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Home , Apalachee, Cheraw, Mound Builders, Ring of Fire, Taskigi Mound

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SECTION 2 Native American Cultures

What You Will Learn… If YOU were there... Main Ideas You live in the North American Southwest about 1,000 years ago. 1. Several early societies You’ve been working in the fields for several hours today. The developed in long before Europeans crop looks good this summer, and you are hoping for a successful explored the . harvest. After finishing your work, you walk home. The opening to 2. Geographic areas influenced Native American cultures. your house is in a cliff wall 30 feet above a canyon floor. You must 3. Native American cultures use ladders to get to the opening. shared beliefs about religion and land ownership. Do you like the location of your home? Why?

The Big Idea Many diverse Native American cultures developed across the Building Background After crossing the land bridge from different geographic of North America. during the Ice Age, hunter-gatherer groups spread into every of North America. Many diverse cultures formed as Native Americans adapted to their different environments. Key Terms and People , p. 11 , p. 11 totems, p. 12 Early Societies teepees, p. 14 The earliest people in North America were hunter-gatherers. After matrilineal, p. 14 5000 BC some of these people learned how to farm, and they set- League, p. 14 tled in villages. Although less populated than and , North America had many complex societies long before Europeans reached the continent.

Use the graphic organizer online Anasazi to take notes on Native American By 1500 BC the people who lived in the North American South- cultures of North America. west, like those who lived in Mesoamerica, were growing maize. One of the early farm cultures in the Southwest was the Anasazi (ah-nuh-sah-zee). The Anasazi lived in the region, where present-day , Colorado, New , and meet. Anasazi farmers adapted to their dry environment and grew maize, beans, and squash. Over time, they began to use to increase food production. By the time the Anasazi settled in the area, they were already skilled makers. They wove straw, vines, and yucca to make containers for food and other items, and they eventually became skilled potters as .

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Anasazi Cliff Dwellings

Dwellings like these were built into cliffs for safety. Often, ladders were needed to reach the buildings. The ladders could be removed, keeping invaders from reach- ing the dwelllings.

The early Anasazi lived in pit houses dug They supported their large population with into the ground. After about AD 750 they and trade. They built large burial

built pueblos , or aboveground houses made to honor their dead. of a heavy clay called . The Anasazi built The Hopewell culture had declined by these houses on top of each other, creating AD 700. Another culture, the Mississippian, large multistoried complexes. Some pueblos began to thrive in the same area. Skilled had several hundred rooms and could house farmers and traders, the Mississippian built 1,000 people. large settlements. Their largest city, , The Anasazi often built their houses in was located near present-day Saint Louis, canyon walls and had to use ladders to enter . It had a population of 30,000. their homes. These cliff dwellings provided a The Mississippian built hundreds of strong defense against enemies. The Anasazi mounds for religious ceremonies. Cahokia

also built kivas , underground ceremonial alone had more than 100 temple and burial chambers, at the center of each community. mounds. These mounds had flat tops, and Kivas were sacred areas used for religious cer- temples were built on top of the mounds. emonies. Some of these rituals focused on Many of the mounds were gigantic. Monks the life-giving forces of rain and maize. , near Collinsville, , for exam- The Anasazi thrived for hundreds of ple, was 100 feet high and covered 16 acres. years. After AD 1300, however, they began to Several other mound-building cultures abandon their villages. Scholars believe that thrived in eastern North America. More than drought, disease, or raids by nomadic tribes 10,000 mounds have been found in the from the north may have caused the Anasazi River valley alone. Some of these mounds are to move away from their pueblos. shaped like birds and snakes. The mound- building cultures had declined by the time European explorers reached the Southeast. Their Several farming societies developed in the societies no longer existed by the early . eastern part of North America after 1000 BC. The Hopewell lived along the Missis- Reading Check Summarizing Why did sippi, Ohio, and lower valleys. some Native American groups build mounds?

