded very low densities for T. maxima were at 14.85/ha., particularly when compared with the results recorded from 1996. These low stocks are considered to reflect previous unsustainable practices from commercial use, poaching and subsistence harvesting (Kinch 2002). Used for subsistence purposes (Munro, 1989).

Milne Bay Province in Papua New Guinea is one of the few areas in the world where wild stocks of giant clams Tridacna spp. remain. Given the importance of giant clam meat in the subsistence diets of local coastal and island communities and the potential commercial value of both the meat and shells, better management of these stocks is necessary. The province has a long history of poaching and commercial use of giant clams, peaking in the 1970s with illegal incursions by Taiwanese fishing vessels. In 2000, the export of wild giant clam products from Papua New Guinea was banned and continues to be prohibited. Fishing for subsistence purposes by villagers is allowed (Kinch, 2002).

Philippines: Still fairly abundant in some areas, e.g. Polillo and Palawan; populations may be fairly stable (Alcala, 1986; Calumpong and Cadiz, 1993; Gomez and Alcala, 1988; Juinio et al., 1986; Mingoa-Licuanan, 1993; Munro, 1989; Wells, 1997). Singapore: Occurrence reported (Munro, 1989). Solomon Islands: Widespread; probably most abundant species (Govan et al., 1988; Munro, 1989; Oengpepa, 1993). Taiwan: Unconfirmed reports of occurrence; little suitable habitat (Munro, 1989). May occur (Wells, 1997). Thailand: Status unknown (Munro, 1989). Occurs (Wells, 1997). Tuvalu: Presence unconfirmed (Braley, 1988b). United States (Hawaii): Introduced. Now extinct. Vanuatu: Patchy or rare, probably naturally (Munro, 1989; Zann and Ayling, 1990). Priced subsistence foods for the local Ni-Vanuatu population (Zann and Ayling, 1988). Vietnam: Occurrence reported (Selin and Latyupov 1990). Probably occurs (Wells, 1997).

REFERENCES Alcala, A. C. 1986. Distribution and abundance of giant clams (Family Tridacnidae) in south-central Philippines. Silliman J. 33: 1-9. Braley, R. 1988a. Recruitment in the giant clams Tridacna gigas and T. derasa at four sites on the Great Barrier Reef. In: Copland, J. W. and Lucas, J. S. (Eds), Giant Clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR Monograph 9. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. Pp. 73-77. Braley, R. D. 1988b. The status of giant clam stocks and potential for clam mariculture in Tuvalu. Report to Fisheries Division, Tuvalu. Unpublished. Braley, R. D. 1993. Australia (country report). In: Munro, P. (Ed.), Genetic Aspects of Conservation and Cultivation of Giant Clams. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 39. Pp. 35-36. Brown, J. H. and Muskanofola, M. R. (1985) An investigation of stocks of giant clams (family Tridacnidae) in Java and their utilization and potential. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management Volume 1 Pages 25-39. Bryan, P. G. and McConnell, D. B. (1976) Status of giant clam stocks (Tridacnidae) on Helen Reef, Palau, Western Caroline Islands, April 1975. Marine Fisheries Review 38: 15-18. Calumpong, H. P. and Cadiz, P. 1993. Observations on the distribution of giant clams in protected areas. Silliman J. 36(2): 107-116.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 187

Calumpong, H. P. and Solis-Duran, E. 1994. Constraints in re-stocking Philippine reefs with giant clams. In: Fitt, W. K. (Ed.) 1994. Biology and Mariculture of Giant Clams. Workshop held in conjunction with 7th International Coral Reef Congress, Guam, June 1992. ACIAR Proceedings No. 47. Fry, I. and Robinson, M. (1986) The threatened invertebrates. In: Kennedy, M. and Burton R. (eds), A threatened species conservation strategy for Australia. Ecofund Australia. Pages 14-17. George, J. D. and George, J. (1987) The coral reefs of the Bodgaya Islands (Sabah: Malaysia) and Pulau Sipadan. 4. Macroinvertebrates. Malayan Nature Journal 40: 225-260. Gomez, E. D. and Alcala, A. C. 1988. Giant clams in the Philippines. In: Copland, J. W. and Lucas, J. S. (Eds) Giant Clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR Monograph 9. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. Pp. 51-53. Govan, H., Nichols, P. V. and Tafea, H. 1988. Giant clam resource investigations in Solomon Islands. In: Copland, J. W. and Lucas, J. S. (Eds) Giant Clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR Monograph 9. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. Pp. 54-57. Hardy, J. T. and Hardy, S. A. (1969) Ecology of Tridacna in Palau. Pacific Science 23: 467-472. Juinio, M. A. R., Menez, L. A. B., Villanoy, C. L. and Gomez, E. D. 1986. Status of giant clam resources in the Philippines. PACIAR Giant Clam Project Report. Unpublished. Kinch, J. (2002) Giant clams: their status and trade in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. TRAFFIC Bulletin 19: 67-75. Knop, D. 1997, On the Half Shell: Tridacna crocea — Pearls of the Reef, Aquarium Frontiers on-line http://www.animalnetwork.com/fish2/aqfm/1997/sep/shell/default.asp Downloaded on 26 January 2004 Mingoa-Licuanan, S. 1993. Philippines (local report 1). In: Munro, P. (Ed.) Genetic Aspects of Conservation and Cultivation of Giant Clams. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 39: 40-43. Mollusc Specialist Group 1996. Tridacna crocea. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 23 January 2004. Munro, J. L. 1986. Status of giant clam stocks and prospects for clam mariculture in the central Gilbert Islands group, Republic of Kiribati. Report to Fisheries Division, Ministry of Natural Resources Development, Republic of Kiribati. Unpublished. Munro, J. L. 1988. Growth, mortality, potential aquaculture production of Tridacna gigas and Tridacna derasa. In: Copland, J. W. and Lucas, J. S. (Eds) Giant clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR, Canberra. Pp. 218-220. Munro, J.L. 1989. Fisheries for giant clams (Tridacnidae: Bivalvia) and prospects for stock enhancement. In: Caddy, J.F. (eds). Marine Invertebrate Fisheries: their assessments and management. Pp 541-558. John Wiley and Sons, New York/Chichester. Oengpepa, C. 1993. Solomon Islands (country report). In: Munro, P. (Ed.) Genetic Aspects of Conservation and Cultivation of Giant Clams. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 39: 36-38. Pasaribu, B. P. 1988. Status of giant clams in Indonesia. In: Copland, J. W. and Lucas, J. S. (Eds) Giant clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR, Canberra. Pp. 44-46. Pearson, R. G. (1977) Impact of foreign vessels poaching giant clams. Australian Fisheries 36(7): 8-11. Raymakers, C., Ringuet, S., Phoon, N. and Sant, G. 2003. Review of the Exploitation of Tridacnidae in the South Pacific, Indonesia and Vietnam (draft), p. 75. TRAFFIC Europe, Brussels, Belgium. Selin N.I. and Latyupov, Ya Ya (1990) [Off-shore waters of the Kondao Islands South China Sea.] Biologiya MORYA (Vladivostok) 0 (6): 31-36. (In Russian). Shang, Y. C. 1990. Marketing of giant clam products in Japan. FISH International 4/90: 16-19. Shang, Y.C., Leung, P.S., Brown, J. and Tisdell, C. 1992. Test Marketing of Giant Clams as Seafood and Aquarium Specimens in Selected Markets. CTSA Publication #110, 45 pp. + Appendices I to III. The Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture, Hawaï, USA. Shau-Hwai, T., Yasin, Z. B., Salleh, I. B. and Yusof, A. A. (1998) Status of giant clams in Pulau Tioman, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal 52: 205- 216. Tisdell, C. A. 1993. Final Report on ACIAR Project No. 8823 (ROU 259) "Economics of Giant Clam (Tridacnidae) mariculture". Research Reports and Papers in Economics of Giant Clam Mariculture No.40. Department of Economics, the University of Queensland, St Lucia. Usher, G. F. (1984) Coral reef invertebrates in Indonesia: their exploitation and conservation needs. IUCN/WWF Report No. -Bogor, Indonesia Number 2: 100 pp. Wells, S. 1997. Giant Clams: Status, Trade and Mariculture, and the role of CITES in management. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ix +77pp. Wu, Weng-lung. (1999) Mollusks in CITES. Academia Sinica and Council of Agriculture. – Taiwan. Zann, L. P. and Ayling, A. M. 1990. Giant Clams. In: Done, T. J. and Navin, K. F. (Eds) Vanuatu Marine Resources. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Tridacna crocea

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Australia live 0 80 8 158 34 140 0 0 0 0 0 Australia shells 0 500 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ex. Trust live Territory 0 0 59 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fiji live 0 0 50 31 4 1351 5113 2507 866 99 303 Fiji live (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 0 0 0 0 Fiji shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 Indonesia live 0 0 82 0 0 8 0 0 2 50 0 Malaysia live 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 Malaysia shells 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 1 0 0 New shells Caledonia 0 0 0 0 0 0 120 66 300 345 257 Papua New shells Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 188

