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Florida Historical Quarterly (ISSN 0015-4113) Is Published by the Florida Historical Society, University of South Florida, 4202 E

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Florida Historical Quarterly (ISSN 0015-4113) Is Published by the Florida Historical Society, University of South Florida, 4202 E COVER Black Bahamian community of Coconut Grove, late nineteenth century. This is the entire black community in front of Ralph Munroe’s boathouse. Photograph courtesy Ralph Middleton Munroe Collection, Historical Association of Southern Florida, Miami, Florida. The Historical Volume LXX, Number 4 April 1992 The Florida Historical Quarterly (ISSN 0015-4113) is published by the Florida Historical Society, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620, and is printed by E. O. Painter Printing Co., DeLeon Springs, FL. Second-class postage paid at Tampa, FL, and at additional mailing office. POST- MASTER: Send address changes to the Florida Historical Society, P. O. Box 290197, Tampa, FL 33687. Copyright 1992 by the Florida Historical Society, Tampa, Florida. THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY Samuel Proctor, Editor Mark I. Greenberg, Editorial Assistant EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD David R. Colburn University of Florida Herbert J. Doherty University of Florida Michael V. Gannon University of Florida John K. Mahon University of Florida (Emeritus) Joe M. Richardson Florida State University Jerrell H. Shofner University of Central Florida Charlton W. Tebeau University of Miami (Emeritus) Correspondence concerning contributions, books for review, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor, Florida Historical Quarterly, Box 14045, University Station, Gainesville, Florida 32604-2045. The Quarterly is interested in articles and documents pertaining to the history of Florida. Sources, style, footnote form, original- ity of material and interpretation, clarity of thought, and in- terest of readers are considered. All copy, including footnotes, should be double-spaced. Footnotes are to be numbered con- secutively in the text and assembled at the end of the article. Particular attention should be given to following the footnote style of the Quarterly. The author should submit an original and retain a copy for security. Authors are encouraged to submit articles in IBM WordPerfect 5.0 or 5.1, or ASCII; please include both a hardcopy and a diskette. The Florida Historical Society and the Editor of the Florida Historical Quarterly accept no re- sponsibility for statements made or opinions held by authors. The Quarterly reviews books dealing with all aspects of Florida history. Books to be reviewed should be sent to the Editor to- gether with price and information on how they may be ordered. Table of Contents TAMPA'S JAMES MCKAY AND THE FRUSTRATION OF CONFEDERATE CATTLE-SUPPLY OPERATIONS IN SOUTH FLORIDA Canter Brown, Jr. 409 WILLIAM BARTRAM'S TRAVELS IN THE INDIAN NATIONS Charlotte M. Porter 434 NOTES AND DOCUMENTS HEATHEN ACUERA, MURDER, AND A POTANO CIMARRONA: THE ST. JOHNS RIVER AND THE ALACHUA PRAIRIE IN THE 1670s John H. Hann 451 REVIEW ESSAY OSEOLA: THE WHITE MAN'S INDIAN Theda Perdue 475 FLORIDA LIBRARY ACQUISITIONS AND ACCESSIONS . 489 B OOK REVIEWS . 495 B OOK NOTES . 534 HISTORY NEWS . 540 DIRECTORY MEETING . 549 INDEX TO VOLUME LXX . 555 BOOK REVIEWS A History of Music & Dance in Florida, 1565-1865, by Wiley L. Housewright reviewed by Patricia C. Griffin Perilous Journeys: A History of Steamboating on the Chattahoochee, Apalachicola, and Flint Rivers, 1828-1928, by Edward A. Mueller reviewed by Lynn Willoughby Zora in Florida, edited by Steve Glassman and Kathryn Lee Seidel reviewed by Charlotte D. Hunt Mullet on the Beach: The Minorcans of Florida, 1768-1788, by Patricia C. Griffin reviewed by Charles W. Arcade Florida Archeology: San Pedro y San Pablo de Patale: A Seventeenth-Century Spanish Mission in Leon County, Florida, by B. Calvin Jones, John Hann, and John F. Scarry reviewed by Rochelle A. Marrinan Washington: Florida’s Twelfth County, by E. W. Carswell reviewed by Brian R. Rucker Past the Edge of Poverty: A Biography of Robert Hayes Gore, Sr., by Paul A. Gore reviewed by Paul S. George Carolina Cavalier: The Life and Mind of James Johnston Pettigrew, by Clyde N. Wilson reviewed by James Kibler Divided We Fall: Essays on Confederate Nation Building, edited by John M. Belohlavek and Lewis N. Wynne reviewed by James M. Denham Lincoln, the South, and Slavery: The Political Dimension, by Robert W. Johannsen reviewed by Monroe Billington Struggle for the Shenandoah: Essays on the 1864 Valley Campaign, edited by Gary W. Gallagher reviewed by Zack C. Waters Lee Considered: General Robert E. Lee and Civil War History, by Alan T. Nolan reviewed by David J. Coles Chronicles of Faith: The Autobiography of Frederick D. Patterson, edited by Martia Graham Goodson reviewed by Evans C. Johnson From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt: Federal Policy, Economic Development, and the Transformation of the South, 1938-1980, by Bruce J. Schulman reviewed by Edward F. Keuchel