General Biology II (W/Lab) Syllabus
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Lesson 4 Plant and Animal Classification and Identification
LESSON 4 PLANT AND ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION Aim Become familiar with the basic ways in which plants and animals can be classified and identified CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS Living organisms that are relevant to the ecotourism tour guide are generally divided into two main groups of things: ANIMALS........and..........PLANTS The boundaries between these two groups are not always clear, and there is an increasing tendency to recognise as many as five or six kingdoms. However, for our purposes we will stick with the two kingdoms. Each of these main groups is divided up into a number of smaller groups called 'PHYLA' (or Phylum). Each phylum has certain broad characteristics which distinguish it from other groups of plants or animals. For example, all flowering plants are in the phyla 'Anthophyta' (if a plant has a flower it is a member of the phyla 'Anthophyta'). All animals which have a backbone are members of the phyla 'Vertebrate' (i.e. Vertebrates). Getting to know these major groups of plants and animals is the first step in learning the characteristics of, and learning to identify living things. You should try to gain an understanding of the order of the phyla - from the simplest to the most complex - in both the animal and plant kingdoms. Gaining this type of perspective will provide you with a framework which you can slot plants or animals into when trying to identify them in nature. Understanding the phyla is only the first step, however. Phyla are further divided into groups called 'classes'. Classes are divided and divided again and so on. -
Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and "Aschelminthes" - A
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE FUNDAMENTALS AND SYSTEMATICS – Vol. III - Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and "Aschelminthes" - A. Schmidt-Rhaesa PLATYHELMINTHES, NEMERTEA, AND “ASCHELMINTHES” A. Schmidt-Rhaesa University of Bielefeld, Germany Keywords: Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Gnathifera, Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, Rotifera, Acanthocephala, Cycliophora, Nemathelminthes, Gastrotricha, Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera Contents 1. Introduction 2. General Morphology 3. Platyhelminthes, the Flatworms 4. Nemertea (Nemertini), the Ribbon Worms 5. “Aschelminthes” 5.1. Gnathifera 5.1.1. Gnathostomulida 5.1.2. Micrognathozoa (Limnognathia maerski) 5.1.3. Rotifera 5.1.4. Acanthocephala 5.1.5. Cycliophora (Symbion pandora) 5.2. Nemathelminthes 5.2.1. Gastrotricha 5.2.2. Nematoda, the Roundworms 5.2.3. Nematomorpha, the Horsehair Worms 5.2.4. Priapulida 5.2.5. Kinorhyncha 5.2.6. Loricifera Acknowledgements Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary UNESCO – EOLSS This chapter provides information on several basal bilaterian groups: flatworms, nemerteans, Gnathifera,SAMPLE and Nemathelminthes. CHAPTERS These include species-rich taxa such as Nematoda and Platyhelminthes, and as taxa with few or even only one species, such as Micrognathozoa (Limnognathia maerski) and Cycliophora (Symbion pandora). All Acanthocephala and subgroups of Platyhelminthes and Nematoda, are parasites that often exhibit complex life cycles. Most of the taxa described are marine, but some have also invaded freshwater or the terrestrial environment. “Aschelminthes” are not a natural group, instead, two taxa have been recognized that were earlier summarized under this name. Gnathifera include taxa with a conspicuous jaw apparatus such as Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, and Rotifera. Although they do not possess a jaw apparatus, Acanthocephala also belong to Gnathifera due to their epidermal structure. ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE FUNDAMENTALS AND SYSTEMATICS – Vol. -
RECORDS of the HAWAII BIOLOGICAL SURVEY for 1995 Part 2: Notes1