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Palau live 100 0 18 0 40 0 58 0 0 0 0 Palau shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Philippines live 250 41341 75460 82539 38297 0 392 0 0 0 0 Philippines live (kg) 0 760 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Philippines meat 0 55511 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 meat (kg 59736. Philippines 29475 65111 60331 8 28100 0 0 0 0 0 0 shells 43202. Philippines 59319 5 22275 24300 408 0 0 41 0 0 0 Philippines shells (bags) 0 0 6220 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pitcairn live 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Singapore live 0 0 0 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Solomon live Islands 0 200 2184 3093 6685 9524 7847 4025 1273 5400 3864 Solomon shells Islands 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Thailand live 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tonga live 0 1204 0 282 57 0 0 0 65 0 12 Unknown live 0 0 0 0 0 25 90 0 0 0 0 Vanuatu live 0 0 0 0 0 250 15310 11150 17386 8290 232 Vanuatu live (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 179 0 266 0 100 Vanuatu shells 0 0 0 0 0 150 202 0 462 0 0 Viet Nam live 0 0 0 0 0 500 46390 36500 40000 62203 48342 Viet Nam shells (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0

COMMENT Recommend inclusion for review because of the increased exports from Viet Nam in recent years, where the status of the species is unkown.

2 Tridacna derasa

FAMILY TRIDACNIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Derasa Clam; Southern Giant Clam (English)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS VU A2cd (Wells, 1996)

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS Commonly found in Australia, the Philippines, and Indonesia. A popular food item, these clams have been hunted extensively throughout their natural habitats. In protected areas (the Great Barrier Reef in Australia for example) they are sometimes found in densities of up to 30 clams a hectare (2.47 acres). The T. derasa's you purchase today are the result of aquaculture projects, not wild collecting. This is because T. derasa's, along with T. gigas, were one of the first clams to be commercially bred (Lukan 1999).

American Samoa: (int) Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). Australia: Queensland Abundant (Wells, 1997). Cocos (Keeling) Islands: Cook Islands: (int) Introduced from MMDC in 1986 to Aitutaki (Wells, 1997). Fiji: `Overfished especially near population centres; most abundant in windward, eastern islands.' (Wells, 1997). Guam: (ex, reint) Extinct through overfishing (Wells, 1997). Indonesia: Irian Jaya Wild populations have been affected by over-exploitation (Raymakers et al., 2003). All coastal waters except northern Sumatra; marked decline; possibly eliminated from western regions (Eastern Sumatra and Java) (Wells, 1997). Marshall Islands: (int). Introduced 1985, 1989, 1990 from MMDC to various locations (Wells, 1997). Micronesia: (Federated States of) (ex, int), New Caledonia: Present (Wells, 1997). Northern Mariana Islands: (ex, reint) Extinct (Wells, 1997). Palau: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). Main species of Tridacna traded from Palau. The only viable commercial giant clam hatchery of the South Pacific is the one that operates in Palau (Raymakers et al., 2003). It produces T.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 189

derasa, amongst other species, as seeds for other countries’ enhancement programmes (e.g. Fiji, FSM, Guam, Marshall Islands and Solomon Islands), as ornamental invertebrates for the aquarium trade and as food for restaurants (Anon. 1998a), particularly as sashimi in Japan (Shang et al., 1992). Papua New Guinea: See comments on Tridacna from Kinch (2002) under T.crocea. Used for subsistence purposes (Munro, 1989). Not found near the mainland (Wells, 1997). Philippines: Stock assessments of wild tridacnid populations in the Philippines date back to the 1984-1986 surveys done by the University of the Philippines Marine Science Institute (UPMSI) and the Silliman University Marine Laboratory (SUML). T. gigas, T. derasa and Hippopus porcellanus have been reported as overfished (Juinio et al., 1989)……..remnant T. derasa populations may still exist in the east, in the peninsular province of Eastern Samar, and in the west, in the Island of Maricaban (province of Batangas) (Mingoa-Licuanan and Gomez, 2002). Samoa: (int) Solomon Islands: "Restricted; only observed in Marau Sound, Nggela, Russel Isl., and north Marovo Lagoon but may occur elsewhere" (Wells, 1997). Tonga: Overfished especially near population centres (Wells, 1997). Populations are affected by over-exploitation, especially near population centres (Anon., 1995). Harvested for domestic food use, shell used for decorative purposes and also exported live for the aquarium trade. There are limitations regarding the types of fishing gear used. Scuba and hookah are prohibited for the harvest of this species and there is also a minimum size shell length of 260mm for T. derasa (Raymakers et al., 2003). ? Tuvalu: (int?) Presence unconfirmed. All [giant clam] species heavily exploited near villages for subsistence purposes, but some healthy stocks (Wells, 1997). ? United States: (int?) : ?Hawaiian Is (int?) Vanuatu: (ex) Either very rare or absent; no recent reports (Wells, 1997).

REFERENCES Anon. 1998a. L’avenir de Palau est-il dans le bénitier ? Pacific Sunday News, 16 August 1998 (Eng. origin.). Adams, T. J. H., A. D. Lewis and E. Ledua. 1988. Fiji’s giant clam stocks — a review of their distribution, abundance, exploitation and management. In: Giant Clams In Asia And The Pacific, Lucas, J. and J. Copeland, eds. ACIAR Monograph No. 9. P. 78-81. Kinch, J. 2002, Giant Clams: their Status and Trade in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea, Traffic bulletin, 19 (2) http://www.traffic.org/bulletin/Nov2002/giant_clam.pdf Downloaded on 26 January 2004 Knop, D. 1997, On the Half Shell: Tridacna derasa (Roeding 1819) — Beautifully Colored and Quite Hardy, Aquarium Frontiers on-line http://www.animalnetwork.com/fish2/aqfm/1997/nov/shell/default.asp Downloaded on 26 January 2004 Lukan, E. M., 1999, Tridacna derasa, Fish 'N' Chips: A Monthly Marine Newsletter November Downloaded on 26 January 2004 Mingoa-licuanan, S. S. and Gomez, E. D. 2002. Giant Clam Conservation in Southeast Asia, http://www.pemsea.org/downloads_pdf/tc/dec02/art_giantclam_%20Licuananetal.pdf Downloaded on 26 January 2004 Ministry of Marine Resources, Government of the Cook Islands, date?, Giant clams (pa’ua) in the Cook Islands, Marine resources of the Cook Islands: Subjects of particular interest < http://www.spc.org.nc/coastfish/Countries/CookIslands/MMR2/Giant-clams.htm> Downloaded on 26 January 2004 Munro, J.L. 1989. Fisheries for giant clams (Tridacnidae: Bivalvia) and prospects for stock enhancement. In: Caddy, J.F. (eds). Marine Invertebrate Fisheries: their assessments and management. Pp 541-558. John Wiley and Sons, New York/Chichester. Raymakers, C., Ringuet, S., Phoon, N. and Sant, G. 2003. Review of the Exploitation of Tridacnidae in the South Pacific, Indonesia and Vietnam (draft), p. 75. TRAFFIC Europe, Brussels, Belgium. Shang, Y.C., Leung, P.S., Brown, J. and Tisdell, C. 1992. Test Marketing of Giant Clams as Seafood and Aquarium Specimens in Selected Markets. CTSA Publication #110, 45 pp. + Appendices I to III. The Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture, Hawaï, USA. Wells, S. 1996. Tridacna derasa. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 23 January 2004. Wells, S. 1997. Giant Clams: Status, Trade and Mariculture, and the role of CITES in management. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ix +77pp.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Tridacna derasa

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 ex. Trust Territory live 0 0 376 234 0 213 0 0 0 0 0 ex. Trust Territory shells 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fiji live 0 499 342 96 379 1988 1494 2121 1217 942 194 Fiji live (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 174 3 0 0 35 0 Fiji shells 0 0 0 0 0 27 20 0 0 0 0 Fiji shells (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 Indonesia live 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 3 803 0 Kiribati shells 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Marshall Islands live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 124 32 Micronesia live 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 New Caledonia shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 103 93 211 310 192 Palau live 137 0 817 54 188 0 112 157 884 1902 1218

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 190

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Palau meat 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 Palau shells 0 0 0 0 138 0 9 1 2 2 0 Philippines live 0 0 115 0 158 0 0 0 0 0 0 Philippines shells 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pitcairn live 0 0 114 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Samoa live 0 0 0 0 116 1108 0 100 2004 159 0 Solomon Islands live 0 1175 1778 8283 11217 7978 8320 6941 5543 1815 45 Solomon Islands shells 0 0 0 20 0 118 0 0 0 0 0 Tonga live 11 2363 0 1119 4232 721 2705 1431 1407 1523 867 Tonga live (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 43 0 0 75 54 0 Tonga shells (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11000 0 United States live 254 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 United States shells 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Unknown live 0 0 0 0 0 10 344 0 0 0 0 Unknown shells 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 Vanuatu live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 905 0 0 Vanuatu shells 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 25 0 0

COMMENT Recommend inclusion for review to establish whether those animals coming from Palau and reported as wild-collected by the United States are in fact captive-bred from commercial clam hatchery.

