OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 37 NO. 2 SPRING 1987

Published by THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio

Back Issues EMPIRES O.A.S. OFFICERS Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: 1988 President Martha Potter Otto. Ohio Historical Society, Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N Converse $ 5 00 Columbus, OH 43211 --Tel. 614/297-2641; Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N Converse $ 4.00 Home 614/846-7640 Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $10.00 1988 Vice-President Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann Ct., Lancaster, The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 OH 43130 Tel 614/653-9477 Back issues-black and white-each $ 4.00 1988 Exec. Sec. Michael W Schoenfeld. 524 Sycamore Dr., Back issues-four full color plates-each $ 4.00 Pickerington, OH 43147-Tel. 614/837-7088 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 1988 Treasurer Stephen J Parker, 1859 Frank Dr, Lancaster, are generally out of print but copies are available from time to OH43130-Tel 614/653-6642 time Write to business office for prices and availability. 1988 Recording Sec. Barbara Motts, 7050 Refugee Rd., Canal Winchester. OH 43110-Tel. 614/837-4862. ASO Chapters Bus 614/898-4116 Black Swamp 1988 Immed. Past Pres. Don Gehlbach, 3435 Sciotangy Dr., President: Kevin Boos. 510 Wilder Ave , Huron, OH 44839 Columbus, OH 43221 -Tel. 614/459-0808; Meeting place: Huntington Bank, Bowling Green, last Tuesday Bus 614/888-3572 of each month 1990 Editor Robert N Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, Cuyahoga Valley OH 43064-Tel. 614/873-5471 President: Beverly Imhoff, 87 N. 4th St.. Rittman, OH 44270 TRUSTEES Meeting place: Summit Lapidary Club, 244 Chestnut Blvd , Cuyahoga Falls, second Thursday of each month 1988 Gary Davis, Box 133. Bainbridge, OH 45612- Tel 614/634-2761 Johnny Appleseed 1988 Ernest Good, 3402 Civic Place, Grove City. OH 43123- President: Lyle Meeker, Rt. 1, Tugend Rd., Butler, OH 44822 Tel 614/875-6156 Meeting place: Kingwood Center. Mansfield, first Wednesday 1988 Alva McGraw, 1177 Eastern Ave.. Chillicothe, OH 45601- of each month Tel. 614/773-4399 Lake County 1988 Frank Otto. 2200 East Powell Rd., Westerville, OH 43081 - President: Bill King, 9735 Ridgeview Trail. Mentor, OH 44060 Meeting place: First Presbyterian Church. Willoughby, third Tel. 614/846-7640 Tuesday September through January, April, May, and June 1990 Dana L. Baker, 17240 Twp. Rd. 206, Mt. Victory, OH 43340- Tel. 513/354-3951 Lower Ohio River Valley Basin 1990 Mike Kish. 39 Parkview Ave , Westerville, OH 43081 — President: Buddy Haney. Rt 1. Box 256, Kitts Hill, OH 45645 Tel. 614/882-4176 Meeting place: Lawrence County Court House or First National Bank, Ironton, third Tuesday of each month 1990 Stephen Puttera, Jr., 8646 Wyatt Rd.. Broadview Hts., OH 44147-Tel 216-526-6866 Miami Valley 1990 John Winsch, M.D.,585 EdgemontRd.. Newark. OH 43055 President: Jeff Georgiady, 110 West Bull Run Drive, Oxford, OH 45056 BUSINESS MANAGER Mound City S A (Joe) Redick, 35 West Riverglen Drive, Worthington, OH Secretary/Treas.: Norman McKnight. 13009 SR 104, Ashville, 43085-Tel. 614/885-0665 OH 43103 Regional Collaborators Painted Post David W Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave . Portsmouth, OH 45662 President: Richard Gregory, 15441 Johnson Rd . Lisbon, OH Mark W. Long, Box 467, Wellston, Ohio 44432 Steven Kelley, Seaman, Ohio Scioto Marsh William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave , Lakewood. Ohio President: Brad Harvey, Box 488. Kenton, OH 43326 James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, Meeting place: Epworth United Methodist Church, Kenton, Columbus, Ohio 43210 first Sunday of the month, 1:00 p.m. Gordon Hart. 760 N Main St., Bluffton. Indiana 46714 David J. Snyder, PO. Box 388. Luckey. Ohio 43443 Seneca Arrow Hunters Dr. Phillip R. Shriver. Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056 President: Frank Findlay, 2465 Co Rd. 36. Kansas, OH 44814 Robert Harter. 1961 Buttermilk Hill, Delaware, Ohio Meeting place: Central Labor Union Hall, Washington St.. Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, Tiffin, fourth Sunday of November, January, March, and May, 1:00 p.m. Zanesville, Ohio 43701 Six Rivers All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeolo­ President: Sam Speck. 13662 Mishey Rd., Fredericktown, OH gist should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back 43019 J issues, changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to Meeting place: State Savings Bank, Shrock Rd and SR 3, f the Business Manager Westerville, first Thursday of each month PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS Standing Stone CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, President: Don Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH 43130 SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. Meeting place: State Savings Bank. 1583 East Main St.. I Membership and Dues Lancaster, last Thursday of each month, January through ' October, also early December Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows. Regular membership $12.00; hus­ Sugar Creek band and wife (one copy of publication) $13.00; Life membership President: Dave Lehberger, 330 34th St., S.W., Canton, OH $300 00 Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published quar­ ($44706 terly, is included in the membership dues The Archaeological Meeting place: St John United Church of Christ, Bolivar, Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization. fourth Monday of each month, 7:30 p.m. TABLE OF CONTENTS President's Column Indian Creek Archaic Diagonal Corner Notched Points 4 As you read this, we will probably be in the midst of the late spring/early Representative Artifacts and Features from the Scioto County Home Site . . 5 summer good weather. However, the Two Bannerstone Finds 11 growing crops make surface collecting progressively more difficult. This is an An Expanded Notch Point from Muskingum County 12 excellent time, therefore, to catalogue Cupstones 13 the artifacts you have found this spring Highland County Artifacts 14 and map your sites while all that informa­ tion is still fresh in your mind. Summer The Dilemma of the Triangular Point Type 15 also brings the ASO picnic meetings- The Fort Ancient People: First Farmers of the Middle Ohio Valley 16 opportunities to see other members' collections from different parts of Ohio. Some Archaic Points from Union County 17 Summer also is an excellent time to An Analysis of the Maps of the Great Serpent Mound 18 visit the numerous archaeological sites Relics from Adams County, Ohio 26 open to the public in Ohio and beyond. To begin with an obvious commercial, The Wyandot Tablet 28 all of the Ohio Historical Society's state The Wampum Belt of the Greene Ville Treaty 29 memorials—including Serpent Mound, Fort Hill, Fort Ancient, Moundbuilders A Pitted Hammerstone 30 Park (Newark Earthworks), Flint Ridge, A Pike County Plummet 32 Seip Mound, and others—will be open Late Archaic Pit Features at 33SE161 33 by Memorial Day. Mound City, near Chillicothe, administered by the National The Haas Site 34 Park Service, includes a fine site mu­ An Atlas of American Indian Geometry 36 seum and the restored Hopewell mounds and enclosure. Rather than identify any The Aberdeen Pipe 50 more of the sites open to the public, I Two Long Island Finds 52 will recommend a recently-published book, Indian Mounds of the Middle Ohio The Buffalo or American Bison in the Ohio Valley at the Valley: A Guide to Adena and Ohio Time of Euro-Indian Contact 53 Hopewell Sites by Susan L. Woodward and Jerry N. McDonald (McDonald and Woodward Publishing Co., P.O. Box 4098, Newark, OH 43055). After sum­ marizing current viewpoints about the Adena and Hopewell cultures, the authors describe 41 mounds and earth­ works, mainly in Ohio, including direc­ tions to the sites and information on site facilities. Another place you should con­ sider is the Incinerator site, a Fort An­ cient village currently being investigated and restored by the Dayton Museum of Natural History. It is located along the Great Miami River just south of the city. Arrangements to visit the site must be made through the Dayton Museum of Natural History. If you plan to travel beyond Ohio this summer, there are a number of Missis- sippian sites that are fairly close by: Angel sites near Evansville, Indiana; Cahokia Mounds in Collinsville, Illinois; and Dickson Mounds near Havana, Illi­ nois. The Illinois State Museum in Springfield also has newly-installed archaeological exhibits. Further infor­ FRONT COVER mation on sites throughout the country (Shriver) The wampum belt of the Treaty of Greene Ville, 1795, the treaty which brought are listed in two publications that should an end to the Indian Wars in the Ohio country. Picture courtesy of the Ohio Historical Society, be available in most libraries and book­ Columbus. See story on page 29. stores: Archaeology Magazine's Travel Guide to North America 1987 in the May/June 1987 issue (vol. 40, no. 3), and America's Ancient Treasures (3rd rev.) by Franklin and Mary E. Folsom (University of New Mexico Press). Have a good summer! Martha Potter Otto Indian Creek Archaic Diagonal Corner Notched Points By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

Surface finds of prehistoric artifacts its primitive craftsman into a hafted inches. The width of all four ranges from in the Talawanda-lndian Creek valleys scraper, the new beveled edge forming 1% inches to 1% inches. of Butler and Preble Counties, Ohio, and the scraping surface. The ears of both In his very helpful Ohio Flint Types, Union County, Indiana, are predomi­ ends of the base have been broken off, Robert N. Converse has noted that, in at nantly Archaic in cultural horizon and in also suggesting hard use. least one Kentucky multi-occupational light of the numbers found as well as The two light-colored points below are Archaic site, diagonal corner notched their diversity, suggest a significant each missing one ear on the base but points were found at one of the lowest occupation over much of that horizon, are otherwise intact. The larger point levels indicating an early Archaic place­ from Early to Late. has been beveled on the right, though ment." He has also pointed out that Among the surface finds in the valley not to the extent usually associated with some specimens have a tendency to be of Indian Creek just west of Oxford are archaic bevels. The smaller point, in beveled slightly on the right, probably the fourdiagonal corner notched points contrast to the other three, is fairly crude, from aboriginal resharpening. Rarely will illustrated here. (See Figures 1 and 2.) only the base, point, and diagonal a crude example of this type be found— The two at the top have been chipped corners evidencing careful secondary they are nearly always finely chipped from black flint from Upper Mercer de­ flaking. and designed." (1973: 25.) posits in the eastern part of Ohio. The In length, the larger light-colored point two below were shaped from more local is 2/2 inches, the smaller one, 2% inches. light-colored cherts, predominantly tan Were the two black points unbroken, I Reference and gray. would surmise the length of the one on Converse, Robert N. Both of the Upper Mercer points have the left to have been approximately 3 1973 Ohio Flint Types. The Archaeologi­ been broken. The one to the left has inches, the one on the right about 2V2 cal Society of Ohio. been re-chipped and re-sharpened by

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Fig. 1 (Shriver) Four Archaic diagonal corner notched points from the Fig. 2 (Shriver) Reverse sides of the four diagonal corner notched Indian Creek valley just west of Oxford in northwestern Butler County. points shown in Fig. 1. They are part of the author's personal collection. The black Upper Mercer flint point in the upper left has lost both "ears" of its base as well as the lower half of its blade. It has been re-sharpened as a hafted scraper. The light-colored chert point to the left below has been beveled.

4 Representative Artifacts And Features From The Scioto County Home Site By David W. Kuhn 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, Ohio 45662 Between May 15 and November 23, in an east-west direction. The actual area is 84", indicating a long period of habita­ 1986, salvage excavations were con­ of habitation appears to extend beyond tion. In other words, when the original ducted at the Scioto County Home Site, the established grid, because test units inhabitants arrived there, the elevation a multi-component site in the foothills away from the grid reveal occupation of the site was 84" below the present along Carey's Run near where it empties areas but with more shallow midden. surface, and through the years, the level into the Ohio River. The site is within The photographs of artifacts published was built up by dumping dirt, fire cracked 100 yards of U.S. 52 in Washington with this article indicate that the site rock, animal and plant remains, mussel Township, Scioto County. A more de­ dates back to the Late Archaic period shells and human remains over the area. tailed explanation of the cultural oc­ and was occupied from that time (3,060 All artifacts and features from the site cupation features is published in this B.C. according to radiocarbon dating) are presently being studied and cata­ issue of The Ohio Archaeologist in an up to historic times. The flint tools and loged by Martha P. Otto and her staff at article by Jonathan E. Bowen, who ren­ chips indicate that the source of this The Ohio Historical Society, after which dered many days work at the site. material was mostly Flint Ridge, but that the Board of Scioto County Commis­ Of the 120 units established at the local chert was also used. And the large sioners have indicated an intention to site (5' x 5' units), 43 have been ex­ amount of splintered deer bones, antlers display the artifacts in Scioto County cavated, mainly along the east and west and tools reveal an extensive diet of and to re-bury the human remains re­ edges of the grid, and through the center venison. The deepest midden at the site moved from the site.

Figure 1 (Kuhn) Representative flint from Scioto County Home Site. T-drill is 1%" long. Side-notch projectile at bottom left is made of jet-black flint and is /%" long.

Figure 2 (Kuhn) Representative flint from Scioto County Home Site. Drill in center row at right is 3W long. The assortment pictured here indicate a multi-component site.

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Figure 3 (Kuhn) The grooved hammer at upper right is I Yi" long Figure 4 (Kuhn) Superb specimen of a %-groaved granite axe was unassociated with and is made of green granite. any feature and was located four feet below the surface.

Figure 5 (Kuhn) Two broken V-t-grooved axe bits. The specimen at left is speckled green Figure 6 (Kuhn) Cray Ohio pipestone tubular pipe (cloud- granite. On the right is a solid green specimen which is 23A" long. blower) broken into 15 pieces and associated at the lower jaw of burial in Unit #/13.

Figure 7 (Kuhn) Two maroon pipestone cylinders tapped Figure 8 (Kuhn) Portions of two fish hooks: shank is Vk" long. Portions of gray at each end. Were not associated with each other. Specimen Ohio pipestone tubular pipe. on right is 1%" long.

6 Figure 9 (Kuhn) Atlatl hook made from deer antler is 2%" long and Figure 10 (Kuhn) Highly polished bone hairpin shows deposits that were present was found by Jeff Kleinman and Chris Baldridge. Drilled and on all artifacts at the site. It is 3% " long. A Iso illustrated is a worked raccoon penis polished bird bone pendant or gorget is 3%" long. bone and three needles.

Figure 11 (Kuhn) These antler flaking tools have been whittled or scraped on all sides. The longest is 6" long and were excavated together by the author.

Figure 12 (Kuhn) The longest antler flaking tool in this photo is 6" long and was excavated by ASO member Pat Riley.

7 Figure 13 (Kuhn) These antler flaking tools were excavated together by Barbara Motts Figure 14 (Kuhn) This is the longest antler flaking tool excavated and are 6lA" and 7" long. atthesite. Itis 10" long and was excavated by Dennis Kleinman.

Figure 15 (Kuhn) Representative antler projectiles. The largest is 3" long and has a groove at the base. Note small groove at point of projectile second from left.

Figure 16 (Kuhn) Deer ulna awls and flakers. The longest is 4".

8 Figure 17 (Kuhn) Deer ulna awl at left is 4" long and has red ochre on it.

Figure 18 (Kuhn) Splinter bone awls and drilled bear claw, which is llA" long.

Figure 19 (Kuhn) Splinter bone awls and pins. Shortest awl is llA" long. Figure 20 (Kuhn) Splinter bone awl 3%" long. Hollow bird bone has three rings around end.

Figure 21 (Kuhn) Tightly flexed burial with meter stick in Unit #118.

Figure 22 (Kuhn) Portion of flexed burial illustrating vertebrae and pelvis and small birdpoint in rib area.

10 Two Bannerstone Finds By Jack Rosenfeld Columbus, Ohio After several years of extensive sur­ 1). The other artifacts found in the same from the same site are shown in Fig. 4. face hunting and never having found a field are shown in Fig. 2. This winged bannerstone had appar­ slate artifact, I found not one but two One month later in April, while surface ently been salvaged by the Indian since bannerstones. In March of 1986 I found hunting in Licking County, I found the it has the remnant of a repair hole at the a broken pick bannerstone in Franklin broken tipped butterfly bannerstone edge of one broken wing (Fig. 5). County, Ohio near Blacklick Creek (Fig. shown in Fig. 3. The artifacts which came

Fig. 3 (Rosenfeld) Broken winged bannerstone from Licking County. Ohio. Fig. 1 (Rosenfeld) Broken pick bannerstone from Franklin County, Ohio. 4*ff •T»f f * ftt?t« A

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Fig. 4 (Rosenfeld) Artifacts which accompanied the winged bannerstone.

Fig. 2 (Rosenfeld) Artifacts found in the same field. Fig/ 5 (Rosenfeld) Drawing showing conjectural outline of salvaged bannerstone.

