OUR STATE and OUR NATION UNIT Georgia Studies 2 GEORGIA EVENTS EVENTS ELSEWHERE

Before it Was Georgia B.C. 12,000 People first arrive in North America

CHAPTER 3 10,000 10,000 Let’s Talk History € People arrive in the Paleo-Indian period begins; Southeast animals domesticated in Near Why Study History? East

How to Do History

The Dating Game 8000 Archaic period begins; agriculture appears in Near East CHAPTER 4 Georgia’s Prehistoric Past € 4000 Unearthing Clues to Georgia’s Civilization develops in Near Prehistoric Past East; beginning of recorded history Georgia’s First Inhabitants

2500 CHAPTER 5 Egyptians build Great Pyramid Europe Discovers at Giza the New World €

The Age of Discovery 2000 Pottery first made in North Spain Comes to the Southeast America (near Augusta) England Comes to North America 1000 Woodland period begins

A.D. Birth of Christ

1000 Mississippian period begins; Leif Ericson explores Newfoundland

1492 Columbus lands in West Indies

1498 John Cabot explores North American coast, possibly as far south as Florida

1513 Ponce de Leon becomes first European to land on North American mainland

1526 Ayllon colony briefly settles on Georgia coast

1540 De Soto expedition first to explore Georgia’s interior

1565 Spanish destroy French Fort Caroline, build St. Augustine

1566 Spanish missionaries first arrive in Guale (Georgia)

1597 Juanillo rebellion

1607 Jamestown, Virginia, becomes England’s first permanent settlement in America

1619 West Africans brought to Virginia

1663 King Charles II creates colony of Carolina

1690 Spain withdraws from Guale

1721 Britain builds Fort King George Chapter Outline

Chapter 3 Why Study History? Foreword How to Do History Starting with Questions Sources of Information Using Primary Sources Analyzing and Evaluating Information

Georgia Standards of Excellence The Dating Game Correlations € Using a Timeline B.C. and A.D. ELAGSE8R17 Expressions of Time Decades and Centuries ELAGSE8RI8 Commemorating Historical Events ELAGSE8R19

ELAGSE8R17

a. Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using different mediums (e.g., print or digital text, video, multimedia) to present a particular topic or idea.

ELAGSE8R19

b. Analyze a case in which two or more texts provide conflicting information on the same topic and identify where the texts disagree on matters of fact or interpretation.

ELAGSE8R18

a. Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is sound and the evidence is relevant and sufficient; recognize when irrelevant evidence is introduced. UNIT 2 • BEFORE IT WAS GEORGIA

AT FIRST GLANCE

The chapter introduces the study of history and the skills necessary for “doing” history. It includes a discussion of how historians work, a discussion of primary and secondary sources, and a review of skills and concepts such as frame of reference, cause and effect, and time and chronology.

Let’s Talk History

Why Study History?

How to Do History

The Dating Game

The Georgia Capitol Museum has exhibits that tell the story of the capitol, state government, and Georgia history. One of the most popular displays features a two- headed calf and a two-headed snake. How will Georgia changeover the next one hundred years? What does the future hold for you? The answers will depend in part on CHAPTER 3 your knowledge of history.

60 CHAPTER 3 • LET'S TALK HISTORY Why Study History?

Imagine what life would be like if you lost Besides having your own private memory, your memory. You couldn’t remember you also share memories of the past with your friends, what you like to eat, or even others. You live around other people in your favorite songs. Life would be awful! your family, your community, your state, You need your memory your nation, and your world. Just as each for everything you of us has a personal past, together we do. Making sense of have a collective past. The record of this the past helps you past is called history1 . make decisions We need to be aware of history because about today and we cannot possibly experience everything tomorrow. in life firsthand. We must rely on what others observed and remembered to increase our understanding of events. Not everyone can be the president, but we can read Jimmy Carter’s memoirs and This marble statue of Clio can learn what it was like to be president. We be seen in the U.S. Capitol in can’t travel back in time and be Georgia Washington, D.C. The Greek colonists, but we can read their accounts goddess of history is represented to know what challenges they faced. traveling in the chariot of time,flying above the earth. As she observes human affairs, she records important events in her book of history.

61 CHAPTER 3 • LET'S TALK HISTORY

LOCATING the M A I N IDEAS

History helps us better understand today 1 Define: history by showing how we got here. It tells us the 2 Give the title of a effects of decisions others made and how nonfiction book you have life changed from one generation to the read. In one sentence, next. Many lessons can be learned from describe how the book history, and some of them can help us let you learn about an avoid repeating errors of the past. ■ experience you have not had.

3 How can history help you make wise decisions about the future?

62 CHAPTER 3 • LET'S TALK HISTORY

Vocabulary

1 History - A chronological record and explanation of past events.

63 CHAPTER 3 • LET'S TALK HISTORY How to Do History

To understand present conditions in Georgia, the United States, and the STARTING WITH QUESTIONS world, we have to know something about the past. How did Atlanta become an The study of history begins with questions international city? Why has Georgia’s farm concerning an event, place, or group. population decreased? Why is Georgia What caused the first settlers to come one of the fastest-growing states in to Georgia? Why is Atlanta the capital of the nation? Why does Georgia have a Georgia? Why were the Native Americans large African-American population? Why forced out of the state? has there been a dramatic increase in From what historians already know about Georgia’s Latino population since 1990? such things, they form hypotheses2 , or None of these questions can be fully preliminary conclusions, to the questions. answered without knowing about the past. One historian may think the settlers were Persons whose job it is to find out seeking religious freedom. Another may what happened in the past are called think they left England because they were historians1 . They may study what in debt. happened to a group of people (such To test the accuracy of their hypotheses, as the Cherokee Indians), a geographic historians have to gather evidence. There location (such as Savannah), or a part of are many sources of information to which culture (such as plantation life). Whatever historians may turn for evidence. the topic, historians do their work by asking questions and using many sources of information.

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This January 16, 1906, letter reports that the Society voted to request $15,000 from the Georgia legislature to place a statue of sources and often are far removed in time James Oglethorpe in Savannah. from the events they describe. Secondary SOURCES OF INFORMATION sources such as biographies, textbooks, Historians primarily rely on two kinds maps, encyclopedias, and other reference of information: primary sources and books are useful for getting background secondary sources. information on a topic. Secondary sources would not be possible if people living at Primary sources3 are firsthand or original the time of an event had not recorded accounts of historical events or figures. what they had seen, heard, and read. Examples of written primary sources are letters, diaries, speeches, autobiographies, newspaper reports, government documents, and business records. Other USING PRIMARY SOURCES kinds of primary sources are oral accounts by persons who recall an event, and One of the historian’s most important physical remains such as buildings, tools, tasks is examining, or questioning, the clothing, art, and even grave markers. sources. Is the source Old photos are also primary sources. In real or a forgery? Who general, primary sources date closely in wrote it? Was he or she time to the event or person under study. an actual eyewitness to the event under Secondary sources4 are accounts of study? If so, what was historical events written by people who the witness’s frame of did not personally witness the event. They reference5 ? A person’s result from historical research of primary views of an event can

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HOW TO DO HISTORY be influenced by his or her social group, Sometimes, one event appears to cause Ask a question. religion, occupation, and political attitudes. or lead to, another. Historians call such These characteristics make up the a relationship cause and effect6 . More Form a hypothesis. witness’s frame of reference. For example, often, however, historical events are if you and your grandparents spent the much more complex, with not just one but day at Six Flags over Georgia, it is likely several causes. Most big happenings— Gather sources of information. that their description of the day would be such as the settling of the New World or different from yours. The more historians the outbreak of the Civil War—occurred know about why a particular source came because of many reasons. This principle is Analyze and evaluate to be written, the better they can judge called multiple causation7 . information. the value of the information it contains. Now it is time to make generalizations8 , or broad conclusions, about what Make conclusions about what happened. Actually, the historian is happened. ANALYZING AND EVALUATING answering questions asked at the start of INFORMATION the research. These answers may be quite Publish your findings. different from the original hypotheses, Finally, historians have to decide what or preliminary conclusions. Perhaps the really happened and why. For example, historian will conclude that the first settlers why was the colony of Georgia created? came to Georgia for several reasons: to Why did the Civil War occur? Answering make a fortune, to escape persecution, these questions involves pulling together and to get away from bad economic pieces of evidence from many different conditions. sources. They have to weigh each piece and decide which is most reliable.

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LOCATING the M A I N IDEAS

As a final step, historians describe in 1 Define: historian, hypothesis, writing what they have found. In doing primary source, secondary this, they are creating new secondary source, frame of reference, sources. Historians try to be objective and cause and effect, multiple not influenced by their personal feelings. causation, generalization Whether or not they like what they find, 2 Is this book a primary or historians try to be guided only by the secondary source? Explain. evidence. As other historians turn up new Is a diary a primary or evidence about the same past event, they secondary source? Explain. may describe things differently. In that case, the story of the past may change. ■ 3 Why do you think that the work of a historian usually results in the creation of new secondary sources?