3 Tridacna gigas

FAMILY TRIDACNIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Giant Clam; Gigas Clam (English); Bénitier géant (French)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS VU A2cd (Wells, 1996)

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS American Samoa: (int) Australia: Queensland Abundant on parts of the Great Barrier Reef; natural breeding populations only north of 18°S; limited by cold temperatures (Wells, 1997). Cook Islands: (int) Introduced into Aitutaki from JCU (Ministry of Marine Resources, Government of the Cook Islands, date?,) Fiji: (ex, reint) There are doubts about T. gigas actually being found in Fiji. According to The Reef Aquarium Volume One, years of observations throughout Fiji have never turned up any living T. gigas or fossil shells. T. gigas has, however, been "re-introduced" there (Lukan, 2000). Extinct andprobably never common (or may not have occurred: last known specimens collected in 1970s and could have been confused with T.derasa) (Wells, 1997). Guam: (ex) Presumed extinct through overfishing (Wells, 1997). Indonesia: Wild populations have been affected by over-exploitation (Raymakers et al., 2003). Smuggling of T. gigas adductor muscles and live specimens for the aquarium trade in Singapore as first destination have been reported (Aspari Rachman, C.V. Dinar (aquarium exporter), Bali, Indonesia, in litt. (answer to questionnaire) to TRAFFIC Europe, December 2002). All coastal waters; marked decline; possibly eliminated from western regions (Eastern Sumatra and Java) (Wells, 1997). Japan: Extinct (Wells, 1997). Kiribati: Gilbert Is Uncommon; very limited at Tarawa but moderate to good elsewhere in Gilbert Islands; absent in Line and Phoenix Islands (Wells, 1997). Malaysia: Sabah Off coast of Sabah (Wells, 1997). Marshall Islands: Collected for subsistence purposes as food (Raymakers et al., 2003). Severely depleted on some atolls but still present (Wells, 1997). Micronesia, Federated States of: (ex, reint) Has become locally extinct due to overexploitation (Raymakers et al., 2003). Extinct in known areas, although it could be present on remote atolls; once flourished in Yap but now only an occasional living specimen is found, although shells are often dredgd up; relict populations on Lamotrek Atoll and West Fayu; recent fossils abundant in Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk, Yap; extinct in Kosrae due to overfishing (Wells, 1997) Myanmar: Confined to southern waters (Wells, 1997). New Caledonia: (ex) Extinct, only present as fossils (Wells, 1997).

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 191

Northern Mariana Islands: (ex, reint) Extinct (Wells, 1997). Palau: Locally rare (Wells, 1997). The only viable commercial giant clam hatchery of the South Pacific operates in Palau. It produces T. gigas, amongst other species, as seeds for other countries’ enhancement programmes (e.g. Fiji, FSM, Guam, Marshall Islands and Solomon Islands), as ornamental invertebrates for the aquarium trade and as food for restaurants, particularly as sashimi in Japan (Shang et al., 1992). Papua New Guinea: Locally rare, especially on nearshore reefs or near main towns (Wells, 1997). Used for subsistence purposes (Munro, 1989). See comments on Tridacna from Kinch (2002) listed for T.crocea. Philippines: Stock assessments of wild tridacnid populations in the Philippines date back to the 1984-1986 surveys done by the University of the Philippines Marine Science Institute (UPMSI) and the Silliman University Marine Laboratory (SUML). T. gigas, T. derasa and Hippopus porcellanus have been reported as overfished (Juinio et al., 1989). What remains of the T. gigas populations may still be found in the south, such as in the province of Palawan (Mingoa-licuanan, S. S. and Gomez, E. D. 2002). Extinct in most areas, except extreme south; no longer found in Central Visayas; last stronghold in the Sulu Archipelago; considered endangered (Wells, 1997). Solomon Islands: Widespread but in low numbers and overfished in areas of high population density (Wells, 1997). Taiwan: (ex?) Extinct, probably through overexploitation(Wells, 1997). Thailand: Occurs (Wells, 1997). Tonga: (ex, int), May once have been present but no recent records (Wells, 1997). ?Tuvalu:Very rare, possibly extinct (or may never have occurred) (Wells, 1997). United States: (int) Hawaiian Is. (int) Vanuatu: (ex) Either very rare or absent (Wells, 1997). Viet Nam: Occurrence reported (Wells, 2003) Western Samoa: (ex, int) Introduced from JCU 1990 and 1991 but lost in cyclones (Wells, 1997).

REFERENCES Juinio, M. A. R., Menez, L. A. B., Villanoy, C. L. and Gomez, E. D. 1986. Status of giant clam resources in the Philippines. PACIAR Giant Clam Project Report. Unpublished. Kinch, J. 2002, Giant Clams: their Status and Trade in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea, Traffic bulletin, 19 (2) http://www.traffic.org/bulletin/Nov2002/giant_clam.pdf Downloaded on 26 January 2004 Lukan, E. M. 2000, Tridacna gigas, Fish ‘N’ Chips: A monthly Marine Newsletter July Downloaded on 26 January 2004 Mingoa-licuanan, S. S. and Gomez, E. D. 2002. Giant Clam Conservation in Southeast Asia, http://www.pemsea.org/downloads_pdf/tc/dec02/art_giantclam_%20Licuananetal.pdf Downloaded on 26 January 2004 Ministry of Marine Resources, Government of the Cook Islands, date?, Giant clams (pa’ua) in the Cook Islands, Marine resources of the Cook Islands: Subjects of particular interest < http://www.spc.org.nc/coastfish/Countries/CookIslands/MMR2/Giant-clams.htm> Downloaded on 26 January 2004 Munro, J.L. 1989. Fisheries for giant clams (Tridacnidae: Bivalvia) and prospects for stock enhancement. In: Caddy, J.F. (eds). Marine Invertebrate Fisheries: their assessments and management. Pp 541-558. John Wiley and Sons, New York/Chichester. Raymakers, C., Ringuet, S., Phoon, N. and Sant, G. 2003. Review of the Exploitation of Tridacnidae in the South Pacific, Indonesia and Vietnam (draft), p. 75. TRAFFIC Europe, Brussels, Belgium. Shang, Y.C., Leung, P.S., Brown, J. and Tisdell, C. 1992. Test Marketing of Giant Clams as Seafood and Aquarium Specimens in Selected Markets. CTSA Publication #110, 45 pp. + Appendices I to III. The Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture, Hawaï, USA. Wells, S. 1996. Tridacna gigas. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 23 January 2004 Wells, S. 1997. Giant Clams: Status, Trade and Mariculture, and the role of CITES in management. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ix +77pp.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Tridacna gigas

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Australia live 0 10 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 Australia shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 4 1 0 ex. Trust Territory live 0 0 233 52 0 2 35 0 0 0 0 ex. Trust Territory shells 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fiji live 0 0 0 3 0 196 13 113 46 0 53 Indonesia live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 Indonesia shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 Kiribati live 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kiribati shells 0 0 0 2 0 0 12 0 4 2 0 Marshall Islands live 1 2 61 288 0 0 16 7 0 0 0 Morocco live 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 New Caledonia shells 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 11 New Zealand shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 192

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Papua New meat (kg) Guinea 0 0 0 0 2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 Papua New shells Guinea 25 8 5 9 3 1 0 0 0 2 0 Palau live 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 0 0 Philippines live 0 0 30 0 3 0 0 320 390 0 0 Philippines live (kg) 1036.5 00 00000 0 00 Philippines shells 736 1 6 1 0 2 0 35 0 0 0 Philippines shells (kg) 3600.5 00 00000 0 00 Solomon Is. bodies 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Solomon Is. live 0 1492 795 2106 1660 717 258 354 11 4 12 Solomon Is. shells 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Africa shells 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Sri Lanka live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tonga shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 United States live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Unknown live 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 Vanuatu live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 Vanuatu shells 0 3 6 0 0 2 10 11 0 0 2 Viet Nam live 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Viet Nam shells (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29000 0 0

COMMENT Recommend exclusion from review as trade has decreased in recent years. The only recent trade that may be cause for concern is 2900kg of shells exported by Viet Nam in 2000.

4 Tridacna maxima

FAMILY TRIDACNIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Maxima Clam; Small Giant Clam (English)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LR/cd (Wells, 1996)

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS T. maxima has one of the largest range for all giant clams extending from the Red Sea and East Africancoast across the Indo-Pacific to the Pitcairn Islands. It has a current range of 45 countries. It is reasonably abundant but its status in the Indian Ocean is poorly known (Wells 1997).

