DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=TX-A SECTION 2 Native American Cultures What You Will Learn… If YOU were there... Main Ideas You live in the North American Southwest about 1,000 years ago. 1. Several early societies You’ve been working in the fields for several hours today. The maize developed in North America long before Europeans crop looks good this summer, and you are hoping for a successful explored the continent. harvest. After finishing your work, you walk home. The opening to 2. Geographic areas influenced Native American cultures. your house is in a cliff wall 30 feet above a canyon floor. You must 3. Native American cultures use ladders to get to the opening. shared beliefs about religion and land ownership. Do you like the location of your home? Why? The Big Idea Many diverse Native American cultures developed across the BUILDING BACKGROUND After crossing the land bridge from different geographic regions of North America. Asia during the Ice Age, hunter-gatherer groups spread into every region of North America. Many diverse cultures formed as Native Americans adapted to their different environments. Key Terms and People pueblos, p. 11 kivas, p. 11 totems, p. 12 Early Societies teepees, p. 14 The earliest people in North America were hunter-gatherers. After matrilineal, p. 14 5000 BC some of these people learned how to farm, and they set- Iroquois League, p. 14 tled in villages. Although less populated than South America and Mesoamerica, North America had many complex societies long before Europeans reached the continent. Use the graphic organizer online Anasazi to take notes on Native American By 1500 BC the people who lived in the North American South- cultures of North America. west, like those who lived in Mesoamerica, were growing maize. One of the early farm cultures in the Southwest was the Anasazi (ah-nuh-SAH-zee). The Anasazi lived in the Four Corners region, where present-day Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah meet. Anasazi farmers adapted to their dry environment and grew maize, beans, and squash. Over time, they began to use irrigation to increase food production. By the time the Anasazi settled in the area, they were already skilled basket makers. They wove straw, vines, and yucca to make containers for food and other items, and they eventually became skilled potters as well. 10 CHAPTER 1 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=TX-A Anasazi Cliff Dwellings Dwellings like these were built into cliffs for safety. Often, ladders were needed to reach the buildings. The ladders could be removed, keeping invaders from reach- ing the dwelllings. The early Anasazi lived in pit houses dug They supported their large population with into the ground. After about AD 750 they agriculture and trade. They built large burial built pueblos , or aboveground houses made mounds to honor their dead. of a heavy clay called adobe. The Anasazi built The Hopewell culture had declined by these houses on top of each other, creating AD 700. Another culture, the Mississippian, large multistoried complexes. Some pueblos began to thrive in the same area. Skilled had several hundred rooms and could house farmers and traders, the Mississippian built 1,000 people. large settlements. Their largest city, Cahokia, The Anasazi often built their houses in was located near present-day Saint Louis, canyon walls and had to use ladders to enter Missouri. It had a population of 30,000. their homes. These cliff dwellings provided a The Mississippian built hundreds of strong defense against enemies. The Anasazi mounds for religious ceremonies. Cahokia also built kivas , underground ceremonial alone had more than 100 temple and burial chambers, at the center of each community. mounds. These mounds had flat tops, and Kivas were sacred areas used for religious cer- temples were built on top of the mounds. emonies. Some of these rituals focused on Many of the mounds were gigantic. Monks the life-giving forces of rain and maize. Mound, near Collinsville, Illinois, for exam- The Anasazi thrived for hundreds of ple, was 100 feet high and covered 16 acres. years. After AD 1300, however, they began to Several other mound-building cultures abandon their villages. Scholars believe that thrived in eastern North America. More than drought, disease, or raids by nomadic tribes 10,000 mounds have been found in the Ohio from the north may have caused the Anasazi River valley alone. Some of these mounds are to move away from their pueblos. shaped like birds and snakes. The mound- building cultures had declined by the time Mound Builders European explorers reached the Southeast. Their Several farming societies developed in the societies no longer existed by the early 1700s. eastern part of North America after 1000 BC. The Hopewell lived along the Missis- READING CHECK Summarizing Why did sippi, Ohio, and lower Missouri