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Native American Culture 30˚W

Areas oof - 10 Bering Inuit Researchers use culture areas—the geographic locations that influenced societies—toF5 Pr help

MapQuest.com/HRW Inuit them describe ancient Native00 ah06se_c01map American peo- Ingalik hool - American History ples. North America is divided into several 40˚W Han Saschutkenne cle culture areas. Cir Aleut Inuit ctic 60˚N Native American Culture Areas Ar

North and Northwest Middle Sc West and Southwest Eyak Dogrib Inuit 50˚W The of North America is divided into Farther south along the Pacific coast was the Ta gish the and Subarctic culture areas. Few region, which included the area plants grow in the Arctic because the ground is between the Pacific and the Sierra Tlingit always frozen beneath a thin top layer of soil. . Food sources were plenti- Inuit Hudson Slave This harsh environment was home to two ful, so farming was not necessary. One major Chipewyan Bay 50˚N groups of people, the Inuit and the Aleut. The plant food was acorns, which were ground Beaver To ngass Naskapi Beothuk Inuit lived in present-day northern and into flour. People also fished and hunted deer Carrier Swampy Haisla . Their homes were igloos, hide tents, and other game. Most Native Americans in Cree Haida and . The Aleut, whose home was in west- the California region lived in groups of fami- Montagnais Heiltsuk ern and southern Alaska, lived in multifamily lies of about 50 to 300. Among these groups, NORTH Kwakiutl AMERICA Micmac houses that were partially underground. The including the Hupa, Miwok, and Yokuts, Nootka Shuswap Squamish two groups shared many cultural features, more than 100 languages were spoken. Makah Nooksack Chimakum Plains Plains Algonquian Coast Blackfoot Cree Ojibway 60˚W including language. Both groups survived by The area east of the Sierra Nevada, the Columbia Massachuset Salish Ottawa Wampanoag Spokane R Narragansett Pequot fishing and hunting large mammals. The Aleut , received little rain. To survive, Chinook Ya kima O Huron Mohegan 40˚N C Mandan Mohawk Klickitat Walla Walla Nez Oneida and Inuit also depended on dogs for many Native Americans adapted to the drier climate Percé K Crow Onondaga Y IroquoisCayuga N Ya quina Seneca tasks, such as hunting and pulling sleds. by gathering seeds, digging roots, and trap- Sauk E Molala Northern M Sioux Potawatomi Paiute Te ton Sioux W South of the Arctic lies the Subarctic, ping small animals for food. Most groups in Umpqua O Fox Modoc Cheyenne Kickapoo S To lowa Northern U Delaware home to groups such as the Dogrib and Mon- this area, including the Paiute, Shoshone, and Shoshone Omaha Susquehanna Hupa Achomawi N Miami Maidu Washo Pawnee tagnais peoples. While they followed the sea- Ute, spoke the same language. T Illinois Yuki A Wappo Western Arapaho Missouri Powhatan The Southwest culture region included I Shawnee sonal migrations of deer, these peoples lived Shoshone N ATLANTIC Miwok Kansa Cahokia in shelters made of animal skins. At other the present-day states of Arizona and New Ute S Costanoan Mono Osage times, they lived in villages made up of log Mexico, and parts of Colorado and . Esselen Kawaiisu 30˚N Yo kuts Hopi () Apache Pueblo groups, such as the Hopi and Zuni, Kiowa Cusabo houses. Farther south, the Kwakiutl and the Chumash Navajo Tu skegee Mohave Chinook thrived, thanks to the rich supply lived there. Like the Anasazi, these Native Zuni (Pueblo) Creek Comanche Wichita of game animals, fish, and wild plants that Americans also adapted to a dry climate. The Apache Choctaw Yuma allowed large populations to increase with- Pueblo irrigated the land and grew maize, Nakipa Suma Mobile Pima To nkawa out the need for farming. squash, and beans. These crops were vital to Jumano Cochimi Native Americans in the Pacific North- southwestern peoples. The Pueblo religion Seri Tarahumara Karankawa FOCUS ON west carved images of totems — ancestor or focused on two key areas of Pueblo life, rain Ignacieno Ya qui READING 70˚W animal spirits—on tall, wooden poles. Totem and maize. The Pueblo performed religious er What is the Canc pic of definition of poles held great religious and historical signif- rituals hoping to bring rain and a successful Tro Ta ino Waicura Lagunero totems according icance for Native Americans of the Northwest. maize crop to their peoples. 20˚N to this sentence? Feasts called potlatches were another unique, Pueblo peoples were settled and built mul- Guachichil or unusual, aspect of these Native Americans’ tistoried houses out of adobe bricks. Over time MESOAMERICA Sea culture. At these gatherings, hosts, usually their towns grew larger, and some towns had chiefs or wealthy people, gave away most of more than 1,000 residents. Pueblo peoples their belongings as gifts. In this way, the hosts made fine that featured beautifully increased their social importance. painted designs. 10˚N 12 Chapter 1 120˚W 110˚W 100˚W 90˚W 80˚W DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info”