RECORDS OF THE HAWAII BIOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR 1995 Part 2: Notes1 This is the second of two parts to the Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1995 and contains the notes on Hawaiian species of plants and animals including new state and island records, range extensions, and other information. Larger, more compre- hensive treatments and papers describing new taxa are treated in the first part of this Records [Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 45]. New Hawaiian Pest Plant Records for 1995 PATRICK CONANT (Hawaii Dept. of Agriculture, Plant Pest Control Branch, 1428 S King St, Honolulu, HI 96814) Fabaceae Ulex europaeus L. New island record On 6 October 1995, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife employee C. Joao submitted an unusual plant he found while work- ing in the Molokai Forest Reserve. The plant was identified as U. europaeus and con- firmed by a Hawaii Department of Agriculture (HDOA) nox-A survey of the site on 9 October revealed an infestation of ca. 19 m2 at about 457 m elevation in the Kamiloa Distr., ca. 6.2 km above Kamehameha Highway. Distribution in Wagner et al. (1990, Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai‘i, p. 716) listed as Maui and Hawaii. Material examined: MOLOKAI: Molokai Forest Reserve, 4 Dec 1995, Guy Nagai s.n. (BISH). Melastomataceae Miconia calvescens DC. New island record, range extensions On 11 October, a student submitted a leaf specimen from the Wailua Houselots area on Kauai to PPC technician A. Bell, who had the specimen confirmed by David Lorence of the National Tropical Botanical Garden as being M. -
Systematics , Zoogeography , Andecologyofthepriapu
SYSTEMATICS, ZOOGEOGRAPHY, AND ECOLOGY OF THE PRIAPULIDA by J. VAN DER LAND (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden) With 89 text-figures and five plates CONTENTS Ι Introduction 4 1.1 Plan 4 1.2 Material and methods 5 1.3 Acknowledgements 6 2 Systematics 8 2.1 Historical introduction 8 2.2 Phylum Priapulida 9 2.2.1 Diagnosis 10 2.2.2 Classification 10 2.2.3 Definition of terms 12 2.2.4 Basic adaptive features 13 2.2.5 General features 13 2.2.6 Systematic notes 2 5 2.3 Key to the taxa 20 2.4 Survey of the taxa 29 Priapulidae 2 9 Priapulopsis 30 Priapulus 51 Acanthopriapulus 60 Halicryptus 02 Tubiluchidae 7° Tubiluchus 73 3 Zoogeography and ecology 84 3.1 Distribution 84 3.1.1 Faunistics 90 3.1.2 Expeditions 93 3.2 Ecology 96 3.2.1 Substratum 96 3.2.2 Depth 97 3.2.3 Temperature 97 3.24 Salinity 98 3.2.5 Oxygen 98 3.2.6 Food 99 3.2.7 Predators 100 3.2.8 Communities 102 3.3 Theoretical zoogeography 102 3.3.1 Bipolarity 102 3.3.2 Relict distribution 103 3.3.3 Concluding remarks 104 References 105 4 ZOOLOGISCHE VERHANDELINGEN 112 (1970) 1 INTRODUCTION The phylum Priapulida is only a very small group of marine worms but, since these animals apparently represent the last remnants of a once un- doubtedly much more important animal type, they are certainly of great scientific interest. Therefore, it is to be regretted that a comprehensive review of our present knowledge of the group does not exist, which does not only cause the faulty way in which the Priapulida are treated usually in textbooks and works on phylogeny, but also hampers further studies. -
New Zealand's Genetic Diversity
1.13 NEW ZEALAND’S GENETIC DIVERSITY NEW ZEALAND’S GENETIC DIVERSITY Dennis P. Gordon National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6022, New Zealand ABSTRACT: The known genetic diversity represented by the New Zealand biota is reviewed and summarised, largely based on a recently published New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. All kingdoms and eukaryote phyla are covered, updated to refl ect the latest phylogenetic view of Eukaryota. The total known biota comprises a nominal 57 406 species (c. 48 640 described). Subtraction of the 4889 naturalised-alien species gives a biota of 52 517 native species. A minimum (the status of a number of the unnamed species is uncertain) of 27 380 (52%) of these species are endemic (cf. 26% for Fungi, 38% for all marine species, 46% for marine Animalia, 68% for all Animalia, 78% for vascular plants and 91% for terrestrial Animalia). In passing, examples are given both of the roles of the major taxa in providing ecosystem services and of the use of genetic resources in the New Zealand economy. Key words: Animalia, Chromista, freshwater, Fungi, genetic diversity, marine, New Zealand, Prokaryota, Protozoa, terrestrial. INTRODUCTION Article 10b of the CBD calls for signatories to ‘Adopt The original brief for this chapter was to review New Zealand’s measures relating to the use of biological resources [i.e. genetic genetic resources. The OECD defi nition of genetic resources resources] to avoid or minimize adverse impacts on biological is ‘genetic material of plants, animals or micro-organisms of diversity [e.g. genetic diversity]’ (my parentheses). -
