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The Rise of the Indigenous Slave Trade and Diaspora from Española to the Circum-Caribbean, 1492-1542

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The Rise of the Indigenous Slave Trade and Diaspora from Española to the Circum-Caribbean, 1492-1542 Indian Harvest: The Rise of the Indigenous Slave Trade and Diaspora from Española to the Circum-Caribbean, 1492-1542 By Erin Woodruff Stone Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in History May, 2014 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Jane G. Landers, Ph.D. Edward Wright-Rios, Ph.D. Dan Usner, Ph.D. Steven Wernke, Ph.D. Copyright © 2014 by ErinWoodruff Stone All Rights Reserved Acknowlegdements This work would not have been possible without financial support from Vanderbilt, particulary the History Department, Graduate School, and Latin American Studies Program. I am also greatly indebted to the Institute of Internal Education, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, Harvard University’s Atlantic History Seminar, and the University of Minnesota’s Program for Cultural Cooperation. I am grateful to all those I have worked with along the way who offered advice, criticism, guidance, and intellectual support. I would especially like to thank my advisor Dr. Jane Landers. She taught me invaluable personal and profession lessons, provided me with endless hours of her time, and never failed to support me. I also want to thank the rest of my committee; Dr. Edward Wright-Rios, Dr. Steven Wernke, and Dr. Dan Usner, all of whom contributed to the shape of the project and offered great, if often hard to hear criticism, from the dissertation’s inception to its completion. Outside of Vanderbilt I need to thank both Dr. Ida Altman and Dr. J. Michael Francis, both of whom read early versions of chapters, supported me at conferences, and gave me archival leads. Without Dr. Francis’s 16th century Paleography course this project would not have been possible. I am especially grateful to Dr. Lynne Guitar. Our days and nights exploring the island and the caves gave me a new perspective on the Taíno. Thank you to the amazing friends and colleagues here at Vanderbilt, the Spanish Fulbright/AGI group, and the participants of the “Entangled Trajectory” seminar. Not only have you all provided me with great ideas and academic inspiration, but with countless hours of fun and many beverages! i Finally, I want to thank my family. Madre and Padre, I am forever grateful to you all for the financial and emotional support throughout this lengthy process. And Rick, the best husband I could imagine, I thank you for your patience, generousity, and spirit of adventure. Without you holding down the house I would have never been able to complete my archival research. Nor would I have been able to explore so much of the DR without your amazing driving skills! And of course thank you for the maps and general motivation, this dissertation would not have been possible without you. ii Table of Contents Page Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................... i Introduction: From a “Structure of Conjuncture” to a “Shatter Zone” ............................................1 Historiography ............................................................................................................................8 Methodology and Sources.........................................................................................................13 Chapter I. Migration, Ethnicity, Kinship, and Exchange: The Pre-Colombian Caribbean .........................17 Taíno Origins ............................................................................................................................19 The Taínos of Española ............................................................................................................22 The Realities of the Carib/Taíno Divide ...................................................................................41 II. Two Worlds Collide: A Clash of Cultures, Conflict, and the Rise of the Indian Slave Trade .........................................................................................................................................53 Iberian Exploration Expands into the Atlantic .........................................................................55 Colón and the “Disovery of the Americas ...............................................................................57 Española and Guacanagarí: The First Indigenous/European Alliance ....................................61 The First “Atlantic” Indians ......................................................................................................64 The Creation of the Carib Trope and First Attemps to Crete an Indian Slave Trade ...............65 The End of A Dream: Taíno Resistance in Española ...............................................................72 Subjugating Caonabó: the First Wars of Conquest in the Americas ........................................75 Battle of Santo Cerro: Turning Point in the Conquest of Española ..........................................79 Roldán’s Mutiny, 1497-1498 ....................................................................................................82 Queen Isabela and the First Legal Impediments to the Indian Slave Trade .............................84 Expanding the Legal Indian Slave Trade to the Lesser Antilles and Tierra Firme, 1503- 1514...........................................................................................................................................87 Governor Ovando and Renewed War against the Taínos of Española .....................................89 The Encomienda System...........................................................................................................92 The Consequences of Disease, Slaver, War, and Famine: Population Decline ........................93 King Ferdinand: a Proponent of Indian Enslavement, 1508-1516 ...........................................95 The Rebellion of Agueybana ..................................................................................................100 The Requirement Further Legitimates Slave Taking through “Just War” ..............................103 III. The Ties that Bind: Franciscans, Dominicans, Jeronymites, and Indian Caciques on Española, 1500-1534..............................................................................................................106 The Early Franciscan Presence in Española ..........................................................................109 The Expansion of the “spiritual conquest” ............................................................................115 The Arrival of the Dominicans: Montesinos’s Sermon .........................................................118 The Laws of Burgos and Growing Tensions between the Dominicans and Franciscans ......121 The School for “Hijos de Caciques”: Representing the Pinnacle of Franciscan/Indigenous Relationships ..........................................................................................................................124 The Repartimiento of 1514 and its Consequences .................................................................128 The Jeronymite Intervention: From Hope to Castastrophe ....................................................135 Legally Defining Carib Lands and the Consequent Growth of the Slave Trade ...................144 IV. Another Look at the Revolt of Enriquillo: Indian Slaves, Sacred Spaces, and Island Politics....................................................................................................................................150 Enrique’s Childhood ..............................................................................................................153 Enrique and the Repartimiento of Albuquerque ....................................................................155 Enrique’s Flight .....................................................................................................................156 From Flight to Rebellion ........................................................................................................161 Indians and Africans: The Development of a Multi-Ethnic Alliance ....................................164 Spanish Efforts to Capture Enrique and Quell the Rebellion ................................................167 The Ever Increasing Slave Trade leads to more Caciques Joining with Enrique ..................170 Franciscan Intervention: From Violence to Peaceful Negotiation .........................................175 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................186 V. Indigenous Slaves as the Key to New World Exploration and Conquest, 1513-1538 ............188 The Quest for Indian Slaves and the Discovery of Florida and Mexico ................................191 Forced Collaborators: Indigenous Slaves as Tools of Conquest ...........................................207 Indian Slaves as Consolation Prizes: Failed Entradas in Tierra Firme and Trinidad ............224 VI. Granjerías de Indios: The Climax of the Indigenous Slave trade in the Americas 1526- 1542........................................................................................................................................243 Indians for Livestock: Panuco and the Yucatán Peninsula ....................................................247 The Paradox of the Pearl Islands: From Harvesting Pearls to Indians in Cubagua, Margarita, and the Coast of Tierra Firme ................................................................................................262
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