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Vocabulary

1 Historian - One who researches and writes about the past.

2 Hypothesis (plural: hypotheses) - A preliminary answer given to a research question, based on what one already knows.

3 Primary source - A firsthand or original account of a historical event, such as a letter, diary, or old photo.

4 Secondary source - An account of historical events by someone who did not personally witness those events.

5 Frame of reference - A set of beliefs or attitudes that influences someone’s view of events.

6 Cause and effect - A relationship where one event appears to cause or lead to another.

7 Multiple causation - The idea that a number of things cause an event.

8 Generalizations - Broad conclusions. CHAPTER 3 • LET'S TALK HISTORY The Dating Game

Understanding dates and time a glance the chronology or time order of relationships is an important part of events. Each unit in this book has a time Georgia has hundreds of historical markers explaining important studying history. In fact, history is full line to help you discover the relationship of of dates. It’s hard to write about history historical events. These time lines include people, places, and events in Georgia history. Often a ceremony without telling when things happened. important Georgia events as well as some major events occurring elsewhere in the is held to unveil a new marker. Is knowing dates important? It depends. nation and the world. Several dates in Georgia history—such as its first settlement in 1733—are so important to our state that they should be remembered. Most dates, however, have little meaning by themselves. What is more important is knowing when one event occurred in relation to others.

Knowing the order in which a series of events occurred, the chronology1 , often can help you better understand a historical event.

USING A TIMELINE

A special chart that historians use to keep track of events is a timeline2 . It shows at

67 CHAPTER 3 • LET'S TALK HISTORY

By examining a time line, you may be terms which refer to when something able to form some hypotheses about why happened in relation to today. Past, important historical events occurred. previous, and former describe events that have already happened. Present, current, and contemporary are terms to describe today, while future means events that B.C. AND A.D. have not yet occurred. The terms ante- Sometimes a date has the letters b.c.3 and pre- are prefixes that mean before. after it, or the letters a.d.4 before or after Thus, antebellum or pre–Civil War refers it. These are abbreviations used in the to the period before the Civil War. Post- is Christian system for counting time, using a prefix that means after. Therefore, post– the birth of Christ as a starting point. b.c. Civil War means after the war. The word stands for before Christ, while a.d. is circa means around, as in circa or ca. 1900 the abbreviation for anno Domini, which (around 1900). SIGNIFICANT ANNIVERSARIES means “in the year of our Lord.” These notations identify a date as occurring 100th 150th 200th 250th 300th 400th 500th 1000th either before or after the birth of Christ. When no abbreviation is used with a date, it is understood to be an a.d. date. Sesquicentennial Semiquincentennial Quadricentennial Millennium

EXPRESSIONS OF TIME Centennial Bicentennial Tercentennial Quincentennial

In addition to dates, there are other ways historians express time. Some are general

68 CHAPTER 3 • LET'S TALK HISTORY

LOCATING the M A I N IDEAS

Time expressions that refer to the 1. The first century began in the year a.d. 1 Define: chronology, timeline, frequency of events include periodically 1. This means the year a.d. 150 fell in the b.c., a.d., decade, century, (from time to time), quarterly (four times second century and not the first. Thus, the centennial, bicentennial a year), and annually (once a year). 1800s made up the nineteenth century, 2 Why would knowing Semiannual means twice a year, and while the twenty-first century refers to the when one event occurred biennial means once every two years. The 2000s. in relation to others be terms era and period are similar and refer important in studying to a span of time remembered for unique history? features or events. COMMEMORATING 3 Describe the Christian HISTORICAL EVENTS system for counting time. Just as you celebrate your birthday DECADES AND CENTURIES each year, citizens commemorate many Two specific periods of time with special historical events on the day on which names are decade5 , a period of 10 years, they occurred. That date is called and century6 , a period of 100 years. A an anniversary. Some events, GEORGIA’S decade can refer to any 10-year period, such as the Fourth of July, BICENTENNIAL MEDAL such as 2007–2016. More commonly, are celebrated annually. however, decades begin in a year ending There are special in 0, such as “the decade of the 1990s.” anniversaries to mark Because of the way years are calculated longer periods of time like with the Christian calendar, centuries can 100 or 200 years. Have be a little tricky. Based around the birth of you noticed a centennial7 Christ, the system goes from 1 b.c. to a.d. or bicentennial8 celebration of anything lately? ■

69 CHAPTER 3 • LET'S TALK HISTORY

Vocabulary

1 Chronology - Order in which a series of events occurred.

2 Timeline - A chart that shows the chronology, or time order, of historical events.

3 B.C. - Before Christ; used to show that a date falls before the Christian era.

4 A.D. - Anno Domini, or “in the year of our Lord;” used to show that a date falls within the Christian era.

5 Decade - A period of 10 years.

6 Century - A period of 100 years.

7 Centennial - Special anniversary that marks an event that took place 100 years ago.

8 Bicentennial - Special anniversary that celebrates an event that took place 200 years ago. CHAPTER 3 QUIZ

Text Version Chapter Outline

Chapter 4 Unearthing Clues to Georgia’s Prehistoric Past Field Work Foreword Laboratory Work Georgia’s First Inhabitants Humans Arrive in North America Paleo-Indian Period (10,000 to 8000 B.C.) Archaic Period (8000 to 1000 B.C.) Georgia Standards of Excellence Woodland Period (1000 B.C. to A.D 1000) Correlations € Mississippian Period (A.D 1000 to 1600)

SS8H1

SS8H1

Evaluate the impact of European exploration and settlement on American Indians in Georgia.

a. Describe the characteristics of American Indians living in Georgia at the time of European contact; to include culture, food, weapons/tools, and shelter. UNIT 2 • BEFORE IT WAS GEORGIA

AT FIRST GLANCE

The chapter opens with a discussion of how archaeologists go about their work. The similarities between the procedures historians and archaeologists use are identified. The second half of the chapter examines the four prehistoric Indian traditions that evolved in the Southeast.

Georgia’s Prehistoric Past

Unearthing Clues To Georgia’s Prehistoric Past

Georgia’s First Inhabitants

Giant mastodons once lived in Georgia and were prized prey for Paleo-Indian hunters. Hunters had to get close enough to thrust their spears into the animal’s thick hide. What does the word “prehistoric” bring to mind? Dinosaurs, woolly mammoths, or cavemen with spears and clubs? Prehistory1 — CHAPTER 4 which means “before history”— simply refers to that period of the past before written records were kept. This could go as far back as the beginning of time. In this book, however, we will look at the prehistoric past only during the period in which humans have inhabited Georgia.

The date the prehistoric era ended can be different from place to place and people to people. For example, Georgia’s prehistory ended earlier than in California or Michigan but later than in England or China. The key is to find out when people first kept written records about their culture. The answers will differ around the world.

Writing appears to have developed first in Africa along the Nile River. There, messages have been found carved or drawn on stone from as early as 5000 or 6000 B.C. Later, the Egyptians developed hieroglyphics2 —a form of early writing that used symbols and images. Once they invented the calendar, a process for making paper, and pen and ink, the Egyptians began recording the story of their culture. Egypt’s prehistory, thus, ended thousands of years ago.

In contrast, Georgia’s prehistoric period ended less than 500 years ago. Native Americans had lived here for thousands of years but had not developed a written language. Without writing, they could not permanently record the story of their past. Prehistoric jewelry, arrowheads, tools, pottery, and other evidence have been unearthed, but these early Indians left nothing in writing to tell us about their culture.

In 1540, Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto and a party of 600 adventurers became the first Europeans to write eyewitness accounts about the Indians they saw. One even drew a map so others could learn of their discovery. For the first time, written information was recorded about Georgia. That is why we consider 1540 as the end of Georgia’s prehistoric era and the beginning of its historic period.

71 UNIT 2 • BEFORE IT WAS GEORGIA Vocabulary

1 Prehistory - The period of the past before written records were kept.

2 Hieroglyphics - A form of writing developed by the ancient Egyptians that consisted of symbols and images. CHAPTER 4 • GEORGIA’S PREHISTORIC PAST Unearthing Clues to Georgia’s Prehistoric Past

How is it possible to learn about manmade and often contain Archaeologists are Georgia’s prehistoric Indians if they left artifacts and ecofacts. The uncertain about what no books, letters, or written records? The location, shape, and contents these two-foot marble answer is that these early inhabitants of a feature give important figures meant to the left behind other types of evidence clues about life in the past. Mississippian Indians about their lifestyle. Scientists known as Postholes, fire pits, trash living at the Etowah 1 archaeologists learn about previous pits, and burial sites are Mounds near Cartersville. societies by looking for clues in the common prehistoric features. physical evidence they left behind. Historic features found Archaeologists look for three types by archaeologists include of evidence: (1) artifacts2 (objects wells, cisterns, outhouses, made or shaped by humans, such as postholes, trash dumps, and arrowheads, tools, pottery, and jewelry), burial sites. All three types (2) ecofacts3 (natural objects such as of evidence are important to pollen, seeds, bones, teeth, skulls, and unlocking the secrets of the shells), and (3) features4 (a specific past. area of human activity visible in the Artifacts and other ground such as a stain in the soil or a remains provide clues manmade arrangement of rocks or bricks). to the culture5 , Archaeologists use the term “ecofact” or way of life, of to refer to remains of living matter, such societies that as grain, shells, and bone, that have not vanished long been shaped by humans. Features are ago.

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Artifacts reveal a lot about the past, but there are always unsolved mysteries. It’s like working on a jigsaw puzzle. Too bad that archaeologists are never able to find all the pieces they need. Normally, the most durable materials—like stone, metal, and bone—can survive for hundreds or thousands of years.

Yet even from a few pieces of evidence, much can be learned about the lives of people who lived long ago. This is because archaeologists look for evidence in a scientific manner. When they dig for objects like clay pots and arrowheads, they aren’t looking for souvenirs. They’re digging for information. ARTIFACTS Like the historian, the archaeologist starts with questions. Both might ask, “What kind of food did a particular people societies, however, would have to find Digging Into Early eat, and how did they prepare it?” To other sources. The answer would come Transcript Georgia find the answer, the historian could from examining human bones or from read descriptions of meals in diaries clues in the ashes and garbage pits of or printed in recipe books at the time. ancient settlements. The archaeologist looking at prehistoric

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Archaeologists excavate a cellar on the site of Mary Musgrove’s trading post near Savannah.

