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Kinorhyncha:Cyclorhagida JapaneseJapaneseSociety Society ofSystematicZoologyof Systematic Zoology Species Diversity, 2002, 7, 47-66 Echinoderesaureus n. sp. (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from Tanabe Bay (Honshu Island), Japan, with a Key to the Genus Echinoderes Andrey V.Adrianovi, Chisato Murakami2and Yoshihisa Shirayama2 iinstitute ofMarine BiotQgy, Fkir-East Branch ofRetssian Accutemp of Sciences, Palchevskly St. IZ VIadivostok 690041, Russia 2Seto Marine Btolqgical Laboratorly, Its,oto U}ziversdy, Shirahama 459, IVishimuro, Vliakayama, 649-2211 Jicipan (Received 18 May 2001; Accepted 10 December 2oo1) A new species of echinoderid kinorhynch, Echinoderes aureus, is de- scribed and illustrated using a differential interference contrast microscope with Nomarski optics. The kinorhynchs were collected from washings of a brown alga, Padina arborescens Holmes, growing in tide pools in Tanabe Bay, Honshu Island, Japan. Diagnostic characters of E. aureLts are the pres- ence of middorsal spines on segments 6-10, lateral spines/tubu}es on seg- ments4 and 7-12, a pair of remarkably large subcuticular scars in a subven- tral position on segment 3, and an ineomplete rnidventral articulation on segment 4. The positions of numerous sensory-glandular organs, the sizes of various lateral spinesltubules, and the shapes of the terminal tergal and sternal extensions are also diagnostic. Echinoderes aureus constitutes the ' 59th valid species o ± the genus Echinoderes and the 15th speeies described from the Pacific Ocean. This is the fourth representative of Pacific ki- norhynchs found only in the intertidal zone and the second Pacific Ebhin- oderes living on macroalgae in tide pools, A dichotomous key to all 59 species is provided. Key Words: kinorhynch, taxonumy, Echinoderes, key, placid, spine, tubule, setae Introduction Kinorhyncha constitutes a taxon of meiobenthic, free-living, segmented and spiny marine invertebrates, generally less than lmm in length. Previously, the taxon had been considered a class of the phylum Aschelminthes (Hyman 1951), but it was subsequently regarded as currently considered an independent phylum with close relationships to aschelminth worms (Higgins 1971; Kristensen and Higgins 1991). Recently, the Kinorhyncha has been included as a class of the phylum Cephalorhyncha (Adrianov and Malakhov 1994, 1999) and the group As- chelminthes has been considered polyphyletic or paraphyletic (Ahirichs 1997; Kristensen and BUnch 2000). and According to the last taxonomic review of the Kinorhyncha (Adrianev Malakhov 1999) and subsequent recent descriptions (Sirensen et al. 2000; Adrianov et al. 2oo2), the genus EChtnoderes consists of 58 valid species, 14 of which have NII-Electronic Library Service JapaneseJapaneseSociety Society ofSystematicof Systematic Zoology 48 A, V, Adrianov, C. Murakami and Y. Shirayama been reported from the Pacific Ocean. A few studies, mostly dealing with the ecology of subtidal meiofauna, have re- ported the presence of kinorhynchs in Japanese waters. The first record of Ki- "Eehinoderes norhyncha from Japan was sp." in Kawamura (1927), collected by Taku Komai in 1925 at the Misaki Marine Biological Station near Tokyo (Kawa- mura 1927, 1947; Tokioka 1949). Abe (1930) later described a new species, EChin- oderes masudai Abe, 1930, found at Gogoshima Island near Matsuyama, The de- scription of the species was, however, too poor to allow comparisons, and E, masu- dai js not currently regarded as a valid species, rather as a species indeterminata (Higgins 1983; Adrianov and Malakhov 1999). Tokioka (1949) reported another species of Ebhinoderes, E. dwfardinii Claparede, 1863, from Ago Bay, Honshu Is. Some years later, this species was listed by Sudzuki (1976a, b) from meiobenthic samples around Kasado Island in the Seto Inland Sea. Findings of E. diu'ardinii in Japan are highly questionable, though, because the species has been known only from European waters, and the reports of Tokioka (1949) and Sudzuki (1976a, b) seem likely to be misidentifications (Higgins 1983; Adrianov and Malakhov 1994). Quite recently, a new species, Ebhinoderes sensibitts Adrianov, Murakami and Shi- rayama, 2002, was described from the intertidal zone of Tanabe Bay (Honshu Is- land). This species constitutes the first valid species of the genus Ebhinoderes de- scribed in Japan to date (Adrianov et at. 2002). The present paper wil1 describe the second species of the genus Ebhinoderes from Japan, and will be the fourth one of our series regarding taxonomic study of the Kinorhyncha in Japan. The first key to adults of Ebhinoderes, for the first eight described species, was published by Zelinka (1928). More than a half century later, Higgins (1983) pub- lished a modern key including the 38 valid species of Echinoderes known to that