11 An Expanded Notch Point From Muskingum County By Larry G. Merriam 8716 Old Brompton Road, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73132 This fine point was found by John rather than having the normal triangular Hothem, Lar Flynn while surface hunting North of shape. Another interesting feature is the 1986 Indian Flints of Ohio, Hothem Zanesville in Falls Township during recurved needle like tip. In summary, House Books, Lancaster, Ohio. Perino, Gregory June, 1982. The 4%" long and 1V2" wide this piece is an unusual example of a rare point type. 1986 Selected Preforms, Points and piece is made from an Upper Mercer Knoves of the North American In­ flint reported to be from near Logan. dians, Vol. I, Gregory Perino, Idabel, The point is moderately beveled and References OK. serrated which is common for this type Converse, Robert N. of Archaic knife. The base is lightly 1973 Ohio Flint Types, the Archaeol­ ground with the base edges only slightly ogical Society of Ohio, Columbus, ground. The sides are nearly parallel Ohio.

Fig. 1 (Mernam) Obverse and Reverse of Expanded Notch Point

12 Cupstones By Dave Nehus R.D. #1, Box 3020, Aliquippa, PA 15001

Cupstones—why? That was the ques­ varieties of shapes and sizes may be inch. Sandstone weathers to that depth, tion put to us at the last get together of found in a single stone and none are after which it becomes very dense and the Painted Post Collectors, a chapter of unique to a single age or place. requires too much effort to continue the Archaeological Society of Ohio. Cupstones themselves seem to be of drilling. When I tested the drillings this After much discussion and some read­ little value since they are found in refuse time I received the answer that I had ing, it seems cupstones are of all times, dumps, old creek bottoms, and firepits, been waiting for. I got a slightly gritty places and cultures of man and must places where items of secondary or no paste. As I rubbed it between my fingers, have been made to fulfill a need; a very importance were put. Few are found in I recognized the texture. I had pur­ basic need. But how? What possible use burials with items needed in the next chased it not long ago at a local hardware would man's earliest ancestors have for life. store. It was in a metal container with a stone with a hole in it? More impor­ After considering these facts, several the words "rubbing compound" sten­ tant, what could this stone, or the hole in ideas came to mind, such as: were these ciled on it. it, do to enhance their lives or their stones used in food preparation, the Nearing the completion of a new chances for survival? shaping of tools, for tally markers, as a home, I had no trouble finding a short According to the Encyclopedia Brit- calendar, as molds, as lamps, as a diary, length of dried pine board on which to tanica, they were used in ceremonies in or to measure. The list went on and on. try my next idea. I put on a soft leather praise of the sun, moon, earth and Maybe they were used as suggested in glove and rubbed the board with the others. They also state that this is only a the encyclopedia—for religious reasons. paste. It took very little effort to achieve conclusion of archeologists and, the true They all seemed plausible. Then it a smooth finish. reason for its use may not be known. dawned on me that maybe I was missing It was time to get a more experienced It is known to be true that cupstones the point. How could so many different opinion of my theory. I had only to wait are to be found everywhere and in all peoples of so many different times, until the next Saturday, which was the later time periods where ancient stone places and cultures be using cupstones day of the next meeting of the Painted working man was present, leaving no for the same reason? At that point I knew Post Collectors. There I discussed my doubt that they were indeed needed. I must go back and look for a way that idea with club President Harry Blair and Cupstones are found with one hole, the stones, or the holes in them, could some of the other members. At the end some with several. Some have one or be used to make life better or easier for of the discussion, it was suggested that more holes only on one side and others the people who were using them. we put my theory to further testing. We have holes on both sides. Cone shaped Experimentation was a possible did this by rubbing pieces of anthracite, holes are to be found on some while means of finding the answer. I found a catlinite, slate, and bone with a leather others have round pockets with dimples small slab of sandstone and a piece of pad dipped in the paste producing a in the bottom. There are holes that chert. Twisting the chert into the sand­ smooth, scratch free, polished surface, appear to fit the shape of a sphere while stone, I drilled a hole. From this I re­ the same smooth finish achieved by others are oval. There are also stones ceived no great enlightenment, only a early man. with overlapping holes. The sizes of the small amount of a somewhat gritty pow­ Thus it seems that it was the substance holes vary as much as the shapes. They der. Drilling a hole in this manner was a acquired from drilling the cupstone range from a slight depression to a hole little difficult, so I tried soaking the rather than the stone itself that was the width of a half dollar and the depth sandstone with water then drilling again. important. of three quarters of an inch. All these It worked well to a depth of about half an

13 Highland County Artifacts By Stephen Kelley RO. Box #1, Seaman, Ohio 45679 In Figures 1 through 4 are seen a village is located in Brush creek Town­ are now in the possession of Mr. Gall's number of relics collected by the late ship in southeastern Highland County. daughter, Mrs. Jean Wallis of Hillsboro, Loren Gall of Elmville, Ohio. The pro­ Mr. Gall's garden was situated about a Ohio. Of special interest in the collection jectile points were found by Mr. Gall in half mile from the Middleforkof the East is the Ashtabula Point in Figure 1, a his small garden patch located on the Fork of Ohio Brush Creek. These relics rare find for this part of Ohio. northern edge of Elmville. This tiny

Figure I (Kelley) Notched Base Dovetail, 3Vi inches long, made Figure 2 (Kelley) Two Middle Woodland Points made of pebble of Kanawha Flint Reworked Ashtabula Point. 3VA inches long chert. The longer point measures 2Vi inches in length. and 1% wide, made of a gray flint with blue inclusions.

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3 Figure 3 (Kelley) Concave Base Corner Notch Point, 2 /16 inches Figure 4 (Kelley) Archaic Side Notched Point and two Lamoka Points all long, made of Zaleski Flint. Side Notched Point, 2'A inches in made of local chert. The side notched point measures IV2 inches long. length, made of pebble chert.

14 The Dilemma of the Triangular Point Type By Michael A. Reiter A7 University Gardens, Charlottesville, VA 22903 Of the literally hundreds of point types It is within this climate that the tri­ source hypotheses. For example, the recorded by archaeologists throughout angular point style developed. The tri­ extensive trade routes of the Formative the United States, one of the most widely angular point required exceedingly period could have been conduits for recognized is the triangular point. Sim­ delicate work to obtain the thinness, point style and technology as well as ple in design, it is often described as the small size, and delicate edge common materials to the extent that similar point most aesthetically perfect of projectile in this point type. And with slight regional types developed. In this way, the idea points (Swope, 1982). Yet the develop­ variation, a triangular point from Ohio could move across the continent to ment of the triangular point type pre­ looks very much like a triangular point localized cultures, rather than the people sents some interesting questions from Texas, New York, Virginia, or any themselves moving as in the distribution concerning our understanding of the number of other states. This raises an of Paleo period point types. Another lifestyle and culture of the people who intriguing question: How did such a possibility is that numerous conflicts made and used them. similar form develop in so many places spread the triangular point by default, The Paleo-lndians, with cultures last­ in, relatively speaking, such a short as cultures were conquered or picked ing to approximately 8000 B.C., are period of time among predominantly upon what they considered to be a pretty popularly considered to have been big localized cultures? Secondly, from good idea. Single-source hypotheses game hunters (see, for example, Wald- whence came the craftsmanship for this seem better able to explain the simi­ man, 1985). The large, relatively well delicate point type in everyday use? If larities in triangular points around the made point types of this period reflect point styles reflect the cultures that continent, but are less successful at the importance of the points to their way made them in some way, how can tri­ explaining the source for the workstyle of life. The dominant point phases of angular points be reconciled with our in a given culture or the regionalized this period (Clovis, Sandia, Folsom, etc.) common perceptions of cultures during variations upon the common theme are, for the most part, variations on a the formative period? compared to the multiple-source common lanceolate theme. Since the There are a number of possible ex­ hypotheses. Paleo-lndians are considered to have planations for the development of trian- In reality, many or all of these possi­ been nomadic, the similarities in point gular points and their similarities bilities could have been at work during styles from this period across the conti­ throughout a large part of the continent. the Formative period. Even so, the ability nent are expected. In these ways, the Some hypotheses involve multiple- to link point types and workstyles to point style is somewhat reflective of the source explanations: they rely upon the popular views of the cultures that made culture behind the points. development of the triangular point in them appears to break down somewhat During the Protoarchaic and Archaic numerous locations. For example, one during the Formative period. Hopefully periods (to about 1000 B.C.), foraging possible hypothesis is that the triangular this article will generate some thought and the hunter/gatherer lifestyle slowly point was, by trial and error, determined and discussion on the subject of the tools become dominant. Though the bands best for the bow and arrow and spread of the Formative period, particularly the still migrated, this migration appears to with that tool. The necessity of delicate, advent of the often overlooked triangular have been more localized and perhaps thin points would explain the develop­ point. seasonal. The abundance of point types ment of the necessary workstyle, though not necessarily the source of the chip­ from this period is commonly explained References as a result of this localized existence. ping techniques. Another possible hy­ Point types became adapted to regional pothesis is that the triangular point was Coe, J. L. tastes and purposes. It is often noted the logical culmination of the trend 1964 The Formative cultures of the Caro­ that point types from this period are toward simplification of point types seen lina Piedmont. Trans. Amer. Phil. in many Formative cultures. This hy­ Soc. NS 54(5). heavier and sturdier, particularly during Ritchie, W. A. the Mid to Late Archaic. Though fine pothesis would better explain the source of the chipping style, the reason for 1961 A Typology and Nomenclature for ceremonial and ornamental pieces from New York Projectile Points. N. Y. this period exist, the typical point from multiple developments, and even the State Museum and Science Service this period is arguably utilitarian. regional variations seen (as in the Madi­ Bull. 384, Albany. The Archaic blended into the Forma­ son point of the N.E. and the Yadkin of Swope, R. tive period (up to contact with white the S.E.). The difficulties with multiple- 1982 Indian Artifacts of the East and man). Cultures from this period, such as source hypotheses is that they require South. Published by author, York, PA. the various Woodland cultures, are com­ separate developments of related tech­ niques, and that they are relatively poor Wachtel, H. C monly characterized by their increasing 1957 Ohio triangles. Ohio Archaeologist use of agriculture, settled villages, and at explaining the often striking simi­ larities between points from distant 7(4); 120-121. craftsmanship. Though elaborate trade Waldman, Carl routes have been identified, the people locations. 1985 Atlas of the North American Indian. themselves were localized. There are also some single- (or few-) Facts on File Publications, N. Y.

15 The Fort Ancient People: First Farmers of the Middle Ohio Valley By C. Wesley Cowan Cincinnati Museum of Natural History The period between A. D. 1000 and storage pits and cemetery areas were gested that one of the consequences of 1650 witnessed the development of the placed in concentric belts around the their sedentary lifestyle was an increase first societies in the middle Ohio Valley oval area. Often, defensive stockades in births. The late prehistoric period may (the Tri-state area of southern Ohio, constructed of logs surrounded the have witnessed an unprecedented northern Kentucky and southeastern village. human population growth in the middle Indiana) who were committed to inten­ Although few have been completely Ohio Valley. As human population grew sive field agriculture as a way of life. excavated, the larger towns probably and new villages became established, Employing the natural fertility of flood- served as the base of operations for competition for suitable agricultural plain soils of the Ohio River and its major a resident population of 150 to 300 land, hunting territories and wood for tributaries, these so-called Fort Ancient individuals. construction timbers and fuel may have peoples depended upon highly produc­ At one time, a large village was located arisen. Internecine feuding and warfare tive eight-rowed maize to fuel their on the floodplain of the Little Miami between competing villages may have economy. Maize and other storable culti­ River just below the present-day Fort been the result. vated plants allowed these societies to Ancient Memorial in Warren County, Corn farming was sometimes an un­ be free of their dependence on the Ohio. Nineteenth-century archaeol­ certain enterprise for the Fort Ancient unpredictable availability of wild plants ogists, convinced that the occupants of peoples and climate may have contrib­ and animals as food. the village also built the earthworks uted to their decline. Throughout the When corn production was good, a dubbed "Fort Ancient" by European 16th century the climate became cooler Fort Ancient family might expect to pioneers, named the Fort Ancient cul- world-wide. In the Ohio Valley, this cool­ harvest enough for an entire year. The tu re after the earthworks. We know today ing may have made it difficult to grow corn and other dried agricultural pro­ that an earlier culture—one of the Hope­ the maize the farmers depended upon duce was preserved in deep under­ well peoples—built the earthworks and for their livelihood. Grasslands appar­ ground pits lined with a thick layer of that hundreds of years separated the ently expanded during the same interval, dried stalks of mold-resistant big blue- Hopewell from the Fort Ancient cultures. bringing bison and elk to graze on Fort stem grass. The bottom of the pit was Archaeologists have determined that Ancient farmlands. In addition, there is covered by a dried skin. A lid of grass, at least some Fort Ancient villages were good reason to believe that the Iro- poles, and skin covered the top of the organized into several residential units. quoian Indians from what is now upstate pit and kept the contents dry. These pits An examination of the broken pots from New York made periodic raids on Ohio were so successful in warding off the abandoned storage pits at one site Valley peoples. European-introduced elements that it is estimated that food showed that within a unit of three to four diseases may also have spread to the was stored for as long as a year. Once houses the pottery found in nearby Fort Ancient peoples; their populations the pits became contaminated by bac­ storage sites showed strong stylistic may have been quickly reduced by the teria, or infested by mice or insects, they similarities, suggesting that the resi­ new invader before they ever even saw were recycled and used for the disposal dents of each cluster had strong kingship a European. of household garbage. ties. With the population severely reduced, Not only were the Fort Ancient peo­ We are not certain what happened to clan obligations and ceremonies could ples the first people of the area to rely the Fort Ancient peoples. Although there not have been conducted. The social on corn production, they were also the is some disagreement among anthropol­ fabric of the Fort Ancient villagers may first true village dwellers. Fort Ancient ogists, most believe that they were the thus have disintegrated. villages or towns were more often than ancestors of the Shawnee. By the end The Cincinnati Museum of Natural not planned communities. Their struc­ of the 17th century, most of the Fort History is located at 1720 Gilbert Ave­ tures were either above ground or semi- Ancient villages in the middle Ohio nue, Cincinnati, Ohio, near the Reading subterranean dwellings. An oval or Valley were abandoned. It is believed Road exit, off 1-71. Admission is $2.00 circular public plaza, kept vacant for that the first farmers lived an existence for adults, $1.00 for children, free to special community events, was at the punctuated by periodic nutritional and Museum members. center of the village. Underground grain social stress. Demographers have sug­

Summer Picnic Meetings 1987 June 21 at Ray Vietzens. Elyria, Ohio. July 12 at Fairgrounds Dover, Ohio. Co-hosted by Sugar Creek and Cuyahoga Valley Chapters. August 16 at Flint Ridge. Hosted by Six Rivers Chapter. September 27 at National Guard Armory Tiffin, Ohio. Hosted by Seneca Arrow Hunters Chapter. Some Archaic Points From Union County By Steve Carpenter Plain City, Ohio

Illustrated below are some Archaic my interest in Ohio prehistoric peoples thousands of years still intact. points and blades which I found over and the collecting of Indian artifacts. The point at the bottom is the finest the last 12 years. All are my own personal These Archaic points range in size of point I have found to date. It is a tapered field finds and have been yielded from one to one and one half inches. The stem bifurcate. The edges have been plowed fields within a mile radius of my predominate material used is Delaware serrated, and most of the serrations are residence. The identification of the spec­ chert. still intact. Flint Ridge flint was used, imens is as follows: Displayed together are two Archaic and this particular material is rare to have The two specimens pictured at the top blades. They range in size from three been used for this type. It measures at and directly vertical from one another and one quarter inches to three and one two inches in length and is definitely the are two Archaic side notch points. Dis­ half inches, this being the blade on the product of an expert prehistoric flint played on each side are two Archaic left. The predominate material used is knapper. corner notch points. The point at the far Delaware chert. Please note the wear left has a special significance to me. It on the lower left edge of the blade on Reference was the first Indian relic I had discovered the left. It is quite miraculous to me that Ohio Flint Types- as a boy and is responsible for stirring these two specimens have survived over Robert N. Converse

Fig. 1 (Carpenter) Archaic points from Union County.