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Arctic Northeast Native American Culture Areas 30˚W Subarctic Great Basin oof - 10 Bering Inuit Northwest Coast California Sea Plateau Southwest

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MapQuest.com/HRW Inuit 0 250 500 Miles 00 ah06se_c01map Ingalik

hool - American History 0 250 500 Kilometers 40˚W Han Saschutkenne cle Cir Aleut Inuit ctic 60˚N Native American Culture Areas Ar Middle Sc Eyak Dogrib Inuit Native American Culture50˚W Areas ah06se_c01leg004aa (LEGEND) Ta gish Middle School - American History MapQuest.com/HRWSewing with Bird-shaped carved bone han- Tlingit Final Proof - 09/01/04--10/26/04 pipe, Northwest Inuit dle, Great Plains Coast culture Hudson Slave culture area 50˚N area Chipewyan Bay Beaver To ngass Naskapi Beothuk Carrier Swampy Haisla Cree Haida Montagnais Heiltsuk NORTH Kwakiutl AMERICA Micmac Nootka Shuswap Squamish Makah Nooksack Chimakum Plains Plains Algonquian Coast Blackfoot Cree Ojibway 60˚W Columbia Massachuset Salish Ottawa Wampanoag Spokane R Narragansett Pequot Chinook Ya kima O Huron Mohegan 40˚N C Mandan Great Lakes Mohawk Klickitat Walla Walla Nez Oneida Percé K Crow Onondaga Y IroquoisCayuga N Ya quina Seneca Santee Sauk E Molala Northern M Sioux Potawatomi Paiute Te ton Sioux W Umpqua O Fox Modoc Cheyenne Kickapoo S To lowa Northern U Delaware Shoshone Omaha Susquehanna Hupa Achomawi N Iowa Miami Maidu Washo T Pawnee Illinois Yuki A Western Arapaho Missouri Powhatan Wappo I Shawnee Shoshone N ATLANTIC Miwok Kansa Cahokia Ute S Costanoan Mono OCEAN Osage Cheraw Esselen Kawaiisu Cherokee 30˚N Yo kuts Hopi (Pueblo) Apache Chickasaw Kiowa Cusabo Chumash Navajo Tu skegee Mohave Zuni (Pueblo) Creek Comanche Alabama Wichita Apache Choctaw Yuma Caddo Apalachee Nakipa Suma Mobile Pima To nkawa Jumano Cochimi Seri Seminole Tarahumara Karankawa Calusa Ignacieno Ya qui Gulf of Mexico 70˚W r ance c of C Tropi Ta ino Waicura Lagunero 20˚N Guachichil skills INTERPRETING MAPS Caribbean MESOAMERICA 1. Region Why did some culture areas have Sea fewer groups of people than other culture figure, areas did? Southwest 2. Human-Environment Interaction What culture area natural features served as boundaries between culture areas? PACIFIC OCEAN 10˚N the world before the opening of the atlantic 13 120˚W 110˚W 100˚W 90˚W 80˚W DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=TX-A

Iroquois

Northeastern Native Americans such as the Iroquois lived in made of tree bark. The drawing shows the longhouses in one Iroquois village. Why do you think a fence was placed around the longhouses?