Global Positioning System (GPS) can also be used to accurately FIELDWORK record the exact location of a site. The task of getting information from Before excavating9 (digging artifacts, ecofacts, and features begins to expose a site), the team will in the field. The field location where an carefully measure the site and archaeological team works is called a mark it into a pattern of squares site6 . It may be an abandoned village, called a grid. Each square is burial ground, or earthen mound used numbered so the team can record centuries ago. Sometimes archaeologists exactly where an object is found. are able to predict the general area where By knowing the exact location of Paleo-Indian artifacts were a settlement was likely, such as near a an object, an archaeologist can determine discovered at this excavation near river. They may use ground-penetrating its context10 —that is, how it relates to its the Savannah River at a depth of 1.1 radar (GPR) to locate and identify features surroundings at a site. meters (43 inches). beneath the earth’s surface prior to digging. Then they conduct a series of Knowing the context is important, since test digs to look for evidence of an Indian one artifact can be related to other pieces village. In other cases, a site is discovered of information. For instance, a necklace by chance, as when a farmer plowing a found in a burial pit tells an archaeologist field uncovers scatteredprojectile points7 more than a necklace found alone in a (spearheads and arrowheads), pottery plowed field. A necklace uncovered in sherds8 (bits of broken pottery), and other a burial site tells something about the artifacts. Archaeologists use laser transits person, burial customs, and perhaps to record the exact location of a site and religion and belief in life after death. produce computer-generated site maps. A An archaeological excavation may involve

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dozens of people and go on for several years. Because archaeologists want to Artifacts reveal a lot about the collect reliable information, their work has past, but there are always unsolved to follow strict procedures. Artifacts such mysteries. as pottery are fragile. If they are destroyed through carelessness or ignorance, the information they contain is lost forever.

Shovels for digging and wire screens to sift each shovelful of soil for artifacts are basic tools at an excavation. As soil digging takes place in areas that are less left Transcript disturbed, smaller tools (such as trowels, from ice picks, and brushes) may be necessary decayed wooden to recover some objects without breaking posts—may reveal the outline of a house. them. A tape measure is needed for Artifacts found inside the outline can give recording precise locations of each a clue to the work done by the people artifact. Archaeologists take many pictures who lived there. and fill notebooks with written comments Every feature, sherd, tool, and other piece and sketches as they work. of evidence found at a site can be a useful A site map is drawn to show the location source of information. Even ecofacts, such of key features of an excavation. This map as bones and shells, serve as evidence often reveals something about life at the of what materials were available and how site hundreds or thousands of years ago. they were used long ago. For example, postmolds11 —stains in the

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dating12 is one technique frequently used to find the age of plant or animal matter. LABORATORY WORK Carbon-14 is a radioactive element found When an excavation is finished, the in all living matter. It begins to disintegrate- archaeologist’s work shifts to the or break down-at a steady rate once a laboratory. That’s where the pieces plant or animal dies. By determining the A laboratory technician sorts of the jigsaw puzzle are put together. amount of carbon-14 in the remains of potsherds found at a Mississippian Researchers begin by cleaning, sorting, something that once was alive, scientists site along the Etowah River in and identifying evidence collected in the can measure its age. The less carbon-14 northwest Georgia. field. Some items, especially those made found, the older the object. of metal, need conservation work to Carbon-14 can be used to preserve them and prevent deterioration. date the remains of objects Laboratory work is slow and painstaking. thousands of years old, with On a given project, archaeologists may an accuracy within 200 spend more time in the lab than in the years of the actual age! But field. There are hundreds of questions to carbon-14 can only be used be answered. What is this object? How with evidence composed of 13 was it used? What is it made of? How was organic (plant or animal) it made? Who was its likely owner? Is it matter. How could an artifact similar to objects from other sites? made of inorganic matter like stone or clay be dated? By Depending on the object, there are knowing its context. Let’s say several different methods to determine an archaeologist on a dig the age of some artifacts. Carbon-14 finds a stone ax head in a fire

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LOCATING the M A I N IDEAS pit. A carbon-14 dating lab reveals that However, by knowing the context of the ax 1 Define: prehistory, the charcoal in the fire pit is about 2,500 head-that is, it was found in the fire pit-the hieroglyphics archaeologist, years old, but the lab cannot give a date archaeologist may assume it came from artifact, ecofact, feature, on the ax head because it is not organic. the same time period. To confirm this, the culture, site, projectile points, ax head’s style would be checked against sherds, excavate, context, other ax heads already identified from this postmolds, carbon-14 dating, time period. organic

The final and most important stage in the 2 What did humans have to archaeologist’s work is to report to others invent or develop to end what has been found. Into this report will their prehistory period? go the archaeologist’s own findings and 3 Why could archaeology comparisons with discoveries by other be called “the science of archaeologists at other sites. Perhaps the rubbish”? report will draw some conclusions about the behavior of people whose way of life 4 Explain why the vanished long ago. ■ archaeologist must use pieces of a culture to draw conclusions about past societies.

Prehistoric artifacts, such as a mortar and pestle, mean less to archaeologists when removed from the context where they were found.

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Vocabulary

1 Archaeologist - A scientist who learns about earlier societies by discovering and studying physical evidence of their lifestyles.

2 Artifact - An object made or shaped by humans, such as projectile points, tools, pottery, and jewelry.

3 Ecofacts - Natural objects, such as bones, teeth, and shells, that have survived from earlier cultures.

4 Feature - In archaeology, a specific area of human activity visible in the ground.

5 Culture - The way of life of a particular group of people at a particular time.

6 Site - The location where an archaeological team attempts to locate clues from previous societies.

7 Projectile points - The general term archaeologists use for the stone points (“heads”) of spears and arrows made by Indians.

8 Context - How something relates to its surroundings.

9 Excavate - To dig to expose a site and uncover archaeological evidence.

10 Sherds - Bits of broken pottery left by earlier societies.

11 Postmolds - Stains in soil left from wooden posts

12 Carbon-14 dating - Technique used to find the age of plant or animal matter by determining the amount of carbon 14 still in its remains.

13 Organic - Plant or animal matter. CHAPTER 4 • GEORGIA’S PREHISTORIC PAST

Asia Georgia’s First Inhabitants Siberia

Alaska

Who were the first humans to live in the walk to our continent? The first humans land we call Georgia? When did they arrived long ago during a geological BERINGIA North arrive? Where was their original home? period known as the Ice Age1 . Cold America Why did they come? What kind of wild temperatures caused a great deal of the Georgia animals did they find here? What did these earth’s water to freeze into glaciers and early people eat? What did they wear? polar ice. As a result, ocean levels were Where did they live? This section is about as much as 300 feet lower than today. the first people to settle in Georgia—the One land mass exposed during the Ice prehistoric Native Americans. Age was Beringia2 —the land between present-day Alaska and Siberia.

Beringia served as a “land bridge” The exposure of the land mass HUMANS ARRIVE IN NORTH AMERICA because it allowed passage from one called Beringia created a “bridge” continent to another. Scientists estimate it to North America from Siberia. New Exactly when and how the first humans was as wide as 1,300 miles, or four times archaeological research suggests set foot on the North American continent the length of Georgia! Later, as global that humans also may have traveled continues to be a matter of debate among temperatures rose, the world’s great ice by boat to South America and then archaeologists. However, it is widely fields melted, causing the sea to rise. continued moving north to Central believed that as recently as 12,000 years Today, Beringia is covered by the ocean, and North America. As evidence ago, humans came on foot from Asia. Look and the area is known as the Bering Strait. at a map or globe and you will see that unfolds, new theories of human Asia and North America are separated by The migration3 —or movement—of people arrival in the Western Hemisphere an ocean. How, then, was it possible to from Asia into North America was not will be developed.

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LOCATING the M A I N IDEAS planned. The first migrants were nomads4 1 Define: Ice Age, Beringia, —or wanderers—in search of food. migration, nomads, tradition PALEO-INDIAN PERIOD Without maps, they had no idea where (10,000 TO 8000 B.C.) Bering Strait, Native they were going. Perhaps while following 2 Identify: Americans a herd of game, the first of many bands The first 2,000 years of Indian life in the 6 eventually crossed Beringia into North Southeast is called the Paleo-Indian 3 Explain what happened to America. Others followed, and slowly period. (The word “paleo” means Siberia and Alaska during the new inhabitants pushed southward, “ancient.”) These natives lived in small the Ice Age. where the climate was warmer and food bands7 , or groups, of 20 or so adults and more abundant. Here they found woolly children. Paleo-Indians depended on wild 4 Why do scientists think that mammoths, mastodons, great ground animals—or game—for food, clothing, and the first prehistoric people sloths, giant bison, musk ox, moose, bear, even many tools. Their diet consisted came to North America? sheep, antelope, and a variety of other mainly of meat from giant game. From these bands of Asian nomads bison, mastodons, descended all Native Americans—or giant sloths,and “Indians”—in both North and South other large America. mammals— most of which Small bands of By 10,000 B.C., the first humans had are now extinct. Paleo-Indians arrived in the Southeast. We divide the They also ate moved southward next 11,700 years of Georgia prehistory small game, into North America, into four cultural periods—sometimes berries, and eventually reaching called traditions5 —that developed among wild fruits and the Southeast. These Native Americans: (1) Paleo, (2) Archaic, (3) vegetables. were Georgia’s first Woodland, and (4) Mississippian. ■ human inhabitants.