17 An Analysis of the Maps of the Great Serpent Mound By Clark Hardman, Jr. and Marjorie H. Hardman P.O. Box 667, Cross City, FL 32628 The first description of the Great Ser­ The Squier and Davis Map of 1848 positive photographs by contact printing pent effigy was by Squier and Davis Figure 2 is the first map made of the on the registration board. (1848). Their map and description pro­ Great Serpent Mound. The survey was 4. These negatives were contact vides the general features of the effigy done in 1846 and published in Ancient printed one at a time on the same sheet but does not agree in detail with later Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, of paper on the registration board giv­ work. Willoughby (1919) believes the Volume 1 of the Smithsonian Contribu­ ing the combination or one map over­ Squier and Davis plan was prepared tions to Knowledge in 1848. We are printed on the other. from a rough field sketch with little inclined to place a lot of value on early 5. This combination original was then attempt at accuracy. descriptions. This first map has the copied and the final print made. The Rev. J. P. MacLean and a "thor­ essentials but for some reason the The process tended to drop out details oughly competent surveyor" (Allen details do not fit later observations. Part that are not clear and black, for example, 1885) in the summer of 1884 studied of the explanation is probably the area grays. the effigy complex and produced a map was forested in 1846, we don't know the Figure 4 shows our 1979 map printed and measurements (MacLean 1885). A technique Squier and Davis used (the over the Squier and Davis map using tornado in 1860 leveled the trees and map was drawn by Squier) and finally this technique. The matching points are the promontory had been under cultiva­ the Big Snake is a rather nasty map­ a best fit using the base of the head and tion when the MacLean study was made. ping problem. For some reason most the tail coil. In 1886 Professor W. H. Holmes pub­ Great Serpent maps have been printed All of the early maps used here are lished a description and map. The same horizontally, that is, north is toward matches using the above technique. In basic map with slight differences and the left instead of toward the top of some instances the matching points are the addition of a direction arrow is given the page—confusing. The legend and changed. When this occurs the new by Thomas (1894). The Thomas note cross sections were removed for this matching points are indicated. gives the date of the work as 1888—an reproduction. error. Squier in his 1851 book 77ie Serpent Pidgeon s 1853 Map Putnam (1890) did the excavation and Symbol and Worship of Reciprocal Prin­ Between 1848 and 1884 the Great reconstruction of the Great Serpent ciples of Nature in America publishes a Serpent literature is relatively quiet. effigy but he did not publish a map. redrawn map. The contours of the ser­ There is an occasional mention of the The first map after reconstruction was pent on this map (Figure 3) are exactly Great Serpent, for example, Fergusson, the work of Clinton Cowen in 1901. This the same as the map published in in his Rude Stone Monuments of All map was reproduced by Willoughby Ancient Monuments. This 1851 map Countries (1872) devotes about three- (1919). Willoughby also did a map which reproduces better and is the one used fourths of a page to the Great Serpent. is reproduced in the 1919 paper and he for comparison. Interestingly, in the Pidgeon in Traditions of De-coo-dah also reproduced a sketch by Putnam. Serpent Symbols this map is upside and Antiquarian Researches: Compris­ Willoughby's discussion of the head and down, that is, the head is at the bottom ing Extensive Explorations, Surveys, egg area is the best available. of the page. Nothing significant was and Excavations of the Wonderful and Since the development of aerial photo­ removed from this reproduction. Mysterious Earthen Remains of the graphy oblique photos of the Great The redoubtable mound surveyors Mound Builders in America; The Tradi­ Serpent are numerous. deserve a good ducking in Brush Creek tions of the Last Prophet of the Elk We do not point out all of the detailed for their map and at the same time a Nation Relative to Their Origin and Use: differences in these maps. Most are laurel wreath for getting this much down. And the Evidences of an Ancient Popula­ obvious from a study of the maps. We The major features are here but the tion More Numerous Than the Present reproduce early maps for ease of refer­ details and the measurements do not Aborignes, claims to have visited the ence and the consideration that the agree with later work in the 1880s. If the Great Serpent effigy in 1832 and again overprinting can obscure some detail. area was forested and had underbrush, in 1848. His major interest was the We are concerned in this paper with Squier and Davis were lucky to get this elongated oval. how the early map-makers saw and re­ much. Pidgeon on the Great Serpent: "One corded the Great Serpent, the stability The photographic matching or com­ of the most singular features in the and changes, if any, involved in the paring technique used to compare the appearance of this work, is the peculiar reconstruction, and the passage of time. 1979 map and the earlier maps started form of the work appended to the head, We find in Holmes' maps BEFORE with kodalith negatives of the two maps traditionally said to represent the body RECONSTRUCTION and the map of to be compared—the 1979 map and one of the tortoise . . . This feature was Clinton Cowen in 1902 a rather surpris­ of the early maps. represented by De-coo-dah as an in­ ing agreement with our maps. 1. The 1979 map was printed using a separable appendage; he stated that this Our (Figure 1) maps are tracings from registration board. This is the basic union of symbols [oval or tortoise and one original of the outline of the vertical positive to which all of the others are serpent] originated in the fact that both aerial photograph with orientation and matched. were inseparably associated as objects scale indicated. All of the maps—ours 2. This basic positive (1979 map) was of worship, and that works of this kind and others—used in this project are placed on the registration board and the were always constructed in high places approximately matched in size. This early map image matched with the posi­ where sacrifices were offered." dashed—outline map is used to over­ tive on the registration board at two Pidgeon is a worrisome character. The print the previously made maps starting points by moving the enlarger up and "establishment" rejects him. Winsor with Squier and Davis. Our base map down and shifting the registration board (1889) comments: "The book contained shows the horns not attached to the to get the best match. The registration so many palpable perversions, not to head. The horns are an uncertain fea­ board was then taped down and a print say undisguised fictions, that the Smith­ ture. Our estimate is that horns are more made. sonian Institution refused to publish it; likely and our later maps show horns. 3. Negatives were made of these two and the book has never gained any

18 credit, though some unguarded writers central convolution) has a narrowed penciled in. The frog area follows have unwittingly borrowed from it." entrance and that the convolutions are Holmes. Note also the altar is off-center No match was made between Pid- symmetrical. The convolutions approxi­ as it now is. This is the first time the altar geon's map (Figure 5) and our 1979 map. mately match (a best possible match) is shown in this position. Cowen also the 1979 map convolutions. To get this shows the altar centered but Willoughby match the overall length of MacLean's has it slightly off center. Again also note Mrs. Emerson's Great Serpent of 1884 map had to be reduced. The match for that this sketch shows the horns at­ Mrs. Emerson had the work of Squier the two maps in Figure 9 is at point K tached to the head. and Davis and, Pidgeon for reference. and point E, the apexes of the northern­ The "wings" (horns) on Mrs. Emerson's most and southernmost convolutions. Cowen s 1901 Map map (Figure 6) are reasonable from the The map (Figure 14) by Clinton Cowen sources —(others have called them Dr. Holmes View of the Great Serpent is reproduced in Willoughby (1919) and wings also)—that eye has to be some Dr. W. H. Holmes, artist, geologist, captioned "Plan by C. Cowen, 1901." sort of story all by itself. Note, Pidgeon archaeologist, Director of the Bureau of Cowen omits the horns and the frog, does not show the head space. American Ethnology, on a trip with Dr. and no orientation is given. The lighter Her 1884 description in Indian Myths Cyrus Thomas, examined the Great Ser­ area along the edge of the serpent and or Legends, Traditions, and Symbols of pent Mound, and in 1886 published in across some of the convolution en­ the Aborigines of America Compared Science a map (Figure 10) and de­ trances is a gravel walkway constructed with Those of Other Countries Including scription. Holmes obviously considered by Putnam at the time of his evaluation Hindostan, Egypt, Persia, Assyria, and MacLean's frog "over-elaboration" and and reconstruction. China is all of two sentences. "It is five considers the horns "too obscure" to Cowen's survey was used to make a feet high, and its breadth thirty feet, include. This map is labeled a sketch- scale model of the Great Serpent and diminishing towards the head and end. map in the Science article. The accuracy immediate vicinity for the Jamestown This is believed to picture a huge ser­ of the map suggests it is more than Tercentary Exposition, at Norfolk, Vir­ pent, near whose open jaws an oval a sketch. Note: This map and Rev. ginia, in 1907. mound is raised, equally significant in McLean's map were both before recon­ Cowen's map and our 1979 map (Fig­ the mythology of the Indians." struction. Willoughby (1919) shows a ure 15) agree to a surprising degree. No match was made between Mrs. photograph of a portion of the Great The variations can be considered minor Emerson's map and our 1979 map. Serpent before reconstruction. It is pos­ drawing errors, either ours or Cowen's. sible to trace deep convolutions in the The defect in Cowen's map is, it shows The Big Snake of Rev. MacLean photograph. no orientation. Rev. J. P. MacLean of Hamilton, Ohio, Figure 11 is the map by Dr. Holmes Cowen shows the altar centered. The first visited the Great Serpent in 1883. that Cyrus Thomas uses in the 12th Peabody sketch shows the altar off- Twice in 1884 he did a survey. The first Annual Report of the Bureau of Eth­ center. Willoughby (1919) finds the altar time he was assisted by Rev. Jacob Tener nology (Thomas 1894). As usual, the map off-center and our observation and air and the second time by T. E. Crider, with was reproduced horizontally, that is, with photos show it off-center. The centering the second survey (Figure 7) being done north to the left. This map has a scale of the altar could originate in the Squier for the Bureau of Ethnology. Allen and north arrow. The north arrow was and Davis description and locating the (1885) refers, apparently, to Crider as a replaced using parallel rulers. The scale altar where it was considered to be thoroughly competent surveyor." The was cut out and repositioned with tape originally. MacLean survey was not hampered by on the cut out sheet. The whole was Squier and Davis describe the altar as vegetation. A tornado, in 1860, had then copied. Everything exactly the "a small circular elevation of large stones done a clearing job on the promotory. same except rearranged. This Thomas much burned once existed in its centre: MacLean made two important contribu­ map is exactly the same as the previous but they have been thrown down and tions. First, he sharpened or deepened Science map, almost. The perverse tail scattered by some ignorant visitor, under the convolutions, and second, his con­ coil now points to the egg and the the prevailing impression probably that troversial frog interpretation called at­ equally troublesome neck curve is too gold was hidden beneath them." tention to the area northwest of the egg. excessive. Putnam (1890) notes that burnt stones MacLean indicates no trouble tracing The Thomas-Holmes map is used for probably from the altar were found at the serpent and although the land had comparison. The match points are the the base of the serpent cliff. been under cultivation after 1860, "the base of the head and the tail coil. The effigies bear no trace of having been agreement (Figure 12) is excellent. Note Willoughby s 1919 Map disturbed by the plow." the scales are printed the same. The In June 1918, Willoughby visited the MacLean was somewhat provoked, at Holmes scale is 150 feet. The major Serpent Mound and "made a careful least, with the engraver. The frog had orientations, the angle of the neck, head survey of that portion in front of the first incorrect details. "The first curve after and egg, the angles of the convolutions bend of the body near the neck." The leaving the neck should be more acute. and the total curve agree with the 1979 original map (Figure 16) was printed in The coil (tail coil) should cover the entire map. This match is a primary piece of the usual horizontal fashion —north to space .. . the terminus of the tail points evidence that the reconstruction is valid. the west—and has been rearranged here directly to the serpent's head." These Holmes noted, "the entire body of the as described in Figure 11 "Another Map observations all show up clearly as serpent, and the peculiar features of the by Dr. Holmes." The original contained accurate in the comparison (Figure 8) enlarged portion, are all distinctly cross sections of the oval, neck and excepttail coil. The match points for the traceable." head. These were completely removed two maps are the base of the head and for this illustration. Willoughby reinstates the tail coil. One basic difficulty is he "Sketch Plan, Peabody Museum, 1887." the horns and his reasoning suggests has the neck shorter than it should be. (Willoughby, 1919) four horns. Note also that MacLean does not con­ This plan (Figure 13) was "made just Willoughby points out that the ends of nect the horns to the head. before restoration of the effigy." It is a the rear legs of the frog and the extremes Figure 9 points up MacLean's basic portion of the Peabody Museum's sketch of the jaws or lips of the mouth gradually difficulty. The overall curve is not curved plan of the Serpent Mound Park. slope down to the "graded sides of the enough. MacLean does not give a scale The northeast horn is shown lighter platform"' and that the Holmes and or orientation. Note Convolution 4H5 (a and the frog area is also light as though MacLean delineations are somewhat

19 misleading. The embankments shown References Origin and Use; and the Evidences extending almost around the oval on the Allen, Emory Adams of an Ancient Population More MacLean and Holmes maps do exag­ 1885 The Prehistoric: or Vanished Races. Numerous than the Present Abori­ gerate this embankment size. Central Publishing House, Cincin­ gines. Thayer, Bridgman and Fan­ Figure 17 matches the base of the nati. ning, New York. head and the tail coil of the 1919 and Emerson, Ellen Russell Putnam, Fredric C. 1884 Indian Myths or Legends, Traditions, 1890 The Serpent Mound of Ohio. Cen­ 1979 maps. The overall match obviously tury Illustrated Magazine, 39 (6): isn't a good one. The basic difficulty with and Symbols to the Aborigines of America Compared with Those of 871-888. Willoughby's map here is that he doesn't Other Countries Including Hindo- Squier, Ephraim George get the overall curve curved enough. stan, Egypt, Persia, Assyria, and 1851 The Serpent Symbol and Worship The scale on these two maps were also China. (Reprint of 1884 edition), of Reciprocal Principles of Nature matched. Note, the total length of Wil­ Ross and Haines, 1965. in America. Putnam, New York. loughby's scale is 150 feet. Ferguson. James Squier, Ephraim G. and Edwin Davis Willoughby's delineation of the con­ 1872 Rude Stone Monuments of All 1848 The Great Serpent. Adams County, Ohio. Ancient Monuments of the volutions is confusing Figure 18 sug­ Countries Their Age and Use. John Murray, London. Mississippi Valley. Smithsonian gests he has trouble with long orientation Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. I, of the convolutions. Figure 18 is the best Homes, W. H. 1886 A Sketch of the Great Serpent. Washington. match of the convolutions. The problem Science, 8: 624-628. Thomas, Cyrus is symmetry and orientation. Convolu­ MacLean, J. P. 1894 The Serpent Mound (Holmes map, tion 2J3 (second convolution from the 1885 The Serpent Mound. American An­ p. 493). Report of the Mound Ex­ north) should be symmetrical and the tiquarian and Oriental Journal, 7: plorations of the Bureau of Ethnol­ orientation more to the northeast. Con­ 44-47. ogy, Twelfth Annual Report of the volution 6F7 (the southern convolution) Pidgeon, William Bureau of Ethnology, Government should be aligned more to the southeast 1853 Traditions of De-coo-da and Anti­ Printing Office, Washington. quarian Researches: Comprising Willoughby, Charles C. and the convolution entrance not quite 1919 The Serpent Mound of Adams so wide. He has Convolution 4H5 (the Extensive Explorations, Surveys, and Excavations of the Wonderful County, Ohio. Americem Anthropol­ south central convolution) appropriately and Mysterious Earthen Remains ogist. 21 (2): 153-163. lop-sided. of the Mound Builders in America. Winsor, Justin Willoughby's major concern was the The Traditions of the Last Prophet 1889 Aboriginal America. Houghton, Mif­ front end of the effigy: the neck, head, of the Elk Nation Relative to Their flin, New York. oval, and frog from point L (base of the neck) to the edge of the cliff. Figure 19 is the best match of these front end features with the scales matched. The only real difference is the neck isn't quite long enough. Willoughby's study of the head area contains the best data for this front end of the serpent.

Discussion The Great Serpent maps reproduced «. ^- t \ \ in this paper suggest problems with usable accuracy. The best or usable maps are those by Holmes and Cowen. Cowen, however, omits orientation on • 1 N x. «• X * his map. The Holmes map is sufficient ) ) for most purposes except magnetic or 1 1 true north is not indicated. 1 1 1 ; The map by Holmes before recon­ r .'--'"""\ struction and the map by Cowen after \ reconstruction supports the thesis that v Putnam's reconstruction is a reasonable - } one. Our 1979 map points out that the 1 ,-• factors of time have not materially 1 1 changed the features of the Great Ser­ \ pent that have survived. This 1979 map provides a usable map of the Great * } > Serpent effigy. 100 PUT , »""*»«»„ +' \ *x V X, * X X X x \ ,' x \ » ' «-x \ # x - / '//T>>|l . x y • \\

Figure 1 (Hardman) Map made by the authors in 1979.

20 Figure 2 (Hardman) The Squier and Davis map of 1846.

Figure 3 (Hardman) Squier's 1851 map.

m

Figure 4 (Hardman) Comparison of the Squier and Davis map with the 1979 Figure 5 (Hardman) Pidgeon's 1853 map. map.

21 XxaK«l/

W''/''i-' *&$¥/' :•'••• • •

Figure 6 (Hardman) Mrs. Emerson's Great Serpent of 1884. Figure 7 (Hardman) The Big Snake of Rev. MacLean.

Figure 8 (Hardman) MacLean's and the 1979 map match. Figure 9 (Hardman) MacLean's and the 1979 map convolutions matched. 22 J n

Figure 10 (Hardman) Dr. Holmes' view of the Great Serpent. Figure 11 (Hardman) Another map by Dr. Holmes.

* •P&"

~~H%

Figure 12 (Hardman) Match of the Thomas-Holmes and the 1979 map. Figure 13 (Hardman) "Sketch plan. Peabody Museum. 1887"

23 Figure 14 (Hardman) Cowen's 1901 map. Figure 15 (Hardman) Match of Cowen's 1901 map and the 1979 map.

0&S&\

Figure 16 (Hardman) Willoughby's 1919 map. Figure 1 7 (Hardman) Match of Willoughby's 1919 map and the 1979 map.

24 Figure 18 (Hardman) Another match of Willoughby's 1919 map and Figure 19 (Hardman) Still another match of Willoughby's 1919 map the 1979 map. and the 1979 map.