Number of Living Species in Australia and the World
Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World 2nd edition Arthur D. Chapman Australian Biodiversity Information Services australia’s nature Toowoomba, Australia there is more still to be discovered… Report for the Australian Biological Resources Study Canberra, Australia September 2009 CONTENTS Foreword 1 Insecta (insects) 23 Plants 43 Viruses 59 Arachnida Magnoliophyta (flowering plants) 43 Protoctista (mainly Introduction 2 (spiders, scorpions, etc) 26 Gymnosperms (Coniferophyta, Protozoa—others included Executive Summary 6 Pycnogonida (sea spiders) 28 Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta under fungi, algae, Myriapoda and Ginkgophyta) 45 Chromista, etc) 60 Detailed discussion by Group 12 (millipedes, centipedes) 29 Ferns and Allies 46 Chordates 13 Acknowledgements 63 Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, etc) 31 Bryophyta Mammalia (mammals) 13 Onychophora (velvet worms) 32 (mosses, liverworts, hornworts) 47 References 66 Aves (birds) 14 Hexapoda (proturans, springtails) 33 Plant Algae (including green Reptilia (reptiles) 15 Mollusca (molluscs, shellfish) 34 algae, red algae, glaucophytes) 49 Amphibia (frogs, etc) 16 Annelida (segmented worms) 35 Fungi 51 Pisces (fishes including Nematoda Fungi (excluding taxa Chondrichthyes and (nematodes, roundworms) 36 treated under Chromista Osteichthyes) 17 and Protoctista) 51 Acanthocephala Agnatha (hagfish, (thorny-headed worms) 37 Lichen-forming fungi 53 lampreys, slime eels) 18 Platyhelminthes (flat worms) 38 Others 54 Cephalochordata (lancelets) 19 Cnidaria (jellyfish, Prokaryota (Bacteria Tunicata or Urochordata sea anenomes, corals) 39 [Monera] of previous report) 54 (sea squirts, doliolids, salps) 20 Porifera (sponges) 40 Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria) 55 Invertebrates 21 Other Invertebrates 41 Chromista (including some Hemichordata (hemichordates) 21 species previously included Echinodermata (starfish, under either algae or fungi) 56 sea cucumbers, etc) 22 FOREWORD In Australia and around the world, biodiversity is under huge Harnessing core science and knowledge bases, like and growing pressure. -
Kinorhyncha:Cyclorhagida
JapaneseJapaneseSociety Society ofSystematicZoologyof Systematic Zoology Species Diversity, 2002, 7, 47-66 Echinoderesaureus n. sp. (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from Tanabe Bay (Honshu Island), Japan, with a Key to the Genus Echinoderes Andrey V.Adrianovi, Chisato Murakami2and Yoshihisa Shirayama2 iinstitute ofMarine BiotQgy, Fkir-East Branch ofRetssian Accutemp of Sciences, Palchevskly St. IZ VIadivostok 690041, Russia 2Seto Marine Btolqgical Laboratorly, Its,oto U}ziversdy, Shirahama 459, IVishimuro, Vliakayama, 649-2211 Jicipan (Received 18 May 2001; Accepted 10 December 2oo1) A new species of echinoderid kinorhynch, Echinoderes aureus, is de- scribed and illustrated using a differential interference contrast microscope with Nomarski optics. The kinorhynchs were collected from washings of a brown alga, Padina arborescens Holmes, growing in tide pools in Tanabe Bay, Honshu Island, Japan. Diagnostic characters of E. aureLts are the pres- ence of middorsal spines on segments 6-10, lateral spines/tubu}es on seg- ments4 and 7-12, a pair of remarkably large subcuticular scars in a subven- tral position on segment 3, and an ineomplete rnidventral articulation on segment 4. The positions of numerous sensory-glandular organs, the sizes of various lateral spinesltubules, and the shapes of the terminal tergal and sternal extensions are also diagnostic. Echinoderes aureus constitutes the ' 59th valid species o ± the genus Echinoderes and the 15th speeies described from the Pacific Ocean. This is the fourth representative of Pacific ki- norhynchs found only in the intertidal zone and the second Pacific Ebhin- oderes living on macroalgae in tide pools, A dichotomous key to all 59 species is provided. Key Words: kinorhynch, taxonumy, Echinoderes, key, placid, spine, tubule, setae Introduction Kinorhyncha constitutes a taxon of meiobenthic, free-living, segmented and spiny marine invertebrates, generally less than lmm in length. -
The Phylogeny of Plant and Animal Pathogens in the Ascomycota
Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology (2001) 59, 165±187 doi:10.1006/pmpp.2001.0355, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on MINI-REVIEW The phylogeny of plant and animal pathogens in the Ascomycota MARY L. BERBEE* Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada (Accepted for publication August 2001) What makes a fungus pathogenic? In this review, phylogenetic inference is used to speculate on the evolution of plant and animal pathogens in the fungal Phylum Ascomycota. A phylogeny is presented using 297 18S ribosomal DNA sequences from GenBank and it is shown that most known plant pathogens are concentrated in four classes in the Ascomycota. Animal pathogens are also concentrated, but in two ascomycete classes that contain few, if any, plant pathogens. Rather than appearing as a constant character of a class, the ability to cause disease in plants and animals was gained and lost repeatedly. The genes that code for some traits involved in pathogenicity or virulence have been cloned and characterized, and so the evolutionary relationships of a few of the genes for enzymes and toxins known to play roles in diseases were explored. In general, these genes are too narrowly distributed and too recent in origin to explain the broad patterns of origin of pathogens. Co-evolution could potentially be part of an explanation for phylogenetic patterns of pathogenesis. Robust phylogenies not only of the fungi, but also of host plants and animals are becoming available, allowing for critical analysis of the nature of co-evolutionary warfare. Host animals, particularly human hosts have had little obvious eect on fungal evolution and most cases of fungal disease in humans appear to represent an evolutionary dead end for the fungus. -
Downloaded from by IP: 199.133.24.106 On: Mon, 18 Sep 2017 10:43:32 Spatafora Et Al
UC Riverside UC Riverside Previously Published Works Title The Fungal Tree of Life: from Molecular Systematics to Genome-Scale Phylogenies. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4485m01m Journal Microbiology spectrum, 5(5) ISSN 2165-0497 Authors Spatafora, Joseph W Aime, M Catherine Grigoriev, Igor V et al. Publication Date 2017-09-01 DOI 10.1128/microbiolspec.funk-0053-2016 License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 4.0 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Fungal Tree of Life: from Molecular Systematics to Genome-Scale Phylogenies JOSEPH W. SPATAFORA,1 M. CATHERINE AIME,2 IGOR V. GRIGORIEV,3 FRANCIS MARTIN,4 JASON E. STAJICH,5 and MEREDITH BLACKWELL6 1Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331; 2Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; 3U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598; 4Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d’Excellence Recherches Avancés sur la Biologie de l’Arbre et les Ecosystèmes Forestiers (ARBRE), Centre INRA-Lorraine, 54280 Champenoux, France; 5Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California–Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521; 6Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 and Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 ABSTRACT The kingdom Fungi is one of the more diverse INTRODUCTION clades of eukaryotes in terrestrial ecosystems, where they In 1996 the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was provide numerous ecological services ranging from published and marked the beginning of a new era in decomposition of organic matter and nutrient cycling to beneficial and antagonistic associations with plants and fungal biology (1). -
Loricifera from the Deep Sea at the Galápagos Spreading Center, with a Description of Spinoloricus Turbatio Gen. Et Sp. Nov. (Nanaloricidae)
Helgol Mar Res (2007) 61:167–182 DOI 10.1007/s10152-007-0064-9 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Loricifera from the deep sea at the Galápagos Spreading Center, with a description of Spinoloricus turbatio gen. et sp. nov. (Nanaloricidae) Iben Heiner · Birger Neuhaus Received: 1 August 2006 / Revised: 26 January 2007 / Accepted: 29 January 2007 / Published online: 10 March 2007 © Springer-Verlag and AWI 2007 Abstract Specimens of a new species of Loricifera, nov. are characterized by six rectangular plates in the Spinoloricus turbatio gen. et sp. nov., have been col- seventh row with two teeth, an indistinct honeycomb lected at the Galápagos Spreading Center (GSC) dur- sculpture and long toes with little mucrones. The SO ing