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On the move in search of food, the early Among the many Paleo artifacts Primitive Technology Transcript Indians never stayed in one place for long. uncovered at former campsites are large, Usually they camped out in the open. To distinctive spearheads known as “Clovis” protect against cold and wind, they might points. Clovis points have been found all dig pits or build shelters covered with over North America, including Georgia, bark, brush, or animal hides, but we have and even in South America. These points no evidence of permanent settlements. were from heavy spears, which were used for jabbing more than throwing. Paleo-Indians faced a hard life. Few lived to be older than 30 or 40, and many children died before their first birthday. Yet, helped by a moderate climate, the Indians were able to turn to nature for all their needs. The animals they hunted provided food, bone and antler for tools, leather for shoes and clothing, hide for blankets and shelter, and fur for coats. They knew which type of rock to use for making knives, spearheads, ax heads, and The atlatl made it possible for tools. Small tree trunks and cane were spears to be thrown much farther good for spear shafts, ax and tool handles, and with greater accuracy—the and poles for shelters. Today, it is hard same way a baseball bat or golf to imagine living totally off nature—but club enables the user to hit the ball Georgia’s early Indians did. farther and with more precision.

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The bow and arrow had not yet been uncovered so far—other than tool and invented, and hunters had to get very weapon artifacts. Likely, they believed close to their prey before making a kill with in spirits, but we do not know if they had a spear. In time, Paleo-Indians may have specific religious beliefs. developed the spear-throwing device What we commonly call known as the atlatl8 . Clovis points have “arrowheads” archaeologists call been found with the bones of a variety projectile points. Many times what of extinct mammals, including mammoths ARCHAIC PERIOD looks like an arrowhead is actually and mastodons, suggesting the Paleo- (8000 TO 1000 B.C.) a spear point, or even a knife. In this photo, only the Late Woodland Indians were brave and skillful hunters. Around 8000 B.C., the culture of Georgia’s and Mississipian points are true Indians began to change, making way for a What else do we know about this culture? arrowheads. new tradition known as the Archaic Period. Few items have survived—or at least been PROJECTILE POINTS

Early Paleo-Indian Late Paleo-Indian Early Archaic Middle Archaic Late Archaic Middle Woodland Middle Woodland Late Woodland Mississippian 9500 – 9000 B.C. 8500 – 7900 B.C. 8000 – 7000 B.C. 3500 – 2800 B.C. 2150 – 1800 B.C. 500 B.C. – A.D. 500 A.D. 1 – 500 A.D. 500 – 1100 A.D. 800 – 1700 Clovis Point Dalton Point Kirk Corner & Notched Point Guilford Point Savannah River Point Yadkin Point Bakers Creek Point Triangular Point Triangular Point

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During the next 7,000 years, Archaic diet had more variety, and they no longer Indians9 adapted to a warming climate depended heavily on large game. They and the disappearance of big game, such used a wider variety of tools and weapons as the mammoth and the giant sloth. They that changed the way they hunted, saving became dependent on a combination of them time and effort. hunting, fishing, and gathering. Deer, bear, One such tool, the atlatl, came into wide small game (such as rabbit and squirrel), use. The atlatl is a wooden shaft about fish, berries, nuts, and wild fruits and two feet long with a bone or antler hook vegetables were their main sources of on one end in which a spear can be food. Great heaps of shellfish and oyster placed. The atlatl serves as an extension shells discarded by the Indians have been of a hunter’s arm and allows a spear to be found near the coast and in the interior. thrown farther and harder than with the These heaps are called middens10 . One arm alone. shell midden on Stallings Island, located in the Savannah River near Augusta, is 260 Archaic Indians hunted many animals, feet wide, 400 feet long, and 6 to 12 feet including bear, fox, raccoon, opossum, Archaeological digs into middens deep. An archaeological deposit this size squirrel, and turkey, but deer was their reveal information about the indicates that the Indians returned year favorite game animal. The Indians learned prehistoric people who created after year. to burn small areas of the forest to improve them. their hunting. The bushes and plants that At first, Archaic Indians continued living grew back in the cleared areas attracted as nomads, traveling much of the time in deer and other game. search of food. Gradually, this changed. Archaic Indians learned to use the With less time required for hunting, the resources around them in new ways. Their Indians had more time for other activities.

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LOCATING the M A I N IDEAS

Their shelters, framed with wooden poles some burial pits suggest a belief in life 1 Define: Paleo-Indians, and covered with deer hides, branches, after death. ■ bands, atlatl, Archaic Indians, and bark, were intended to last for a midden longer period of time. Archaic Indians 2 Why is it unlikely that Paleo- learned how to polish stone and crafted Indians built permanent many useful as well as decorative items WOODLAND PERIOD homes? from stone and bone. At the end of the (1000 B.C. TO A.D. 1000) Archaic Period, they found out how to By about 1000 B.C., a new Indian tradition 3 Explain how the make clay pottery—a discovery that was emerging. During this period, development of the atlatl changed the way they prepared their food. Woodland Indians11 throughout the and pottery changed the way Archaic Indians lived. The oldest evidence of pottery in North Southeast built thousands of earthen America was also found on Stallings mounds, many of which remain today. Island. This pottery was tempered with Kolomoki Mounds, located near Blakely fibers, such as Spanish moss or grass, to keep it from cracking during firing. With pottery, Indians were able to cook their food with water or oil. It is also evidence that life was becoming more settled. After all, pottery couldn’t easily be carried long distances without being broken.

Archaic Indians surely had some type of Rock Eagle, located just north of religious beliefs. Proper burial of the dead Eatonton, Georgia, is an example seems to have become important. Tools, of an effigy mound built during the weapons, and body ornaments found in Woodland Period, circa A.D. 200.

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in Early County, were built during this their diet, and they dug underground pits period. The mounds varied in size, to store nuts and seeds. Corn, squash, shape, and usage. Some were only a few and bottle gourd from what is now Mexico feet high, while others were enormous. were other, less important, plant species Some were round and others flat on top. used by the Indians. Through excavations, archaeologists have These practices helped increase the Numerous Indian mounds were discovered that there were many different food supply. The population grew, smaller found throughout the Southeast. types of these earthen structures. Some groups joined together to form tribes, and Identified are four locations of were burial mounds and some were flat- villages began to appear. The Indians Georgia mounds that can be visited. topped, perhaps for ceremonial activities. became more settled, and archaeologists The Indians even made mounds in the have discovered traces shapes of animals. In Georgia, Rock Eagle of sturdy houses built is a well-known effigy12 mound from this to stand longer than the tradition. earlier Indian shelters. Like their Archaic ancestors, Woodland During this time, the Indians were at home in the forest. For use of pottery became hunting, they developed a new weapon, widespread throughout Rock Eagle the bow and arrow. The arrowheads were the Southeast. Instead of much smaller than the spear points used plant fibers, pottery makers earlier. Even more important was the Ocmulgee began using sand, grit, development of agriculture. or ground-up pieces of Etowah Woodland Indians began to save seeds in pottery with the clay. INDIAN the fall for spring planting in cleared forest Kolomoki MOUNDS Designs were stamped on areas. Nuts became more important in the pots, or the surface

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was engraved with a stick. Each region preferred places that offered (1) rich had its own special designs. bottomlands by rivers, (2) long, moist growing seasons, and (3) good There is evidence that Woodland Indians deer and turkey hunting. This traded throughout what is now the eastern tradition is named for the area United States. Artifacts have been found in where it first began. Georgia made of copper from as far away as the Great Lakes. Wild foods remained important to the Indians of This evidence also reveals that Georgia’s the Mississippian period, Indians may have shared religious ideas but they also had come to and practices with other Indians of the rely more on agriculture, eastern woodlands. Their burial mounds, particularly corn. In addition, made of earth and stone, often contained these Indians grew beans. jewelry, pottery figurines of humans and Harvested crops were stored animals, and other ceremonial objects. in community storehouses, Until the arrival of giving the tribe a constant European traders, the food supply. bow and arrow was the main weapon used by MISSISSIPPIAN PERIOD Agriculture supported a larger Mississippian Indians’ (A.D. 1000 TO 1600) population. It enabled the for hunting and battle. Between A.D. 700 and 900, a new cultural Mississippian people to live in tradition developed along the Mississippi large permanent settlements. River, later spreading to other areas in the A Mississippian settlement was Southeast. The Mississippian Indians13 usually protected by a wooden

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palisade14 (a wall made of tall posts) during the Mississippian Period. Evidence and a moat15 (a wide ditch) outside the recovered from the many sites of palisade. Within the safety of the walls, the period tells us more about these many structures of wood and clay (known people than we know about any of their as wattle and daub16 houses) were built ancestors. We know that Indian traders by the people to live in. regularly traveled along waterways and forest trails between settlements such as Artist’s idea of the great A new, more complicated social and Etowah (near Cartersville) and Ocmulgee Mississippian mound complex of political organization developed, called (near Macon). Artifacts unearthed from Cahokia located in Illinois. Though a chiefdom17 . It might include only a few burials show the high artistic level of the much smaller, Georgia’s mound villages or extend over a wide area and people. We even know what games they village at Etowah would have been many villages. At the top, a priest-chief played and that they smoked tobacco similar in appearance. ruled, presiding over religious ceremonies and decorated themselves with jewelry, as well as political affairs. This job was handed down through the ruling family.

