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Materials of Conquest: a Study Using Portable X-Ray Fluorescence

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Materials of Conquest: a Study Using Portable X-Ray Fluorescence MATERIALS OF CONQUEST: A STUDY USING PORTABLE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY IN THE METALLURGICAL ANALYSIS OF TWO SIXTEENTH- CENTURY SPANISH EXPEDITIONS by Sarah Elizabeth Linden B.A., Texas A&M University, 2008 A Thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences The University of West Florida In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 2013 © 2013 Sarah Elizabeth Linden The thesis of Sarah Elizabeth Linden is approved: ___________________________________________ _______________________ Amy Mitchell-Cook, Ph.D., Committee Member Date ___________________________________________ _______________________ John R. Bratten, Ph.D., Committee Member Date ___________________________________________ _______________________ John E. Worth, Ph.D., Committee Chair Date Accepted for the Department: _____________________________________________ ______________________ John R. Bratten, Ph.D., Chair Date Accepted for the University: _____________________________________________ ______________________ Richard S. Podemski, Ph.D., Dean, Graduate School Date ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Over the course of my thesis work, I have been very fortunate to have the help and support of many people to whom I am greatly indebted. I would like to take an opportunity to thank each of them. First and foremost I would like to thank my UWF committee members, John Worth, John Bratten and Amy Mitchell-Cook for their guidance and help throughout this entire process. John Worth deserves a special thank you for dedicating so much time and brainpower to helping me flush out and wrap up my extensive research. This thesis would not be what it is without his help. I would like to thank each of the research institution that allowed me access to their archaeological collections for my research: The University of Alabama, Moundville, Isabel Anderson Comer Museum, University of West Georgia, and University of Georgia. A big thank you goes out to James Langford for helping me gain access to artifacts that are in private hands. Thank you to everyone who supported and helped me financially. Dr. Elizabeth Benchley, thank you for supporting my trek through in the interior Southeast to collect the data needed for this project. Also, I would like to thank Olympus Innov-x for granting me the use of the pXRf and making this project possible. To my family, thank you so much for putting up with all of the turmoil that came along with earning this degree. I know you guys never thought I would finish, but I was just doing it in my own time! John, thank you so much for supporting me throughout this painstaking process, I only wish I could have finished it faster to give you some reprieve from the grief! The person whom I would like to thank the most and definitely deserves the most credit for helping me finish this project is John Koepke. Without his extensive knowledge and hours of iv hard work that he graciously donated to help me, this project would never be completed. More than anyone else involved, this thesis would never have been completed without his help. Thank you does not even come close to expressing my true gratitude. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................................x CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................1 CHAPTER II. HISTORICAL CONTEXT ..........................................................................4 A. Hernando de Soto Expedition ..............................................................7 B. Tristán de Luna Expedition ................................................................11 C. The Martin Site, Tallahassee, Florida ............................................... 19 E. The Emanuel Point Shipwrecks, Pensacola Bay, Florida ...................19 F. The Hightower Village Site, Childersburg, Alabama .........................20 G. The Etowah Mounds, Cartersville, Georgia .......................................21 H. The Leake Site, Bartow County, Georgia ...........................................21 I. The Little Egypt Site, Murray County, Georgia .................................22 J. The King Site, Rome, Georgia ...........................................................22 K. The Poarch Farm Site, Murray County, Georgia ................................23 L. Summary .............................................................................................23 CHAPTER III. METHODS ................................................................................................24 A. Portable X-Ray Fluorescence ............................................................24 B. Benefits of Portable XRF ...................................................................25 D. Project Logistics.................................................................................30 E. Data Organization ..............................................................................31 F. Functional Typologies .......................................................................31 G. Euclidean Distance Score ..................................................................40 H. Development of the Standard Mathematical Procedure ....................41 CHAPTER IV. RESULTS ..................................................................................................45 A. Metal Analysis ...................................................................................48 B. Comparison of Baseline Metals with Interior Site Metals .................53 C. Iron .....................................................................................................56 D. Summary ............................................................................................58 CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................60 A. Contributions to Archaeology ............................................................61 REFERENCES CITED ..................................................................................................................63 vi APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................... A. Expanded Data for Baseline Sites ......................................................68 B. Interior Iron Elemental Analyses .......................................................84 C. Interior Copper Elemental Analyses ..................................................93 D. Statistical Comparisons of All Site Assemblages ............................101 vii LIST OF TABLES 1. Example of the Standard Mathematical Procedure Results from the Martin Site .....................43 2. Statistical Data for the Martin and Emanuel Point Sites Iron Artifacts .....................................46 3. Statistical Data for the Martin and Emanuel Point Sites Copper Artifacts ................................47 4. Closeness Scores between Sites Iron Assemblages ...................................................................48 5. Compositional Definitions of Metals .........................................................................................49 6. Breakdown of Martin and Emanuel Point Brass, Bronze, and Copper Trace Elements ...........50 7. Elemental Breakdown of Brass from Martin and Emanuel Point Shipwrecks ..........................51 8. Statistical Breakdown of Iron Composition for Control Sites Assemblages .............................57 9. Summary of Metal Category Characteristics in the Two Control Assemblages .......................58 viii LIST OF FIGURES 1. Ax head from Hightower Village ..............................................................................................33 2. Indeterminate iron artifact from the Etowah site .......................................................................34 3. Sword fragment from the Leake site ..........................................................................................34 4. Ax head from Little Egypt .........................................................................................................35 5. Rolled copper tube from Hightower Village site .......................................................................36 6. Copper disc from Hightower Village site ..................................................................................37 7. Rolled copper artifact from Etowah assemblage .......................................................................37 8. Hawk’s bell from Little Egypt assemblage ................................................................................38 9. Coosawattee plate from Poarch site ...........................................................................................38 10. Scatter plot of copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) values for the all samples from all sites .................44 11. Element proportions from Martin site brass. ...........................................................................51 12. Element proportions from the Emanuel Point shipwrecks brass .............................................52
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