the cruise SO 158, which is a part of the 158 cruise has yielded a minimum of ten new species of MEGAPRINT project. The new genus is positioned in Loricifera out of only 42 specimens. These new species the family Nanaloricidae together with the three belong to two diVerent orders, where one being new to already described genera Nanaloricus, Armorloricus science, and three diVerent families. This result indi- and Phoeniciloricus. The postlarvae and adults of Spi- cates a high diversity of loriciferans at the GSC. Nearly noloricus turbatio gen. et sp. nov. are characterized by all the collected loriciferans are in a moulting stage, a mouth cone with eight oral ridges and basally with a hence there is a new stage inside the present stage. This cuticular reinforcement named mouth cone pleat; prolongation of life stages and the occurrence of multi- eighth row with 30 whip-like spinoscalids and 30 “alter- ple life stages inside each other are typical of deep-sea nating” plates; thorax with eight single and seven dou- loriciferans. -
Field Guide for the Identification of Damage on Woody Sentinel Plants (Eds A
7 Damage to reproductive structures of broadleaf woody plants A. Roques, V. Talgø, J.-T. Fan and M.-A. Auger-Rozenberg 7.1. Flower (blossom, catkin, flower-head) galling Description: Flower (catkin) distorted, swollen, or with tissue outgrowth(s) of any shape. Possible damaging agents: Insects: Diptera (Cecidomyiidae midges: Figs. 7.1.5, 7.1.6), Hymenoptera (Cynipidae: Figs. 7.1.3., 7.1.4.), Mites (Acari, Eriophyiidae: Figs. 7.1.1., 7.1.2., 7.1.6.), Fungi (Ascomycetes, Taphrinales: Figs. 7.1.7., 7.1.8.), Bacteria, Phytoplasma. Fig. 7.1.1. Newly-developed inflorescence Fig. 7.1.2. Cauliflower-like gall finally of ash (Fraxinus excelsior), galled by a mite resulting from mite damage shown in Fig. (Acari, Eriophyiidae: Aceria fraxinivora). 7.1.1. Hungary, GC. Marcillac, France, AR. ©CAB International 2017. Field Guide for the Identification of Damage on Woody Sentinel Plants (eds A. Roques, M. Cleary, I. Matsiakh and R. Eschen) Damage to reproductive structures of broadleaf woody plants 71 Fig. 7.1.3. Berry-like gall on a male catkin Fig. 7.1.4. Male catkin of Quercus of oak (Quercus sp.) caused by a gall wasp myrtifoliae, deformed by a gall wasp (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae: Neuroterus (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae: Callirhytis quercusbaccarum). Hungary, GC. myrtifoliae). Florida, USA, GC. Fig. 7.1.5. Inflorescence of birch (Betula sp.) Fig. 7.1.6. Symmetrically swollen catkin of deformed by a gall midge (Diptera, hazelnut (Corylus sp.) caused by a gall Cecidomyiidae: Semudobia betulae). midge (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae: Contarinia Hungary, GC. coryli) or a gall mite (Acari Eriophyiidae: Phyllocoptes coryli). -
A Higher-Level Phylogenetic Classification of the Fungi
mycological research 111 (2007) 509–547 available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mycres A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi David S. HIBBETTa,*, Manfred BINDERa, Joseph F. BISCHOFFb, Meredith BLACKWELLc, Paul F. CANNONd, Ove E. ERIKSSONe, Sabine HUHNDORFf, Timothy JAMESg, Paul M. KIRKd, Robert LU¨ CKINGf, H. THORSTEN LUMBSCHf, Franc¸ois LUTZONIg, P. Brandon MATHENYa, David J. MCLAUGHLINh, Martha J. POWELLi, Scott REDHEAD j, Conrad L. SCHOCHk, Joseph W. SPATAFORAk, Joost A. STALPERSl, Rytas VILGALYSg, M. Catherine AIMEm, Andre´ APTROOTn, Robert BAUERo, Dominik BEGEROWp, Gerald L. BENNYq, Lisa A. CASTLEBURYm, Pedro W. CROUSl, Yu-Cheng DAIr, Walter GAMSl, David M. GEISERs, Gareth W. GRIFFITHt,Ce´cile GUEIDANg, David L. HAWKSWORTHu, Geir HESTMARKv, Kentaro HOSAKAw, Richard A. HUMBERx, Kevin D. HYDEy, Joseph E. IRONSIDEt, Urmas KO˜ LJALGz, Cletus P. KURTZMANaa, Karl-Henrik LARSSONab, Robert LICHTWARDTac, Joyce LONGCOREad, Jolanta MIA˛ DLIKOWSKAg, Andrew MILLERae, Jean-Marc MONCALVOaf, Sharon MOZLEY-STANDRIDGEag, Franz OBERWINKLERo, Erast PARMASTOah, Vale´rie REEBg, Jack D. ROGERSai, Claude ROUXaj, Leif RYVARDENak, Jose´ Paulo SAMPAIOal, Arthur SCHU¨ ßLERam, Junta SUGIYAMAan, R. Greg THORNao, Leif TIBELLap, Wendy A. UNTEREINERaq, Christopher WALKERar, Zheng WANGa, Alex WEIRas, Michael WEISSo, Merlin M. WHITEat, Katarina WINKAe, Yi-Jian YAOau, Ning ZHANGav aBiology Department, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA bNational Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information,