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Bioluminescence and Fluorescence of Three Sea Pens in the North-West

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Bioluminescence and Fluorescence of Three Sea Pens in the North-West bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.08.416396; this version posted December 9, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Bioluminescence and fluorescence of three sea pens in the north-west Mediterranean sea Warren R Francis* 1, Ana¨ısSire de Vilar 1 1: Dept of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Bioluminescence of Mediterranean sea pens has been known for a long time, but basic parameters such as the emission spectra are unknown. Here we examined bioluminescence in three species of Pennatulacea, Pennatula rubra, Pteroeides griseum, and Veretillum cynomorium. Following dark adaptation, all three species could easily be stimulated to produce green light. All species were also fluorescent, with bioluminescence being produced at the same sites as the fluorescence. The shape of the fluorescence spectra indicates the presence of a GFP closely associated with light production, as seen in Renilla. Our videos show that light proceeds as waves along the colony from the point of stimulation for all three species, as observed in many other octocorals. Features of their bioluminescence are strongly suggestive of a \burglar alarm" function. Introduction Bioluminescence is the production of light by living organisms, and is extremely common in the marine environment [Haddock et al., 2010, Martini et al., 2019]. Within the phylum Cnidaria, biolumiescence is widely observed among the Medusazoa (true jellyfish and kin), but also among the Octocorallia, and especially the Pennatulacea (sea pens). Bioluminescence of Pennatulacea in the Mediterranean has been known for centuries (reviewed by [Harvey, 1957]). The first detailed observations on several Mediterranean sea pens were made in the 19th century, by [Panceri, 1872a]. This work had examined Pennatula rubra (Ellis 1761), Pennatula phosphorea (Linnaeus 1758), Funiculina quadrangularis (Pallas 1766), and Pteroeides griseum (Bohadsch 1761), and had described the rapid propagation of light along the colony fol- lowing stimulation [Panceri, 1872a]. It was not known at this time if this was under the control of a nervous system [Panceri, 1872a], or if a nervous system was even present in Cnidarians. Later observations on the bioluminescence of several of the same species were done by Titschack [Titschack, 1964, Titschack, 1966] in the 1960s. Working on P. rubra, P. griseum and Veretillum cynomorium (Pallas 1766), it was noted that the fluorescence and bioluminescence originated from the same cells, suggesting a close connection between the green bioluminescence and the fluores- cence. Furthermore, like all other sea pens, it was later demonstrated that the luminescence is under 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.08.416396; this version posted December 9, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. nervous control [Bilbaut, 1975a, Bilbaut, 1975b], arguing that the light is not merely a metabolic by-product. Biochemically, the bioluminescence of Pennatulacea has been best studied in the sea pansy Renilla reniformis. This involves two key components, the luciferin, coelenterazine, and the enzyme Renilla luciferase. These two components are necessary and sufficient for light production, though in the natural system, two additional proteins are found. One is a calcium-activated luciferin-binding protein (LBP) for coelenterazine [Anderson et al., 1974], and the other is a green fluorescent protein (GFP) that interacts closely with the luciferase [Ward and Cormier, 1978] to modify the color of the emitted light by resonant energy transfer. It was found that extracts from many sea pens can create light when combined with extracts from other species [Cormier et al., 1973,Wampler et al., 1973], suggesting that all sea pens share the same biochemical system. Additionally, all of the species examined by [Wampler et al., 1973] produced green light due to interaction of the luciferase to a GFP. Because much of the early work on sea pen bioluminescence was descriptive, and the pho- tographs taken at the time are difficult to interpret, there is a need for an updated examination and interpretation of the role of bioluminescence for these animals. Several Mediterranean sea pens (Pennatula rubra, Pennatula phosphorea, and Pteroeides griseum) are currently listed as \vulner- able" by the IUCN [del Mar Otero et al., 2017]. Our understanding of the biology and ecology of sea pens is more important now than ever before. Thus, here we examined the fluorescence and bioluminescence of three sea pen species in the north-west Mediterranean. We have observed that all three