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Engendered Death: a Comprehensive Analysis of Identity in The ENGENDERED DEATH: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF IDENTITY IN THE MISSION SYSTEM OF 17TH CENTURY SPANISH FLORIDA by Katherine Louise Brewer B.S., Portland State University, 2010 A thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology College of Arts, Social Sciences, and Humanities The University of West Florida In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 2014 © 2014 Katherine Louise Brewer The thesis of Katherine Louise Brewer is approved: ____________________________________________ ________________ Amy Mitchell-Cook, Ph.D., Committee Member Date ____________________________________________ ________________ Ramie A. Gougeon, Ph.D., Committee Member Date ____________________________________________ ________________ John E. Worth, Ph.D., Committee Chair Date Accepted for the Department/Division: ____________________________________________ ________________ John R. Bratten, Ph.D., Chair Date Accepted for the University: ____________________________________________ ________________ Richard S. Podemski, Ph.D., Dean of Graduate Studies Date ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to thank my thesis committee, Dr. John Worth, Dr. Ramie Gougeon, and Dr. Amy Mitchell-Cook for all of the help and insight they have given me. It has been invaluable. I would also like to thank Dr. Elizabeth Benchley, Jan Lloyd, and the Archaeology Institute for giving me the financial resources I needed as well as a place of employment in the field that I love while I completed this program. It has been a wonderful opportunity to gain the experience that I have both in the lab and in the field. I have to thank all the friends and fellow graduate students who have helped me make it through this whole process. Special thanks go to Michelle Pigott, Salina Hebert, Dani Mount, and Jennifer Walborn for all of the words of encouragement and all of the support you have given me when I have needed it. You ladies have meant the world to me, and I could never thank you enough. Finally, I have to thank my family, especially my mother, my father, my brother, and my grandfather, who have put up with me throughout my research and writing. Thank you so much for all the love and support you have shown, not only these past few years, but throughout my life. I do not know what I’d do without you. I certainly would not be where I am and who I am today without each and every one of you. I love you all very much. iv DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my late grandmother, Margarett Harden. She never failed to support me or be there for me, whatever I needed. Archaeology fascinated her, and she always wanted to discuss what I was doing. I know she would have loved to volunteer for some field work had she been able. This is for her. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv DEDICATION .....................................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................x ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................1 A. History........................................................................................1 B. Method and Theory ....................................................................3 C. Definitions..................................................................................6 CHAPTER II. HISTORY OF THE MISSIONS OF SPANISH FLORIDA ...................7 A. Guale ........................................................................................10 B. Apalachee .................................................................................13 C. Timucua ...................................................................................19 CHAPTER III. METHOD AND THEORY ..................................................................23 A. Definitions................................................................................23 B. Gender Identity Formation .......................................................24 C. Creolization ..............................................................................28 D. Interpretive Framework ...........................................................30 E. Methods....................................................................................33 F. Summary ..................................................................................40 CHAPTER IV. RESULTS .............................................................................................41 A. Nuestra Señora de la Soledad ..................................................41 B. San Martín de Timucua ............................................................45 C. Santa María ..............................................................................51 D. Santa Catalina de Guale ...........................................................56 E. San Pedro y San Pablo de Patale..............................................61 F. San Luis de Talimali ................................................................68 G. Summary ..................................................................................78 CHAPTER V. ANALYSIS ...........................................................................................79 A. Religion ....................................................................................79 B. Gender ......................................................................................82 C. Age ...........................................................................................87 D. Summary ..................................................................................92 vi CHAPTER VI. CONCLUSION .................................................................................93 A. Future Research .....................................................................100 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................102 APPENDICES .................................................................................................................111 A. Chi-Square Distribution Critical Values ................................113 B. Nuestra Señora de la Soledad Artifact Table .........................116 C. San Martín de Timucua Artifact Table ..................................118 D. Santa María Artifact Table .....................................................121 E. Santa Catalina de Guale Artifact Table .................................127 F. San Pedro y San Pablo de Patale Artifact Table ....................133 G. San Luis de Talimali Artifact Table.......................................138 vii LIST OF TABLES 1. Observed Frequencies for Artifacts by Sex at Soledad ...................................43 2. Observed Frequencies for Artifacts by Age at Soledad ...................................43 3. Expected Frequencies for Artifacts by Sex at Soledad ....................................44 4. Expected Frequencies for Artifacts by Age at Soledad ...................................44 5. Chi-Square for Artifacts by Sex at Soledad .....................................................44 6. Chi-Square for Artifacts by Age at Soledad ....................................................45 7. Observed Frequencies for Artifacts by Sex at San Martín ..............................47 8. Observed Frequencies for Artifacts by Age at San Martín ..............................47 9. Expected Frequencies of Artifacts by Sex at San Martín ................................48 10. Expected Frequencies of Artifacts by Age at San Martín................................48 11. Chi-Square for Artifacts by Sex at San Martín ................................................49 12. Chi-Square for Artifacts by Age at San Martín ...............................................49 13. Adjusted Residuals for Artifacts by Sex at San Martín ...................................50 14. Adjusted Residuals for Artifacts by Age at San Martín ..................................50 15. Observed Frequencies for Artifacts by Sex at Santa María .............................52 16. Observed Frequencies for Artifacts by Age at Santa María ............................53 17. Expected Frequencies for Artifacts by Sex at Santa María .............................54 18. Expected Frequencies for Artifacts by Age at Santa María .............................54 19. Chi-Square for Artifacts by Sex at Santa María ..............................................54 20. Chi-Square for Artifacts by Age at Santa María ..............................................55 21. Adjusted Residuals for Artifacts by Sex at Santa María..................................56 22. Observed Frequencies for Artifacts by Sex at Santa Catalina .........................58 viii 23. Observed Frequencies for Artifacts by Age at Santa Catalina ........................58 24. Expected Frequencies for Artifacts by Sex at Santa Catalina ..........................58 25. Expected Frequencies for Artifacts by Age at Santa Catalina .........................59 26. Chi-Square for Artifacts by Sex at Santa Catalina...........................................59
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