The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960-1972, by Hugh Davis Graham reviewed by Robert J. Norrell Race, Civil Rights and the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Judicial Circuit, by John M. Spivack reviewed by Numan Bartley The South for New Southerners, edited by Paul D. Escott and David R. Goldfield reviewed by Edward F. Haus The Future South: A Historical Perspective for the Twenty-first Century, edited by Joe P. Dunn and Howard L. Preston reviewed by Billy B. Hathorn Political Parties in the Southern States: Party Activists in Partisan Coalitions, edited by Tod A. Baker, Charles D. Hadley, Robert P. Steed, and Laurence W. Moreland reviewed by Joan S. Carver Opening Doors: Perspectives on Race Relations in Contemporary America, edited by Harry J. Knopke, Robert J. Norrell, and Ronald W. Rogers reviewed by Glen Jeansonne Richard B. Russell, Jr., Senator from Georgia, by Gilbert C. Fite reviewed by Julian Pleasants American Indians and World War II: Toward a New Era in Indian Affairs, by Alison R. Bernstein reviewed by Kenneth R. Philip TAMPA’S JAMES MCKAY AND THE FRUSTRATION OF CONFEDERATE CATTLE-SUPPLY OPERATIONS IN SOUTH FLORIDA by C ANTER B ROWN , J R . Y the summer of 1863, the availability of beef and other B provisions from Florida was crucial to Confederate forces east of the Mississippi. The fall of Vicksburg in July had barred access to western beef, and food stocks in the East were nearly depleted. In October, the situation was so critical that one Army of Tennessee supply officer pleaded with Florida’s commissary agent: “I cannot too strongly urge upon you the necessity, yes, the urgency, of sending forward cattle promptly. It appears that all other resources are exhausted.” The following day he added, “I assure you that nearly all now depends on you.“1 With Confederate armies increasingly dependent upon Florida food, Union and Confederate leaders turned their atten- tion to the southern portion of the state, where most cattle were ranged. By the spring of 1864, that area was the focus of bitter civil war as Union men and Confederates—primarily south Flori- dians on both sides—fought to control the cattle supply.2 The supply problem that was the basis of this confrontation affected strategy and campaigning by Confederate armies, par- ticularly the Army of Tennessee.3 The extent of its impact, though, has not easily been discernable. Confederate leaders believed, at least until near the war’s end, that Florida cattle-sup- ply operations were conducted in good faith for the benefit of their war effort. Civil War historians have accepted the same Canter Brown, Jr., is a resident of Gainesville, Florida. 1. Richard D. Goff, Confederate Supply (Durham, NC, 1969), 202; Robert A. Taylor, “Rebel Beef: Florida Cattle and the Confederate Army, 1862-1864,” Florida Historical Quarterly 67 (July 1988), 15-31; United States War Depart- ment, War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 128 vols. (Washington, DC, 1880-1901), series 1, XXVIII, part 1, 472 (hereinafter, OR). 2. Canter Brown, Jr., Florida’s Peace River Frontier (Orlando, 1991), 155-75. 3. Goff, Confederate Supply, 184, 192. [409] 410 F LORIDA H ISTORICAL Q UARTERLY Captain James McKay I. Photograph was reproduced from Gary R. Mormino and Anthony P. Pizzo, Tampa: The Treasure City (Tulsa, OK, 1983), 49. Original from Helen McKay Bardowsky Collection. C ONFEDERATE C ATTLE -S UPPLY O PERATIONS 411 premise. Affairs in south Florida were complicated, however, and available evidence indicates that many of the area’s most- prominent cattlemen withheld the bulk of their herds from Con- federate use. South Florida’s commissary officer, James McKay, cooperated in this effort, but he also may have undermined the supply operation in a more fundamental way. From the spring of 1862 until the end of the war, he may have been a covert agent of the United States government.4 McKay was born in Scotland, March 17, 1808. He immigrated to the United States about 1835, eventually settling in Mobile. In 1846, his attention was drawn to business possibilities in Florida, which had become a state the year before, and he trans- ferred his family to the little village of Tampa. There, he opened a store, served as a building contractor, and speculated in land. Two years later he purchased a schooner and commenced a shipping business between Tampa, Mobile, and New Orleans.5 McKay’s business success took hold in the 1850s when he secured a contract as sutler for Fort Myers, then an isolated United States Army post. Described later in life as “gentlemanly and kind to everyone he meets,” McKay was an easy man to know.6 At the post, he and his associates, among them cattleman Francis Asbury Hendry, became friends with many regular-army officers, including Lieutenant Henry Benson, Major William Henry French, and Colonel Harvey Brown. Since south Florida at the time was a sparsely populated frontier, chances for social 4. As to the “good-faith” interpretation of Florida cattle-supply operations, see William Watson Davis, The Civil War and Reconstruction in Florida (New York, 1913; facsimile ed., Gainesville, 1964), 268-95; John E.
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