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25 Relics From Adams County, Ohio By Stephen Kelley P.O. Box #1, Seaman, Ohio 45679 Shown are a number of relics in the in a very frustrated pipe maker. One of scraper. The obverse side exhibits multi­ collection of ASO member Robert Craw­ these fragments of broken drill has been ple fluting whereas the reverse side ford of Seaman, Ohio. In figures 1 dislodged by Mr. Crawford with at least shows no fluting but considerable basal through 3 are seen various views of an one more piece remaining within the retouching. Heavy basal and lateral elbow pipe blank found a few years ago relic. grinding is present. Each side of this by Mr. Crawford. It was discovered in In figure 4 is a small elbow pipe found tool also shows serration. As is the case Green Township, Adams County on a many years ago in the southern half of with a majority of hafted scrapers, this high, rolling plateau that usually pro­ Adams County on the old OF. Crawford artifact has been re-sharpened from only duces Archaic artifacts. Mr. Crawford farm. It is also made of a fine grained one side. It is made of Delaware Chert, found this pipe where a small bulldozer sandstone and measures 2)4 inches measures 1V2 inches long, 1 Vie inches in had recently cleared off an old fence long. The bowl is 1 % inches in diameter. width and was found on the West Fork of row. The weight from the heavy dozer In figures 5 and 6 are the obverse and Ohio Brush Creek in Oliver Township, had cracked the specimen in two, but reverse sides of two paleo artifacts, both Adams County. both pieces were still together. of which were found by Mr. Crawford. The pipe is made from a fine grained On the left is the broken tip of a fluted sandstone and measures four inches point made of Brassf ield Flint. Both sides long. The bowl is 13/ie inches across. The exhibit fluting. This piece measures 2% bowl cavity is % inch in diameter. The inches in length and is 1 Vie inches in References 3 width. Mr. Crawford was fortunate stem hole is Ae inch in diameter. This Converse, Robert N. pipe was apparently finished with the enough to have found this point on his 1973 Ohio Flint Types, Archaeological exception of the stem hole. While in the own farm on Nichols Ridge Road in Scott Society of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio. process of drilling, the flint drill evidently Township, Adams County. Gehlbach, D. R. snapped, leaving at least two fragments The specimen on the right appears to 1982 Ohio Pipe Chronology Chart, Ohio jammed inside which probably resulted be a fluted point reworked into a hafted Archaeologist 32(4): 8, 9.

Figure 1 (Kelley) Side view of the Crawford Elbow Pipe blank. Figure 2 (Kelley) Top view of the Crawford Elbow Pipe blank.

26 Figure 3 (Kelley) Oblique view of the Crawford Elbow Pipe blank Fig'ure 4 (Kelley) Small Elbow Pipe found in southern Adams County. showing the long stem.

Figure 5 (Kelley) Obverse view of two Palaeo artifacts. Figure 6 (Kelley) Reverse view of the same two relics.

27 The Wyandot Tablet By Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064

Fig. I (Converse) The Wyandot tablet, found in a cornfield in Wyandot County, Ohio.

In the Book "The Adena People—No. on one or both faces. These are thought ster, Ohio. It is made of sandstone and is 2", Webb and Baby discuss twelve en­ to be the result of sharpening awls and about one half inch thick. In outline it is graved sandstone tablets which are needles of bone or antler. almost identical to the Berlin tablet thought to be Adena in origin. Engraving Of the known tablets, plain or en­ except for notches, rather than indenta­ on these tablets portrays two subjects- graved, all except one are generally tions, cut into the vertical central protru­ birds and what are interpreted as cos­ rectangular in outline, the lone excep­ sions. It is well smoothed on both faces, tumed dancers. It is postulated that the tion being the Berlin tablet (Fig. 2) which and most importantly, has the normal dancers or shamans are dressed in has a bi-lobed or violin-shaped design. grooves or channels like the other Adena regalia which impersonates birds and It is not only unique in outline but is the tablets. This remarkable find adds one contains various bird elements—head, only tablet with engraving on the reverse more example to the total of these rare tail, wings, body and talons. Thus, a as well as the obverse. However, just and unusual artifacts. common theme in one form or another recently another similarly shaped tablet is common to both types of tablets. has been found in Wyandot County, While some of these depictions are Ohio. (Fig. 1) Reference fairly easy to explain, others are so The Wyandot tablet was found in a Webb, William S. and Baby, Raymond S. stylized that they would be indecipher­ Wyandot County cornfield in 1986 by 1957 The Adena People-No. 2 The Ohio able unless compared with their more the uncle of James Milum, Rt. 1, Harp- Historical Society, Columbus. pictorial counterparts. Even though the meaning of these depictions is theoreti­ cal, the theme must have been an easily and universally recognized motif throughout the Adena area even when done in the abstract. It could be argued that some of the highly stylized tablets are so abstract that the engraving must have been sec­ ondary and the tablets themselves served their- arcane function whether engraved or not. Indeed, there are a number of unengraved sandstone tab­ lets identical to the engraved ones. Nearly all of these tablets—engraved or not—share one common attribute which Fig. 2 (Converse) The Berlin tablet (after Webb and Baby). is the presence of grooves or channels Note similarity of outlines in two tablets.

28 The Wampum Belt of the Greene Ville Treaty By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

Fig. I (Shriver) Howard Chandler Christy's famous painting "Signing the Treaty of Greene Ville, " the original ofwhich is to be found in the rotunda of the Ohio State Capitol in Columbus. Presenting the wampum belt is the great Miami chief, Little Turtle. Holding the calumet, to the left, is the Wyandot chief, Tarhe, called The Crane. The principal American field officer is General Anthony Wayne, while behind him to the right, hat removed, is his aide, William Henry Harrison. Picture courtesy of the Ohio Historical Society, Columbus.

Stand in the very center of the rotunda gathered at Greene Ville lift the hatchet from white and purple seashells inter­ of the Ohio State Capitol in Columbus in anger against the United States. The laced and fringed with strips of buckskin and you will see it—the larger than life- Indian Wars of the 1790s were over. With (see front cover), the belt was acquired size painting by Howard Chandler the coming of peace, a new state—Ohio through a gift from Wolfe Associates, Christy depicting the offering to General —would soon enter the union, to be Inc. of Columbus combined with other Anthony Wayne of the wampum belt of followed by Indiana, then Illinois, Michi­ unrestricted funds available to the Soci­ peace by the greatest of all the war gan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, all ety. Together with the great calumet or chiefs of the Miami Indians, the one carved from the Northwest Territory pipe of peace smoked by the signers of called Meshekunnoghquah, or Little under the terms of the Ordinance of the Treaty as symbol of their agreement Turtle. This was done on behalf of all the 1787. with its provisions, the wampum belt Indian people of the Old Northwest, the From the perspective of one long constitutes one of Ohio's truly unique Wyandot, Delaware, Shawnee, Ottawa, interested in Ohio's historic as well as treasures. Appropriately in this bicen­ Chippewa, Potawatomi, Miami, Eel River, prehistoric Indians, the 1986 acquisition tennial year of both the Northwest Wea, Kickapoo and Kaskaskia, to affirm by the Ohio Historical Society of the Ordinance of 1787 and the Constitution, the Treaty of Greene Ville of 1795. (See wampum belt given to Anthony Wayne the belt and pipe are on display in the Figure 1.) Never again will Little Turtle by Little Turtle at Greene Ville in 1795 Ohio Historical Center in Columbus. or any of the other chiefs or warriors was an event of great significance. Made

29 A Pitted Hammerstone By James Grandy 932 South East St., Bucyrus, Ohio 44820 In her work THE HARMLESS PEO­ under magnification reveals, however, Needed to break grain, nuts and bones PLE, an accounting of her living among that the lines are not exactly straight or to drive stakes, a hammerstone was Ju/Wa Bushmen of the Kalahari, and in across; rather, with the circular, pecked also basic to the manufacture of most her recent novel REINDEER MOON, depression as its center, the lines are implements. Especially was this true in anthropologist Elizabeth Marshall struck off from it, making that kind of forming flint tools. As a result of lab Thomas identifies characteristics of configuration. No plow or disc-harrow testing, Ellis concludes that "the tech­ contemporary hunter-gatherers and could have scored the stone in such a nique for preliminary breakage of flint in equates these traits to the life-style of fashion. These line-indentations, as a the manufacture of points which ac­ prehistoric hunter-gatherers, showing matter of fact, have been etched, complished the purpose for which it was them both in relationship to their pecked, grooved-out, with one line intended with better results than any environment. extending slightly over the rounded other means was, with direct rest per­ I share Thomas' interest, but in Archaic shoulder to the working face. cussion, to use a heavy, unhafted stone man's relationship to his environment in It occurs to me that this particular hammer "(1965). what is now north-central Ohio. As an stone tool may have satisfied one, or all, Hammerstones had to be plenty in amateur surface-hunter and would-be of three purposes: 1) a practical purpose; number. Just as man today requires student of anthropology and archae­ 2) a religious purpose; 3) a recreational variation in hammers, depending on the ology, whenever I try to imagine the purpose. task to be performed, so too apparently culture of Archaic man, I bring to bear First, let us consider the practical. did Archaic man make similardistinction, all that I know of anthropological and Paleo-man, as a nomadic type, would accounting, in part, for the variety of archaeological concepts, identifications, not likely to have made nor to have hammerstones. It is the pecked-out and practices. I have limited my efforts possessed a pitted hammerstone. An areas in the center of the two flattened to speculations about a single archaic axe, yes, but with an abundance of local surfaces that give the pitted hammer­ site and to artifacts I have found on that and glacial material, a wandering people stone its distinction and, thus, its name. site. Since my first writing about that would not load itself down unnecessarily. Characteristically, pitted hammerstones site (OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST, Vol. 34, Besides, to take the time necessary to are biscuit-shaped and flat on both faces, No. 2, Spring 1984), I have collected peck out the pits, or to have used the with the pecked out depression at the over 300 artifacts and considerable flint implement long enough to wear the center of one or both faces (Converse chips from it and have been, to my pecked-out area, would have been no 1973). One speculation suggests that knowledge, the only one to surface-hunt small sacrifice for a person who, among the idea of pecking came to Archaic man the site. One artifact in particular that I other equally important but less obvious when he saw the pecked effect of his found — a pitted hammerstone — has requirements for living, had to gather pounding on a stake of hard wood or prompted nearly two years of specula­ grain, nuts, and fruit, as well as to hunt bone. Regardless, the pecked-out area tion and study. game, for his daily sustenance. When­ seems advantageous to the user: when­ A pitted hammerstone would be ever he needed a hammerstone, Paleo- ever he pounded on its shoulder, he ranked, by many collectors, right down man probably would have simply seized could grasp the stone firmly without fear there with eccentric scrapers and flint a handy stone, used it and left it, a stone of losing his grip in pounding. chips. Certainly there is little aesthetic so crudely fashioned (if he fashioned it Second, to explain the pecked-out appeal to one, and its function has had at all), that hardly anyone today would rays on the pictured hammerstone, let to have been most ordinary, for a ham­ recognize such a stone as an artifact. us consider the religious purpose. The merstone, as Converse points out, is Thus, it probably was left for the primi­ four rays (Figure A) may represent a "one of the most common of all Indian tive of the Archaic period to develop the design, whose significance can only be ground stone artifacts and may be found so-called pitted hammerstone. For the inferred. One inference may be sug­ on any prehistoric habitation site" primitive man of that time, because of gested by Ackerman who, in defining (1973). Yet in this most ordinary of arti­ the glacier's having receded, a new life­ Paleolithic man's sketchy religion, sug­ facts may lie a history of some signifi­ style would have been encouraged. The gests that primitive man credited an cance. My purpose is to present data greater abundance of living things undefined but widely decisive Power" about this hammerstone and to discuss caused by milder climate would require (1950). This "Power" is often repre­ three insights about it. less hunting, which, in turn, would allow sented by rays. To illustrate, Ackerman The accompanying photograph(s) for more opportunity for fruit, grain, and points out, about etchings or drawings (Figures A, B, C) reveal(s) that it is a nut-gathering. Equally important, glacial on Paleolithic Magdalenian, carved stag- typical hammerstone: shaped like a bis­ lakes provided for increased marine life, horn rods, that since these had been cuit; pitted on both sides; measuring 3%" a more or less constant food source. recovered at scattered sites, they cannot x 3" x VA". The working edge shows Accordingly, Archaic man would have be considered insignificant or individual damage through usage. All over the had more time to develop his tool- because they all bear a recurring theme, granite stone are feldspar flecks, usually making capability. varying only slightly in composition; and, the first element to be absorbed into An essential tool, obviously, was a one such thematic pattern is that of "an clay through erosion, whose presence hammering tool. I do not mean to sug­ egg, radiant on one side; often a cres­ suggests that little erosion has altered gest that earlier man did not fashion and cent; occasionally a star. The star and the stone since its last use. employ hammerstones. Paleo artifacts crescent give a clue to the curious egg WITH EXAGGERATED RAYS on one But what makes this pitted hammer­ stand mute testimony to Paleo-man's long side: night is giving way to dawn... stone distinctive is that on one flattened craftsmanship. What I am suggesting is and the EGG IS THE RISING SUN surface, striking across the sides are that possibly because of the noted (italics mine)" (1950). what seem to be intersecting lines that environmental changes, Archaic man form a kind of plus (+) sign, with the began to diversify his tool-making, thus A second inference may be suggested pitted portion occurring where the lines accounting for so many eccentric arti­ by Ferm, who identifies two factors at would intersect. Close examination facts typically found on Archaic sites. the base of man's religious response: 1)

30 "It is the most natural thing in the world unproven, available evidence of Archaic they comment that the game stones to be religious because man is psy­ man's religious tendencies (both in this were engraved, taking the "form of con­ chologically conditioned and equipped country and abroad) seems to support centric circles, radial lines, and dots, or for that kind of response" and, more such a theory. Such may be the case various combinations.... It is supposed significantly with regard to the primitive, with regard to the pictured hammer­ that the engraved circles, dots, and lines 2) man's world evokes such a response: stone. As a religious response, or as an served to designate the value of the disk "It is a world which makes inade­ expression of reverence or appreciation, in the game played, the disks serving quate a myopic perspective. The or as a simple acknowledgment, who­ the purpose of counters" (1928). On world is strange and baffling; it holds ever was the primitive man who pecked page 259, figure 152 of ANCIENT LIFE to itself so many secrets; its behavior out the rays, he created a sun-totem, if IN KENTUCKY, are pictured game- is not fully understood; it is a world you please, lifting his most valued of stones—discoidals and hammerstones that has to be reckoned with, one basic tools above the ordinary. —a couple of which are marked nearly that disturbs any complacency; it is Third, let us consider the recreational exactly like that in Figure A. something Big and Powerful and purpose. In their work entitled ANCIENT Is the depicted hammerstone simply man is so helplessly small and im­ LIFE IN KENTUCKY, Professors Funk- a practical tool with an odd design; is it a potent by comparison. His own life houser and Webb discuss a certain class totem with a religious implication; or is it hangs so much in delicate balance of discoidals and game stones, noting a primitive "puck" with a recreational in the face of forces over which that some of those were hammerstones. significance? Regardless, its special there is no assured control." (1950) Funkhouser and Webb assert that since markings give it a new prestige and Ferm concludes that these two factors the Creeks and related tribes played a elevates this hammerstone from a posi­ apply both to a so-called civilized culture game called "Chunkee," a name used tion of disdain to one of high regard. as well as to a primitive culture. by the early traders to describe the same Thomas points out that the Bushmen game played by all the tribes in the Gulf of the Kalahari use discs made of ante­ States, one could assume that they had lope hides on which are etched drawings inherited the traditional game. The game References and markings whose oracular signifi­ itself consisted of rolling a discoidal Ackerman, Phyllis cance was interpreted by the one who stone on the ground and sliding or throw­ 1950 The Dawn of Religions. The Philo­ cast them (much like the use of dice ing forward a stick having a crook at one sophical Library, New York. today). Certainly, to seek to know where end. The object was to throw the stick so Converse, Robert N. to hunt, for example, predicated on the that when disk and stick came to rest, 1973 Ohio Stone Tools. Archaeological thedisk would liewithinthecrook. Early Society of Ohio, Columbus. direction given by a design on a disc, is Ellis, H. Holmes an instance of contemporary hunter- traders reported that every Indian village 1965 Flint-Working Techniques of the gatherers' trust in a higher Power had an area cleared and prepared within American Indians: An Experimental (HARMLESS PEOPLE 1959). or adjacent to the village for playing this Study. The Ohio Historical Society, A person, modern or primitive, is game. This area was called the Chunkee Columbus. aware of something more than mere yard (1928). Ferm, Vergilius, ed. 1950 Forgotten Religions. The Philo­ existence, and he responds to that Significant, forthisdiscussion, is their sophical Library, New York. awareness. How he reacts is another comment that "While it is doubtless true Funkhouser, W. D. and W. S. Webb issue, for each may react differently: he that some discoidals were perhaps used 1928 Ancient Life in Kentucky. The Ken­ may be afraid; he may feel a sense of in the game of Chunkee, yet there is tucky Geological Survey, Frankfort. wonder; he may shout; he may design a such a wide variation in diameter, thick­ Thomas, Elizabeth Marshall leather disc. Or, he may even etch a ness, and material that IT IS DIFFICULT 1959 The Harmless People. A. Knopf, design on a favorite stone tool! TO BELIEVE THAT ALL DISCOIDALS New York. While such an explanation may appear WERE USED FOR ANY ONE PUR­ 1987 Reindeer Moon. Houghton-Mifflin to be highly fanciful and scientifically POSE (italics mine)" (1928). Further, Co., Boston.