time, along with the standard protocol for examination procedures that is now ac- cepted by most kinorhynch taxonomists. Higgins and Kristensen (1988) then pub- lished a new key for 44 valid species of Echinoderes, and two other keys fbr the genus Echinoderes were published by Huys and Coomans (1989) and by Adrianov and Malakhov (1994), for 45 and 48 species, respectively. Quite recently, a key for 54 valid species of EChinoderes was published by Adrianov (see Adrianov and Malakhov 1999). Five additional species inclusive of the present species have been described since then (Pardos et al. 1998; Serensen et al. 2000; Adrianov et al. 2002), This paper thus includes an updated key to the currently known valid species of the geuns. Materials and Methods Six adult specimens, three males and three females, of the genus E]ehinoderes were collected from washings of the brown atga Padina arborescens Holmes in March, 2001, from tide pool in Tanabe Bay, located on the coast of the Kii Penin- sula of Honshu Island (33e42.2'N, 135022,9'E) in the vicinity of the Seto Marine Bio- logical Laboratory of Kyoto University (Fig. 1). All specimens were fixed in 10% buffered formalin in seawater. Specimens were transferred into a 70% ethanol-5% glycerol-25% deionized water solution. After letting the ethanol and water evapo- rate, the material was preserved in absolute glycerol. Three males and three fe- males then were mounted individually in Hoyer's-125 mounting medium between NII-Electronic Library Service JapaneseJapaneseSociety Society ofSystematicZoologyof Systematic Zoology New Echinoeleres species with a key of the genus 49 N e ' ee"S ee 3e 42. 2'N 13522. 9 Fig. 1. Map showing the place (black circle) where Echinoderesaureusn, sp. wascollected (Tanabe Bay, Kii Peninsula, Honshu Island, Japan). NII-Electronic Library Service JapaneseJapaneseSociety Society ofSystematicof Systematic Zoology 50 A. V. Adrianov, C. Murakami and Y. Shirayama two cover slips and positioned on Higgins-Shirayama plastic slide frames fbr fur- ther examination under a differential interference contrast microscope equipped with Nomarski optics. We followed the standard protocol for examination described by Higgins (1983). Indices are expressed as percent of total lengtih (TL) measured along the midline, from the anterior margin of segment 3 (first trunk segment) to the poste- rior margin of segment 13, exclusive of spines. Maximum sternal width (MSW) was measured at the anteroventral margin of the widest pair of sternal plates as first encountered in measuring each segment from anterior to posterior. Standard width (SW), or sternal width of segment 12, was measured at the anteroventral margin of the 12th sternal plates. Measurements are given for lengths of trunk seg- ments (L), Iateral terminal spines (LTS), lateral terminal accessory spines (LTAS), middorsal spines (DS), and lateral spinesltubules (LS), The locality data for the material examined refers to the eollector's initials (AVA and CM). The specimens coded as CM have been deposited in the meiofaunal collection of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory of Kyoto University, and those coded as AVA in the meiofau- nal collection of the Institute of Marine Biology in Vladivostok, Russia. In recording taxonomic characters such as the nature, location, and distribu- tion of cutieular structures, we fo11owed the reevaluated interpretation of dorsal, lateral, and ventral surfaces of the trunk that was proposed by Pardos et al. (1998, fig. 2). Detailed terminology used in this paper is mainly based on Higgins (1983), Pardos et al, (1998), and Adrianov and Malakhov (1999). Cuticular structures such "sen- as sensory spots, pore sieves, and glandular tubes are indicated in the text as sory-glandular structures" to avoid misinterpretation of characters studied only by light microscopy. As shown in Adrianov et al. (2002), these characters can be clearly distinguished only by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which we were not able to use in this study because of the paucity of materiai. Positions of cuticular structures on the trunk segments are indicated as fo1- lows: middorsal (MDFon the middorsal line of the segment; paradorsal (PDFad- jacent to the middorsal line of the segment; subdorsal (SDFIateral to the parador- sal position, closer to the middorsai line than to the maximum width of the seg- ment; dorsolateral (DL)-on the dorsal surface, closer to the point of maximum width of the segment than to the middorsal Iine; midlateral (MLFat the maximum width of the segment; sublateral (SLFbetween the lateral accessory position (see below) and the midlateral position; lateral accessory (LA)---on the tergal plate ven- trally adjacent to the sublateral position (position of lateral accessory spines/ tubules); lateroventral
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