Platyhelminthes

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Chapter 8 Platyhelminthes 34,000 flatworms Bilateral Symmetry Triplobastic Acoelomate nerve network with pair of ganglia eye spots (ocelli) excretory system circulatory system with blood Class Turbellaria mostly free-living in aquatic or moist terrestrial environments; some are symbiotic or parasitic Trematoda flukes all parasitic Cestoda tapeworms all parasitic Larval Stages 1 Unicellular (acellular) Multicellular (metazoa) protozoan protists Poorly defined Diploblastic Triploblastic tissue layers Cnidaria Porifera Ctenophora Placozoa Uncertain Acoelomate Coelomate Pseudocoelomate Priapulida Rotifera Chaetognatha Platyhelminthes Nematoda Gastrotricha Rhynchocoela (Nemertea) Kinorhyncha Entoprocta Mesozoa Acanthocephala Loricifera Gnathostomulida Nematomorpha Protostomes Uncertain (misfits) Deuterostomes Annelida Mollusca Echinodermata Brachiopoda Arthropoda Hemichordata Phoronida Onychophora Bryozoa Chordata Pentastomida Pogonophora Sipuncula Echiura Figure 14.06c 2 Figure 14.06b Incomplete gut mouth, pharynx, gut Figure 14.06a Protonephridia 3 Figure 14.01 packing tissue with cells & fibers Figure 14.03 Gland cell Mucus 4 Figure 14.04 5 Figure 14.02 Figure 14.co marine polyclad Thysanozoon nigropapillosum 6 Figure 14.10 marine polyclad Pseudobiceros hancockanus Figure 14.11 acoel turbellarians Waminoa sp. covering soft coral Great Barrier Reef 7 Figure 14.09a Eye spot (ocellus) Planaria Auricle Tricladida Figure 14.08a Tricladia freshwater turbellarian 8 Figure 14.09b Polycladida Figure 14.01 Class: Trematoda 9 Figure 14.05 tegument Fasciola hepatica Figure 14.07 Liver fluke: Clonorchis sinensis oral & ventral suckers pharynx, muscular esophagus, two long unbranched intestinal ceca monoecious 10 Figure 14.12 Liver fluke: Clonorchis sinensis Figure 14.13 11 Figure 14.14 180 pairs of Schistosoma mansoni found in this liver Figure 14.15 lung fluke: Paragonimus westermani 12 Figure 14.02 Class: Cestoda Figure 14.18 13 Figure 14.20 Figure 14.19 14 Figure 14.22 Dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus Figure 14.17 Tegument of Echinococcus granulosus 15 Figure 14.21 Pig tapeworm: Taenia solium cysticerci infection in brain Figure 14.28 16 Phylum: Nemertea (Rhynchocoela) Ribbon Worms 1000 species Nemertean Characters 1) proboscis—hollow extrusible organ for prey capture 2) complete gut— mouth-digestive tract-anus 3) advanced circulatory system with contractile vessel walls for irregular flow 4) true excretory system 17.

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Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and "Aschelminthes" - A
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE FUNDAMENTALS AND SYSTEMATICS – Vol. III - Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and "Aschelminthes" - A. Schmidt-Rhaesa PLATYHELMINTHES, NEMERTEA, AND “ASCHELMINTHES” A. Schmidt-Rhaesa University of Bielefeld, Germany Keywords: Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Gnathifera, Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, Rotifera, Acanthocephala, Cycliophora, Nemathelminthes, Gastrotricha, Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera Contents 1. Introduction 2. General Morphology 3. Platyhelminthes, the Flatworms 4. Nemertea (Nemertini), the Ribbon Worms 5. “Aschelminthes” 5.1. Gnathifera 5.1.1. Gnathostomulida 5.1.2. Micrognathozoa (Limnognathia maerski) 5.1.3. Rotifera 5.1.4. Acanthocephala 5.1.5. Cycliophora (Symbion pandora) 5.2. Nemathelminthes 5.2.1. Gastrotricha 5.2.2. Nematoda, the Roundworms 5.2.3. Nematomorpha, the Horsehair Worms 5.2.4. Priapulida 5.2.5. Kinorhyncha 5.2.6. Loricifera Acknowledgements Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary UNESCO – EOLSS This chapter provides information on several basal bilaterian groups: flatworms, nemerteans, Gnathifera,SAMPLE and Nemathelminthes. CHAPTERS These include species-rich taxa such as Nematoda and Platyhelminthes, and as taxa with few or even only one species, such as Micrognathozoa (Limnognathia maerski) and Cycliophora (Symbion pandora). All Acanthocephala and subgroups of Platyhelminthes and Nematoda, are parasites that often exhibit complex life cycles. Most of the taxa described are marine, but some have also invaded freshwater or the terrestrial environment. “Aschelminthes” are not a natural group, instead, two taxa have been recognized that were earlier summarized under this name. Gnathifera include taxa with a conspicuous jaw apparatus such as Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, and Rotifera. Although they do not possess a jaw apparatus, Acanthocephala also belong to Gnathifera due to their epidermal structure. ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE FUNDAMENTALS AND SYSTEMATICS – Vol.