American Samoa: Over-exploited and unlikely to recover naturally, except abundant protected stock at Rose Atoll (Killelea-Almonte, 1992; Munro, 1989). Australia: Abundant (Braley, 1988a and 1993). ?British Indian Ocean Territory: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). China: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). Comoros: Occurrence queried (Wells, 1997). Cook Islands: Abundant in lagoons of larger atoll islands; less common on smaller atolls (e.g. Pukapuka and Rakahanga) and depleted on the more populated high islands in Southern Group, where environmental constraints (small reef area) and fishing pressure may limit its abundance; heavily exploited in 1970s for local use. Depletion on the most heavily populated outer islands is, in particular, due to demand from Rarotonga. This species has been spawned at the Aitutaki hatchery to develop an alternative source (Cook Islands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in litt. to CITES Secretariat, 1995). Egypt: Occurs (Red Sea) (Wells, 1997). Federated States of Micronesia: The most common tridacnid species, but has declined in areas of heavy fishing (Killelea-Almonte, 1992; Smith, 1992a). Fiji: Overfished, especially near population centres (Lewis et al., 1988). French Polynesia:Heavily exploited near population centres, but locally abundant, especially in atoll lagoons; scattered on outer slopes of fringing reefs of high volcanic islands (Munro, 1989; Richard, 1977). Guam: Harvested for meat, shell and in live form (Raymakers et al., 2003). Hong Kong: Extinct (Morton and Morton, 1983).

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 193

India: Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Lakshadweep (Ramadoss, 1983). Indonesia: Occurs in all coastal waters (Brown and Muskanofola, 1985; Munro, 1989; Pasaribu, 1988; Tisdell, 1993; Usher, 1984). Wild populations have been affected by over-exploitation (Raymakers et al., 2003). Japan: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). Kenya: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). Kiribati: Most widely distributed tridacnid species - Gilbert, Phoenix and Line Islands (Munro, 1986; Taniera, 1988). Madagascar: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). Malaysia: Confirmed population around the islands off the east coast of West Malaysia (Malaysia CITES MA, in litt. to CITES Secretariat, 1995). Maldives: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). Marshall Islands: Most common tridacnid species (Munro, 1989). One of the main species of Tridacna traded. Collected for subsistence purposes as food (Raymakers et al., 2003). Also, the meat T. maxima is used to fertilise breadfruit trees . Mauritius: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). Micronesia, Federated States: Main species of Tridacnidae traded is T. maxima (Raymakers et al., 2003). Local wild populations of all species [of Tridacna] present have been affected by over-exploitation (FSM Authority responsible for CITES matters, in litt. to TRAFFIC Oceania, November 2002). Mozambique: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). Myanmar: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). New Caledonia: One of the main species of Tridacnidae traded by New Caledonia (Raymakers et al., 2003). Niue: Moderate exploitation; stock density low (89/ha) (Bell, 1993; Dalzell et al., 1993). Northern Mariana Islands: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). Palau: Occurs (Bureau of Natural Resources and Development, Republic of Palau, in litt. to CITES Secretariat, 1995). The only viable commercial giant clam hatchery of the South Pacific is the one that operates in Palau. It produces T. maxima, amongst other species, as seeds for other countries’ enhancement programmes (e.g. Fiji, FSM, Guam, Marshall Islands and Solomon Islands), as ornamental invertebrates for the aquarium trade and as food for restaurants, particularly as sashimi in Japan (Shang et al., 1992). Papua New Guinea: A Stock Assessment and Biogeographical Survey conducted in 2001 recorded very low densities for T. maxima were at 1.79/ha, particularly when compared with the results recorded from 1996. These low stocks are considered to reflect previous unsustainable practices from commercial use, poaching and subsistence harvesting (Kinch, 2002). See comments on Tridacna from Kinch (2002) listed for T.crocea. Used for subsistence purposes (Munro, 1989). Philippines: Still fairly abundant in some areas, e.g. Cagayan; populations may be fairly stable (Alcala, 1986; Calumpong, in press; Calumpong and Cadiz, 1993; Gomez and Alcala, 1988; Juinio et al., 1986; Mingoa-Licuanan, 1993; Munro, 1989). Pitcairn: Abundant on Oeno; uncommon on Henderson Island; very scarce on Ducie (but sub-fossil shells indicate that it was common in the past (Paulay, 1989). Réunion: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). Samoa: Heavily fished throughout (Munro, 1989). Saudi Arabia: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). Seychelles: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). Singapore: Very rare (Wells, 1997). Solomon Islands: Widespread (Govan et al., 1988; Munro, 1989; Oengpepa, 1993). Somalia? Occurrence queried (Wells, 1997). South Africa: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). Sri Lanka: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). Taiwan: Occurs around most of the coast (Wells, 1997). Tanzania: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). Thailand: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). Tokelau: Heavily exploited (Munro, 1989). Tonga: Most abundant tridacnid species; overfished, especially near population centres (Langi and 'Aloua, 1988; McKoy, 1980; Munro, 1989). Late 1980s surveys by Langi and 'Aloua (1988) found many sites with lower abundance than in 1978-1979 surveys (McKoy, 1980). Populations are affected by over-exploitation, especially near population centres. Primarily harvested for meat and shell (Raymakers et al., 2003) . Tuvalu: Overfished; stock densities low (3-101/ha) (Braley, 1988b; Munro, 1989). United States: Hawaii: Introduced Vanuatu: Common; stocks secure (Munro, 1989; Zann and Ayling, 1990). Priced subsistence foods for the local Ni- Vanuatu population (Zann and Ayling, 1988). Vietnam: Probably occurs (Wells, 1997). Wallis and Futuna: No surveys have been conducted, but no evidence of decline (Tisdell, 1993). Western Samoa: Heavily overfished throughout (Wells, 1997).

