Atlantic Coastal Chiefdoms and the Question of Agriculture
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Teacher Asks Board to Fight for Raises JULIA ROBERTS Er Raises
DEFENDING OUR NATURAL BEAUTY. PROTECTING OUR QUALITY OF LIFE. PAID BY BRADLEY M. BEAN FOR CITY COMMISSION | GROUP 1 $1.00 WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 28, 2020 / 20 PAGES, 2 SECTIONS • fbnewsleader.com Teacher asks board to fight for raises JULIA ROBERTS er raises. He said current offers by the rate in order to bring more money to the decisions.” News-Leader Nassau County School District include district. In light of the financial hard- Glackin suggested the school dis- What do you think? a $5,000 increase for new teachers, but ships brought about by the coronavirus trict “propose a pay scale that makes The Nassau County School Board only $600 for more experienced teach- pandemic, though, board members did sense” even though, he said, the Florida What do you think about heard from a member of the Nassau ers. Glackin noted a “mass exodus of not pursue the matter. Glackin referred Department of Education would reject it. teacher pay in Nassau Teachers’ Association, the union that non-retiring teachers we have been see- to the referendum when he addressed “When they do (reject a pay scale County and Florida? Email represents teachers in Nassau schools, ing recently” and said current contract the board. offer), fight for us. Remind them that who asked the board to support teachers talks are not addressing the issue. “We are currently voting, and (we) you were elected to run Nassau County Letters to the Editor to in current contact negotiations. Last year, the school board con- could be voting on a small tax increase schools and not (the state),” Glackin [email protected]. -
View / Open Gregory Oregon 0171N 12796.Pdf
CHUNKEY, CAHOKIA, AND INDIGENOUS CONFLICT RESOLUTION by ANNE GREGORY A THESIS Presented to the Conflict and Dispute Resolution Program and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science June 2020 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Anne Gregory Title: Chunkey, Cahokia, and Indigenous Conflict Resolution This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science degree in the Conflict and Dispute Resolution Program by: Kirby Brown Chair Eric Girvan Member and Kate Mondloch Interim Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded June 2020. ii © 2020 Anne Gregory This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (United States) License. iii THESIS ABSTRACT Anne Gregory Master of Science Conflict and Dispute Resolution June 2020 Title: Chunkey, Cahokia, and Indigenous Conflicts Resolution Chunkey, a traditional Native American sport, was a form of conflict resolution. The popular game was one of several played for millennia throughout Native North America. Indigenous communities played ball games not only for the important culture- making of sport and recreation, but also as an act of peace-building. The densely populated urban center of Cahokia, as well as its agricultural suburbs and distant trade partners, were dedicated to chunkey. Chunkey is associated with the milieu surrounding the Pax Cahokiana (1050 AD-1200 AD), an era of reduced armed conflict during the height of Mississippian civilization (1000-1500 AD). The relational framework utilized in archaeology, combined with dynamics of conflict resolution, provides a basis to explain chunkey’s cultural impact. -
Teacher Materials for Journeys with Florida's Indians
Teacher Materials for Journeys with Florida’s Indians • Teacher Quick Reference to the Timucua, Calusa, and Apalachee (p.2) • Language Arts Extension Activities by Sunshine State Standard (pp. 3-15) • Florida’s Early People Classroom Activities (pp. 16-19) Materials provided by Florida Author and Educational Consultant, Kelley Weitzel http://www.kelleyweitzel.com Teacher Quick Comparison of Florida’s Early Cultures: Timucua vs. Calusa vs. Apalachee LOCATION Timucua: SE Georgia, NE Florida, and Central Florida Calusa: SW Florida, near Fort Myers Apalachee: NW Florida, near the Tallahassee area FOOD RESOURCES Timucua: Land & water animals, shellfish, forest plants, some crops Calusa: Water animals, shellfish, & plants, some land resources, few crops Apalachee: Mostly land animals and crops, some water resources GOVERNMENT Timucua: Regional headchiefs ruled 30–40 villages. Headchiefs were not united into one government and often fought each other. Calusa: All villages were united under one Paramount Chief. This chief was strong enough to rule SW FL villages that were not Calusa. Apalachee: All villages were loosely united. During times of war and peace, they had different rulers. RELIGION Timucua: Held a deer ceremony to thank the sun for its bounty Calusa: Believed in three gods and that each person has three souls Apalachee: Played the ball game to honor the thunder god and bring rain for their crops. WHAT HAPPENED TO THEM? Timucua: Missionized. Killed by disease, warfare, & slavery. The last few were evacuated to Cuba in 1763. The culture disappeared. Calusa: Never missionized. Killed by disease & warfare. The culture disappeared in the early 1700’s. Apalachee: Missionized. Killed by disease, warfare, & slave raids. -
The History of Echockotee Lodge #200 Est
WE ARE BROTHERS The History of Echockotee Lodge #200 Est. 1941 WWW 76th Anniversary Edition First a Spark, then a Flame As one of the four official experimental programs in the early years of the Boy Scouts of America, the Order of the Arrow’s growth was due to the word-of-mouth advertising between council executives, seeing its successes and bringing the Order into their own programs. This was at a time when each of the experimental programs were to grow at their own natural pace, and it was only through personal contact and observation could the Order grow. In February of 1937, in Columbia, South Carolina, a meeting of the executives of the old Region Six was held. These leaders, coming from North and South Carolina, Georgia, most of Florida, parts of Alabama, and the Panama Canal Zone, met with members of the National Program staff, including E. Urner Goodman, the founder of the Order of the Arrow. In his capacity of Director of Program, for the BSA, he was in a position to offer his expert advice on the Order and its potential in camp and council activities. In the ten years following that meeting, 34 of the 40 lodges in Region Six were chartered by the National office. Seeds planted in that meeting were tended by nearby executives familiar with the benefits brought by the Order, and from those leaders of nearby lodges came the establishment of other lodges; such was the case with the establishment of Echockotee Lodge 200. Since 1910, the Boy Scouts of America has maintained a high profile in the Jacksonville, Florida area. -