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New Zealand's Genetic Diversity
1.13 NEW ZEALAND’S GENETIC DIVERSITY NEW ZEALAND’S GENETIC DIVERSITY Dennis P. Gordon National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6022, New Zealand ABSTRACT: The known genetic diversity represented by the New Zealand biota is reviewed and summarised, largely based on a recently published New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. All kingdoms and eukaryote phyla are covered, updated to reﬂ ect the latest phylogenetic view of Eukaryota. The total known biota comprises a nominal 57 406 species (c. 48 640 described). Subtraction of the 4889 naturalised-alien species gives a biota of 52 517 native species. A minimum (the status of a number of the unnamed species is uncertain) of 27 380 (52%) of these species are endemic (cf. 26% for Fungi, 38% for all marine species, 46% for marine Animalia, 68% for all Animalia, 78% for vascular plants and 91% for terrestrial Animalia). In passing, examples are given both of the roles of the major taxa in providing ecosystem services and of the use of genetic resources in the New Zealand economy. Key words: Animalia, Chromista, freshwater, Fungi, genetic diversity, marine, New Zealand, Prokaryota, Protozoa, terrestrial. INTRODUCTION Article 10b of the CBD calls for signatories to ‘Adopt The original brief for this chapter was to review New Zealand’s measures relating to the use of biological resources [i.e. genetic genetic resources. The OECD deﬁ nition of genetic resources resources] to avoid or minimize adverse impacts on biological is ‘genetic material of plants, animals or micro-organisms of diversity [e.g. genetic diversity]’ (my parentheses).
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A Multigene Phylogenetic Analysis of Terebelliform Annelids
Zhong et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011, 11:369 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/369 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Detecting the symplesiomorphy trap: a multigene phylogenetic analysis of terebelliform annelids Min Zhong1, Benjamin Hansen2, Maximilian Nesnidal2, Anja Golombek2, Kenneth M Halanych1 and Torsten H Struck2* Abstract Background: For phylogenetic reconstructions, conflict in signal is a potential problem for tree reconstruction. For instance, molecular data from different cellular components, such as the mitochondrion and nucleus, may be inconsistent with each other. Mammalian studies provide one such case of conflict where mitochondrial data, which display compositional biases, support the Marsupionta hypothesis, but nuclear data confirm the Theria hypothesis. Most observations of compositional biases in tree reconstruction have focused on lineages with different composition than the majority of the lineages under analysis. However in some situations, the position of taxa that lack compositional bias may be influenced rather than the position of taxa that possess compositional bias. This situation is due to apparent symplesiomorphic characters and known as “the symplesiomorphy trap”. Results: Herein, we report an example of the sympleisomorphy trap and how to detect it. Worms within Terebelliformia (sensu Rouse & Pleijel 2001) are mainly tube-dwelling annelids comprising five ‘families’: Alvinellidae, Ampharetidae, Terebellidae, Trichobranchidae and Pectinariidae. Using mitochondrial genomic data, as well as data from the nuclear 18S, 28S rDNA and elongation factor-1a genes, we revealed incongruence between mitochondrial and nuclear data regarding the placement of Trichobranchidae. Mitochondrial data favored a sister relationship between Terebellidae and Trichobranchidae, but nuclear data placed Trichobranchidae as sister to an Ampharetidae/Alvinellidae clade.
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Number of Living Species in Australia and the World
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Solitary Entoprocts Living on Bryozoans - Commensals, Mutualists Or Parasites?
