A Settlement History of Okeeheepkee: Community

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A Settlement History of Okeeheepkee: Community A SETTLEMENT HISTORY OF OKEEHEEPKEE: COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION AT THE LAKE JACKSON SITE IN FLORIDA by Jesse Colin Nowak, B.A. A thesis submitted to the Graduate Council of Texas State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts with a Major in Anthropology May 2017 Committee Members: F. Kent Reilly III, Chair Adam King Daniel Seinfeld James F. Garber COPYRIGHT by Jesse C. Nowak 2017 FAIR USE AND AUTHORS’S PERMISSON STATEMENT Fair Use This work is protected by the Copyright Laws of the United States (Public Law 94-553, section 107). Consistent with fair use as defines in the Copyright Laws, brief quotations from the material are allowed with proper acknowledgement. Use of this material for financial gain without the author’s express written permission is not allowed. Duplication Permission As the copyright holder of this work I, Jesse Colin Nowak, authorize duplication of this work, in whole or in part, for educational or scholarly purpose only. DEDICATION To my parents, whose sacrifices have made me forever grateful. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis and the work behind it owes a great deal of gratitude to many people. I would first like to thank my advisor, F. Kent Reilly III, who inspired, pushed, and supported my scholarly endeavors since the day I met him. I truly am thankful and honored to have been taught by a scholar that works so hard and selflessly for his students. Thank you to my committee members, Daniel Seinfeld, Adam King and Jim Garber for their guidance, patience, and constructive feedback on my thesis. I need to particularly thank my committee member Dan Seinfeld, for promoting the idea of new research at Lake Jackson and his hands–on mentorship during the research design and field work portions of this thesis. His patience and mentorship have been immeasurable. I would like to also give a special thank you to Adam King, for his patience, time, and stimulating conversations about my research. I wish to give thanks to Louis Tesar, Julie Byrd, Mary Glowacki, Mike Wisenbaker, Jeremy Vause, Ryan Duggins, Marie Prentice, and everyone at the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research and the Florida Historical Commission for their openness and hospitality during my research. Thank you to Brandon Ackerman, Haley Messer, Charlie Harper, Krissy Hogeweg, Selena Garza, and Lisa Barden–Thompson for all of their hard work during the field school at Lake Jackson. Thank you to the Lake Jackson park ranger Evan Martin for his advice and guidance. Thank you to my supervisor at the Gilcrease Museum, Diana Folsom. Her support and flexibility has allowed me to finish this work. v I would also like to give thanks to my father, who has shown me what it means to be a good man by example. Thank you to my mother, who encouraged me to follow my passions. Thank you to my brother Shane Nowak for his support throughout the years. I need to thank Karen, Turner, and the entire Stauffer family for their enormous hospitality by opening their house to me during my fieldwork. This work would not have been possible without them. I wish to extend a deep thanks to my fellow graduate student Grant Stauffer. His openness in scholarship and friendship motivated and inspired my thesis research. I would also like to say thank you to James Barrera, Antonio Padilla and Andy Cloud, who took me under their wings during my undergraduate and early professional career. They taught me what it means to be an archaeologist. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................x ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1 Thesis Outline .................................................................................................4 II. HISTORIOGRAPHY AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND .......................6 Natural Environment ......................................................................................9 Site Setting ...................................................................................................12 Ethnographic and Historic Narrative ...........................................................14 Archaeological Investigations at Lake Jackson ...........................................19 Willey and Woodbury, 1940 ..................................................................19 Griffin, 1950 ..........................................................................................20 Smith and Fairbanks, 1953 (Mound 1) ..................................................20 Penton, 1968 ..........................................................................................21 Fryman, 1969 .........................................................................................21 Jones, 1975–1976 ...................................................................................22 Mound 6 .................................................................................................23 Jones, 1990–1992 ...................................................................................23 Terzis and Smith 1990 and Lozowski 1991 ...........................................24 Payne, 1994 ............................................................................................25 Martinez, 2001 .......................................................................................25 Stephenson, 2003 ...................................................................................27 Andrews, 2007 .......................................................................................28 Bigman and Seinfeld, 2012 ....................................................................28 Prehistoric Overview ...................................................................................28 Diagnostic Design Elements: Deep South Mississippian and Woodland Cultures ..................................................................................................31 Landscape, Community Construction, and Political Ideology ....................42 vii III. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................46 Remote Sensing Surveys..............................................................................46 Shovel Testing .............................................................................................49 Archival and Artifact Analysis ....................................................................50 IV. RESULTS .........................................................................................................53 Northern Section ..........................................................................................53 Eastern Section.............................................................................................56 Western Section ...........................................................................................61 Mound Precinct ............................................................................................65 Remote Sensing Results ...............................................................................71 Grid 1 .....................................................................................................76 Grid 2 .....................................................................................................77 Grid 3 .....................................................................................................78 Chronological Development of the Site .......................................................84 Lake Jackson I........................................................................................87 Early Lake Jackson II.............................................................................88 Early and Late Lake Jackson II ..............................................................90 Lake Jackson III .....................................................................................90 Overview of Results .....................................................................................93 V. DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................97 Design Characteristics of Lake Jackson ......................................................97 Mississippian Dissemination and the Chattahoochee Valley ....................105 Conclusions and Future Work ...................................................................108 APPENDIX SECTION ....................................................................................................111 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................151 viii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 4.1. Northern section shovel test pits .................................................................................57 4.2. Fairbanks 1953 Mound 1 excavations ........................................................................57 4.3. Stevenson 2003 auger test results ...............................................................................57 4.4. Terzis and
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