Mississippian Indians built large flat-topped mounds with temples and other buildings for ceremonies at the top. Inside and at the base of mounds were burial places. Buried with the dead were food, tools, ornaments, and ceremonial objects of wood, copper, seashell, and stone. Etowah and Ocmulgee are the best-known Mississippian mound sites in Georgia.

Indian culture reached a high point

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LOCATING the M A I N IDEAS

Georgia’s Indians were changed forever. 1 Define: Woodland Indians, But there were survivors, and from these effigy, Mississippian Indians, would come such Indian societies as the palisade, moat, wattle and Creek and the Cherokee. ■ daub, chiefdom

2 Identify: Rock Eagle, Etowah Mounds, Ocmulgee Mounds

3 Describe the different types of mounds Woodland Indians built and their uses.

4 How did the practice of farming encourage the development of permanent settlements by the feathers, and tattooing. We know their Mississippian Indians? lives were full of ceremony and that they had special places to conduct ceremonies.

It was the Mississippian Indian culture that Hernando de Soto encountered in his exploration through Georgia in 1540. In a very short time, the societies of mound builders and chiefdoms vanished, as Europeans brought death in the form of diseases and steel weapons. The lives of

87 CHAPTER 4 • GEORGIA’S PREHISTORIC PAST Vocabulary

1 Ice Age - A geologic age of the earth when much of the earth’s water was frozen into glaciers and polar ice, causing ocean levels to fall.

2 Beringia - The exposed land between Alaska and Siberia during the Ice Age that served as a bridge between North America and Asia.

3 Migration - Movement of humans or animals from one place to another.

4 Nomads - Wanderers.

5 Tradition - Another word for Native American cultural periods, such as the Paleo- Indian Tradition.

6 Paleo-Indians - The first prehistoric Native Americans to live in the Southeast, from approximately 10,000 to 8000 B.C.

7 Band - A group of people.

8 Atlatl - A spear-throwing tool developed by early prehistoric Indians to increase the speed and distance a spear could be thrown.

9 Archaic Indians - Prehistoric Native Americans who lived in the Southeast during the period from about 8000 to 1000 B.C.

10 Middens - Massive heaps of discarded oyster and mussel shells.

11 Woodland Indians - The prehistoric Native American culture that existed between Archaic and Mississippian periods, lasting roughly from 1000 B.C. to A.D. 1000.

12 Effigy - An image of a person or an animal. CHAPTER 4 • GEORGIA’S PREHISTORIC PAST

13 Mississippian Indians - The prehistoric Native American culture that first developed along the Mississippi River around A.D. 700 to 900, later spreading to other areas in the Southeast.

14 Palisade - A wall made of tall posts built around Mississippian Indian villages for protection.

15 Moat - A wide ditch around a village palisade used to provide protection against attack.

16 Wattle and daub - Combination of wood and clay used by the Mississippian Indians for building their houses.

17 Chiefdom - A social and political institution that developed during the Mississippian Indian period. Ruled over by a priest-chief, a chiefdom could consist of from one to many villages. CHAPTER 4 QUIZ

Text Version Chapter Outline

Chapter 5 The Age of Discovery Columbus Discovers the New World Foreword Spanish Claims in the New World English Claims in the New World Spain Comes to the Southeast First European Settlement in North America Hernando de Soto Explores Georgia Georgia Standards of Excellence French Claims in the Southeast Correlations € Spanish Settlements in La Florida

SS8H1 England Comes to North America Types of Colonies England Creates Carolina A New Colony South of the Savannah River

SS8H1

Evaluate the impact of European exploration and settlement on American Indians in Georgia.

b. Explain reasons for European exploration and settlement of North America, with emphasis on the interests of the Spanish and British in the Southeastern area.

c. Evaluate the impact of Spanish contact on American Indians, including the explorations of Hernando de Soto and the establishment of Spanish missions along the barrier islands. UNIT 2 • BEFORE IT WAS GEORGIA

AT FIRST GLANCE

The chapter covers European discovery and exploration of the New World and the impact of Europeans on the Native American population. Georgia’s Spanish mission period with a focus on the exploration of Hernando de Soto is covered. The chapter traces the claims and settlements that led to Georgia’s founding.

Europe Discovers the New World

The Age of Discovery

Spain Comes to the Southeast In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, great sailing ships ventured to the North and South American continents exploring and claiming portions of the New World. England Comes to North America

CHAPTER 5 The first European to set foot on North America was a Viking explorer named Leif Ericson. Around the year 1000, he sailed from Greenland,probably landing along the coast of Newfoundland,Canada. The Vikings settled there briefly but left the new continent and returned to Greenland. In time, the story of Ericson’s discovery became a well-known Viking legend.

89 CHAPTER 5 • EUROPE DISCOVERS THE NEW WORLD The Age of Discovery

By the fifteenth century, the future of Muslim traders in western Georgia and its native people was being Asia, however, controlled shaped by events taking place thousands the land and sea routes over of miles away. Far across the Atlantic, which these goods were Europe’s great “Age of Discovery” was supplied to the west. The Age about to begin. Thereafter, for almost of Discovery began because three centuries, European nations would European nations wanted their challenge each other for rights to the own direct access to the Far Western Hemisphere. Eastern trade.

In the beginning, Europe was not Portugal took an early lead interested in North or South America. in this race, exploring the The truth is, neither continent was known western coast of Africa southward in On October 12, 1492, Christopher to exist. Rather, Europeans believed the search of an eastern route to the Indies. Columbus landed with his party world consisted of only three continents— By now, most European geographers on the Caribbean Island of San Europe, Africa, and Asia—plus scattered recognized that the earth was round. If Salvador. Columbus believed he islands in the ocean. this were true, would it be possible to find had reached islands on the eastern a shorter route to the Far East by sailing Europeans were really interested in the edge of the Indies - the east Indies. west? “Yes!” said Italian-born explorer Far East1 , a region of southeastern Asia However, as later explorers would Christopher Columbus, believing that to that included India, China, and Japan. This discover, these weren’t the Indies at the west, only ocean separated Europe area, also known as the Indies2 , was the all. Soon Europeans began calling from the Indies. source of goods highly prized in Europe, these islands the West Indies to such as silk, spices, tea, and gems. distinguish them from those in the Far East.

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Little did he know that two vast and Isabella. In A sixteenth-century continents—North and South America—lay the weeks that navigator’s compass as great barriers to the Indies. followed, other islands were Columbus tried to get support for a discovered voyage westward across the Atlantic and claimed. Ocean. King John of Portugal turned him Convinced that down, preferring to seek an eastern route. these were part Columbus turned to Spain, and finally of the Indies, convinced King Ferdinand and Queen Columbus called Isabella to finance his great exploration. the dark-skinned Columbus was instructed to discover and natives living on conquer any islands or continents he the islands “Indians.” should find on behalf of Spain. It was a term Europeans came to apply to all natives in this newly discovered world.

COLUMBUS DISCOVERS For several months, Columbus explored THE NEW WORLD the islands of the Caribbean Sea. He You can imagine the relief felt by the was disappointed to find no silk, spices, crews of the Niña, Pinta, and Santa Maria or riches, except for native jewelry. But on the morning of October 12, 1492. After he remained convinced that this was the six weeks at sea, they finally sighted Indies. Columbus returned to Spain with land. The land turned out to be an island, the great news that a westward route had which Columbus claimed for Ferdinand been found.

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Three other explorations would follow. Portugal. Portugal had been searching for Until his death, Columbus believed he had an eastern sea route to the Far East. By reached the Far East. Others, however, sailing west, Columbus had appeared to soon realized that the continents and achieve in one voyage what Portugal had islands being discovered were part of a failed to accomplish in nearly a century. world previously unknown to Europeans. Spain was now an active rival for access Accompanying one expedition was to the Far East. Portugal also feared that Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian businessman. Spain might threaten its shipping lanes Vespucci was convinced that a new around Africa. Because both Spain and continent had been found and called the Portugal were Catholic nations, Pope region a New World3 . The term became Alexander VI, head of that church, popular in Europe, although in 1507, a feared the two countries would Amerigo Vespucci Swiss mapmaker applied a different become enemies. Therefore, in 1493 name to this area of the world. For some he issued a decree dividing rights unknown reason, he named it after to the New World between Amerigo Vespucci. Soon, other explorers Spain and Portugal. discovered that “America” was not just one According to Pope continent but two. Alexander, at a point nearly 400 miles to the west of SPANISH CLAIMS IN THE NEW WORLD the Azores islands, a line would be Although Columbus had found no riches, drawn north and Spanish claims in the New World worried south to the two

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poles. This line was known as the Line Tor-da-see-yus), which shifted the line of Demarcation4 . All lands east of this 700 miles further to the west. Portugal’s line could be claimed by Portugal, while shipping interests around Africa were lands to the west—including what today is better protected—but new land was Georgia—went to Spain. another matter. Although no one knew it at the time, Portugal received rights to only one territory in the New World—a South American land it would one day name Brazil. The Cross of Burgundy was used as the Spanish flag in many colonial territories. This one still flies over Fort San ENGLISH CLAIMS IN THE NEW WORLD Cristobal in Puerto Rico. Other European nations refused to accept Spain and Portugal’s division of the Americas between themselves. England and France prepared to make their own explorations.