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 440 (2013) 15–21 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jembe Solitary entoprocts living on bryozoans - Commensals, mutualists or parasites? Yuta Tamberg ⁎, Natalia Shunatova, Eugeniy Yakovis Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaja nab. 7/9, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation article info abstract Article history: To assess the effects of interspeciﬁc interactions on community structure it is necessary to identify their sign. Received 24 December 2011 Interference in sessile benthic suspension-feeders is mediated by space and food. In the White Sea solitary Received in revised form 3 November 2012 entoproct Loxosomella nordgaardi almost restrictively inhabits the colonies of several bryozoans, including Accepted 7 November 2012 Tegella armifera. Since both entoprocts and their hosts are suspension-feeders, this strong spatial association Available online xxxx suggests feeding interference of an unknown sign. We mapped the colonies of T. armifera inhabited by entoprocts and examined stomachs of both species for Keywords: Bryozoa diatom shells. Distribution of L. nordgaardi was positively correlated with distribution of fully developed Commensalism and actively feeding polypides of T. armifera, i.e. areas of strong colony-wide currents. We compared diatom Entoprocta shells found in their stomachs and observed a diet overlap, especially in the size classes b15 μm. Size spectra Epibiosis of the diatom shells consumed by T. armifera and average number of diatom shells per gut were not affected Interactions by the presence of L. nordgaardi. According to these results, L. nordgaardi is a commensal of T.
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Kinorhyncha:Cyclorhagida
JapaneseJapaneseSociety Society ofSystematicZoologyof Systematic Zoology Species Diversity, 2002, 7, 47-66 Echinoderesaureus n. sp. (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from Tanabe Bay (Honshu Island), Japan, with a Key to the Genus Echinoderes Andrey V.Adrianovi, Chisato Murakami2and Yoshihisa Shirayama2 iinstitute ofMarine BiotQgy, Fkir-East Branch ofRetssian Accutemp of Sciences, Palchevskly St. IZ VIadivostok 690041, Russia 2Seto Marine Btolqgical Laboratorly, Its,oto U}ziversdy, Shirahama 459, IVishimuro, Vliakayama, 649-2211 Jicipan (Received 18 May 2001; Accepted 10 December 2oo1) A new species of echinoderid kinorhynch, Echinoderes aureus, is de- scribed and illustrated using a differential interference contrast microscope with Nomarski optics. The kinorhynchs were collected from washings of a brown alga, Padina arborescens Holmes, growing in tide pools in Tanabe Bay, Honshu Island, Japan. Diagnostic characters of E. aureLts are the pres- ence of middorsal spines on segments 6-10, lateral spines/tubu}es on seg- ments4 and 7-12, a pair of remarkably large subcuticular scars in a subven- tral position on segment 3, and an ineomplete rnidventral articulation on segment 4. The positions of numerous sensory-glandular organs, the sizes of various lateral spinesltubules, and the shapes of the terminal tergal and sternal extensions are also diagnostic. Echinoderes aureus constitutes the ' 59th valid species o ± the genus Echinoderes and the 15th speeies described from the Pacific Ocean. This is the fourth representative of Pacific ki- norhynchs found only in the intertidal zone and the second Pacific Ebhin- oderes living on macroalgae in tide pools, A dichotomous key to all 59 species is provided. Key Words: kinorhynch, taxonumy, Echinoderes, key, placid, spine, tubule, setae Introduction Kinorhyncha constitutes a taxon of meiobenthic, free-living, segmented and spiny marine invertebrates, generally less than lmm in length.
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Metazoa Based on How Organized They Are
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A Functional Approach to Resolving the Biogeocomplexity of Two Extreme Environments Haydn Rubelmann III University of South Florida, [email protected]
University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 11-12-2014 A Functional Approach to Resolving the Biogeocomplexity of Two Extreme Environments Haydn Rubelmann III University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Marine Biology Commons, and the Microbiology Commons Scholar Commons Citation Rubelmann, Haydn III, "A Functional Approach to Resolving the Biogeocomplexity of Two Extreme Environments" (2014). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5432 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Functional Approach to Resolving the Biogeocomplexity of Two Extreme Environments by Haydn Rubelmann III A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: James R. Garey, Ph.D. Randy Larsen, Ph.D. Kathleen Scott, Ph.D. David Merkler, Ph.D. Date of Approval: November 12, 2014 Keywords: environmental microbiology, extremophiles, shallow-water hydrothermal vents, anoxic marine pits Copyright © 2014, Haydn Rubelmann III DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this dissertation to three of my personal champions: my grandfather, Haydn Rubelmann Sr. (1929 - 2004), who encouraged me to pursue an academic career; my stepfather, Dale Jones (1954 - 2008), who was the best father anyone could ever hope for, and my husband, Eduardo Godoy, who suffered through not only 8 years of my doctoral tenure, but a grueling civil liberty injustice that almost wedged the Caribbean Sea between us.
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Loricifera from the Deep Sea at the Galápagos Spreading Center, with a Description of Spinoloricus Turbatio Gen. Et Sp. Nov. (Nanaloricidae)
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A Review on Taxonomy of Phylum Kinorhyncha
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The Salish Sea Ecosystem in Fishbase and Sealifebase
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