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 194

REFERENCES Alcala, A. C. (1986) Distribution and abundance of giant clams (family Tridacnidae) in South-central Philippines. Silliman J. 33: 1-9. Bell, L. A. J. (1993). Niue Giant Clam re-seeding: cost comparison for local production (hatchery) and importation (juveniles or larvae). South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA), Honiara. Report 93/7. Braley, R. (1988a). Recruitment in the giant clams Tridacna gigas and T. derasa at four sites on the Great Barrier Reef. In: Copland, J. W. and Lucas, J. S. (Eds), Giant Clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR Monograph 9. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. Pp. 73-77. Braley, R. D. (1988b). The status of giant clam stocks and potential for clam mariculture in Tuvalu. Report to Fisheries Division, Tuvalu. Unpublished. Braley, R. D. (1993). Australia (country report). In: Munro, P. (Ed.), Genetic Aspects of Conservation and Cultivation of Giant Clams. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 39. Pp. 35-36. Calumpong, H. P. and Cadiz, P. 1993. Observations on the distribution of giant clams in protected areas. Silliman J. 36(2): 107-116. Dalzell, P., Lindsay, S. R. and Patiale, H. 1993. Fisheries Resources Survey of the Island of Niue. Inshore Fisheries Research Project, Technical Document No. 3. South Pacific Commission (SPC), Noumea. Gomez, E. D. and Alcala, A. C. 1988. Giant clams in the Philippines. In: Copland, J. W. and Lucas, J. S. (Eds) Giant Clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR Monograph 9. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. Pp. 51-53. Govan, H., Nichols, P. V. and Tafea, H. 1988. Giant clam resource investigations in Solomon Islands. In: Copland, J. W. and Lucas, J. S. (Eds) Giant Clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR Monograph 9. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. Pp. 54-57. Juinio, M. A. R., Menez, L. A. B., Villanoy, C. L. and Gomez, E. D. 1986. Status of giant clam resources in the Philippines. PACIAR Giant Clam Project Report. Unpublished. Killelea-Almonte, P. 1992. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES): Proceedings of a workshop for those involved in the trade of giant clams. Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture Publication 208. Honolulu. Kinch, J. (2002) Giant clams: their status and trade in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. TRAFFIC Bulletin 19: 67-75. Langi, V. and 'Aloua, H. 1988. Status of giant clams in Tonga. In: Copland, J.W. and Lucas, J.S. (Eds) Giant Clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR Monograph 9. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. Pp. 58-59. Lewis, A. D., Adams, T. J. H. and Ledua, E. 1988. Fiji's giant clam stocks - a review of their distribution, abundance, exploitation and management. In: Copland, J. W. and Lucas, J. S. (Eds) Giant Clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR Monograph 9. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Pp. 66-72. McKoy, J. L. (1980) Biology, exploitation and management of giant clams (Tridacnidae) in the Kingdom of Tonga. Fisheries Bulletin Tonga 1: 61. Mingoa-Licuanan, S. 1993. Philippines (local report 1). In: Munro, P. (Ed.) Genetic Aspects of Conservation and Cultivation of Giant Clams. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 39: 40-43. Morton, B. and Morton, J. 1983. The Seashore Ecology of Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong. Munro, J. L. 1989. Fisheries for giant clams (Tridacnidae: Bivalvia) and prospects for stock enhancement. In: Caddy, J. F. (Ed.) Marine Invertebrate Fisheries: their assessment and management. John Wiley and Sons, USA. Pages 541-558. Munro, J.L. 1989. Fisheries for giant clams (Tridacnidae: Bivalvia) and prospects for stock enhancement. In: Caddy, J.F. (eds). Marine Invertebrate Fisheries: their assessments and management. Pp 541-558. John Wiley and Sons, New York/Chichester. Oengpepa, C. 1993. Solomon Islands (country report). In: Munro, P. (Ed.) Genetic Aspects of Conservation and Cultivation of Giant Clams. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 39: 36-38. Pasaribu, B. P. 1988. Status of giant clams in Indonesia. In: Copland, J. W. and Lucas, J. S. (Eds) Giant clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR, Canberra. Pp. 44-46. Paulay, G. 1989. Marine invertebrates of the Pitcairn Islands; species composition and biogeography of corals, molluscs and echinoderms. Atoll Research Bulletin 326: 1-28. Ramadoss, K. (1983) Giant clam resources. In: K. Alagarswami (ed.) Mariculture potential of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands - an indicative survey. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) Bulletin 34: 108. Raymakers, C., Ringuet, S., Phoon, N. and Sant, G. 2003. Review of the Exploitation of Tridacnidae in the South Pacific, Indonesia and Vietnam (draft), p. 75. TRAFFIC Europe, Brussels, Belgium. Richard, G. 1977. Quantitative balance and production of Tridacna maxima in the Takapoto lagoon (French Polynesia). Proc. 3rd Int. Coral Reef Symposium, Miami. Pp. 599-605. Shang, Y.C., Leung, P.S., Brown, J. and Tisdell, C. 1992. Test Marketing of Giant Clams as Seafood and Aquarium Specimens in Selected Markets. CTSA Publication #110, 45 pp. + Appendices I to III. The Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture, Hawaï, USA. Smith, A. 1992a. Federated States of Micronesia: Marine Resources Profiles. South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA), Report 92/17. Taniera, T. 1988. Status of giant clams in Kiribati. In: Copland, J.W. and Lucas, J.S. (Eds) Giant clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR, Canberra. Pp. 47-48. Tisdell, C. A. 1993. Final Report on ACIAR Project No. 8823 (ROU 259) "Economics of Giant Clam (Tridacnidae) mariculture". Research Reports and Papers in Economics of Giant Clam Mariculture No.40. Department of Economics, the University of Queensland, St Lucia. Wells, S. 1996. Tridacna maxima. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 23 January 2004 Wells, S. 1997. Giant Clams: Status, Trade and Mariculture, and the role of CITES in management. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ix +77pp. Zann, L. P. and Ayling, A. M. 1990. Giant Clams. In: Done, T. J. and Navin, K. F. (Eds) Vanuatu Marine Resources. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville. Zann, L.P. and Ayling, A.M. 1988. The status of giant clams (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae) in Vanuatu. Townsville: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. 8 pp.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Tridacna maxima

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Australia bodies 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Australia live 0 30 0 0 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 Australia shells 0 50 91 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 Cook Islands live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 300 Cook Islands shells 0 0 0 0 8 0 16 0 6 0 0

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Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Egypt live 0 0 520 2362 1729 992 1925 905 0 0 0 Egypt shells 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ex. Trust Territory live 0 0 916 597 788 3202 921 0 0 0 0 Fiji live 0 0 55 0 35 5576 5474 4986 5069 5168 1558 Fiji live (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 211 165 0 0 117 0 Fiji shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 215 0 0 775 0 Fiji shells (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 French Polynesia shells 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 3 0 Kenya live 0 0 0 177 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Madagascar live 0 0 0 0 0 0 4283 0 0 60 0 Madagascar shells 0 0 0 0 4375 0 0 2500 2500 3491 2967 Malaysia live 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 Marshall Is. live 3268 369 571 450 25 0 770 4915 2172 2810 3809 Marshall Islands live (kg) 0 162 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Marshall Islands shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 0 Micronesia live 0 0 0 0 0 0 465 2996 5876 3641 3608 Morocco live 0 02200000 0 00 Mozambique shells 0 0 0 0 0 6260 27000 16600 0 11000 0 Mozambique shells (kg) 0 0 0 10000 0 64000 25500 25040 21000 22000 0 New Caledonia shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 1991 855 1108 1200 1217 Papua New shells Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 4 0 0 Palau shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Philippines live 0 0 8 0 400 0 0 0 0 0 0 Philippines shells 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 875 0 0 0 Samoa live 0 0 0 0 100 1 0 100 2340 111 0 Seychelles live 0 0 900 800 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 Seychelles shells 0 0 0 200 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 Singapore live 0 0 0 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Singapore shells 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Solomon Islands live 0 933 1588 3575 4420 2962 1662 541 453 162 721 Solomon Islands shells 0 0 0 56 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 Sri Lanka bodies 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sri Lanka live 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tonga live 0 3450 0 0 0 2122 9021 5901 4955 4621 5572 Tonga live (kg) 0 182 0 0 0 62 0 264 276 399 100 Tonga shells (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 500 0 Unknown live 0 0 0 0 0 2012 529 1325 0 0 0 Vanuatu live 0 0 0 0 0 20 800 525 6641 2798 5079 Vanuatu live (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 Vanuatu shells 0 0 4 0 0 45 22 6 140 0 200 Viet Nam live 0 0 0 0 0 310 5240 9000 9250 8250 7700 Viet Nam shells (kg) 0 00 00000 1000 00

COMMENT Recommend inclusion for review as the status of the species for the main exporting countries is unknown, or in the case of Fiji where the species is being over-fished.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 196

5 Tridacna rosewateri

FAMILY TRIDACNIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Bénitier de Rosewater (French)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS VU A2cd (Wells, 1996)

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS

Mauritius: Occurrence noted (Raymakers et al, 2003; Wells, 1996 and 1997). So far only described (in 1991) from its type locality on the Saya de Malha Bank (Wells, 1997).

REFERENCES Raymakers, C., Ringuet, S., Phoon, N. and Sant, G. (2003) Review of the exploitation of Tridacnidae in the South Pacific, Indonesia and Vietnam. Draft report by TRAFFIC of study co-funded by the European Commission and TRAFFIC Europe Wells, S. 1996. Tridacna rosewateri. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 23 January 2004. Wells, S. 1997. Giant clams: status, trade and mariculture, and the role of CITES in management. IUCN - The World Conservation Union. -Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, U.K. ISBN 2-8317-0430-8

COMMENT Recommend exclusion from review as there is no reported trade.

6 Tridacna squamosa

FAMILY TRIDACNIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Fluted Clam; Fluted Giant Clam; Scaly Clam (English)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LR/cd (Wells, 1996)

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS T. squamosa has one of the largest ranges for all giant clams extending from the Red Sea and East African coast across the Indo-Pacific to the Pitcairn Islands. It has a current range of 41 countries. It is reasonably abundant (Munro 1989), but its status in the Indian Ocean is poorly known (Wells, 1997).

American Samoa: Production for enhancement of wild stocks is also under way in Western Samoa (Bell et al. 1997a, Bell 1999b both in Adams et al., 2001). Australia: Abundant (Wells, 1997). British Indian Ocean Territory: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). Comoros: Occurrence queried (Wells, 1997). Cook islands: Rarely seen and is generally found outside the reef (Anon, nd). Government hatchery on Aitutaki for 10 years, but not currently commercially sustainable (Matutu, 1999 in Adams et al., 2001). Small-scale enterprises supply T. squamosa to the marine aquarium trade (Foyle et al. 1997, Hart et al. 1998, both in Adams et al., 2001). Production for enhancement of wild stocks is also under way (Bell et al. 1997a, Bell 1999b both in Adams et al., 2001). Mainly found in depths greater than 10m, proably due to high fishing pressure in shallow waters; rarely found on outer reef slopes of Rarotonga and Aitutaki; heavily exploited in 1970s for local use (Wells, 1997). Federated States of Micronesia: Occurs in very low numbers (Raymakers et al., 2003). Low to very low numbers in Yap, Chuuk and Pohnpei; no longer found in Kosrae; heavily fished (Wells, 1997). Fiji: Overfished (Vuki, 2000). Production for enhancement of wild stocks is also under way (Bell et al. 1997a, Bell 1999b both in Adams et al., 2001). Overfished, especially near population centres (Wells, 1997). Guam [int. – ex]: On Guam, species can only be taken home for consumption from April through July. Size limits: no smaller than 5.9 inches (15 cm) and no larger than 11.8 inches (30 cm). Only 20 pounds (9 kg) of shells can be taken per day during the season. There are some areas on Guam where harvesting is prohibited (Puno, nd). Possibly extinct (Wells, 1997). Harvested primarily as food for local consumption (Raymakers et al., 2003). Presumed extinct through overfishing (Wells, 1997). India: Andaman Is, Nicobar Is, Laccadives. Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). Indonesia: Wild populations have been affected by over-exploitation (Raymakers et al., 2003). All coastal waters (Wells, 1997). Japan: Possibly extinct. Overfished in Okinawan waters (Wells, 1997). Kenya: Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). Kiribati: Gilbert Is, Phoenix Is.? Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). Madagascar: Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997).