Figure C (Grandy) Reverse side. Center and Figure B (Grandy) Obverse side reveals no Figure A (Grandy) Note that the left ray extends rays have been daubed with water so that they around the shoulder and that part of a circle etchings or peckings. stand out for better viewing. seems etched in the pitted area

31 A Pike County Plummet By Stephen Kelley PO Box #1, Seaman, Ohio 45679

Shown are two views of an interesting nearly perpendicular to the groove on plummet found in Pike County, Ohio. the obverse side only. Although it ap­ Discovered in April, 1986, on Sunfish pears fairly well polished in the photos, Creek in Mifflin Township by Mike Fite, it displays fine scratch marks as well as this relic is made of a high grade of facets over its entire surface. As can be hematite. It measures 1 % inches long by seen, both the top and bottom ends have 1Vio inches wide and % inch thick. It is been ground flat, an unusual feature for fully grooved and exhibits a deep slash most plummets.

Fig. 1 (Kelley) Obverse side of a Pike County plummet exhibiting a deep slash across the groove. Fig. 2 (Kelley) Reverse side of the same plummet.

32 Late Archaic Pit Features At 33SE161 By Donald Weller and Jonathan Bowen 419 Sandusky Ave., Fremont, Ohio 43420 Site 33SE161 is located on a sandy 2 also contained three fire-cracked rocks ers note that when a seasonal camp is bluff which overlooks the west bank of and a walnut shell fragment, while Fea­ reoccupied after as little as a year's the Sandusky River in Pleasant Town­ ture 3 also produced a Late Archaic absence, the new camp is usually built ship, Seneca County, Ohio (Fig. 1-2). Merom/Trimble-like point (Winters adjacent to the old one, even if the old The site has yielded large amounts of 1969), resharpened almost to nothing, huts are still standing. The apparent points ranging in age from late Paleo- and a sharpening flake. patterning of probable Late Archaic Indian through Early Woodland, in ad­ Unfortunately, none of the three pits features at 33SE161 may reflect one or dition to many hammerstones and excavated yielded enough charcoal for more of these situations. metates, as well as a few axes and a non-accelerator radiocarbon date. The bannerstones. Huge amounts of failed walnut shell fragment from Feature 2 blanks and chippage are also present. was the only nut remain recovered References In April of 1986 the authors noted that through flotation. Very small amounts many apparent pit-features had been of light fraction plant remains await Lee. Richard B. tapped into during recent deep plowing. analysis. While it is likely that these pit 1979 The IKung San: Men, Women, and Work in a Foraging Society. Cam­ Three clusters of features (stained earth features were roasting pits, they may bridge University Press, Cambridge. and charcoal) were noted paralleling the very well have instead been storage pits Silberbauer, George B. edge of the bluff. Each cluster was about or fire-pits. 1981 Hunter and Habitat in the Central 50 meters in diameter, and the clusters What we have is three non-overlap­ Kalahari Desert. Cambridge Univer­ seemed to be spaced about 50 meters ping clusters of probable Late Archaic sity Press, Cambridge. apart. pit features. It has been noted that Winters, Howard D. Three of the plowed-out features were Kalahari Bushmen (Lee 1979, Silver- 1969 The Riverton Culture. Illinois Ar­ excavated, Feature 1 in the southern bauer 1981, Yellen and Lee 1976) some­ chaeological Survey Monograph 1, Springfield. cluster, and Features 2 and 3 in the times move their camps to a new site as Yellen, J. E., and Richard B. Lee northern cluster. All were virtually iden­ little as several tens of meters distant 1976 The Dobe-/Du/Da Environment, in tical in size, orientation, and morphology because a resident has died, someone Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers, ed. by (Figs. 3-4). While Feature one contained has had a bad dream, or too much refuse R. B. Lee and I. DeVore. Harvard nothing but powdery charcoal, Feature has accumulated. Also, the same work­ University Press, Cambridge.

M urface * ^ t 1 • fi

1 1 plow- ion t

1

33 SE 16 L Fe«.,3L r^E Sub-Soi 1 y JLSctn soo

* surface • i i_ plow-zont Fig. 1 (Weller-Bowen) Location of 33SE161 Fig. 2 (Weller-Bowen) Setting of33SE161

subsoil Fta. X NW

3.5"cin

Fig. 4 (Weller-Bowen) Feature 2, sections

litnlV of tXfcdVal^iort So cm Fig. 3 (Weller-Bowen) Feature 2, top view

33 The Haas Site (33SA113) By Robert Hill and Jonathan Bowen Sandusky Co. Historical Society 1337 Hayes Ave., Fremont, Ohio 43420

Much of the western portion of San­ character. The apparent lack of chippage from habitation areas. Perhaps the fact dusky County, Ohio was once covered suggests that flint tools were neither that the Haas site is located on a rare by the Black Swamp, which consisted of being manufactured nor re-sharpened at well-drained spot in a swampy region very poorly drained lacustrine clays that that location. Whatever was being done made it more popular for any short-term supported a dense elm-ash forest. In at the site may have taken very little task that had to be performed in the area western Sandusky County the monotony time. The presence of five tip fragments over the years. On the other hand, it is of the swamp was broken by a series of and the absence of basal fragments also possible that some resource was elevated oak savannahs, which were the suggests that these bifaces may have regularly being procured at the Haas result of a Silurian reef that created a been broken on-site, and the shafts/ site 2500 years ago, but little time was bedrock high and collected sands from handles carried elsewhere for repair. being spent at the site per episode of the post-glacial lakes. The Haas site In better-drained areas of Ohio, it is use. (33SA113) is located on the sandy apron not uncommon to survey large tracts The implications for the value of data of one of these elevated savannahs (Fig. away from major streams and find sev­ regarding the amounts and character­ 1). eral scattered Terminal Archaic/Early istics of chippage at sites are obvious. A total of ten bifaces (Fig. 2) have Woodland bifaces and only a very few To glean information regarding site func­ been recovered from the Haas site, nine flint chips, if any. Such bifaces were tion, knowledge about chippage is just by the property owners over the years, probably lost or discarded when short- as important as knowledge about the and one by this survey. Although for­ term tasks were being performed away points and other finished tools. mally surveyed using two-meter tran­ sects on several occasions under Table 1 optimal conditions, absolutely no lithic Lithicsfrom 33SA113 debitage was noted, although the prop­ erty owner stated that none had been Designation Material Comments removed previously. Also, surface sur­ Fig. 2, a white chert vey of approximately 80 acres of former Fig. 2, b gray chert swamp adjacent to the site, using five- Fig. 2, c gray chert much re-sharpened meter transects, yielded no evidence of Fig. 2, d brown chert blade worn prehistoric remains. Fig. 2, e white chert base missing The collection from the Haas site (Fig. Fig. 2, f white chert base missing 2) seems to have a Terminal Archaic/ Fig. 2, g gray chert base missing Early Woodland [ca. 1200-100 B.C.) Fig. 2, h Upper Mercer base missing Fig. 2, i Flint Ridge base, tip missing Fig. 2, j gray chert

Fig. 1 - Setting of 33A113

34 \ ' ' • • I 0 cx" 5

Fig. 2-Bifaces from 33SA113

35 An Atlas of American Indian Geometry By James A. Marshall 1828 S. Roselle Rd., Rt. #1, Schaumburg, IL60172

Author's Introduction ties in ceremonial activities and style of control over the subsequent dispersion The prehistoric lines and animal effi­ elite artifacts did not extend to subsist­ of these objects. gies in the Nazca desert and mountains ence activities, settlement types and Examination of the locations where of Peru are well known due to extensive utilitarian objects, where local traditional individuals were buried, demographic publicity in the past several years. pursuits persisted. characteristics, and types of objects Known to Thomas Jefferson but still not Closer examination of the size and buried with different individuals suggest well known to the American public, is form of major Hopewell sites and the that the Hopewell enacted many and that similar lines and large effigies were type and quantity of trade goods de­ varied roles and statuses which were built in Ohio, Kentucky, Florida, Missis­ posited at these sites further reveals linked to membership in particular kin sippi and other states and are in many major differences between regions groups. The diverse site forms in Hope­ cases still visible in the field or on aerial participating in Hopewellian-style cere­ well appear to parallel differences in photographs. These works, most of them monial activities. The Hopewell of the social structure of Hopewellian of earth or sand, are understood today southern Ohio constructed numerous communities and in the context and to have been built by people we call large enclosures of earth and stone, meaning of socially desired classes of Hopewell between 400 B.C. and 400 some in the form of circles, squares, and objects such as copper breastplates and C.E. and are ancestors of the historic octagons. Pairs of parallel walls some­ earspools. American Indians. times connected enclosures of different However, the exact nature of Hope­ The author, a civil engineer, has sur­ forms, forming complexes covering up well societies and the roles and activities veyed and mapped more than 190 of to 4 square miles. which the Hopewellian elite enacted are these sites over the past 20 years in These geometric earthworks, which as yet unknown and remain to be de­ accord with standard engineering and sit in broad river valleys, have always coded by future archaeologists. land surveying procedures and has pro­ been regarded as ceremonial, partly duced a map to a scale of 100 or 50 feet because of their form and size and partly per inch of each site. There are about 60 because of the discovery of richly attired additional sites known to the author on individuals who were buried in associ­ The data yield a factual picture of which work has not yet started. At least ated mounds. These individuals wore Hopewell people and their historical 120 of these sites contain one or more elaborate dress and were accompanied descendants, the American Indians, that geometric figures: earthen circles, by quantities of finely crafted objects, is far different from that expressed in squares, octagons, ellipses, rectangles, frequently of materials transported from almost any book, television show or spirals, parallel lines, etc. Some of the distant sources. Many of these objects motion picture and is at odds with our works are a thousand feet across or formed elaborate costumes, with copper understanding of our American history. larger and are in groups stretching a headdresses, ear spools, and breast­ First, the data make clear that Hopewell more or more end to end. There are also plates, and neck and arm ornaments of people were able to determine true some rare giant effigies and hilltop forts sharks teeth, grizzly bear teeth, marine north by the North Star. They also at­ of stone. shells, and pearls. Copper and mica tained a precision and regularity in measuring angles and lengths and ex­ The author's intent has been to exam­ cutouts, copper celts, large obsidian blades, rough blades of Indiana horn- tending straight lines over distances of ine these produced maps for the purpose a mile or more that is impossible to attain of determining the specific minimum stone, panpipes, stone effigy and plain platform pipes, clay figurines, and large by pacing and approximating right knowledge of mathematics, land survey­ angles or other angles in the field. Such ing and astronomy required by these bowls cut from marine gastropods are among the objects placed with burials precision and regularity is indicated by prehistoric people to locate an appropri­ the octagons and circles (fig. 15a) they ate site for each work and then to lay out and in caches at these earthworks. Large earthwork complexes are rare built, one of which is preserved in a golf the work on the ground as accurately as course at Newark, Ohio. They could not they did. or absent from other regions, although burial mounds abound. Furthermore, the have laid out this or other works in the When a foundation grant becomes field unless they also had a unit of available all maps and analytical data Ohio complexes are far richer in the quantity and diversity of trade goods, measureandaconsiderable knowledge will be published as an Atlas of American of land surveying and geometry. We Indian Geometry. suggesting that southern Ohio partially controlled the trade and manufacture of should note that geo-metry in its ancient these exotic objects. Old World Greek origin meant earth- Introduction measure. From these many geometric By Raw materials were obtained from figures the author has derived the prin­ Patricia S. Essenpreis distant sources: obsidian and grizzly ciples and methods of the American bear teeth from the Rocky Mountains of Indian's ancient geometrical knowledge Hopewell represents a series of di­ Wyoming, copper and silver from the which is quite simple and primitive, but verse cultures which inhabited the east­ Lake Superior region, mica and crystal nonetheless is a geometry Each earth­ ern woodlands of North America from quartz from the southern Appalachians, work has also been found to be a differ­ just before the beginning of the Christian and marine shells, sharks teeth, and ent expression of this knowledge and era to approximately A.D. 400. Cultures barracuda jaws from both the Atlantic thus is a separate "page" in their "book" ranging from Michigan and Wisconsin and Gulf coasts of the southern states. of geometry. Whether there ever was to Ontario, Tennessee, Florida, and Quantities of unworked obsidian, cop­ such a book or pages or whether this Louisiana shared similar burial rituals per, and mica at some Ohio Hopewell knowledge was handed down for many and ceremonial practices as reflected sites suggest that one function of earth­ centuries by word of mouth and dia­ in the manufacture, exchange, and use work complexes was the manufacture grams drawn in the sand remains of ceremonial and elite objects out of of exotic goods from these raw materials, unknown. Their geometry differs in exotic raw materials. Yet, these similari­ a role which undoubtedly gave them

36 important ways from that taught today in used the diagonal of this unit which is maps but not yet published are clear our high schools which is known as equal to 264 feet and also halves and evidence that the mathematical knowl­ Euclidean geometry and was developed quarters of both these dimensions. This edge in these works is what is called by the Greeks before Christ's time. use is similar to ancient mensuration Fibonacci. Use of Fibonacci mathe­ Let us consider the practical task of practices in the Old World. There the matics was widespread through the laying out in the field or in a wooded cubit was the name for the diagonal of a ancient Middle East and included the area a right or 90° triangle a thousand foot. One reason that there are 12 inches concept of the Golden Triangle which feet or more on a side without modern in our foot is that this makes the diagonal was utilized in much ancient construc­ surveying instruments and approximat­ of the foot almost exactly 17 inches long. tion. It is a mathematics derived from ing the accuracy the author has found If one takes a grid of 187 feet and places what is known as the Fibonacci series. expressed in these works. A right angle it over almost any of hundreds of these In this series each number is the sum of can be established by laying out on the geometric earthworks in the eastern the two preceding numbers: 0,1,1, 2,3, ground a 3, 4, 5 triangle, say 30, 40 and United States, it becomes obvious that 5,8,13,21,34,55,89, etc. For example, 50 feet on a side, or for greater accuracy, key points on the earthwork coincide many right triangles in these works are 300, 400 and 500 feet or even larger with key points on the grid or halves or of base and altitude or base and hypo­ multiples. The maps show a great amount quarters of the grid. These many coin­ tenuse in these proportions. Out of this of evidence that these prehistoric build­ cidences indicate furthermore that the series in very ancient Old World times ers used the 3,4,5 right triangle in laying works were first planned by their pre­ were derived ratios for the calculation out these works and also usually made historic builders, then drafted on a grid of the area of a circle. These proportions either the 3 side or 4 side a true north- on a drawing board, sand table or the have been found by Old World historians south line by sighting true north by the like and then built according to plan on a to be expressed in such as the pyramids North Star. grid of 187 foot units laid out in the field of Egypt and much ancient Greek archi­ A right triangle could also be estab­ or in the woods. Nothing less than this tecture. The Moslems have kept alive lished in the field by using any of the explanation can account for the facts of Fibonacci concepts and patterns by right triangles with all sides integers as the regularity and precision of these using them to decorate their mosques shown in Figure 1. I have found only earthworks, yet who has ever imagined through history to the present day. one instance in which Hopewell people an American Indian drawing geometric Fibonacci proportions also express the may have used triangle b and no in­ figures in the sand as we do Euclid, harmoniesof the musical scale inherent stance in which they used right triangles Archimedes, Pythogorus and the other in the music of all peoples. cdore. It could be argued that triangles ancient Greeks? The Fibonacci series also expresses b, c and d would not be used in the field The entire picture of the geometries many aspects of the growth of plants by anyone because these triangles are of these works is not simple and is and animals such as the leaf spacing of very narrow and are therefore weak beyond the scope of this paper. A few various species of vines and the spirals construction triangles. However, if earthworks show what is apparently of snail shells. One wonders if Fibonacci Hopewell people knew the Pythogorean error between what was planned to be mathematics were separately invented theorem, then triangle e should show built and what was actually built, com­ many times or invented once from ob­ up on these constructions because it is parable to such as the errors made by servation of such forms. a very strong construction triangle with White American land surveyors in the This mathematics is also rule-of-thumb base and altitude almost equal. This past 250 years in their layout of lots, which means that it is working mathe­ triangle e was used in Old World con­ subdivisions, sections and townships matics: it gets the job done but that is struction and occurs often in the layout and also comparable to the many errors about all. Though the units of measure of Gothic cathedrals. Thus this author by such as carpenters, masons and brick­ are used carefully and precisely by has found no evidence that Native layers over the same period of time in Hopewell people, there appears to be Americans knew the Pythogorean the construction of buildings in our cities no intent on their part to develop as did theorem. and rural areas. These latter errors often Euclid: Evidence that Hopewell people made the entire building and its separate (a) a geometry based on self-evident thought in terms of grids and laid out rooms each out of square. In general, truths called axioms and principles grids is indicated by Figure 2 which Hopewell prehistoric surveying was a derived from them called postu­ shows a dumbbell shaped house about little more accurate than the average of lates; 97 feet long excavated by Dr. N'omi such historical measuring in the eastern (b)an intent to develop rigorous Greberinthe 1970s in an Indian mound United States. proofs of any theorem or to abstract within the Liberty or Harness earthworks A few Hopewell works show evidence or theorize about geometry. (shown in Figs. 3a and 3b) near Chilli- of remodeling of geometries after cen­ This researcher has also found no cothe in Ross County, Ohio. The posts turies of occupation with a consequent evidence in these works of knowledge are arranged in grids. However, the grid bad fit of geometrical figures. of the wheel or of the geometry of interval of one house is not the same as Figure 4 shows the 90° drafting tri­ motion: true ellipses do not occur, only that of the other house. angles most commonly used by Hope­ draftsman's ellipses and half circles Analysis of these surveyed and well people as revealed by analysis of connected by straight lines. There are mapped works indicates that with knowl­ the maps of these works. Listed again is no parabolic, hyperbolic or cyclodial edge of this right triangle and knowledge 4(a), the 3-4-5 right triangle. Figure 4(b) curved works. No evidence has been of grid lines intersecting at right angles, is the 30°-60°-90° triangle and 4(c) is found that these works express a devel­ Hopewell people laid out most or all of the 45°-45°-90° triangle familiar to all opment or increase in mathematical these hundreds of geometric figures. present day draftsmen and engineers. knowledge beyond Fibonacci through Their unit of measure on more than 100 Other triangles used by Hopewell are time. The mathematics is "full blown" sites of these works in Ohio, Florida and 4(d) through (g), less often used were Fibonacci from earliest times. However other eastern states the author has found 4(h) and 4(i) and very rarely occurring there are some works that suggest a to be the same as the grid used in but of great significance are 4(k), two loss of such knowledge over centuries. prehistoric Mexico to lay out Teoti- versions of the Golden Triangle. In their choices of which triangles to huacan near what is now Mexico City. use in laying out a specific site, Hopewell This grid was found to be 187 feet, which Fibonacci Mathematics people showed great difficulty in per­ equals 57 meters, by Rene Millon in the These types of triangles and much forming multiplication and division and 1960s. In Ohio, Hopewell people often additional evidence available from these in comprehending fractions. This is what

