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St Marks Lighthouse NavigatingNavigating thethe Gulf:Gulf: PastPast && PresentPresent StSt MarksMarks NationalNational WildlifeWildlife RefugeRefuge NavigatingNavigating thethe Gulf:Gulf: PastPast && PresentPresent ----FCATFCAT StandardsStandards • Meets the social studies Sunshine State Standards for a student. Grades PreK-2: SS.B.1.1.2 uses simple maps, globes, and other three-dimensional models to identify and locate places. SS.B.2.1.5 knows the modes of transportation used to move people, products, and ideas from place to place, their importance, and their advantages and disadvantages. Grades 3-5: SS.A.2.2.2 Understands developments in transportation and communication in various societies SS.B.1.2.4 Knows how changing transportation and communication technology have affected relationships between locations. Grades 6-8 – Meets the social studies Sunshine State Standards for a student: SS.A.2.3.4. Understands the impact of geographical factors on the historical development of civilizations. SS.A.4.3.2 Knows the role of physical and cultural geography in shaping events in the United States Grades 9-12 : SS.B.1.4.1 Uses a variety of maps, geographic technologies including geographic information systems and satellite-produced imagery, and other advanced graphic representations to depict geographic problems. SS.B.2.4.6 Understands the relationships between resources and the exploration, colonization, and settlement of different regions of the world. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES 1. Students will exhibit an understanding of the impact of transportation on the interactions between the Native Americans and European Explorers. 2. Students will be able to identify the importance of resources to the development of trade through Apalachee Bay. 3. Students will identify the influence of geographic and environmental factors such as hurricanes, rivers, coastline, etc on cultural development 4.. Students will use historic maps to understand the problems of navigation and its impact on the development of economics, trade, and population centers. 5. Students will demonstrate the use of modern directional finding aids. ChronologyChronology ofof SeaSea NavigationNavigation inin thethe GulfGulf PartPart One:One: ColonialColonial 15121512--18211821 PartPart Two:Two: USUS AcquiresAcquires FloridaFlorida 18211821--18651865 PartPart Three:Three: DangerDanger inin thethe GulfGulf 18701870--19451945 PartPart Four:Four: ModernModern 19451945--presentpresent PurposesPurposes ofof NavigationNavigation •• ExplorationExploration •• TransportationTransportation •• MilitaryMilitary ComponentsComponents ofof NavigationNavigation •• TypesTypes ofof VesselsVessels •• PortsPorts •• NavigationalNavigational AidsAids HazardsHazards toto NavigationNavigation •• WeatherWeather •• NaturalNatural ObstaclesObstacles •• ManMan--mademade NavigatingNavigating thethe Gulf:Gulf: PastPast && PresentPresent Thirty-five hurricanes have approached within 25 miles of St. Marks from 1852. NavigatingNavigating thethe Gulf:Gulf: PastPast && PresentPresent Ninety-Nine hurricanes have approached within 50 miles of St. Marks from 1852. PARTPART ONE:ONE: ColonialColonial PeriodPeriod 15191519--18211821 SPAIN ENGLAND FRANCE NativeNative AmericansAmericans •• From 12,000 B.C.- Lived along Coast •• Settlements & camps •• Shell middens •• Settlements moved inland •• Dugouts canoes NativeNative Americans:Americans: ApalacheeApalachee •• TownsTowns aroundaround TallahasseeTallahassee •• TemporaryTemporary fishingfishing campscamps alongalong coastcoast SpanishSpanish ExplorersExplorers •• ColumbusColumbus •• CortezCortez && PizarroPizarro •• PoncePonce dede LeonLeon SpanishSpanish ExplorersExplorers InIn FloridaFlorida HernandoHernando DeSotoDeSoto Panfilo de NarvaezNarvaez 15391539 15281528 NarvaezNarvaez ExpeditionExpedition 15281528 PanfiloPanfilo dede NarvaezNarvaez landslands Encounters the atat TampaTampa inin 15281528 Apalachee Indians FatefulFateful DecisionDecision forfor NarvaezNarvaez TiredTired fromfrom fightingfighting thethe ApalacheeApalachee,, lowlow onon suppliessupplies ,, andand unableunable toto findfind hishis supplysupply shipships,s, NarvaezNarvaez decidesdecides toto leaveleave Florida.Florida. TheyThey convertedconverted theirtheir weaponsweapons intointo tools,tools, setset upup aa workingworking forgeforge andand constructedconstructed fourfour crudecrude woodenwooden boats.boats. TheThe EndEnd ofof thethe NarvaezNarvaez ExpeditionExpedition OnOn 15291529 theythey loadedloaded thethe OnlyOnly FourFour homemadehomemade shipsships andand setset offoff forfor MexicoMexico survivedsurvived thethe Journey.Journey. TheThe DeSotoDeSoto ExpeditionExpedition •• In 1539 he leads a large expedition of “700, men 2 women, horses and pigs”to HernandoHernando