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 197

Malaysia: Sabah Islands off east ocast of W.Malaysia (Wells, 1997). Maldives: Occurs, but heavily fished (Wells, 1997). Marshall Islands: Small-scale enterprises supply T. squamosa to the marine aquarium trade (Foyle et al. One of the main species of Tridacna traded. Collected for subsistence purposes as food (Raymakers et al., 2003). 1997, Hart et al. 1998, both in Adams et al., 2001). Widespread but in low to very low numbers (Wells, 1997). Mauritius: Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). Mozambique: Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). Myanmar: Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). New Caledonia: Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). Niue: Moderate exploitation; stock density very low (14/ha); population may no longer be self-sustaining (Wells, 1997). Northern Marianas: Extinct? (Wells, 1997). Palau: Not noticeable according to surveys in 1977 (Nichols, 1991). According to Heslinga and Perron (1984 in Nichols, 1991) species is in a clear state of decline in the area; continued wild harvesting could threaten these species. A ban on clam fishing was recommended, at least for this popular fishing area (reef North and South of Aulong Channel in the main barrier reef), where sustained exploitation was high. No commercial exporting of clam meat is permitted violators face fines of between $500 - 2,000 and/or up to 12 months in jail. Despite legislation, quantities of clam meat continue to be exported from Palau, especially to Taiwan. In addition, clam meat is sent to relations overseas, especially Guam, for home consumption. Such exports violate national law. Better enforcement of existing law protecting wild clam stocks would help to deter such illegal activities (Nichols, 1991). Small-scale enterprises supply T. squamosa to the marine aquarium trade (Foyle et al. 1997, Hart et al. 1998, both in Adams et al., 2001). Papua New Guinea: A Stock Assessment and Biogeographical Survey conducted in 2001 recorded very low densities for T. squamosa were at 1.79/ha, particularly when compared with the results recorded from 1996. These low stocks are considered to reflect previous unsustainable practices from commercial use, poaching and subsistence harvesting (Kinch 2002). See comments on Tridacna from Kinch (2002) listed for T.crocea. Used for subsistence purposes (Munro, 1989). Philippines: ‘Occurs; declined in Central Visayas since 1976.’ (IUCN, TRAFFIC and WCMC, 1995). Sort after by the shell trade and frequently imported from the Philippines (Lukan 2000). Pitcairn: Common on Ducie; occasional on Henderson (Wells, 1997). Saudi Arabia: Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). Seychelles: Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). Singapore: Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). Solomon Islands: ‘Widespread.’ (IUCN, TRAFFIC and WCMC, 1995). Small-scale enterprises supply T.squamosa to the marine aquarium trade (Foyle et al. 1997, Hart et al. 1998, both in Adams et al., 2001). ?Somalia: Occurrence queried (Wells, 1997). South Africa: Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). Sri Lanka: Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). Tanzania, United Republic of: Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). Thailand: Nearly extinct (Thamrongnavasawat 2001) Tokelau: Heavily exploited, although queries over occurrence (Wells, 1997). Tonga: ‘Overfished especially near population centres.’ (IUCN, TRAFFIC and WCMC, 1995). Small-scale enterprises supply T. squamosa to the marine aquarium trade (Foyle et al. 1997, Hart et al. 1998, both in Adams et al., 2001). Populations are affected by over-exploitation, especially near population centres. Harvested for domestic food use, shell used for decorative purposes and also exported live for the aquarium trade. There are limitations regarding the types of fishing gear used. Scuba and hookah are prohibited for the harvest of this species and there is also a minimum size shell length of 180mm for T. squamosa (Raymakers et al., 2003). Tuvalu: Overfished; stock densities low (Wells, 1997). USA [int.] (Hawaii) Vanuatu: Priced subsistence foods for the local Ni-Vanuatu population (Zann and Ayling, 1988). Patchy or rare, probably naturally (Wells, 1997). Viet Nam: Known from the Hon Mun and the Phu Quoc proposed marine protected areas (ADB 1999)BirdLife International et al 2001a and b. Wallis and Futuna Islands: Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). Western Samoa: Very rare through overfishing (Wells, 1997).

REFERENCES Adams, T., Bell, J. and Labrosse, P. 2001. Current status of aquaculture in the Pacific Islands. In R.P.Subasinghe, P. Bueno, M.J. Phillips, C. Hough, S.E. McGladdery and J.R. Arthur, eds. Aquaculture in the Third Millennium. Technical Proceedings of the Conference on Aquaculture in the Third Millennium, Bangkok, Thailand, 20-25 February 2000. pp. 295-305. NACA, Bangkok and FAO, Rome. Anon, (nd). Giant clams (pa’ua) in the Cook Islands. The Secretariat for the Pacific Community Bell, J.D. 1999b. Restocking of giant clams: progress, problems and potential. In Stock enhancement and sea ranching. First International Symposium on Stock Enhancement and Sea Ranching, Bergen, Norway (Eds. B. R. Howell, E. Moskness and T. Svasand). Blackwell Science, Oxford. Bell, J. D., A. M. Hart, T. P. Foyle, M. H. Gervis and I. Lane. 1997a. Can aquaculture help restore and sustain production of giant clams? In Developing and sustaining world fisheries resources: the state of science and management. 2nd World Fisheries Congress Proceedings, Brisbane 1996. (Eds. D. A. Hancock, D. C. Smith, A. Grant and J. P. Beumer. CSIRO, Melbourne, pp 509-513.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 198

BirdLife International, EU and the Forest Inventory and Planning Institute 2001a. Hon Mun Proposed Marine Protected Area. Sourcebook of existing and proposed protected areas in Vietnam. http://www.wing-wbsj.or.jp/~vietnam/source_book/sb_pdf/Hon_Mun.pdf BirdLife International, EU and the Forest Inventory and Planning Institute 2001b. Phu Quoc Proposed Marine Protected Area. Sourcebook of existing and proposed protected areas in Vietnam. http://www.wing-wbsj.or.jp/~vietnam/source_book/sb_pdf/Phu_Quoc_marine.pdf Foyle, T. P., J. D. Bell, M. H. Gervis and I. Lane. 1997. Survival and growth of juvenile fluted giant clams, Tridacna squamosa, in large-scale village grow-out trials in the Solomon Islands. Aquaculture 148:85-104. Hart, A. M., J. D. Bell and T. P. Foyle. 1998. Growth and survival of the giant clams Tridacna derasa, T. maxima and T. crocea at village farms. Aquaculture 165:203-220. IUCN SSC, TRAFFIC Network and WCMC (1995) Review of Significant Trade in animal species included in CITES Appendix II. Detailed reviews of 24 species. Final report to the CITES Animals Committee, July 1995. Unpublished. Kinch, J. (2002) Giant clams: their status and trade in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. TRAFFIC Bulletin 19(2 ): 67-75. Lukan, E. M. 2000. Tridacna squamosa, Fish 'N' Chips A Monthly Marine Newsletter August Downloaded on 26 January 2004 Munro, J.L. 1989. Fisheries for giant clams (Tridacnidae: Bivalvia) and prospects for stock enhancement. In: Caddy, J.F. (eds). Marine Invertebrate Fisheries: their assessments and management. Pp 541-558. John Wiley and Sons, New York/Chichester. Nichols, P. V. (1991).Republic of Palau Marine Resources Profiles. Fisheries Development section, Forum Fisheries Agency.FFA Report No.91/59 Puno, H. (nd). Hima. Giant clams. Trdacna sp. http://www.guamcc.net/eduprogram/acsuprt/science/ebsp99/hima.htm Raymakers, C., Ringuet, S., Phoon, N. and Sant, G. 2003. Review of the Exploitation of Tridacnidae in the South Pacific, Indonesia and Vietnam (draft), p. 75. TRAFFIC Europe, Brussels, Belgium. Thamrongnavasawat, T. 2001. Survey of Distribution of Giant Clams in Mu Ko Surin Marine National Park Area. Research UNESCO. Talaythai http://www.talaythai.com/English/unesco/un02.php3 Vuki, V., Naqasima M. and Vave R. (2000) 2000 Status of Fiji’s coral reefs. Unpublished status report by the SW Pacific node of the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN). http://www.reefbase.org/pdf/GCRMN_2000_FJI.pdf Wells, S. 1996. Tridacna squamosa. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 23 January 2004. Wells, S. 1997. Giant Clams: Status, Trade and Mariculture, and the role of CITES in management. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ix +77pp. Zann, L.P. and Ayling, A.M. 1988. The status of giant clams (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae) in Vanuatu. Townsville: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. 8 pp.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Tridacna maxima