37 one would expect of people using either lengths. Let us compare in Figure 15 right triangles of base 7 altitude 1 are the bar-dot system, which was known to the High Banks Circle and Octagon with erected, again creating the same octag­ have been used by the Mayans in Central the Newark Circle and Octagon, each onal shape. Each of these two alternate America or some similar system of count­ one shown oriented to true north and means of layout create the same shaped ing such as with fingers, sticks or stones. drawn to the same scale. Though these octagon which fits the linear mound in This researcher has found no evidence two works are about 69 airline miles the field quite well except at the western­ in their works that concepts of square apart, we can see some obvious similari­ most corner b. Here the departure of roots, cube roots, decimal points, irra­ ties as well as differences. Each is an the mounded octagon corner is about tional numbers, etc. were understood at octagon connected to a circle. These 36 feet. The author has found that this all. Due to these constraints, Hopewell two circles are each within one foot of departure is intentional. The main axis draftsmen and land surveyors chose for an average radius of 527.3 feet which is of the High Banks Work connects the each site a grid unit of measure that very nearly two times 264 feet (which center of the circle and the center of the would work the problem'. They could equals 528 feet) making each of these octagon and forms with true north-south not and did not work the problem as we two circles nearly equal also to the small and true east-west lines another 3-4-5 would using modern mathematical con­ circle at Circleville, which existed about right triangle. Its unit of measure is two cepts and procedures. Figure 5 shows 50 miles away. times 112 feet which is derived from the some of the grid units of measure that Each work also has a smaller circle 187 foot unit as shown in Figure 5h. they used, all of which are based on a near it—the one at High Banks is 87 feet Thus 3-4-5 right triangles form the layout unit of 187 feet and which work the in radius and the one at Newark 75.5 of the octagon and also determine the problem on one site or another. feet in radius. As shown in Figure 15b, azimuth of the main axis of the work. The author feels that all persons the square formed within the Newark Returning to the Newark Octagon, should be highly skeptical of scientific Octagon by corners a, c, e and g is almost having found that base 8 altitude 5 right findings and that there has not been exactly the dimension required to cir­ triangles were used in its layout, we sufficient skepticism of such as crea­ cumscribe the 526.5 foot radius circle should expect this same right triangle to tionist science', the work of Erich Von that adjoins the octagon. This square be formed by the main axis of the work Daniken—Chariots of the Gods—and has also a diagonal c-g of length 1487.9 and true north-south and true east-west nearly all the findings of archaeoastron- feet, almost equal to 8 times 187 feet lines in accord with the pattern observed omers. Therefore I have selected in (which equals 1496 feet) and has sides above at High Banks. The author has Figures 6 through 16 works surveyed, equal to 4 times 264 feet (which equals found that instead of this triangle being mapped and published by others before 1056 feet). To lay out the octagon on the altitude 5, base 8, it is approximately 1900 and other works now existing on ground, Hopewell people laid out two altitude 5, hypotenuse 8 and is quite public property, the dimensions and base 8 altitude 5 right triangles on each exactly a Golden Triangle. alignments of all of which are available side of this square back to back. The Let us digress to look at the Mound- for verification by anyone consulting unit of measure of these triangles is builderscircleat Newark, Figure 16and these publications or measuring them almost exactly % of 264 feet or 66 feet. indicated by E in Figure 18(a). The in the field with a tape measure. These An alternate square is formed in the Smithsonian survey in the 1880s was works convey some of the richness, Newark octagon as shown in Figure 15c found by the author to indicate a circle consistency and variability of the many by corners b-d-f-h on which a right tri­ of 597 feet radius which is within 1% of other sites across eastern United States. angle base 13-altitude 3 creates the 2% times 264 feet (which equals 594 We will study in some detail only two same octagonal shape. However, this feet) and is also equal in radius to the sites, the famous octagonal earthworks 3-13 triangle is very narrow and thus is a large circle at Circleville. in Newarkand Heath, Ohio, and the less weak construction triangle. For that The square at Newark, Figure 17, was well known High Banks octagonal works reason it would not have been used in surveyed at the same time by the Smith­ south of Chillicothe, Ohio and about preference to the base 5 altitude 8 sonian and was found by this author to three miles north of the Liberty works triangle. Note also that the northernmost be a good fit of 5 times 187 feet on a mentioned previously. corner of the octagon, f, is about 13 feet side. Though this square has long since displaced into the octagon. been obliterated, the author determined Newark and High Banks Works its exact location from other surveys Farming and urbanization have de­ Let us now analyze the High Banks made at that time by the Smithsonian. stroyed much of the Newark works. Octagon in similar fashion. Note that it However, from surveys made by the is smaller, of different shape and modi­ Newark Frame Smithsonian before 1900, aerial photo­ fied from octagonal form at corner d at The author has found that if a straight graphs taken by Colonel Dache Reeves the south end. line is drawn from the center of one in the 1930s and now in the Smithsonian An approximate square formed by geometric work to the center of a nearby Anthropological Archives, other air corners a, c, e and g has sides of average geometric work, the line forms with true photos by the U.S. Department of Agri­ length 715 feet and diagonals of 1012 north-south and true east-west lines a culture and my own surveys, I have been and 1009 feet. None of these dimen­ simple triangle such as one of those able to determine the original locations sions are simple multiples of 187 feet or shown in Figure 4. Figure 18a shows an of much of the walls of these works and its diagonal. This octagon, I have found, old drawing of the Newark Works ori­ have platted such with respect to the is one of the very few Hopewell geo­ ented to magnetic north. The author has present day street patterns. metric works that do not show influence verified the correctness of this drawing Of great importance to this study are of these units of measure in any obvious for this purpose. On this map I have the parallel earthen walls shown in Fig­ way. However, the reader should note drawn such frame lines. Figure 18c ure 14. Colonel Reeves found that these that it is connected to a circle that shows shows the frame of these right triangles extend southwest to the Creek. The obvious derivation from the 187 foot separated from the work. author found from other old air photos unit: its radius is nearly two times the Figure 18c shows that the lowest that these walls have a 2/2 mile straight diagonal of 187 feet. As shown in Figure common denominator of integer lengths section and an additional one mile long 15b, on this square 3-4-5 right triangles of this frame form a 12 unit by 14 unit section south of the Creek that is very back-to-back were laid out to form the rectangle; the unit of measure, except straight too, indicating that Hopewell mounded octagon. The alternate square for length i-n and m-n, is 418 feet. This people measured and laid out straight in the octagon, as shown in Figure 15c, they derived from the 187 foot unit as lines of these and possibly greater is formed by corners b-d-f-h on which shown in Figure 5c. Use of this 418 foot

38 unit makes length i-n an integral multiple top of the drawing. Thus we may be the Illinois River in Greene County, of 187 feet, 35 times 187 feet or 6545 looking at all these works upside-down Illinois, Stuart M. Striever excavated the feet. Itthus'worksthe problem. Actually [with north at the top] from the way Pike House in the early 1960s as shown the length is 6506 feet; the difference is Hopewell people viewed them and drew in Figure 23. One can see that the layout an error or less than 1%. For Hopewell them. of posts (shown in black) of this house people to have calculated such lengths reflects this squared circle' pattern also. by the Pythogorean theorem, assuming Circumscribing Circles Each arc has its center in a post in the that they knew it, and using such as the There is evidence that Hopewell arc of the opposite wall. bar-dot system of notation would be people gave a lot of thought to circum­ Note also that the method of laying most formidable for them. scribing these carious geometric figures out the draftsman's ellipse, Figure 13(c), In this frame in Figure 18c of side within circles. In a few cases, such as is which the author has found was used by lengths of simple integers, it is remark­ shown in Figure 10(a), they built a square Hopewell people to lay out their ellipses able that the angle m-i-j is precisely work and circumscribed it with a circular on a drawing board, bears much resem­ bisected into two angles m-i-n and n-i-j mounded work. Figures 20a and b show blance to the method of laying out this each of which is labeled alpha (a). It is the circles that circumscribe corners squared circle'. Furthermore, this very likely that Hopewell people knew a-b-c, c-d-e, e-f-g, g-h-a of each octagon. squared circle' pattern is a strong indi­ of this bisection and chose this frame In the High Banks Work these 4 circles cation that Hopewell people used a for that reason among others. Their each have a radius very nearly 2 times closely related method to create right interest in bisecting angles was ex­ 187 feet which equal 374 feet and these angles by arcs as in Figure 24. pressed in the frames of other works 4 centers form a figure within 1 % of being Back to the High Banks earthwork at too. a precise square that is also 2 times 187 Figure 20a, note the curves intersecting Also of interest in Figure 18c is that feet on a side. The radius of each of the within the interior square. If straight lines points j-k-m form a 5-12-13 right triangle circumscribing circles is nearly equal in connect these intersections and mid­ as shown in Figure 1b. However, we length to each side of the interior square. points in the pattern of Figure 21b, cannot be certain that Hopewell people These are the ways in which the 187 another octagon is formed. There is ever noticed it. This right triangle of all foot unit shows up at High Banks Octa­ evidence that Hopewell people under­ sides integers does not show on any gon and was used to lay out the octa­ stood this small interior octagon to have other works surveyed by the author. If it gonal work on a drawing board. They sides and angles similar to the High did, or if there was reason to think that must have then laid it out in the field in Banks Octagon, which it does very Hopewell people chose this frame of accord with that drawing. The octagon nearly. It is less than % the size of the triangles because that right triangle was created by erecting 3-4-5 right triangles mounded octagon. a part of the frame, we would have our on an interior square as in Figure 15b is Figure 25 shows the repetition of first positive evidence that Hopewell with 1 or 2 percent equal to the same these circumscribing circles from Figure people knew the Pythogorean theorem. figure formed by such circumscribing 21b producing an octagon nearly the Referring to Figures 18a, b and c, note circles. same shape and orientation as the High that the Golden Triangle at Newark is On the Newark Octagon, in Figure Banks Octagon but about 6.6 times formed by the line connecting the center 20(b) the radial centers form a substan­ larger. Circle centers i, j, k and I on this of the circle at q and center octagon at i. tially less precise interior square averag­ Figure 24 are from Figure 21b and form If extended in both directions it reaches ing 5% too large to be 2 times 187 feet a square. On this square a second square the southwestmost toe of the Observa­ on a side. These radii vary from 570.1 to m, n, o, p was constructed (on a drawing tory mound at p and the northeastmost 592 feet. board) by Hopewell draftsman. Using corner of the octagon at 3 and has an Figures 21 a and b show the alternate m, n, o and p as circle centers and a side hypotenuse of 2898.5 feet. circles and circle centers that circum­ of this square as a radius, four circles The Golden Triangle is produced from scribe the alternate corners of each are produced and if their midpoints and a base 2 altitude 1 right triangle as shown octagon: b-c-d, d-e-f, f-g-h, h-a-b. Note intersection points are connected, an on the left hand side of Figure 19. An arc that the centers of two arcs of the octagon similar to High Banks but more of length one representing the length Newark Octagon through b-c-d and h-a-b than 6600 feet across is produced and from n to j is swung to the hypotenuse are each within about 10 feet of the indicated by a', b', c', d', etc. This huge intersecting at j'. The distance j'-i is opening directly across the octagon drawn octagon thus has sides nearly divided in two and the length thus deter- and that the radius in each case is just parallel to the mounded High Banks mined becomes the altitude of the short of 8 times 187 feet (which equals Octagon. If this huge High Banks Octa­ Golden Triangle, p-r. The hypotenuse of 1496 feet) indicating that Hopewell gon is placed over the Newark earth­ the Golden Triangle, pe, is 1, which is people did think in terms of this octagon works, one can see that key points on equal to length n-j. The curious proper­ being produced by these arcs. The other the Newark earthworks agree very well ties of this Golden Triangle long be­ two radial centers are displaced more with corners of this huge drawn High mused the ancient Old World. Here in than 100 feet into the Newark octagon. Banks Octagon and with points of in­ the frame of Newark earthworks we have In Figure 21b the radial center of arc tersection of lines connecting these a base 2 altitude 1 right triangle of a d-e-f is very near the center of the corners: specific size which, if so used, will circle contiguous with the High Banks 1. The center of the Newark Octagon, I, produce a Golden Triangle of another Octagon. falls at the intersection of the main specific size and we find a Golden Tri­ Figure 21c shows the squared circle' axis of the High Banks circle and angle that size immediately west of it. configuration that is approximated at the octagon with the line from corners b' The contiguousness of these triangles Newark Octagon and Figure 22 shows toh'. in the Newark Frame cannot be coinci­ two such earthworks fitting this pattern 2. Center of MoundbuilderCircle falls at dental. Of further interest is that the at Junction works as mapped by Squire corner e' of High Banks Octagon. production of the Golden Triangle from and Davis in 1845. Junction work is a 3. Center of Newark Square falls at the 1:2 right triangle would logically few miles southwest of Chillicothe, Ohio corner f of High Banks Octagon. move from left to right for a right-handed and about 55 miles from Newark. The 4. Parallel lines headed east from person. Thus for those triangles to be so author has recovered the exact locations Newark Octagon pass through center arranged to their draftsman, this earth­ of the works on this site and confirms of opening at corner g'. work would very likely have been viewed the correctness of this 1847 drawing. 5. Parallel line headed southwest from from the north, that is, with south at the Along Apple Creek a few miles east of Newark Octagon exits at corner c'.

