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Oral Pathological Conditions in Early Postcontact Guale, St. Catherines Island, Georgia Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Kendra Susan Weinrich, B.S. Graduate Program in Anthropology The Ohio State University 2020 Thesis Committee Dr. Clark Spencer Larsen, Advisor Dr. Debra Guatelli-Steinberg Dr. Mark Hubbe 1 Copyrighted by Kendra Susan Weinrich 2020 2 Abstract Situated within the broader context of oral health preceding and proceeding Spanish contact, documentation of oral pathological conditions in Guale individuals from the pre-Spanish mission Fallen Tree site, St. Catherines Island, Georgia, provides a record of oral health during initial Spanish contact. Oral pathological conditions, including dental caries, periodontal disease (PD), antemortem tooth loss (AMTL), and abscesses, reflect the outcome of multifaceted behavioral and biological circumstances and provide insight into individual and community-based oral health trends. This thesis tests the hypotheses that age-at-death, sex, and/or tooth class correlate directly with presence and severity of dental caries, PD, AMTL, and abscesses in Guale individuals (n=56) from Fallen Tree. Situated in the larger context of Guale oral health, this thesis predicts higher rates of oral pathological conditions in the Fallen Tree community and declining oral health during Spanish contact. Results from chi-square analyses revealed significant relationships between: 1) age and all oral pathology; 2) sex and dental caries and PD; and 3) tooth class and dental caries and AMTL. Results from a binomial logit generalized linear model revealed significant relationships between sex and dental caries by tooth (p≤0.05). These findings demonstrate variable rates and severity of oral pathological conditions among Fallen Tree individuals with overall declines in oral health compared to precontact communities that continued after Spanish mission establishment. ii Dedication I dedicate this thesis to my parents, Alan and Vicki, and my soon-to-be husband, Micky, who have always encouraged me to pursue my dreams. iii Acknowledgments I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Clark Larsen, for encouraging me to pursue this research endeavor and carry on the incredible legacy and history of St. Catherines Island. Additionally, I would like to thank my committee members, Drs. Debra Guatelli- Steinberg and Mark Hubbe for helping me to refine my research focus and pursue deeper meaning. Special thanks to Drs. Fabian Crespo and Kathryn Marklein for help with periodontal disease data collection and analysis. Lastly, I would like to thank Dr. Sean Downey for never-ending statistical support. iv Vita May 2014………………Gilmanton High School May 2018………………B.S., Anthropology Honors, summa cum laude Beloit College 2019-2020………………Graduate Teaching Assistant Department of Anthropology The Ohio State University Field of Study Major Field: Anthropology v Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. iv Vita ...................................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 Biocultural Context ......................................................................................................... 2 Oral Pathology Etiologies ............................................................................................... 9 Behavioral and Biological Contributors to Oral Health ............................................... 10 Research Questions and Hypotheses ............................................................................ 14 Chapter 2: Materials and Methods .................................................................................... 17 Materials ....................................................................................................................... 17 Methods......................................................................................................................... 18 Statistical Approach ...................................................................................................... 19 Chapter 3. Results ............................................................................................................. 22 Age and Oral Pathology Presence and Severity ........................................................... 22 Sex and Oral Pathology Presence and Severity ............................................................ 25 Tooth Class and Oral Pathology Presence and Severity ............................................... 29 Chapter 4. Discussion ....................................................................................................... 31 Age and Oral Pathology Presence and Severity ........................................................... 31 Sex and Oral Pathology Presence and Severity ............................................................ 32 Tooth Class and Oral Pathology Presence and Severity ............................................... 35 Temporal Trends in Oral Health ................................................................................... 36 Future Research ............................................................................................................ 37 vi Chapter 5. Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 39 References ......................................................................................................................... 40 Appendix A. Oral Pathology Scoring Systems ................................................................ 46 vii List of Tables Table 1. Age Class and Sex of Fallen Tree Individuals .................................................... 18 Table 2. Description of Caries Severity Scoring System (Adapted from Larsen (1985)) 46 Table 3. Description of Periodontal Disease Scoring System for CEJ to Alveolar Bone Measurement (Adapted from DeWitte and Bekvalac (2009) and Fujita and Adachi (2017))............................................................................................................................... 46 Table 4. Description of Antemortem Tooth Loss Scoring System (Adapted from Buikstra and Ubelaker (1994)) ........................................................................................................ 47 viii List of Figures Figure 1. Map of Georgia Coast (Adapted from Thomas, 2008) ........................................ 3 Figure 2. Tooth Level Age and Oral Pathology Prevalence. ............................................ 24 Figure 3. Individual Level Age and Oral Pathology Prevalence. ..................................... 25 Figure 4. Tooth Level Sex and Oral Pathology Prevalence .............................................. 28 Figure 5. Individual Level Sex and Oral Pathology Prevalence ....................................... 28 Figure 6. Tooth Class and Oral Pathology Prevalence ..................................................... 30 Figure 7. Temporal Trends in Dental Caries Prevalence at the Tooth Level. .................. 37 ix x Chapter 1. Introduction Known as the Georgia Bight, the Atlantic coastal area from North Carolina to Florida was home to numerous native societies, including the Guale of coastal and inland Georgia (Larsen et al., 2002). Although Guale cultural records are sparse, Spanish missionaries documented a clear social hierarchy within Guale culture, reflected in the mortuary record by the presence and extent of grave goods (Winkler, 2017). The remarkable preservation of the mortuary record along this coast, and especially on St. Catherines Island, Georgia, has produced comprehensive information relating to two Guale transitionary periods—the adoption of maize agriculture in the 12th century and the beginning of Spanish colonization and later missionization in the 16th and 17th centuries. The transition from hunting and foraging to agricultural practices for the Guale people was accompanied by increasing reliance on starch carbohydrates, especially maize, and simultaneous decline in marine resource consumption, creating a dietary environment conducive to poor oral health (i.e. dental caries, periodontal disease, abscesses, and antemortem tooth loss). Together, these developments created conditions for nutritional stress in Guale individuals living at the time of initial Spanish contact. Guale life prior to and after contact has been well-documented ethnohistorically, archaeologically, and bioarchaeologically over the last 40 years from preserved material culture and human remains. However, a distinct gap in the bioarchaeological record in 1 the century between the end of the precontact period and the establishment
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