DeSotoDeSoto colonize La Florida TheThe DeSotoDeSoto ExpeditionExpedition Landing near Tampa TheyThey occupyoccupy thethe mainmain towntown ofof Bay, they travel up the thethe ApalacheeApalachee bbyy force.force. Florida peninsula in DeSotoDeSoto fortifiesfortifies itit andand search of gold and settlessettles inin forfor thethe winter.winter. Treasure. DeSotoDeSoto SendsSends forfor SuppliesSupplies Juan de Añasco withwith 8080 cavalrycavalry returnsreturns backback toto TampaTampa BayBay andand thethe fleetfleet SuppliesSupplies toto DeSotoDeSoto Desoto'sDesoto's menmen findfind thethe remnantsremnants ofof NavarezNavarez’’ss camp.camp. TheyThey hanghang largelarge ““yellowyellow pennantspennants”” toto markmark thethe mouthmouth ofof thethe St.St. Marks.Marks. Desoto'sDesoto's supplysupply fleetfleet sailssails fromfrom TampaTampa BayBay andand locateslocates thethe expeditionexpedition atat thethe mouthmouth ofof thethe St.St. MarksMarks River.River. SpanishSpanish MissionsMissions SanSan LuisLuis dede TalimaliTalimali 16591659--17041704 MissionMission SanSan Luis:Luis: TradeTrade Apalachee Province Port on the St. Marks River Furs Food PiratesPirates onon thethe GulfGulf As France and Spain competed in the Gulf of Mexico, San Marcos de •• French Pirates attacked Apalachee became an important the fort in 1680 port. FortFort SanSan MarcosMarcos dede AAppalacheealachee •• The wooden fort ••The whole garrison, of about was rebuilt in 1718. forty men were drowned in a hurricane in 1758. the fort was rebuilt out of stone. A Tower was built across the river with a signal fire at the top, used for Navigation. Possibly the first lighthouse in the present United states. EnglandEngland DividesDivides FloridaFlorida Britain gained Florida from Spain in 1763. West Florida extended from the Mississippi to the Apalachicola river. St. Marks was part of East Florida. ShipwreckedShipwrecked onon thethe CoastCoast--17671767 •• I767 the French brigantine Le Tigre shipwrecked near Dog Island. Only 2 survived after many difficulties. Published in 1771, the “Shipwreck and Adventures of Monsieur Pierre Viaud” became very popular. PantonPanton LeslieLeslie TradingTrading PostPost After the Revolutionary War Florida is traded back to Spain in 1783. The Panton Leslie Company of They had an important Scottish merchants headquartered in trading post to the Seminoles Pensacola developed a monopoly on on the Wakulla River, three the Indian Trade. miles north of Ft. St. Marks. WilliamWilliam BowlesBowles andand thethe StateState ofof MuskogeeMuskogee William Augustus Bowles, a loyalist from Maryland, became a chief of the Lower Creeks. After raiding the Panton-Leslie trading post in 1792, a congress of Creeks and Seminoles elected him director general of the State of Muskogee in 1799. After a brief siege they capture the Spanish Fort at St. Marks in 1800. StateState ofof MuskogeeMuskogee -- PrivateersPrivateers The State of Muskogee licensed four The privateers were manned by “Privateers” that operated out of “Seminoles, Creeks, escaped Apalachee bay attacking Spanish Slaves, and French, English and Coastal shipping. Spanish sailors from the Carribean.” AndrewAndrew JacksonJackson atat St.St. MarksMarks --18181818 In 1818 President Monroe sent After seizing the Spanish fort at t St. Marks, Andrew Jackson with an army Andrew Jackson tried and executed two British into Spanish Florida to subdue citizens accused of inciting the Indians: the Seminoles. Robert Armbrister and Alexander Arbuthnot, a 70-year-old Scottish Indian trader. MillyMilly FrancisFrancis Milly (Malee), daughter of Francis the Prophet ( Hillis Hadjo) saved the life of Her Father, Francis the prophet did Duncan McKrimmon by pleading with not receive similar mercy when he her father. mistook the U.S. Thomas Shields for a British ship and was captured and hung by General Jackson. TheThe EndEnd NavigatingNavigating thethe Gulf:Gulf: ApalacheeApalachee BayBay StSt MarksMarks NationalNational WildlifeWildlife RefugeRefuge PARTPART TWO:TWO: USUS AcquiresAcquires FloridaFlorida 18211821--18651865 TerritoryTerritory ofof FloridaFlorida The United States acquired Florida from Spain in 1821. Tallahassee was founded as the Capitol in 1824. Soon flourishing plantations were shipping cotton through the port of St. Marks. TheThe FirstFirst LighthouseLighthouse atat St.St. MarksMarks Due to navigational hazards, Congress authorized a lighthouse at the St. Marks river. It was completed in 1831. 2nd2nd LighthouseLighthouse -- 18421842 •• CaptCapt JJ PP HungerfordHungerford 22nd KeeperKeeper 18391839 •• HurricaneHurricane ofof 18431843-- 1313 drowneddrowned atat LighthouseLighthouse LighthouseLighthouse SurveySurvey ofof thethe CoastCoast In 1849 Robert E. Lee with the board of engineers made a survey for the construction
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