39 6. Golf course circle center r is midway the geometrical earthwork is from either table numbers of earthworks of specific between q and corner b'. As was said of these sites. Earthworks in Florida and measure and area and to build such previously the axis of this center and on the lower Mississippi, though they according to plan. The larger of these the Newark Octagon center forms were closer to the Meso-American civili­ works then were used as arenas for with true north-south and true east- zations, do not attain the peaks in the games for which scores and averages west lines a Golden Triangle. To ac­ use of mathematics expressed at must have been kept. Altogether these commodate this Golden Triangle re­ Newark and High Banks, so apparently activities indicate a joy in use of mathe­ quires corner b of the High Banks these latter two sites and not Meso- matics something like our present day mounded octagon to be not at the America were radial centers of such delight and perhaps near worship of apex of 3-4-5 right triangles as indi­ knowledge for construction of these electronic computers. We should keep cated in Figure 15c. Hence the High earthworks. The presence of this same in mind that our modern mania with Banks Octagon as mounded in the mathematics in both the ancient Old mathematics began with the introduc­ field and surveyed by the Smith­ World and the ancient New World would tion of Hindu-Arabic numerals and alge­ sonian reflects the construction of the appear to indicate that this Fibonacci bra into European civilization during Golden Triangle at the Newark earth­ mathematics is an expression of the the Crusades and thereby brought about works. From this similarity it is clear psychic unity of mankind—an expres­ the Renaissance. Thus this Hopewell that both sites were built by the same sion of the similarity of brain wiring' of phenomenon can sensibly be called a people each with full knowledge of all humanity. This mathematics was prob­ renaissance also. the other site; also, the parallel walls ably also utilized in constructions of the With the well developed ability at land- at Newark are an integral part of civilizations of Meso-America and South measure that is expressed in many of the work and were not added later as America and thus accounts for many of these earthworks came ability to view an afterthought or in a remodeling the similarities observed over the past the terrain as if on a map. People with project. few centuries between ancient Old such ability discovered natural forma­ World and New World pyramids and The above are a few examples of the tions in animal effigy shapes such as other constructions. author's findings that each of these two Fort Hill in Highland County, Ohio and octagons, when considered not only as It appears that what happened in early then remodeled these formations with an octagon but together with their cir­ Middle Woodland times in eastern North earthwork constructions. A society com­ cumscribing circles, are related to the America was that ancestors to the his­ posed of chiefdoms occupying distinct designs of other Hopewell prehistoric torical Indians were attracted into a bounded areas and taxing agricultural constructions of appearance very dis­ trading economy and therein acquired produce such as corn or tobacco based similar to octagons. Hopewell peoples an enthusiasm for reckoning skills and a on the area planted is also suggested. use of circumscribing and inscribing reverence for mathematics and those As to why one should do this re­ circles and the various types of octagons members of their tribe who were able to search, an important reason is the very produced are an integral part of Old perform calculations. A status boundary different impression of American history World Fibonacci mathematics and very was thus created between those who and the prehistoric and historic Ameri­ similar to such used by the Moslems in had this knowledge and those who did can Indian that emerges from these their architecture to the present day. not. This counting, measuring and area facts. There are also prehistoric con­ calculation of trade goods (such as cloth) structions in Africa south of the Sahara and several thousands of earthworks on Conclusions altered the way people thought about Hawaii and the other islands of the The various earthworks indicate dif­ what could be quantified and thus was Pacific. One wonders if similar survey­ ferent levels of understanding of mathe­ itself an agent for change in peoples' ing, mapping and analyzing projects matical principles and methods among thinking on many subjects. What they would yield geometries of Black African the various earthwork builders. The counted and measured was what was peoples and of native Hawaiians and highest levels of ability in the use of important to them. This attitude influ­ other peoples of the Pacific Ocean. geometry are indicated at the Newark enced them to bring to Ohio from the Would their geometries also be Fibo­ Earthworks and those at and near High civilizations south of the Rio Grande nacci? All one can do is wonder at this Banks in the Scioto River Valley in Ohio. specific advanced geometric and land time because these would be 25 year A lower level of ability is indicated on surveying knowledge and influenced projects and involve hundreds of people. other earthworks, in general the farther them to plan on a drawing board or sand

14

Figure 1. (Marshall) The three, four, five right triangle (a) is the simplest right triangle with sides that are integers. Triangles b, c, d and e are more complex such triangles but the author has not found these to occur in the layout of these earthworks.

40 THE EDWIN HARNESS MOUND 1976-1977

*. TRENCH H BURNT AREAS D CHARCOAL 0 GRAVE • POST HOLE £D PITS HISTORIC FLOOR GREY BROWN CLAY - EST. EXTENT

565 560 555 550 545 540 535 530 525 520 515 /O H€T<3iS-^\

Figure 2. (Marshall) House excavated by Dr. N'omi Greber within Liberty geometric enclosure in Ross County, Ohio. Note grid location of postholes within house.

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Figure 3(b). (Marshall) Location map of Liberty work from surveys by author, aerial photographs and surveys in 1880s by Smithsonian. Note that Squire and Davis showed as circles what is really a small ellipse Figure 3(a). (Marshall) Drawing by E. G. Squire andEphraim and a large spiral. Davis of Liberty work from their surveys in the 1840s. Their north arrow incorrectly points east. West 'circle', 800 ft. diameter, was found to be elliptical by Smithsonian survey in the 1880s. In one of the inerior mounds house in Figure 2 41 was found. !

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Figure 4. (Marshall) Drafting triangles used by Hopewell people in laying out earthworks.

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figure 5. (Marshall) Grids used by Hopewell people shown in declining order of popularity, all of which are derived from the 187

Figure 6. (Marshall) Mound City National Monument work as surveyed and mapped by author in 1972 with 187 foot grid super­ imposed. Width of work measured at right angles to east and west walls is within 1 foot equal to 4Vix 187 feet or 841.5 feet. North- south trending linear in middle of work is also on grid. Work was reconstructed by others before author began his research. It is open to the public: thus anyone with a tape measure can verify these dimensions.

42 Figure 7. (Marshall) Circleville work in Pickaway County, Ohio, as determined by the author from the original plat of survey of Circleville before 1810 [available at the Courthouse] and other records. This plat allowed space for the two concentric circles, platted Main St. through the main axis of the work, ran alleys through openings in the rectangle and so on. Note that the inner circle has a diameter of 4 x 264 feet which equals 1056 feet; the outer circle a diameter of 4 Vi times 264 feet which equals 1188 feet; 264 feet is the diagonal of a square 187 feet on a side. The azimuth of the main axis of the work was the same as is Main Street in Circleville, very nearly 112° measured from true north. Passing true north-south and true east-west lines through the center of the circles and the center of the rectangle (which is the intersection of an alley with Main Street about 205 feet east of the centerline of Pickaway Street) a good fit of a base 5, altitude 2 triangle is formed. The rectangular work has the 187 foot grid superimposed on it; measured along this main axis it has a width of 841.5 feet or very exactly 4'/2 x 187 feet and is almost the same dimensions as the Mound City work. These two works are about 15 miles apart.

Figure 8 (Marshall) Square at Baum works in Ross County, Ohio as surveyed by the Smithsonian and verified by author. Grid of 187 feet is placed over figure showing that this rectangle is nearly 6 times 187 feet on a side. Note also that sides of work would fit 30°-60°-90° right triangles with bases and altitudes true north-south and true east-west lines.

43 £iK]C:QO;Klir WflffiiBK, SEAL TO WPt 3 HIT, TIKE COVITTV. OHIO.

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Figure 10(a). (Marshall) Piketon works as sureyed by Squire and Davis in 1845. Work was re-surveyed by Smithsonian in 1880s as shown in Figure 10(b). All works south of center of square and most of big circle have since been destroyed by gravel extraction. Note small circular work circumscribing square work.

Figure 9. (Marshall) Rectanguloid figure at Hopeton works north of Chillicothe, Ohio and about IVi miles northeast of Mound City National Monument shows fit to a grid 5 times 187 feet on a side.

• m' Figure 11. (Marshall) Topographic map of circular swale at site of Fort Center west of Lake Okeechobee in Florida surveyed under direction of William H. Figure 10(b). (Marshall) Big square at Piketon as surveyed by Sears in 1970s and verified by author. Swale has a diameter within 1% equal Smithsonian and verified by author shows close fit to 4Vi times 187 feet to 4V2 times 264 feet or 1188 feet and is thus nearly equal to the radius of the in both dimensions. This work is also only a few feet too large to be large circle at Circleville even though the two works are about 1000 miles inscribed in the larger circle that existed at Circleville (see Figure 7). apart. Note the suggestion of an octagon in the southeasterly part of the swale. AA sx

Figure 13(a). (Marshall) Ellipse at Liberty works as surveyed by Smithsonian and verified by the author has its short axis exactly 4 times 187 feet which equals 748 feet and its long axis to southerly edge of opening 4'/2 times 187 feet or about 842 feet. This and other mounded ellipses were found by the author to be not true ellipses but draftsman's ellipses.

Figure 12. (Marshall) Square at Liberty work in Ross County, Ohio with 187 foot grid placed over it showing fit within 1VI% and close agreement with Baum work shown in Figure 8, which is about 20 miles away.

Figure 13(b). (Marshall) How a true ellipse is produced. A string holds the pencil point and is wrapped around two nails f and f. No hopewell work found by the author shows evidence of having been produced in this fashion on a drawing board or by a rope around two posts in the field.

,1 Mile 2 Miles 1 SCALE Figure 14. (Marshall) Newark earthworks including two extensions of parallel lines Figure 13(c). (Marshall) How draftsman's ellipse is south from Octagon. Long parallel walls point in direction of High Banks Works 69 produced from arc centers a, b, c and d. This procedure miles away. Circle in parallel wall lies within Newark Airport. was used by Hopewell people to lay out their several elliptical works. 45 ItMlH/ J...„ * My.. Di-l

Figure 15(a). (Marshall) High Banks Circle and Octagon (top) and Newark Circle and Octagon alias surveyed by the Smithsonian in the 1880s with dimensions, interior squares and azimuth lines added by author. j.

Igure 15(b)''

Figure 15(c) Figure 16. (Marshall) Moundbuilders Circle as surveyed by Smithsonian and verified by author has a radius very nearly 2VA times 264 feet or 594 Figure 1 7. (Marshall) Newark Square. Figure 18 shows location. feet and thus fits within 1% the large circle at Circleville and the circular swale at Fort Center in Florida.

Figure 18(a). (Marshall) Newark earthworks as drawn from surveys by Squire and Davis in the 1840s on which author has superimposed frame formed by center of works and true north- south and true east-west lines.

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- BA'Zt /, tu-tmet I PiCuC-r 4 c- Figure 18(c). (Marshall) Shows frame by author's surveys, the simple Figure 18(b). (Marshall) The letter q is center of circle contiguous with right triangles in it and the lowest common denominator of the sides octagon; the center of the octagon is at i. Moundbuilders circle center is expressible as integers. The unit of measure is 418 feet, which grid is at m and the center of the square is at n. Dimensions measured along indicated in figure 5(c). This unit, derived from the 187 foot measure by true north-south and east-west lines and on diagonals are from author's 47 the base 1 altitide 2 triangle makes distance i-n equal to 35 times 187 surveys. feet. Figure 19. (Marshall) Base 2, altitude 1 right triangle (left) of specific size and how the Golden Triangle (right) of specific size is produced from it. In the left triangle an arc of length n-j with n as center is swung to the hypotenuse at j'. One half the distance j'-i becomes the altitude p-rof the Golden Triangle. Length n-j becomes the hypotenuse of the Golden Triangle. The length e-r is what is required to complete the right triangle. These triangles are inverted from Figures 18(a), (b) and (c).

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Figure 20(a). (Marshall) Circumscribing circles Figure 20(b). (Marshall) Circumscribing circles of the High Banks Octagon. The four circle of the Newark Octagon and the patterns of centers form the corners of a square within these circles. about 1% equal to 2 times 187 feet on a side.

Figure21(a). (Marshall) Alternatecircumscrib- Figure21(b). (Marshall) Alternatecircumscrib- Figure 21(c). (Marshall) 'Squared Circle' con­ ing circles of the Newark Octagon. ing circles of High Banks Octagon. figuration.

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{ Figure 22. (Marshall) Junction works according to Squire «* a> *^gL* * * * and Davis showing two 'squared circle' works in this group southwest of Chillicothe in Ross County, Ohio.

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Figure 23. (Marshall) Pike House, Greene County, Illinois.

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Figure 24. (Marshall) A straight line a b is given; required is a perpendicular bisector. A res each of radius r greater than V2 the distance a-b are drawn intersecting at c and d. Line c d is at 90° angles with line a-b.

Figure 25. (Marshall) Circumscribing circles in a repeating pattern creates what II author calls a 'balloon frame' and a similar octagon about 6.6 times the size of High Banks octagon. Placing the balloon frame octagon over Newark works, we see close fit to centers of geometric figures and the parellel walls.

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49 The Aberdeen Pipe By Stephen Kelley P.O. Box #1, Seaman, Ohio 45679

In 1984 the Adams County Historical and a half ounces. This flared stem have had to press his lips against the flat Society was presented a number of tubular pipe, diagnostic of the Adena surface on the front of the mouthpiece. artifacts from the heirs of the late Mrs. culture, was apparently a surface find Angling the stem hole permitted the Martha Eylar of Aberdeen, Ohio. Mrs. many years ago. Mrs. Eylar thought that smoker to apply his lips to the top edge Eylar was the fourth generation of the perhaps her father or even her grand­ and corner of this surface making a more Thomas M. Moore family to occupy the father might have found it on the farm comfortable position. same farm on the north side of Aberdeen before the turn of the century. Interest­ Although it has been well made, the in Brown County. On this property are ingly, when first "discovered" by this entire surface of the Aberdeen Pipe two well preserved mounds, the larger writer in Mrs. Eylar's attic, the pipe was exhibits abrasion marks indicative of the standing an estimated fifteen feet high still full of dirt. Apparently, no one ever grinding process used to shape the relic. (Figure 1), the smaller with an elevation took the time or interest to clean it out Needless to say, a pipe of this size most of about twelve feet (Figure 2). and probably never realized what they probably was reserved for ceremonial Both of the mounds are tree covered had found. purposes, being too large and heavy for and have been protected by the Moore The Aberdeen Pipe is one and three frequent useage. family descendants since 1834. In an quarters inch in diameter at the smoke A number of other Adena artifacts in interview with Mrs. Eylar only a few hole or "bowl" end and slowly tapers to the Eylar collection are shown in figures weeks before her passing, she related one and three eighths inches in thick­ 10-12. These projectile points, adzes and to this writer that her family regarded ness at the flared mouthpiece. The celts help lead to speculation that the the mounds as places of burial and were smoke hole measures five eighths inch conical mounds on the Aberdeen site to be respected as much as any other in diameter and extends five inches into are more than likely Adena in origin. cemetery. Oddly enough, the broad the tube. In contrast, the stem hole is fields surrounding these mounds have five sixteenths inch in diameter. This References produced very few artifacts although stem hole is somewhat unusual for this much of the area is littered with flint style pipe. On this particular specimen, Goodwin, Ross debitage. it enters the mouthpiece at a slight angle 1970 Artifacts from an Adena Mound in intersecting the longitudinal smoke hole Vinton County, Ohio. Ohio Archae­ The most outstanding piece in the ologist 20(3): 242, 243. Eylar collection is the large pipe shown at approximately one hundred seventy Gehlbach, D. R. in figures 3 through 8. Crafted from degrees (Figure 9). 1982 Ohio Pipe Chronology Chart, Ohio brown colored Ohio Pipestone quarried The angled stem hole was necessary Archaeologist 32(4): 8, 9. in nearby Scioto County, this "Great to facilitate ease of smoking this massive Converse, Robert N. Pipe" measures seven and a half inches pipe. Had the hole been straight through 1973 Ohio Stone Tools, Archaeological in length and weighs two pounds, two the body of the pipe, the smoker would Society of Ohio, Columbus.

''''•'.• . ' • . • - Fig. 1 (Kelley) The larger of the two mounds in Aberdeen. The hills of Fig. 2 (Kelley) The smaller of the two Aberdeen mounds. Kentucky are seen in the background.

50 Fig. 3 (Kelley) Top view of the Aberdeen Pipe. Fig. 4 (Kelley) Bottom view of the Aberdeen Pipe.

Fig. 5 (Kelley) Oblique view showing the smoke hole of the pipe. Fig. 6 (Kelley) Oblique view showing the mouthpiece.

Fig. 7 (Kelley) Close-up of the smoke hole or "bowl" end of the pipe. Fig. 8 (Kelley) Close-up of the squared off mouthpiece and stem hole which angles down to meet the main smoke chamber.

Fig. 9 (Kelley) Sketch showing the "elbow"effect where the stem hole Fig. 10 (Kelley) Two early Adena points. The specimen on the left is 2Ys angles into the longitudinal smoke chamber. inches in length.

51 Fig. 11 (Kelley) Two Adena Adzes. Both are 3Vt inches long. Fig. 12 (Kelley) Two Adena Celts. The example on the left measures 5 inches in length and shows considerable wear at the bit.

Two Long Island, New York, Finds By Ellen Barcel Southold Indian Museum Southold, NY 11971 In June of 1986, Mrs. George Morton In the process of cataloging this Island area is in the possession of the donated her late husband's extensive material, two unusual items were dis­ Ronkonkoma Historical Society. collection of North Fork Long Island covered. The first, (Fig. #1) is an iron Due to the historic use of coal on Long lithic material to the Southold Indian projectile point, made in all probability Island and the fact that both of these Museum (owned and operated by the from some trade item supplied by early coal "points" were surface finds, we Incorporated Long Island Chapter of the explorers or colonists. The second item cannot be sure that they represent ab­ New York State Archaeological Associa­ (Fig. #2) is what appears to be part of a original use of coal. We would therefore tion). This collection represents a life­ projectile point. What is unusual about be most interested in hearing from time committment by Mr. Morton to the this item is the material from which it anyone who is aware of aboriginal use collection and preservation of Indian was made: coal. The only other coal of coal, especially in the New York area. artifacts. point" that I am aware of from the Long

Fig. 1 (Barcel) Iron projectile point.

North Fork Fig. 2 (Barcel) Obverse and reverse of what may be part of a coal projectile point.

Fig. 3 (Barcel) Outline map of Long Island with dotted lines indicating the counties of Kings (Brooklyn). Queens. Nassau and Suffolk, respectively, from left to right. The North Fork is marked by a bracket.