river valleys. some Native American groups build mounds? THE WORLD BEFORE THE OPENING OF THE ATLANTIC 11 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=TX-B 20˚W 4aa 00 /26/04 10 Native American Culture 30˚W Areas oof - Bering Inuit Researchers use culture areas—the Pr geographic Sea locations that influenced societies—toF5 help MapQuest.com/HRW Inuit them describe ancient Nativeah06se_c01map American peo- Ingalik hool - American History 40˚W ples. North America is dividedSc into several Han Saschutkenne cle culture areas. Cir Aleut Inuit ctic 60˚N Native American Culture Areas Ar North and Northwest Middle West and Southwest Eyak Dogrib Inuit 50˚W The far north of North America is divided into Farther south along the Pacific coast was the Ta gish the Arctic and Subarctic culture areas. Few California region, which included the area plants grow in the Arctic because the ground is between the Pacific and the Sierra Nevada Tlingit always frozen beneath a thin top layer of soil. mountain range. Food sources were plenti- Inuit Hudson Slave This harsh environment was home to two ful, so farming was not necessary. One major Chipewyan Bay 50˚N groups of people, the Inuit and the Aleut. The plant food was acorns, which were ground Beaver To ngass Naskapi Beothuk Inuit lived in present-day northern Alaska and into flour. People also fished and hunted deer Carrier Swampy Haisla Canada. Their homes were igloos, hide tents, and other game. Most Native Americans in Cree Haida and huts. The Aleut, whose home was in west- the California region lived in groups of fami- Montagnais Heiltsuk ern and southern Alaska, lived in multifamily lies of about 50 to 300. Among these groups, NORTH Kwakiutl AMERICA Micmac houses that were partially underground. The including the Hupa, Miwok, and Yokuts, Nootka Shuswap Squamish two groups shared many cultural features, more than 100 languages were spoken. Makah Nooksack Chimakum Plains Plains Algonquian Coast Blackfoot Cree Ojibway 60˚W including language. Both groups survived by The area east of the Sierra Nevada, the Columbia Massachuset Salish Ottawa Wampanoag Spokane R Narragansett Pequot fishing and hunting large mammals. The Aleut Great Basin, received little rain. To survive, Chinook Ya kima O Huron Mohegan 40˚N C Mandan Great Lakes Mohawk Klickitat Walla Walla Nez Oneida and Inuit also depended on dogs for many Native Americans adapted to the drier climate Percé K Crow Onondaga Y IroquoisCayuga N Ya quina Seneca tasks, such as hunting and pulling sleds. by gathering seeds, digging roots, and trap- Santee Sauk E Molala Northern M Sioux Potawatomi Paiute Te ton Sioux W South of the Arctic lies the Subarctic, ping small animals for food. Most groups in Umpqua O Fox Modoc Cheyenne Kickapoo S To lowa Northern U Delaware home to groups such as the Dogrib and Mon- this area, including the Paiute, Shoshone, and Shoshone Omaha Susquehanna Hupa Achomawi N Iowa Miami Maidu Washo Pawnee tagnais peoples. While they followed the sea- Ute, spoke the same language. T Illinois Yuki A Wappo Western Arapaho Missouri Powhatan The Southwest culture region included I Shawnee sonal migrations of deer, these peoples lived Shoshone N ATLANTIC Miwok Kansa Cahokia in shelters made of animal skins. At other the present-day states of Arizona and New Ute S Costanoan Mono OCEAN Osage Cheraw times, they lived in villages made up of log Mexico, and parts of Colorado and Texas. Esselen Kawaiisu Cherokee 30˚N Yo kuts Hopi (Pueblo) Apache Chickasaw Pueblo groups, such as the Hopi and Zuni, Kiowa Cusabo houses. Farther south, the Kwakiutl and the Chumash Navajo Tu skegee Mohave Chinook thrived, thanks to the rich supply lived there. Like the Anasazi, these Native Zuni (Pueblo) Creek Comanche Alabama Wichita of game animals, fish, and wild plants that Americans also adapted to a dry climate. The Apache Choctaw Yuma Caddo Apalachee allowed large populations to increase with- Pueblo irrigated the land and grew maize, Nakipa Suma Mobile Pima To nkawa out the need for farming. squash, and beans. These crops were vital to Jumano Cochimi Native Americans in the Pacific North- southwestern peoples. The Pueblo religion Seri Seminole Tarahumara Karankawa Calusa FOCUS ON west carved images of totems — ancestor or focused on two key areas of Pueblo life, rain Ignacieno Ya qui READING Gulf of Mexico 70˚W animal spirits—on tall, wooden poles. Totem and maize. The Pueblo performed religious er What is the Canc pic of definition of poles held great religious and historical signif- rituals hoping to bring rain and a successful Tro Ta ino Waicura Lagunero totems according icance for Native Americans of the Northwest. maize crop to their peoples. 20˚N to this sentence? Feasts called potlatches were another unique, Pueblo peoples were settled and built mul- Guachichil Caribbean or unusual, aspect of these Native Americans’ tistoried houses out of adobe bricks.