Portugal, however, was not happy. Within four years of Columbus’s first The Portuguese believed the Line of voyage, English merchants were anxious Demarcation favored Spain. Portugal to have access to the New World. In 1497, called upon Spain to negotiate a new line. John Cabot sailed from England to the The next year, the two nations signed northeastern coast of North America. The the Treaty of Tordesillas (pronounced following year, Cabot began a second

93 North voyages ofdiscovery of theNewWorld America Early European South Columbus 1492(Spain) Columbus America Cabot 1497(England)

Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 Verrazano 1524(France)

Line of Demarcation 1493 Cabot 1498(England) Africa Europe CHAPTER 5 • EUROPE DISCOVERS THE NEW WORLD

LOCATING the M A I N IDEAS exploration, possibly sailing as far south as not enough to plant a flag on the beach. 1 Define: Far East, Indies,New the Carolinas, Georgia, or even northern To enforce a claim, settlers and soldiers World, Line of Demarcation, Florida. England later claimed North from the explorer’s country must follow colonize America’s eastern seaboard for itself, and colonize5 —or occupy and control— 2 Identify: Leif Ericson, Pope arguing that Cabot’s voyage gave England the land. Alexander VI, Treaty of the rights to it. On one point, however, all European Tordesillas England ignored the pope’s decree that powers agreed. New World claims did not 3 Why were Native Americans North America belonged to Spain. England require permission from Native Americans. called “Indians”? also rejected the Treaty of Tordesillas as a Catholic and Protestant rulers alike basis for Spanish rights to the New World. believed they had a legal right to occupy 4 Why is Portuguese the Spain replied with a third defense: the any land not already colonized by another official language of Brazil? right of first discovery. According to this power. They also felt a moral duty to theory, a country could claim those lands convert the natives to Christianity. ■ its explorers found first.

In the race to discover as much land as possible, Spain financed more than 80 voyages to the New World during the 12 years after Columbus’s first voyage.

How much land could an explorer claim, and for how long? European nations could not agree, so England proposed another standard: any first discovery claims had to be followed by actual occupation. It was

95 CHAPTER 5 • EUROPE DISCOVERS THE NEW WORLD Vocabulary

1 Far East - Area of Asia that included India, China, Japan, and southeastern Asia.

2 Indies - Another name for the Far East used by Europeans beginning in the 1400s.

3 New World - Name given in the fifteenth century by Amerigo Vespucci to the newly discovered continents of South America, North America, and surrounding areas.

4 Line of Demarcation - Line drawn by Pope Alexander in 1493 to divide the rights to the New World between Spain and Portugal.

5 Colonize - To set up a colony. CHAPTER 5 • EUROPE DISCOVERS THE NEW WORLD Spain Comes to the Southeast

In the New World, Spain hoped to convert the natives, expand its empire, and discover new riches—God, glory, and gold (although not always in that order).At first, the Spanish concentrated their efforts on the West Indies, Central America, and northern South America. But soon came stories of the fabled cities of gold to the north.

The first Spanish explorer to set foot on the soil of what today is the United States was Juan Ponce de León. He came in search of riches, adventure, and a legendary fountain of youth located somewhere north of Cuba. In April 1513, Ponce de León came ashore on what he thought was a large island. Actually, it was Juan Ponce de León the Florida coast near the future site of St. Augustine. Because he arrived during to Florida’s west coast, now intending to the religious holiday Pasqua Florida, he begin a permanent settlement. Hostile named his discovery “Isla Florida” (Island Indians attacked his force, and many of Flowers), later shortened to La Florida1 . Spaniards were killed. Ponce de León was Eight years later, Ponce de León returned wounded in this battle and died soon after.

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Despite the dangers, other Spanish north for more Indians to enslave. One explorers came. Spain wanted to see expedition to capture new slaves, financed the settlement of La Florida, an area that by Ayllón, landed on the coast of what includes what today is Florida, Georgia, is present-day South Carolina. Based on South Carolina, Alabama, and Mississippi. reports about the land, Ayllón asked for and received permission from the king of Artist’s conception of Ayllón’s Spain to explore and colonize La Florida. colonists building San Miguel FIRST EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT In July 1526, Ayllón sailed from Hispaniola de Gualdape—the first Spanish IN NORTH AMERICA with 600 Spanish settlers. Aboard were settlement in North America. men, women, and children, among them Many historians now believe that the first many Africans European settlement in North America (whose number since the Vikings occurred along the coast included slaves and of Georgia. They think that happened perhaps some free 14 years before Hernando de Soto’s blacks who were expedition through Georgia in 1540. In skilled laborers). 1504, a young Spanish lawyer named Their destination Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón was appointed was the mainland to a judgeship on the Caribbean island of North America. of Hispaniola. He became an owner of a Their objective sugar cane plantation that was worked by was not gold or Indian slaves. Many of the slaves died from silver but rather disease and other reasons, and Ayllón to settle the land and other planters began looking to the granted by the

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king. If successful, Ayllón’s colony would sailed southward in September. Near the be Spain’s first settlement on the North mouth of a river in what is today McIntosh American mainland. County, Georgia, they found Indians nearby. On September 29, 1526, they Ayllón’s fleet landed on the Carolina coast unloaded their personal belongings, tools, in August, too late in the year to plant and livestock and began construction crops. He hoped to find friendly Indians of the new settlement of San Miguel de who not only would allow them to settle Gualdape. but would provide the colonists with food until they could grow their own crops. As it turned out, however, the colony was Failing to find Indians, Ayllón’s colonists doomed. Cold weather came unusually early that year. Just 10 days after their arrival, TRADE nds d Ha nge ITEMS ha Ayllón died. Illness and d C ol G death followed for others an h T in the settlement. Fear re o M Spain set in over lack of food

ain and shelter, and a revolt Sp o o bacc T To s broke out among the eapple Pin The New World es rang colonists. The African Potatoes O s at atoe Whe Tom ickens slaves rebelled—the first Ch orn C s Pig case of a slave revolt d Cows orl W ew in America—and the Horses e N Th N To E W Indians rose up against S PA IN the Spanish colonists.

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Soon, San Miguel de Gualdape was expedition. In 1539, they sailed for the abandoned, and the survivors set sail for North American mainland, landing on Hispaniola. Only 150 of the colonists are Florida’s western coast. After spending the known to have made it back to the island winter near present-day Tallahassee, they alive. headed north, crossing into Georgia in March 1540. On this journey, the Spanish Hernando de Soto encountered the Indian chiefdoms of the Mississippian Period. HERNANDO DE SOTO EXPLORES GEORGIA De Soto’s route through the Southeast quickly became In 1537, Hernando de Soto decided he a journey of death and would succeed where Ayllón had failed. disappointment. Food was a Transcript Using gold and silver from his conquests continual problem, and de Soto in Peru, de Soto asked the king of Spain often seized stored food supplies for permission to colonize La Florida. from the Indians. Meat was in such The king agreed, giving him 18 months short supply that the expedition to explore an area 600 miles inland from reportedly even ate the dogs in some the Florida coast. De Soto was to look for Indian villages. The four-year search riches and conquer hostile Indians there. turned up practically no gold In return, he would be given a title, land, or silver. Almost half of the and a portion of the colony’s profits. expedition—including de Soto In 1538, de Soto and 600 followers himself—died from disease, sailed from Spain to Cuba, where they exposure, Indian attacks, or spent most of a year preparing for their other causes.

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More tragic was the fate of the Indians arriving eventually at the Indian chiefdom DE SOTO’S JOURNEY of the Southeast. The natives had never of Coosa in northwest Georgia. However, seen guns, steel swords, metal armor, the effort failed, and de and horses. They had only weapons of Luna’s colonists returned stone and wood and were often unable to Mexico in 1561. Other Chiaha Xuala to defend themselves successfully. Many Spanish expeditions to were killed in battle or forced into slavery Georgia followed, but Chattanooga by the Spanish. Worst of all, they were none of the colonization exposed for the first time to European efforts succeeded. Rome Coosa Cofi tachaqui Ulibahali diseases against which they had little During the two centuries Itaba Athens resistance, such as measles and chicken Atlanta following the discovery Augusta pox. Smallpox, which spread rapidly Ocute of the New World, over Talisi throughout the Southeast, killed about ATLANTIC Macon 90 percent of the native OCEAN Ichisi one in three Indians. In just a matter of Columbus population vanished. Savannah years, chiefdoms were abandoned and As a result, the Spanish Toa entire villages stood vacant. Albany began exporting slaves Capachequi Hernando de Soto’s Journey through Georgia (1540) Twenty years after de Soto’s expedition from western Africa to GULF OF Valdosta through the Southeast, Spain decided work the fields and mines MEXICO Apalachee to create an inland colony in the territory of the Caribbean islands. de Soto had explored. In 1559, Tristán de For the few Indians who Luna sailed from Mexico with 500 soldiers survived in the Southeast, life was forever and 1,000 colonists and servants. Landing changed. Their descendants would later Hernando de Soto’s journey near Pensacola on the Gulf Coast, they emerge as the Cherokee, Creek, and through Georgia in 1540 was part of proceeded northward into Alabama, other native tribes and nations. a four-year exploration through the Southeast from 1539 to 1543. 100 CHAPTER 5 • EUROPE DISCOVERS THE NEW WORLD

Georgia or Florida. From there, he sailed Royal flag of France up North America’s east coast to Nova before the Revolution Scotia before returning home. France later used Verrazano’s exploration as the basis for its claim to the Southeast.