5" The Buffalo or American Bison in the Ohio Valley at the Time of Euro-Indian Contact By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University Mention the word "buffalo" and to 1521, the Spaniards called Buffaloes ages. When attacked, they catch a man many Americans there emerges an "bulls," "wild cows," and "oxen." The on their horns, if they can, [and] toss him image of the Great Plains of the early French referred to them as "boeufs" or in the air, and then throw him on the trans-Mississippi west, and on those "boeuf sauvages" ("cows" or "wild ground, after which they trample him grasslands almost limitless numbers of cows"), with "boeufs" being roughly under foot, and kill him. If a person fire North America's largest and most dis­ pronounced "buffs."The English adapted at them from a distance, with either a tinctive big game animal. For some of us this pronunciation in the eighteenth bow or a gun, he must, immediately after who grew up with the novels of Zane century to "buff les," then "buffelos," and the shot, throw himself down and hide in Grey, the image may even be that of an finally "buffaloes," even though the the grass; for if they perceive him who enormous Thundering Herd," extend­ animal was truly not a buffalo but rather has fired, they run at him, and attack ing out across those plains as far as the a bison. (Garretson, 1938: 9-10.) him. As their legs are thick and rather eye could behold, horizon to horizon, a It was the French explorer Pierre short, they do not run very fast, as a rule, "dark living sea" of great shaggy animals Esprit Radisson, in the course of an except when angry." (Kellogg, 1953: occasionally stirred into frenzied stam­ expedition to the headwaters of the 237-238; Thwaites, JR, 59:87-163.) (See pede by feather-streaming Sioux or Mississippi in 1658-1660, who in a letter Figure 3.) Comanche warriors on painted Indian in English to the English King Charles II Subsequent reports in 1675 by Mar­ ponies. Until the 1870s the West was described the buffalo as a "furious ani­ quette from the Illinois country and from buffalo country, and the buffalo to the mal. One must have a care of him, for the area in Wisconsin about Green Bay Plains Indians represented life itself, the every yeare he kills some Nadousese- and the Fox River described the killing source of food, of shelter, of clothing. ronons [Sioux]... The horns of the Buffs of buffalo by both French and Indians But much of the heartland of the conti­ are as those of an ox, but not so long, but for food, particularly stressing the deli­ nent was also once buffalo country, and bigger, and of a blackish collour; ... All cacy of their tongues, as well as the while the numbers east of the Mississippi the parts of his body [are] much [like] importance of buffalo robes for clothing probably ranged only in the hundreds of unto an ox. The biggest are bigger than by tribes such as the Miami. (Kellogg, thousands as contrasted with the esti­ any ox whatsoever. . ." (Kellogg, 1953: 1953: 85, 255, 257, 266-267, 350.) Ear­ mated thirty plus million on the Plains 52.) lier accounts from other missionaries in (Barsness, 1979: 24), the buffalo was It remained for the French missionary the Jesuit Relations for 1669-1670 noted also important to the Indians of the Ohio Father Jacques Marquette, in the course the use by the Ottawa from the Lake Valley. Indeed, fully a third of the North of his epoch voyage from Green Bay Huron area of buffalo hides "adorned American continent at the time of Euro­ down the Mississippi with Louis Jolliet with their paintings" as presentation pean contact with the Indians was buf­ in 1673, to provide the most complete pieces for the French at Montreal. falo range, from the Susquehanna River description of the buffalo recorded in (Thwaites, JR, 153: 247.) Father Claude in Pennsylvania west to the Rocky Moun­ the Jesuit Relations of the seventeenth Allouez, on arriving at Kaskaskia, the tains, from the Great Slave Lake in century: great village of the Illinois Indians, on Canada south to the Tennessee River in "We call them wild cattle' because April 27, 1675, observed not only 351 the East and into Mexico in the West. they are very similar to our domestic cabins" but also their warrior occupants Three distinct sub-species have been cattle. They are not longer, but are nearly who still preferred (over the gun) the identified, the most numerous being the as large again, and more corpulent. "club, the bow, a Quiverful of arrows ... "plains buffalo" of the trans-Mississippi When our people killed one, three per­ [and] a large shield, made of the skins of west. Others, living in the upland mea­ sons had much difficulty in moving it. the wild bison, arrowproof, and covering dows and scrub forests of the Rockies, The head is very large; the forehead is the whole Body." (Thwaites, JR, 60:161.) would be called "mountain buffalo." Still flat, and a foot and a half wide between Speculation that buffalo hides would others, foraging in the woodlands and the horns, which are exactly like those also have importance in the European small prairies of the Canadian forests, of an oxen, but black and much larger. fur trade with the Indians had been noted the Great Lakes basin, and the Ohio and [See Figure 1.] Under the neck they by the famed French explorer, Samuel Tennessee valleys, would be called have a sort of large dewlap, which hangs de Champlain, a half-century earlier "wood buffalo." Physical differences down; and on the back is a rather high when he commented on the Sault Ste. between the three sub-species were hump. The whole of the head, the neck, Marie as a prospective rendezvous point small and were the product of their and a portion of the shoulders, are cov­ for Euro-Indian traders. By 1649 the differing environments, though it was ered with a thick mane like that of horses; Huron trading empire was indeed tunnel­ said of those that ranged east of the it forms a crest a foot long, which makes ing thousands of buffalo hides as well as Mississippi River that they were gener­ them hideous, and, falling over their beaver pelts from the area about the ally larger in size and darker in color eyes, prevents them from seeing what Great Lakes into French warehouses at than those to the west. (Garretson, 1938: is before them. The remainder of the Montreal and Three Rivers on the St. 2-24; Dary, 1974:6-7.) body is covered with a heavy coat of Lawrence, but that empire was subse­ As for size, full-grown bulls matured curly hair, almost like that of our sheep, quently shattered in the Wars of the at a shoulder height up to six feet and a but much stronger and thicker. It falls off Iroquois and the concentration there­ body length up to nine and a half feet, in summer, and the skin becomes as soft after would be almost entirely on the fur with weight ranging from 2,400 to 2,600 as velvet. At that season, the savages of the beaver. (Hunt, 1940: 57, 65.) pounds. Proportionately smaller, cows use the hides for making fine robes, In contrast to the considerable fur matured at a weight of 1,300 to 1,500 which they paint in various colors. The trade by the French and their Indian pounds. (Garretson, 1938: 26.) (See flesh and the fat. . . are excellent, and allies about the Upper Great Lakes in Figures 1, 2, and 3.) constitute the best dish at feasts. More­ the seventeenth century, there was cor­ Beginning with Hernando Cortez, who over, they are very fierce; and not a year respondingly little activity at that time in first encountered them in Mexico in passes without their killing some sav­ the area of the Lower Lakes, particularly

53 Lake Erie. Not until the eighteenth cen­ the trader George Croghan of Pennsyl­ region between the Ohio Valley and the tury, particularly the 1740s and 1750s, vania, and their Iroquois guide and inter­ Great Lakes rapidly depleted the buffalo was there major historic Indian migration preter Andrew Montour of New York. population. Though a traveller noted in into the Ohio country, soon followed by Proclaiming the friendship of the English 1765 that "Buffaloes, bears, turkeys, and French fur traders and explorers from and the superiority of their trade goods, other game abounded" yet in the Ohio the north and west and then by English they visited a score of Indian villages on country, and though George Washington competitors from the east. both sides of the Ohio River. One of the himself shot several buffalo along the With the coming of increasing num­ principal among these was the village Ohio River in 1770 a few miles from the bers of French and English into the Ohio the English called Shannoah [Shawnee] site of present Gallipolis[McHugh, 1972: country, reports of the presence of buf­ Town on the site of present-day Ports­ 271-272], by 1790 there were few buf­ falo in this area began to be made. In mouth at the mouth of the Scioto, which falo left along what is today the West 1749, in the course of the expedition by the French called Sinhioto. But their Virginia-Ohio border on the Ohio River. Celoron de Bienville to claim the Ohio foremost objective was the Miami French settlers in Gallipolis, the "City of Valley for Louis XV, the King of France, (Piankeshaw) village near the conflu­ the Gauls," did kill a buffalo just after to cement alliances with the Ohio In­ ence of Loramie Creek and the Great their arrival in 1795. They called it their dians, and to warn the English to keep Miami River, the village the English first. It proved to be their last. Indeed, in out by "posting" the land with lead plates called Twightwee Town but the French 1803, the year Ohio entered the union buried at the junctures of key tributaries called Pickawillany, a village not far from as a state, the last reported buffalo kill with the Ohio River, one such report the present Piqua, Ohio. anywhere in Ohio took place near the was made by Jean de Bonnecamps, a Gist kept a journal of the entire trip. present site of Vesuvius Furnace in professor of hydrography at the Jesuit HisentryforSunday, February 17,1751, Lawrence County. (King, 1979: 169; university in Quebec who accompanied noted the following: "Crossed the little McHugh, 1972: 271-272; Dary, 1974: Celeron and his force of two hundred Miamee River, and altering our Course 13.) The era of the buffalo in the Ohio fifty French Canadians. According to We went SW 25 M, to the big Miamee country was at an end. (See Figure 4.) Bonnecamps, "From Chiningue [Shen- River, opposite the Twig[h]twee Town. By 1850, though an estimated twenty ango] to Sinhioto [Scioto]... we buried All the Way from the Shannoah Town to million buffalo still roamed the Great three plates of lead at the mouths of this Place (except the first 20 M which is Plains of the west, all the buffalo east of three different rivers, the 1st of which broken) is fine, rich level Land, well the Mississippi were gone. By 1889, was called Kanonouaora [Wheeling timbered with large Walnut, Ash, Sugar •following an unparalleled program of Creek], the second, Jenanguekona [the Trees, Cherry Trees &, it is well watered extermination accompanying the con­ Muskingum], and the 3rd, Chinodaichta with a great Number of little Streams or struction of the transcontinental rail­ [the Great Kanawha of West Virginia]. It Rivulets, and full of beautiful natural roads and the settling of the west, only was in the neighborhood of this river Meadows, covered with wild Rye, blue 551 buffalo could be found alive in the that we began to see the illinois cattle Grass and clover, and abounds with entire United States. The "Thundering [buffalo]; but, here and elsewhere, they Turkeys, Deer, Elks, and most Sorts of Herd" was no more. Game paricularly Buffaloes, thirty or were in such small numbers that our Acknowledgements forty of which are frequently seen feed­ men could hardly kill a score of them. It To Miami University colleagues Dr. ing in one meadow [italicized for em­ was, besides, necessary to seek them Paul M. Daniel, Curator of the Hefner phasis] . . . We entered the Town with far in the woods. We had been assured, Zoology Museum, Dr. Ronald H. Spiel- English Colours before Us, and were however, at our departure, that at each bauer, Professor of Anthropology, and kindly received by their King, who in­ point we should find them by hundreds, John H. Bowser, Manager of Audio vited Us into his own House, & set our and that the tongues alone of those Visual Production Services, go my Colours upon the top of it . . ." (Gist, which we should kill would suffice to thanks for their assistance with bone 1751:47.) support the troops. This is not the first identification and photographic repro­ time when I have experienced that hy­ The hospitality of the Miami chief, duction, respectively, associated with perbole and exaggeration were figures known variously as Old Britain to the the preparation of this article. To Dr. Mary familiar to the Canadians." (Thwaites, JR, English, La Demoiselle to the French, Meagher, Research Biologist with the 69: 177-179.) and Unemekami [the Dragon Fly] to his National Park Service at Yellowstone Bonnecamps believed the reports of own people, ultimately cost him his life National Park in Wyoming, goes grati­ buffalo "by hundreds" at each point in the course of a French punitive attack tude for the opportunity to reproduce where they might stop along the Ohio on Pickawillany on June 21,1752, called two bison photographs used in this arti­ River to have been grossly exaggerated, by some the first battle of the long cle, and to Margot Kuhn my thanks for yet one is not inclined to dismiss those French and Indian War that followed. the fine picture of a bison at the King's reports completely out of hand when But that is another story, for another Island Wild Animal Habitat in Warren one remembers that even to this day the time and place. Suffice it to say that the County, Ohio. map of West Virginia reflects an abund­ French and Indian War resulted in the ance and distribution of buffalo refer­ loss by the French of their North Ameri­ References can empire. This was followed in turn by Barsness, Larry ences: sixteen Buffalo Creeks, six 1979 "Piskiou, Vaches Sauvages, Buffler, Prai­ Buffalo Forks, six Buffalo Licks, two the American Revolution which resulted rie Beeves— Buffalo." American Heritage, Buffalo Mountains, one Buffalo Hills, in the loss of thirteen colonies by the Volume 30, Number 6. seven Buffalo Runs, two Buffalo Ridges, English and the establishment of a new Biggar, Henry P., editor nation, the United States of America, 1922- The Works of Samuel de Champlain, six and even one Buffalo Bull Knob! (Gar­ 1936 volumes University of Toronto Press, retson, 1938:20.) And the athletic teams with its own first colony, the Northwest Toronto. of Marshall University of Huntington, Territory, between the Ohio River and Branch, Edward D. West Virginia, are still known as the the Great Lakes. From the Northwest 1929 The Hunting of the Buffalo. Appleton, Territory emerged five new American New York. "Thundering Herd" and their symbol is Dary, David the buffalo. states, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, and Wisconsin, and part of a sixth, 1974 The Buffalo Book. Sage Books, Chicago. The French expedition of Celoron de Gard, Wayne Minnesota. 1968 The Great Buffalo Hunt. University of Bienville and Jean de Bonnecamps was Nebraska Press, Lincoln. paralleled little more than a year later by Between the end of the French and Garretson, Martin S. English competitors, Christopher Gist Indian War (1763) and Ohio statehood 1938 The American Bison. New York Zoological of the Ohio Land Company of Virginia, (1803), the push of settlers into the Society, New York.

54 Gist, Christopher 1751 "Journal" in W. M. Darlington, editor, Christopher Gist's Journals, Pittsburgh, 1893 Haines, Francis 1970 The Buffalo. Crowell, New York. Hunt, George T. 1940 The Wars of the Iroquois: A Study in Intertribal Relations. University of Wis­ consin Press, Madison. Josephy, Alvin M., editor 1961 The American Heritage Book of Indians. American Heritage Publishing Company. Kellogg, Louise Phelps, editor 1953 Early Narratives of the Northwest, 1634- 1699. Barnes & Noble, New York. King, Charles 1979 "The Hill Country" in Michael B. Lafferty, editor, Ohio's Natural Heritage. Ohio Acad­ emy of Science and Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Columbus. McDonald, Jerry N. 1981 North American Bison: Their Classification and Evolution. University of California Press, Berkeley. McHugh, Tom 1972 The Time of the Buffalo. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. Meagher, Mary Fig. 1 (Shriver) A mature male bison showing Fig. 2 (Shriver) Early French explorers referred 1986 "Bison bison." Mammalian Species No. 266. The American Society of Mammalo- massive head and characteristic horn shape. to the female bison as the "wild cow." This gists. Photographed by A. Stephen fohnson and used photograph taken by A. Stephen Johnson and Roe. Frank Gilbert by Dr. Mary Meagher in her article "Bison bison" used by Dr. Mary Meagher in her article "Bison 1970 The North American Buffalo. University published June 16, 1986 by the American bison" helps to explain that reference. Repro­ of Toronto Press, Toronto. Society of Mammalogists as Bulletin No. 266 duced here courtesy of Dr. Meagher. Rorabacher, J. Albert in their Mammalian Species series. Reproduced 1971 7he American Buffalo in Transition. North here courtesy of Dr. Meagher. Star Press, St. Cloud, Minnesota. Thwaites, Reuben G., editor 1896- The Jesuit Relations and Allied Docu- 1901 ments, 73 volumes Burrows Brothers, Cleveland. Tankersley, Ken B. 1981 "A Bison Beamer from the Madisonville Site, Hamilton County, Ohio." Ohio Ar­ chaeologist, Vol. 31, No. 4,14 Tankersley points out that bison remains in prehistoric Fort Ancient cultural sites south of the Ohio River are abundant, particularly around Big Bone Lick in Boone County, Kentucky, but that they are particularly scarce north of the Ohio. Interestingly, Warren King Moorehead reported bison bones at the Baum site in Ross County, also Fort Ancient in cultural horizon, a site he excavated in 1899. (See Figure 5.)

Fig. 3 (Shriver) When fully mature, a bull buffalo may weigh 2,600 pounds, stand 6 feet high at the shoulder, and have a body length, exclusive of tail, of 9Vi feet. This bull, grazing in the King s Island Wild Animal Habitat in Warren County, Ohio, was photographed by Margot Kuhn. The picture is Fig. 4 (Shriver) Horn of a young male bison reproduced here with,her permission. found north of Oxford, Ohio. Now part of the author's personal collection.

Fig. 5 (Shriver) A bison bone beamer from the late prehistoric Fort Ancient cultural site at Madisonville east of Cincinnati. At one time part of the Parker Melvin Collection, this beamer was featured in an article by Ken B. Tankersley of the Department of Anthropology of the University of Cincinnati which appeared in the Ohio Archaeologist, 31(4): 14. The photograph shown here was reproduced from that article. 55 This finely made panel bannerstone was found in the 1800's near Kalida, Putnam County, Ohio, and was originally in the Dr. Baker collection from that county. It is made from gray and black banded slate and fashioned so that the lines in the slate coincide with the contours of the piece. Please note the oblong perforation which is normal for the type. Submitted by David Farrow, New Philadelphia, Ohio.

OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in this society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.