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Australia shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Belgium live 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Egypt live 0 0 0 0 1316 775 1310 430 0 0 0 ex. Trust Territory live 0 0 166 376 90 425 395 0 0 0 0 ex. Trust Territory shells 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 Fiji live 0 0 280 49 137 1040 156 305 127 160 597 Fiji shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 0 Indonesia live 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 20 0 100 0 Indonesia shells 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 0 Kenya shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Kiribati shells 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Madagascar shells 0 0 0 0 1875 0 2 0 0 0 0 Marshall Islands live 0 0 50 123 65 0 270 378 403 1020 1312 Micronesia live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Mozambique shells 0 00 040200000 0 00 Mozambique shells (kg) 0 0 0 20000 10010 0 0 0 0 0 0 New Caledonia shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 218 211 269 258 318 Papua New meat (kg) Guinea 0 0 0 0 2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 Papua New shells Guinea 0 8 1 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 Palau live 50 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Philippines live 0 0 5 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Philippines shells 60257 1 12 13 0 11 1 0 0 0 16 Philippines shells (kg) 3428 00 00000 0 00 Samoa live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 62 0 Seychelles shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Singapore shells 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 199

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Solomon Islands live 0 7 859 3180 2837 1326 24 837 140 552 343 Tonga live 13 594 0 761 1925 254 0 226 1573 1663 2474 Tonga live (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 181 261 0 Tonga shells (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4500 0 United States live 0 0 0 30 0 0 46 0 0 0 0 Unknown live 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 Unknown shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Vanuatu live 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 300 2415 1015 0 Vanuatu shells 0 45 25 0 0 73 149 48 33 26 7 Viet Nam live 0 0 0 0 0 110 3750 8900 23700 15081 18654 Viet Nam live (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10000 0 Viet Nam shells (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17004 010000 Yemen live 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 0 0 0

COMMENT Recommend inclusion for review as the status of the species for the main exporting countries is unknown, or in the case of Tonga, because of reports that the species is being over-fished.

7 Tridacna tevoroa

FAMILY TRIDACNIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Tevoro Clam (English); Bénitier de Tevoro (French)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS VU B1+2c (Wells, 1996)

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS First described in 1990 (Wells, 1997)

Fiji: Lau Islands. Rare, low abundance compared to other species (Wells, 1997). Tonga: Ha'apai, Vava'u and Tongatapu (Wells, 1997). Populations are affected by over-exploitation, especially near population centres (Anon. 1993). Harvested as meat for domestic consumption and their shells used as decorative items. There are limitations regarding the types of fishing gear used. Scuba and hookah are prohibited for the harvest of this species (Raymakers et al., 2003).

"The species Tridacna tevoroa, endemic to the Lau and Tongan waters, has been overfished in the Ha’apai Group (Zann, 1994)” (Lovell and Palaki, 2002).

REFERENCES Anon 2003. Giant Clam Biology And Culture In: Aquasearch Downloaded on 26 January 2004 Lovell, E. R. and Palaki, A. 2002. National coral reef status report Tonga; Coral reefs in the Pacific: Status and monitoring, Resources and management. Prepared jointly by the International Ocean Institute (IOI) South Pacific and the Kiribati Fisheries Division for the International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) and the South Pacific Regional Environmental Programme (SPREP). http://www.icriforum.org/secretariat/pdf/317-410.pdf Downloaded on 26 January 2004 Raymakers, C., Ringuet, S., Phoon, N. and Sant, G. 2003. Review of the Exploitation of Tridacnidae in the South Pacific, Indonesia and Vietnam (draft), p. 75. TRAFFIC Europe, Brussels, Belgium. Wells, S. 1996. Tridacna tevoroa. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 23 January 2004. Wells, S. 1997. Giant Clams: Status, Trade and Mariculture, and the role of CITES in management. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ix +77pp. Zann L. P., 1994. The Status of Coral Reefs in South Western Pacific Islands. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 29 (1-3): 52-61.

COMMENT Recommend species be excluded from review as there is no reported trade.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 200

8 Hippopus hippopus

FAMILY TRIDACNIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Bear Paw Clam; Horse's Hoof Clam; Strawberry Clam (English)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LR/cd (Wells, 1996)

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS Occurs from Myanmar, east to the Marshall Islands and south to New Caledonia and is still found in 19 countries. Populations are greatly reduced in abundance and it is now extinct in several places (Wells, 1997)

American Samoa (ex, reint): Extinct (Wells, 1997) Australia: Queensland: Occurs, abundant (Wells, 1997) Cook Islands (int), Introduced into Aitutaki from Australia in 1990” (Ministry of Marine Resources, Government of the Cook Islands, date?) Fiji (ex, reint): Extinct, only fossil records (Wells, 1997). Guam (ex): Presumed extinct through overfishing (Wells, 1997). ? India : ?Andaman Is, ?Nicobar Is: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). Indonesia: All coastal waters (Wells, 1997) Wild populations have been affected by over-exploitation (Raymakers et al., 2003). Smuggling of H. hippopus shells and live specimens for the aquarium trade in Singapore as first destination have been reported (Aspari Rachman, C.V. Dinar (aquarium exporter), Bali, Indonesia, in litt. (answer to questionnaire) to TRAFFIC Europe, December 2002). Japan (ex?): Wells (1997) states that Shang et al (1990) list H.hippopus. Kiribati: Occurs in Gilbert Islands (Wells, 1997). Malaysia: Sabah Occurrence not confirmed (Wells, 1997). Marshall Islands: Collected for subsistence purposes as food (Raymakers et al., 2003). Widespread but varies in abundance (Wells, 1997). ?Mauritius: According to the Muaritius CITES Management Authority (in litt. To CITES Secretariat, 1995) also occurs in Mauritius, but this has not been confirmed by the scientific literature (Wells, 1997). Micronesia, Federated States of: (ex, reint) Has become locally extinct due to overexploitation (Raymakers et al., 2003). Rare in Kosrae due to over fishing: declining in Pohnpei since commercial harves began in 1986; very low numbers elsewhere (Wells, 1997). Myanmar: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). New Caledonia: One of the main species of Tridacnidae traded by New Caledonia (Raymakers et al., 2003). Present (Wells, 1997). Northern Mariana Islands (ex, reint) Extinct? (Wells, 1997). Palau: Occurs (Wells, 1997). Papua New Guinea: Used for subsistence purposes (Munro, 1989). Occurs (Wells, 1997). Philippines: Occurs; not abundant; last stronghold in S. Palawan and population west of Zambales (Wells, 1997). Samoa (ex, reint), Singapore, Solomon Islands, Taiwan (ex?), ? Thailand, Singapore: Rare (Wells, 1997). Solomon Islands: Restricted but not as rare as T.derasa (Wells, 1997). Taiwan: Occurs only on Penghu Island and Hengchun Peninsular (Wells, 1997). Thailand: May occur (Wells, 1997). Tonga: (ex, reint), "Extinct but recent fossils. Re-introduced from JCU 1991" (Wells, 1997). There are limitations regarding the types of fishing gear used. Scuba and hookah are prohibited for the harvest of this species (Raymakers et al., 2003). Officially not collected at all (Raymakers et al., 2003). Tuvalu: Overfished (Wells, 1997). Vanuatu: Priced subsistence foods for the local Ni-Vanuatu population (Zann and Ayling, 1988). Patchy or rare; overfished on inhabited islands; most common on uninhabited Cook Reef and Reef Islands; absent from heavily populated areas such as Malekula (Wells, 1997). Viet Nam: Occurrence reported (Raymakers et al., 2003). Western Samoa: Extinct . Re-introduced from JCU in 1991 and from CAC 1990 and 1992 (all died)(Wells, 1997). H. hippopus is found in the Indo-Pacific region and is hunted for food and souvenirs (Lukan, 2000).

Marine resources have been depleted due to subsistence, artisanal and commercial fishing pressures related to increase in fishing communities. Examples include bêche-de-mer, trochus, giant clams, coral, shells and live fish. Locally giant clams (Tridacna gigas and Hippopus hippopus) and coconut crabs have become extinct in the country due to overharvesting. Previously permitted commercial harvesting of turtles has resulted in an alarming reduction in the population of the once plentiful green and hawksbill populations (WWF Pacific, 2002).