By 1562, France was ready to join Spain in the New World. Jean Ribault (pronounced Jahn Re-bow) and a band of 150 Huguenots2 (French Protestants) landed on Florida’s coast and sailed northward looking for a place to settle. Just north of present-day Savannah, Ribault discovered Giovanni de Verrazano a protected inlet, which he named Port FRENCH CLAIMS IN THE SOUTHEAST Royal. Here the French constructed France had been the third European Charles Fort, the first European fort power to enter the race for North America. on the North American mainland. In 1524, only three years after Ponce de Famine and other hardships, León’s death, Giovanni de Verrazano however, forced them to sailed from France. Like Columbus, abandon the settlement. Verrazano believed that he could sail Two years later, a second westward from Europe to Asia. Instead, he group of Huguenots arrived found his way blocked by North America. in Spanish Florida. There, at He first came ashore on the Carolina the mouth of the St. Johns coast, or possibly even as far south as River, they built Fort Caroline.

101 CHAPTER 5 • EUROPE DISCOVERS THE NEW WORLD

Florida, Menéndez proceeded to the St. French Fort Caroline Johns River for a surprise raid on Fort Caroline. The Spanish captured Fort Caroline and then executed its French Huguenot defenders. Religious artifacts from Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, St. Catherines Island, Georgia,formerly SPANISH SETTLEMENTS IN kept at the American Museum of LA FLORIDA Natural History in New York, are now being preserved at Fernbank Menéndez founded St. Augustine, Spain’s Museum of Natural History in first successful settlement on the North Atlanta. American continent. Located on the Catholic Spain was outraged. Not only Atlantic coast, St. Augustine soon became were these French Protestants building an important military and political base forts and settling on Spanish soil, for La Florida. It was also well situated to they were even raiding Spanish ships. protect Spanish treasure ships using the Spain now moved quickly to push the Gulf Stream to speed their return home. Huguenots out. Spanish ships loaded with New World gold In 1565, Pedro Menéndez and a large and silver were tempting prizes for pirates force of soldiers and colonists sailed or raiders hiding along the East Coast. from Spain. Their orders were to drive Because St. Augustine is close to the Gulf the French out and begin colonizing La Stream, Spanish crews could patrol the Florida. They quickly carried out their waters off Florida’s coast, thus giving some orders. After landing on the coast of protection along this passageway.

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worked with the Indians at these outposts. Sometimes a few soldiers were assigned SPANISH MISSIONS IN LA FLORIDA to a mission for protection. In an attempt to transform La Florida’s Missions—not forts—were the key to Indians into Christian subjects of the Spain’s plan to prepare the Southeast for King, Spain proceeded to build Catholic colonization. A mission was usually built at missions3 —church outposts—along the village of an important local chief. Here the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Church the Indians could be instructed in religion missionaries, known as friars4 , lived and and social behavior. The young would be taught to read and write, while adults learned of new crops and farming methods.

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the Savannah and Altamaha rivers. Father Antonio Sedeño and Brother Mocama included the area between the Domingo Báez were assigned to St. Altamaha and St. Marys rivers. Catherines Island. Here they began the mission known as Santa Catalina de Within a century from the founding of St. Guale. Báez died of Augustine, 38 Spanish missions were in ESCAMACU S malaria before the year’s a v a n n a operation in La Florida, providing contact h

R . end, while Sedeño Santa Elena with some 25,000 Indians. But the work of Ft. San Phelipe / Ft. San Marcos an stayed for 16 months. ce the missionaries was not always welcomed O During this time, only c ti by these Native Americans. Several friars GUALE n a seven Indians were tl lost their lives because of Indian uprisings. A San Diego de Satuache converted, four of them San Phelipe de Alave children. Missionary work (projected site) San Miguel de Gualdape St. Catherines Island Santa Catalina de Guale Santa Clara de Tupiqui came to a standstill. Tolomato A Sapelo Island lt am San Joseph de Sapala ah a GUALE AND MOCAMA R. In the 1580s, a new Santo Domingo de Talaje

round of missionary work St. Simons Island Mission Soon after the founding of St. Augustine, MOCAMA San Buenaventura de Guadalquini Pedro Menéndez began a search for sites began in Mocama. A Jekyll Island Garrison Cumberland Island Town to build missions. In early 1566, he traveled decade later, Spanish San Phelipe de Atuluteca S t. M ary 7 missionaries became s R. San Pedro de Mocama 0 30 up the Atlantic coast. Leaving a garrison Kilometers Santiago Amelia Island active along the Georgia Santa María 0 20 (unit) of Spanish soldiers on Cumberland de Ocone Miles R. coast in Guale. s n h San Juan del Puerto o Island, he visited the main chief of the J

. t S San Mateo Guale Indians on St. Catherines Island. SPANISH Here, Menéndez erected a cross TIMUCUA Nuestra Señora de SETTLEMENTS Guadalupe de Tolomato San Diego Nombre de Dios and conducted four days of religious de Salamototo IN GEORGIA Castillo de San Marcos 1526 - 1686 instruction for the Indians. Santa Fé de Toloca San Augustín San Francisco de Potano

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LOCATING the M A I N IDEAS

the missions fell. Finally, on Cumberland 1 Define: La Florida, Island, Mocama Indians who supported Huguenots, mission, friar, JUANILLO REBELLION the Spanish turned back the uprising. The Guale, Mocama, garrison In 1597, an event occurred that threatened Juanillo Rebellion ended, but not before 2 Identify: Juan Ponce de the future of the Spanish missions. Don five missionaries were executed. León, Lucas Vázquez Juanillo, a Guale Indian, was next in line Later, the missions would again become de Ayllón, Hernando de to become chief. The young Juanillo, active. Recent excavations on St. Soto, Jean Ribault, Pedro however, had two wives—a practice Catherines Island have uncovered a Menéndez, Santa Catalina local missionaries had tried in vain to mission graveyard with the remains of over de Guale change. Now, he was about to become 400 Native Americans. Religious artifacts chief. Taking a bold step, one of the friars 3 What was the most tragic buried with the bodies suggest Catholic declared Juanillo unfit to be chief and result of Hernando de Soto’s influence on these coastal Indians. ■ named another tribal member as the next contact with the Indians? leader. 4 What were the reasons why Juanillo was furious. By what right did France’s two colonies failed? Spanish friars have the power to say who should be chief? Juanillo assembled a small band of Indians to kill the friar who had denied him his chiefdom.

After the murder, Juanillo called for other chiefs in Guale to revolt against the Spanish missionaries. The unarmed priests could do nothing, and one by one,

105 CHAPTER 5 • EUROPE DISCOVERS THE NEW WORLD Vocabulary

1 La Florida - The Spanish name for the Southeast in the 1500s and 1600s.

2 Huguenots - Persecuted French Protestants who fled to North America in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

3 Missions - Church outposts, usually in foreign lands.

4 Friars - Catholic missionaries, particularly from Spain, who worked in church missions and outposts in foreign lands.

5 Guale - The name Spain gave to the northern half of Georgia’s coast, taken from the name of the Indians who inhabited the area.

6 Mocama - The Spanish province, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, on the southern half of Georgia’s coast between the Altamaha and St. Marys rivers.

7 Garrison - A unit of soldiers. CHAPTER 5 • EUROPE DISCOVERS THE NEW WORLD England Comes to North America Finally, in 1604, the two powers signed a peace treaty. Now, England was ready to claim its share of North America.

Using Cabot’s 1497 and 1498 explorations to justify English rights in the New World, King James I prepared a plan to establish colonies1 —territories on foreign soil that it controlled and settled. In 1606, he issued a charter2 (a legal document signed by Transcript the king) to some merchants for a new colony in America. These merchants were known as the Virginia Company. During the sixteenth century, Spain grew richer and more powerful because of its In January 1607, three small ships sailed dominance in the New World. England was from England with Virginia’s first settlers. concerned about its future and determined Once in the new land, the leaders to enjoy a share of the New World trade. selected an inland site on the James Sir Francis Drake When Spain refused to share, English sea River for the colony’s first settlement. captains began raiding Spanish ships and Named in honor of the king, James Town settlements in the Americas. In 1586, Sir (later combined as Jamestown) became Francis Drake attacked and burned St. England’s first permanent settlement in Augustine, the main city in La Florida. The America. Within a hundred years, England conflict continued for almost 20 years. had colonized most of the eastern coast of North America.

106 CHAPTER 5 • EUROPE DISCOVERS THE NEW WORLD

England had many reasons for wanting For mercantilism to work, colonies in North America. Foremost was England had to find new the desire to compete with other countries sources of needed goods for power and glory. By being the first to and raw materials. This would establish permanent colonies, England only be possible if England would win out over rival countries in had its own colonies. The vast controlling land areas in North America. continent of North America held the most promise as a Economic gain was another reason. new source of food crops, Colonies in North America had the tobacco, and raw materials for potential to provide resources that would England. Colonies would also benefit England economically. During the serve as a valuable market for 1600s, a policy known as mercantilism3 English goods. was practiced by England. Mercantilism was a trade policy designed to make a Although Virginia, England’s nation as self-sufficient and wealthy as first American colony, had possible. The idea was for England to sell a poor beginning, it proved more to other countries than it had to buy mercantilism could work. The key was The Mercantilist Argument for from abroad. But the small island nation introduction of sweet tobacco from the Colonial Expansion simply did not have the needed natural West Indies and South America. Prized resources to sustain its economy. Also, in Europe, the plant grew well in Virginia because of its latitude and climate, many and fit perfectly into England’s mercantile crops—such as cotton, tobacco, oranges, scheme. Virginia’s success with tobacco grapes, and spices—could not be grown at encouraged other English colonies to home. follow its lead. Trading companies and

107 Mercantilism corn England Britain’s American Colonies indigo lumber meat rice Europe IMPORT North America EXPORT Spain cloth

furniture guns Britain’s metalware American tea Colonies

ATLANTIC OCEAN Africa

New Spain’s Colonies

South America CHAPTER 5 • EUROPE DISCOVERS THE NEW WORLD

wealthy persons were an important force in English colonization of North America.