The Apache and Navajo also lived in the Northeast and Southeast Southwest. These groups were nomadic—they Eastern North America was rich in sources moved from place to place hunting small ani- for food and shelter. Animals, plant foods, mals and foraging for food. The Apache and fish, and wood for housing were plentiful in Navajo also supported themselves by raiding the region’s woodlands and river valleys. the villages of the Pueblo and others. Most southeastern groups, including the Cherokee, Creek, and Seminole, lived in Great Plains farming villages governed by village councils. The huge Great Plains region stretches south In the Northeast, groups like the Algonquian from Canada into Texas. This culture area survived by hunting and gathering plants. is bordered by the Valley on the Those in the south farmed, hunted, gathered east and the on the west. plants, and fished. Many tribes used strings The Plains were mainly grassland, home to of beads known as wampum for money. millions of buffalo. Deer, elk, and other game To the east of the Algonquian lived the also thrived there. Iroquois (or Haudenosaunee). They were Most Great Plains peoples were nomadic farmers, hunters, and traders who lived in hunters. Many groups hunted buffalo using longhouses, or rectangular homes made from bows and . Blackfoot and Arapaho hunt- logs and bark, that housed 8 to 10 families. ers sometimes chased the animals over cliffs, The Iroquois created the Iroquois League. drove them into corrals, or trapped them in This confederation, or alliance, was established a ring of fire. Native Americans used buffalo by the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, skins for shields, clothing, and coverings for and Seneca. The league waged war against their teepees — cone-shaped shelters. and made peace with non-Iroquois peo- Some Plains groups were farmers. The ples. Its goal was to strengthen the alliance Mandan and Pawnee settled in villages and against invasion. The league helped the grew corn, beans, and squash. The Pawnee Iroquois become one of the most powerful lived in round lodges made of dirt. Like some Native American peoples in North America. other Native American groups, Pawnee soci- ety was matrilineal . This means that people Reading Check Generalizing How did traced their ancestry through their mothers, environment influence Native American not their fathers. cultures in North America?

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Shared Beliefs to use it was temporary. Native Amer­icans also thought they should preserve the land Although they were different culturally and for future generations. These beliefs contrasted geographically, Native American groups of sharply with those of Europeans— a difference North America shared certain beliefs. The that would cause conflict. religion of most Native American peoples, for Despite their shared beliefs, the diverse example, was linked to nature. Native Ameri- culture groups of North America had little cans believed that spiritual forces were every- interest in joining together into large politi- where, dwelling in heavenly bodies and in cal units. As a result, Native Americans on sacred places on the . Spirits even lived the North American continent did not form within animals and plants. Native Americans large empires like the Aztec and Inca of Meso- tried to honor the spirits in their daily lives. and South America did. Ceremonies maintained the group’s rela- tionship with Earth and Sky, which were Reading Check Identifying Points of View believed to be the sustainers of life. In addi- What religious beliefs did Native American tion, individuals who wanted help prayed to groups share? their spirit protector. Native Americans also shared beliefs about property. They believed that indi- SUmmary and Preview People of vidual ownership only applied to the crops North America formed many complex one grew. The land itself was for the use of societies. In the next section you will everyone in the village, and a person’s right read about societies in West .

Section 2 Assessment ONLINE QUIZ

Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People Critical Thinking 1. a. Recall Why did the Anasazi build kivas? 4. Comparing and Contrasting Review your notes b. Summarize What different types of housing on early societies and culture areas. Then use a Venn were built by the Anasazi? diagram like this one to identify similarities and dif- c. Draw Conclusions Why do you think that some ferences among Native American culture groups. mounds were built in the shape of birds and snakes? 2. a. Identify What are culture areas? North and Northwest b. Contrast How did food sources for Native ­Americans of the North and Northwest differ from West and Northeast and those of Native Americans living in the West and Southwest Southeast Southwest? c. Elaborate Why was the formation of the Great Plains Iroquois League considered to be a significant political development? Focus on Writing 3. a. Recall How did Native Americans view land ownership? 5. Describing Culture Look back through this b. Analyze What role did religion play in the lives section to discover ways in which a group’s beliefs, of Native Americans? environment, and practices can be described. Write c. Predict Why do you think most Native American down phrases that you think are especially useful in groups did not form large empires like the Aztec understanding Native American cultures. and the Inca did?

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