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 201

REFERENCES IUCN SSC, TRAFFIC Network and WCMC (1995) Review of Significant Trade in animal species included in CITES Appendix II. Detailed reviews of 24 species. Final report to the CITES Animals Committee, July 1995. Unpublished. Lukan, E. M. 2000. Hippopus hippopus, Fish 'N' Chips A Monthly Marine Newsletter August Downloaded on 26 January 2004 Ministry of Marine Resources, Government of the Cook Islands, date?, Giant clams (pa’ua) in the Cook Islands, Marine resources of the Cook Islands: Subjects of particular interest Downloaded on 26 January 2004 Munro, J.L. 1989. Fisheries for giant clams (Tridacnidae: Bivalvia) and prospects for stock enhancement. In: Caddy, J.F. (eds). Marine Invertebrate Fisheries: their assessments and management. Pp 541-558. John Wiley and Sons, New York/Chichester. Raymakers, C., Ringuet, S., Phoon, N. and Sant, G. 2003. Review of the Exploitation of Tridacnidae in the South Pacific, Indonesia and Vietnam (draft), p. 75. TRAFFIC Europe, Brussels, Belgium. Shang, Y.C., Tisdell, C. and Leung, P.S. 1990. Report on a market survey of giant clam products in Selected countries. Centre for Tropical and Sub- tropical Aquaculture, Unvierstiy of Hawaii. Publication No. 107. Wells, S. 1996. Hippopus hippopus. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 23 January 2004. Wells, S. 1997. Giant Clams: Status, Trade and Mariculture, and the role of CITES in management. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ix +77pp. WWF Pacific, 2002, Conserving Marine Biodiversity in Fiji Downloaded on 26 January 2004 Zann, L.P. and Ayling, A.M. 1988. The status of giant clams (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae) in Vanuatu. Townsville: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. 8 pp.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Hippopus hippopus

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Australia shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 ex. Trust Territory live 0 01410300000 0 00 Fiji live 0 0 0 0 0 28 27 73 22 0 14 Indonesia live 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 Marshall Islands live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 0 20 155 Mexico bodies (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 Micronesia live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 New Caledonia shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 5112 778 926 1067 1018 Papua New shells Guinea 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Palau live 0 0 6 0 0 0 77 0 60 16 0 Palau shells 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 Philippines live 0 0 20 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 Philippines shells 142128 0 2 2 0 1 0 76 9 3 29 Philippines shells (kg) 23990 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pitcairn live 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Solomon Islands live 0 215 88 576 340 319 105 82 39 325 177 Solomon Islands shells 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Taiwan shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Tonga live (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 United States live 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Unknown live 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 Unknown shells 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Vanuatu live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 34 0 0 Vanuatu shells 0 9 25 0 0 99 123 50 56 19 7 Viet Nam shells (kg) 0 00 00000 1000 00

COMMENT Recommend inclusion for review as populations are greatly reduced in abundance and it is now extinct in several places.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 202

9 Hippopus porcellanus

FAMILY TRIDACNIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) China Clam (English)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LR/cd (Wells, 1996)

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS The natural distribution of the species is eastern Indonesia, southern Philipines, Palau, and Papua New Guinea. It has been cultured in Palau, Philippines and Indonesia, but continues to be a rare species (Anon, 2003).

Very restricted distribution in Indonesia, the Philippines and Palau (Wells, 1997).

Indonesia: North coast only; marked decline (Wells, 1997). Wild populations have been affected by over-exploitation (Raymakers et al., 2003). Malaysia: Sabah Occurrence reported (Raymakers et al., 2003). Palau: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). Papua New Guinea: Occurrence reported (Kinch, 2002). Philippines: Confined to south in Sulu and S. China Seas; considered endangered (Wells, 1997; Wells, 1997). Stock assessments of wild tridacnid populations in the Philippines date back to the 1984-1986 surveys done by the University of the Philippines Marine Science Institute (UPMSI) and the Silliman University Marine Laboratory (SUML). T. gigas, T. derasa and Hippopus porcellanus have been reported as overfished (Juinio et al., 1989). H. porcellanus may be virtually extinct, and if ever a few populations remain, these might be located in the further south of the Philippines” (Mingoa-Licuanan, S. S. and Gomez, E. D. 2002).

REFERENCES Anon 2003. Giant Clam Biology And Culture In: Aquasearch Downloaded on 26 January 2004 Kinch, J. 2002. Giant clams: their status and trade in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. TRAFFIC Bulletin 19 (2): 67-75. Mingoa-licuanan, S. S. and Gomez, E. D. 2002. Giant Clam Conservation in Southeast Asia, http://www.pemsea.org/downloads_pdf/tc/dec02/art_giantclam_%20Licuananetal.pdf Downloaded on 26 January 2004 Raymakers, C., Ringuet, S., Phoon, N. and Sant, G. 2003. Review of the Exploitation of Tridacnidae in the South Pacific, Indonesia and Vietnam (draft), p. 75. TRAFFIC Europe, Brussels, Belgium. Wells, S. 1996. Hippopus porcellanus. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 23 January 2004. Wells, S. 1997. Giant Clams: Status, Trade and Mariculture, and the role of CITES in management. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ix +77pp.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports of Hippopus porcellanus

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Palau shells 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Philippines shells 35935 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Philippines shells (kg) 4595 00 00000 0 00 Solomon Is. live 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 0

COMMENT Recommend species is not included for review as there has been very little trade since the early 1990s.

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 203

10 Tridacnidae spp.

FAMILY TRIDACNIDAE

COMMON NAME(S) Giant clams

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Gross Exports reported to family or genus level only - Tridacnidae spp., Tridacna spp., Hippopus spp.

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Cook Islands meat 0 0 0 0 2.5 40 0 26 27 214 1023 Cook Islands meat (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 Cook Islands shells 0 0 0 2 39.5 154 146 62 17 76 188 Egypt live 0 0 0 0 740 0 450 250 0 0 0 Fiji live 0 0 20 0 0 44 691 3032 75 3 45 Fiji live (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 Fiji meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 Fiji meat (kg) 0 0 0 0 1700 0 20 25 0 0 0 Fiji shells 6 14 0 12 65 2 9 8 5 11 22 Indonesia live 0 00 00000 1500 00 Indonesia shells 3 1 1 0 25 0 41 0 0 0 0 Kiribati meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 Kiribati meat (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 44 0 0 0 0 0 Madagascar live 0 0 0 0 0 0 800 0 0 0 0 Madagascar shells 0 0 0 0 0 26 4307 1 0 0 0 Marshall Islands live 0 0 400 520 490 0 0 125 0 0 0 Marshall Islands meat (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 Mozambique shells (kg) 0 0 0 3281 2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 New Caledonia shells 0 0 225 360 264 2336 456 4 14 7 26 shells (kg) 2366. New Caledonia 0 0 0 0 3400 0 00 Papua New meat (kg) Guinea 0 00 012000000 0 00 Papua New shells Guinea 0 1 13 6 255 3 6 0 14 16 11 Palau live 0 0 0 175 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Philippines live 0 2567 305 2304 298 0 0 0 0 0 0 Philippines shells 42997 453 12 3811 107 0 2 90 5 1 19 Philippines shells (kg) 1700 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00.908 Samoa meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 2 Samoa shells 1 1 1 0 0 0 34 0 0 3 0 Seychelles live 0 0 0 800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Solomon Islands live 0 0 15 115 159 636 0 4 0 0 0 Solomon Islands shells 33 0 5 0 0 5 12 0 0 0 0 Taiwan shells 0 0 2772 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tonga live 0 990 0 185 0 0 71 0 58 0 0 Tonga live 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 28 216 0 0 Tonga meat 223 0 0 0 60 4592 0 4702 3135 7828 7278 Tonga meat (kg) 0 0 45 675 1220 0 7600 0 0 5 25 Tonga shells 0 0 0 6 8 0 31 178 13 115 67 Vanuatu live 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 799 9946 0 9 Vanuatu shells 37.5 27 0 0 0 24 24 80 12 66 133 Viet Nam live 0 0 0 0 0 340 7880 26444 27535 0 0

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GENERAL REFERENCES Bell, J. (1999). Reducing the costs of restocking giant clams in the Solomon Islands. Coral Reefs 18:326. Bell, J., Fa’anunu, U., Koloa, T. (1994). Kingdom of Tonga: Fisheries Resources Profile. Report 94/5. Forum Fisheries Agency,Honiara, Solomon Islands. Bodoy, A. (1984) An assessment of human impact on giant clam populations (Tridacna maxima) in the vicinity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Symposia on Coral Reef Environment Red Sea Jeddah Braley, R. D. (1985) Serotonin-induced spawning in giant clams (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae). Aquaculture 47: 321-325. Braley, R. (ed.) (1992). The Giant Clams: A Hatchery and Nursery Culture Manual. ACIAR Monograph 15. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia. Braley, R. (1994). The importance of aquaculture and establishment of reserves for the restocking of giant clams on over-harvested reefs in the Indo-Pacific region. In: Proceedings of the World Fishery Congress (1994), held in Rome, Italy, 1992. 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