The idea of colonies in North America appealed to England’s upper class for still another reason. They believed their country was overpopulated with poor, homeless, and unemployed people who survived by begging or criminal activity. New colonies could provide a home for the poor and give them hope for abetter life.

Finally, new colonies could serve as a Family life was very important to home for religious groups seeking to the success of the Pilgrims in the practice their faith without discrimination. Massachusetts Bay Colony. In England a group known as Puritans4 were speaking out against the Church In 1617, one group of Separatists of England. They opposed many of requested permission to immigrate its practices and beliefs. In England, to America, though not all came for individuals known as Puritans were religious reasons. Three years later, the speaking out against the Church of Mayflower sailed from England with England. Others, known as Separatists, 102 colonists known as Pilgrims5 . They wanted to break away and create a new arrived off the coast of Cape Cod in church. November 1620. Before going ashore,

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Pilgrim leaders signed a contract known repay a debt owed by the king. as the Mayflower Compact6 in which England’s American colonies took one they agreed to be governed by fair and of three forms. One type of colony was just laws that promoted the general the corporate colony7 . The king gave a good. This important document became grant of land to a corporation to settle a the basis for the idea of government by new colony in America. Most often the consent of the people. The Plymouth corporation was a joint-stock company8 settlement eventually became part of the . The company assumed all costs for Massachusetts Bay Colony. the colony through the sale of stock to investors in England. In return, profits from colonial trade, the sale of land, and other TYPES OF COLONIES sources went back to the company and its stockholders. Virginia—England’s first In most cases, a new colony was created colony in North America—was founded by following an appeal to the king by a a joint-stock company. person, group, or company. The appeal was usually based on a combination of A second type of colony in America was reasons, such as defense, trade, and the proprietary colony9 . This was a religion. No matter what its purpose, colony where the king issued a charter creation of a new colony required a formal granting ownership of the colony to a Signing the Mayflower charter from the king. In many ways, the person or group. The owner then had full Compact 1620 charter served as a constitution for the rights to govern and distribute land in the colony, describing its form of government. new colony. Pennsylvania, established as In some cases, charters were given to a safe place for Quakers, was a proprietary friends of the king, and in one case— colony. Pennsylvania—the charter was issued to 110 CHAPTER 5 • EUROPE DISCOVERS THE NEW WORLD

The third type of colony was the royal the 29th parallel—a latitude some 60 miles colony10 . This was a colony operated to the south of the Spanish fortress at St. directly by the English government Augustine. King Charles said that because through a royal governor appointed by John Cabot in 1498 had sailed as far south the king. No American colonies started as the 29th parallel, England was entitled The colony of Carolina,chartered in out this way, but by the end of the colonial to this area. He also slightly extended the 1663, had its boundaries extended period most had become royal colonies. northern boundary to 36°30’. by King Charles II in 1665. Much The British began settling the new of this land, however, was already Carolina colony. In 1670, the new claimed by Spain as La Florida. ENGLAND CREATES CAROLINA settlement of Charles Town (later Charleston) quickly drew At first, England focused its efforts on the anger of Spanish O 36 30’ colonies north of Virginia. Then, in 1663, officials at St. Augustine. King Charles II issued a charter for They correctly guessed 36O England’s sixth American colony. Located that Charles Town would south of Virginia, it would be named become a base for English “Carolina.” efforts to gain control of 1663 C A R O L I N A 1665 The 36th parallel was selected as Guale and Mocama. They Carolina’s northern boundary, and the could see that England O 31st as its southern. England was now intended to take over the 31 entire Southeast. Carolina asserting a claim to most of Spanish Guale St. Augustine traders soon developed and Mocama. Two years later, King Charles O 29 claimed even more. He announced that an active business with Carolina’s southern boundary actually was the Indians to the south

111 CHAPTER 5 • EUROPE DISCOVERS THE NEW WORLD

of the Savannah River. They exchanged Spain continued to claim the provinces of firearms, tools, clothing, and other items Guale and Mocama. for deerskins and furs. However, there In 1673, French explorer Louis Joliet was one thing even more valuable than and Father Marquette, a Jesuit priest, animal hides—Indian slaves. Until the journeyed westward from the Great Lakes Yamasee Indians revolted in 1715, English in search of a great river that they had traders actively provided Indians with heard about. Finding the Mississippi River, weapons in exchange for captured Indian they built boats and explored the river as slaves. Rather than being used on Carolina far south as Arkansas. In 1682, La Salle farms, Indian slaves were sold to work in followed the river all the way to the Gulf Caribbean island sugar fields and mines. of Mexico. In honor of King Louis XIV, La In 1680, English officers led a party Salle named the vast Mississippi Valley of 300 Indian allies in a raid on Santa region “Louisiana.” In the Southeast, Catalina de Guale, the Spanish mission France began extending its influence on St. Catherines Island. Though vastly eastward along the Gulf Coast, with an outnumbered, the mission’s defenders eye toward reaching the Atlantic Ocean. bravely turned back the attack. Fearing Thus, at the turn of the century, in 1700, another attempt, however, the Spanish all the conflicting claims to land caused abandoned the outpost and retreated to some to call the region south of Carolina’s Sapelo Island. They continued missionary frontier “the debatable land.” work there for four years and then In 1712, Carolina was divided into a retreated to St. Augustine. By 1685, Spain southern and a northern province. Three had withdrawn entirely from coastal years later, South Carolina was rocked by Georgia. However, for 60 more years,

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a Yamasee Indian revolt. Many settlers along the frontier were killed before the revolt was put down. The Yamasees fled A NEW COLONY SOUTH OF southward to Florida. Now more than THE SAVANNAH RIVER ever, England worried about protecting The first serious proposal to Carolina’s southern frontier. colonize the area south of the Savannah River for England came in 1717. Sir Robert Montgomery proposed that he be allowed— at his own expense—to settle the land between the Savannah and Altamaha Fort King George has been rivers. He called the land “the most reconstructed using old records of delightful country of the universe.” the original fort. Located at Darien, it features a blockhouse, barracks, Montgomery proposed to name the and a palisade with cannons placed settlement Azilia. His dream was to to guard against a river attack. produce silk, wine, and other products for England. Azilia’s main purpose, however, would be as a buffer11 to protect South Carolina from Spanish, French, and Indian attacks. Montgomery, however, was unable to raise money or enlist colonists for his venture. Plans for a buffer colony Old Fort King George were postponed. historical marker

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LOCATING the M A I N IDEAS

Then, in 1720, John Barnwell, a Carolina and in 1727 the post was abandoned. 1 Define: colony, charter, trapper, called on Britain to build a Other proposals soon followed, including mercantilism, Puritans, series of small forts at various sites to one in 1724 by Jean Pierre Purry of Pilgrims, Mayflower the south and west of Carolina’s frontier. Switzerland. Although his proposal failed, Compact, corporate colony, Government officials agreed. The first his idea for naming the new colony would joint-stock company, outpost would be built near the mouth of survive. In recognition of England’s king, proprietary colony, royal the Altamaha River. When construction Purry suggested two names for the new colony, buffer of Fort King George began in 1721, Spain colony. “Georgine” was one. His other 2 Identify: St. Augustine, immediately protested. Other factors, choice was “Georgia.” Jamestown, Mayflower, however, spelled doom for the fort. Even though these early attempts were Charles Town, “the Sickness, climate, and biting insects unsuccessful, interest in starting a new debatable land,” Azilia,Fort contributed to an unhappy garrison, colony continued to develop King George, Jean Pierre in England. A member of Purry Britain’s Parliament, James 3 What three European Oglethorpe, had become countries wanted to colonize well known for his work on the Southeast? From what prison reform, particularly direction was each country in freeing people in jail for moving into the Southeast? not paying their debts. By 1732, he and his supporters had convinced King George II to approve a new English colony south of the Savannah River. That colony would be Georgia. ■

114 CHAPTER 5 • EUROPE DISCOVERS THE NEW WORLD Vocabulary

1 Colony - A territory on foreign soil claimed, settled, and controlled by another country.

2 Charter - 1: A legal document that grants certain rights or privileges. 2: A document passed by the state legislature creating a city and spelling out its boundaries, form of government, and powers.

3 Mercantilism - A trade policy based on the idea that a country should sell more to other countries than it buys from them, in order to increase its wealth.

4 Puritans - Members of a Protestant religious group who were opposed to the Church of England’s practices and wanted to change them.

5 Pilgrims - Members of a religious group that chose to separate and break away from the Church of England. Pilgrims settled in America in 1620.

6 Mayflower Compact - Contract signed by Pilgrims in which they agreed to be governed by fair and just laws promoting the general good.

7 Corporate colony - Colony established through a grant of land made by the king to a corporation or company.

8 Joint-stock company - A business given an exclusive charter by the king to settle a new colony in America. The colony was financed by selling stock to investors.

9 Proprietary colony - Established when the king issued a charter granting ownership of a colony to a person or a group.

10 Royal colony - A colony set up and run directly by the British government in the 1600s and 1700s.

11 Buffer - A protected area along the frontier to defend more settled areas. CHAPTER 5 QUIZ

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