species produce green light when disturbed, which could serve a range of functions during encounters with different predators. Methods Specimens Specimens of Pennatula rubra, Pteroeides griseum, and Veretillum cynomorium were collected around the Bay of Banyuls in early October 2020. All three species studied are colonial organisms that live in sandy or muddy habitats. The colony consists of a peduncle that buries itself in the substrate and a rachis containing multiple types of zooids, depending on the species. A total of 8 specimens of Veretillum cynomorium were collected by divers in the bay in the morning Oct-2, at a depth of 25m, appx 42.487N 3.145E. One specimen was also collected by dredge, along with the other sea pens. A total of 13 specimens of Pennatula rubra and 28 specimens of Pteroeides griseum were collected by dredge on Oct-8 at a depth of 55-60m, 42.49N 3.16E. All experimental work was carried out at the Laboratoire d'Arago of Banyuls-sur-mer. Speci- mens were maintained in 60L aquarium tanks with a constant flow of filtered seawater (200 micron filter) at ambient temperature, typically 17-20 degrees. Fluorescence spectra The in vivo fluorescence spectra were measured using an Ocean Optics HR4000CG-UV-NIR spec- trophotometer, with attached fiber optic. Specimens were illuminated with a blue diving flashlight (peak wavelength: 450nm), and the spectrum was captured through a yellow filter. We used the program brizzy (https://github.com/conchoecia/brizzy) modified from the Ocean Optics SeaBreeze API. As the sensitivity of the spectrophotometer was relatively low, long exposure (10-15s) was 2 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.08.416396; this version posted December 9, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. necessary to capture the spectra. Spectra were smoothed using the smooth.spline function with 25 degrees of freedom, implemented in R. Photos and video Fluorescence and brightfield photos were taken with a Nikon D3200 camera. A Tiffen Yellow 12 lens filter was used for the fluorescence images. Laboratory images and video of bioluminescence were taken with a Canon Rebel SL2, equipped with a Tamron SP AF17-50mm F/2.8 DiII LD Aspherical (IF) Lens. For all photos, settings were f2.8, ISO 6400, and either a 2s or 3.2s exposure. For video, settings were 30fps and ISO 25400. Experiments were carried out in a dark room, where all animals were dark-adapted for at least 30 minutes. The animals were removed from the aquarium and placed into a glass or plastic container for imaging. For photos, bioluminescence was stimulated either by touching the animal with fingers, a glass pipette, or by addition of 7% KCl solution. For the supplemental video, addition of appx. 0.5mL of KCl solution was used to initiate bioluminescence. Results General observations of the luminescence and fluorescence The bioluminescence and fluorescence was examined in three species of pennatulacea: Pennatula rubra (Figure 1), Pteroeides griseum (Figure 2), and Veretillum cynomorium (Figure 3). All three species were bioluminescent, emitting green light that was easily visible to dark-adapted eyes. Several observations were common to the three species. Light emission only occurs in dark-adapted specimens, but animals appeared to be luminous (or could be stimulated) regardless of time of day. That is, if the room was kept dark, specimens were luminous even during daylight hours of the following day. This has been reported in other Pennatulacea species [Davenport and Nicol, 1956]. Fluorescence was dim (i.e. barely visible without a filter), and emission of bioluminescence occurred from the same sites that were fluorescent, confirming the reports by [Titschack, 1964, Titschack, 1966]. The shape of the fluorescence spectra (Figure 4) is indicative of the presence of GFP [Wampler et al., 1973], as seen in many other octocorals [Bessho-Uehara et al., 2020]. Light production would begin at the site of stimulation, and waves of light travel outward from the point of stimulation (see Supplemental Video). Light could also be initiated by addition of KCl. When added towards the peduncle or apex, the waves of light passed towards the other end. Drops of KCl applied across the colony (outside of the aquarium) could usually stimulate most of the colony to emit light, but the waves ceased, indicating that there is likely some interference if stimulated at too many sites. Brief flashing routinely occurred even after stimulation has ceased. We had also observed that some manner of colony retraction always occurred following bioluminescence responses, starting with the retraction of the autozooids and then with the total contraction of the rachis. 3 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.08.416396; this version posted December 9, 2020.
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