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Kinorhyncha from Disko Island, West Greenland Kinorhyncha from Disko Island, West Greenland ROBERT P. HIGGINS and RE1NHARDT M0BJERG KRISTENSEN SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 458 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Folklife Studies Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover. Robert McC. Adams Secretary Smithsonian Institution SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 45 Kinorhyncha from Disko Island, West Greenland Robert P. Higgins and Reinhardt M0bjerg Kristensen SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS Washington, D.C. 1988 ABSTRACT Higgins, Robert P., and Reinhardt M0bjerg Kristensen. Kinorhyncha from Disko Island, West Greenland. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 458, 56 pages, 167 figures, 7 tables, 1 map, 1988.—Seven new species, two representing the genus Pycnophyes and five species of Echinoderes, are described from the Arctic waters of West Greenland. Keys to the adults of both genera are included. To determine the diversity and relative abundance of the kinorhynch fauna, samples of subtidal sediment were collected along the long axes of Disko Bay and Disko Fjord at depths of 6.5 m to 300 m. One species was found at only a single locality; others were more widely distributed and most abundant in the more protected confines of the fjord or deeper water of the bay. No kinorhynchs were found in sediments directly affected by glacial meltwater. Accounts of the first five of six stages in the life history of one of the two species of Pycnophyes are included in the description of that species. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Higgins, Robert P. Kinorhyncha from Disko Island, West Greenland (Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 458) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Echinoderes—Greenland—Disko Island—Classification. 2. Pycnophyes—Greenland—Disko Island— Classification. 3. Kinorhyncha—Classification. 4. Kinorhyncha—Greenland—Disko Island—Classification. I. Kristensen, Reinhardt M0bjerg. II. Title. III. Series. QL1.S54 no. 458 [QL391.K5] 595.1'85'09982 87-16511 Contents Page Introduction 1 Methods 1 Measurements and Abbreviations 2 Localities 2 Acknowledgments 3 Order CYCLORHAGIDA Zelinka, 1896 3 Family ECMNODERIDAE Biitschli, 1876 3 Genus Echinoderes Claparede, 1863 3 Key to Adults of Echinoderes 3 Echinoderes angustus, new species 7 Echinoderes aquilonius, new species 11 Echinoderes eximus, new species 17 Echinoderes peterseni, new species 22 Echinoderes tubilak, new species 28 Order HOMALORHAGIDA Zelinka, 1896 34 Family PYCNOPHYIDAE Zelinka, 1896 34 Genus Pycnophyes Zelinka, 1907 34 Key to Adults of Pycnophyes 34 Pycnophyes cryopygus, new species 36 Pycnophyes greenlandicus, new species 47 Ecological Notes 54 Literature Cited 55 Kinorhyncha from Disko Island, West Greenland Robert P. Higgins and Reinhardt M0bjerg Kristensen Introduction subtidal macrobenthic communities within the coastal waters of Greenland has been directed toward the commercially A paucity of information exists on the meiofauna from important populations of deep-sea prawns (Horsted and Smidt, Arctic regions in contrast to more numerous publications 1956). The first studies of meiofauna from the coasts of treating microscopic invertebrates from tropical oceans. The Greenland were initiated in 1978 (Kristensen and Niilonen, presence of the phylum kinorhyncha in the Arctic meiofauna 1982; Kristensen and N0rrevang, 1982; Kristensen and has been noted in six instances. The first kinorhynch reported Higgins, 1984). Although very little quantitative data were from the Arctic (70°N) was Echinoderes arcticus (Steiner, published by these authors, they have been impressed with the 1919); unfortunately, this species from the White Sea, near relatively high abundance of meiobenthos found in the Murmansk, was based on a juvenile specimen and has not been sediments along the western coast of Greenland. found again. The second kinorhynch described from the Arctic (75°N) was E. arlis Higgins, 1966b, which was found between The present study focuses on a particular component of the depths of 419 and 747 m in the Chukchi Sea off Point Barrow subtidal meiofauna, the Kinorhyncha, from Disko Island, West Alaska. Greenland (Map 1). As in most other studies of Greenlandic The presence of kinorhynchs (otherwise unidentified) in meiobenthos, the site of this study was determined by the Arctic sediments has been noted in four other studies, all of proximity of the Danish Arctic Station. them dealing with quantitative ecology of subtidal meiofauna METHODS.—The specimens upon which this study is based (Beaufort Sea: Carey and Montagna, 1982; Laptev Sea: were taken from 10 samples of mud to sandy-mud from depths Sheremetevskij, 1977; Norwegian Sea: Thiel, 1971; Norwegian between 6.5 m and 300 m on the south and southwestern coasts Sea and Greenland Sea: Dinet, 1977). Carey and Montagna of Disko Island. Certain sites required sampling with a 0.1 m2 (1982) reported kinorhynch abundance at 0.1 • 10 cm2, Van Veen grab, but most samples were taken with a comprising 0.2 percent of the total meiofauna; Sheremetevskij meiobenthic dredge designed to collect the surface few (1977) found kinorhynchs at a concentration of 0.62 • 10 cm2, centimeters of sediment. Insofar as possible, each sample taken or 0.3 percent of the total meiofauna; Thiel (1971:104) listed by the dredge consisted of about 10 liters, which probably kinorhynch abundance at about 1.5 • 10 cm2, or 0.14 percent represents a 4 m2 minimum sample-surface area, assuming of the total meiofauna collected; and Dinet's (1977) data placed that the 25 cm wide dredge blade removed only the upper kinorhynchs at 1-8 • 10 cm2, or 0.3-1.7 percent of the total centimeter of sediment. Though by no means a quantitative meiofauna. procedure, samples taken in this manner probably provide a In contrast with the dearth of information pertaining to the reasonable approximation of the relative abundance of meiobenthos, the study of Greenlandic subtidal macrobenthos kinorhynchs and their species diversity at a given station. has a lengthy history, dating from the publications of Otto Samples of sediment were taken so as to effect a transect Fabricius' Fauna Groenlandica in 1780. Much interest in along the long axes of Disko Fjord, a relatively protected area between a glacier at its eastern limits and a moraine barrier at Robert P. Higgins, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of its seaward limits, and another in Disko Bay, from Skansen Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. Reinhardt near the southeastern coast of Disko Island to the open sea off Mpbjerg Kristensen, Institute of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of the southwestern coast The eastern limits of both transects Copenhagen, DK-2I00 Copenhagen, Denmark. were under the greatest influence of meltwater from extensive SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY glaciers; the western limits were the least influenced. LS lateral spine micropapilla Wherever possible, stations were established within areas MP MS muscle scar locally known as "shrimp fields": areas of high benthic MT midventral thickening productivity characterized by well-oxygenated, stable, brown, MX middorsal papilla diatom-enriched, muddy sediment. Other stations, such as MY developing middorsal (spinose) process those near Skansen, the Bay of Iterla (RH 1536) and Igpik (RH MZ middorsal (spinose) process OP oval patch 1537), were established to include areas of muddy sand and PA pachycyclus well-sorted sand habitats similar to those sampled in previous PE penile spines 1-3 studies (Kristensen and N0rrevang, 1982). PF pectinate fringe Specimens mentioned in this
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