Black-Indian Interaction in Spanish Florida
DOCUMEPT RESUME ED 320 845 SO 030 009 AUTHOR Landers, Jane TITLE Black/Indian Interaction in SpanishFlorida. PUB DATE 24 Mar 90 NOTE 25p.; Paper presented at the AnnualMeeting of the Organization of American Historians(Washington, DC, March 24, 1990). PUB TYPE Speeches/Conference Papers (150) --Historical Materials (060) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *American Indian History; *Black History; *Colonial History (United States); Higher Education; *Indigenous Populations; Secondary Education; *Slavery; State History IDENTIFIERS *Florida ABSTRACT The history of the lives of non-white peoples in the United States largely has been neglected although the Spanish bureaucrats kept meticulous records of the Spanish Mission period in Florida. These records represent an important source for the cultural history of these groups and offer new perspectives on the tri-racial nature of frontier society. Africans as well as Indians played significant roles in Spain's settlement of the Americas. On arrival in Florida the Africans ran away from the," captors to Indian villages. The Spanish, perceiving an alliance of non-white groups, sought to separate them, and passed special legislation forbidding living or trading between the two groups. There were continuous episodes of violence by the Indians who resisted Spanish labor and tribute demands, efforts to convert them, and changes in their social practices. Villages were reduced to mission sites where they could more readily supply the Spaniards with food and labor. Indian and black surrogates were used to fight the English and helped build the massive stone fort at St. Augustine. The end of the Spanish Mission system came with the war of 1700, English forces from the Carolinas raided mission sites killing thousands of Indians and taking many into slavery. -
Timucua Indians
History of Fort Caroline The U.S. National Park Service (2012) Timucua Indians: "They be all naked and of goodly stature, mighty, faire and as well shapen…as any people in all the worlde, very gentill, curtious and of good nature… the men be of tawny color, hawke nosed and of a pleasant countenance…the women be well favored and modest…” French explorer Jean Ribault was impressed by the first native peoples he encountered in Florida. The Timucuans under Chief Saturiwa, who met the French at the mouth of the River of May in 1562, were one of a number of Timucua-speaking tribes who inhabited central and north Florida and southeastern Georgia. They were the final stage of a culture whose way of life had remained essentially unchanged for more than 1000 years. A Foothold in Florida: During the sixteenth century, France was determined to expand its empire. Spain, the world’s leading power, already had a foothold in the Americas, and France wanted a share of the riches the Spanish were gaining through trade and plunder. France’s first attempt to stake a permanent claim in North America was at La Caroline, a settlement near the mouth of the St. Johns River in Florida. At first, the settlement was to be a commercial venture, but religious conflict in France broadened the goals. The growing persecution of French Protestants (Huguenots) led their most powerful member, Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, to make a proposal to the crown: the colony could also be a refuge for Huguenots. An exploratory expedition, commanded by Jean Ribault, left France in February 1562. -
1 Oral Pathological Conditions in Early Postcontact Guale, St
Oral Pathological Conditions in Early Postcontact Guale, St. Catherines Island, Georgia Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Kendra Susan Weinrich, B.S. Graduate Program in Anthropology The Ohio State University 2020 Thesis Committee Dr. Clark Spencer Larsen, Advisor Dr. Debra Guatelli-Steinberg Dr. Mark Hubbe 1 Copyrighted by Kendra Susan Weinrich 2020 2 Abstract Situated within the broader context of oral health preceding and proceeding Spanish contact, documentation of oral pathological conditions in Guale individuals from the pre-Spanish mission Fallen Tree site, St. Catherines Island, Georgia, provides a record of oral health during initial Spanish contact. Oral pathological conditions, including dental caries, periodontal disease (PD), antemortem tooth loss (AMTL), and abscesses, reflect the outcome of multifaceted behavioral and biological circumstances and provide insight into individual and community-based oral health trends. This thesis tests the hypotheses that age-at-death, sex, and/or tooth class correlate directly with presence and severity of dental caries, PD, AMTL, and abscesses in Guale individuals (n=56) from Fallen Tree. Situated in the larger context of Guale oral health, this thesis predicts higher rates of oral pathological conditions in the Fallen Tree community and declining oral health during Spanish contact. Results from chi-square analyses revealed significant relationships between: 1) age and all oral pathology; 2) sex and dental caries and PD; and 3) tooth class and dental caries and AMTL. Results from a binomial logit generalized linear model revealed significant relationships between sex and dental caries by tooth (p≤0.05). -
Saturiwa Trail Virtual Ranger Program
SATURIWA TRAIL Talbot Islands State Parks 12157 Heckscher Dr. Discover the Saturiwa Trail by car Jacksonville, FL 32226 Saturiwa Trail with a Park Ranger on your stereo or Telephone: phone! Have a virtual Park Ranger (904) 251-2320 Virtual Ranger alongside you (on CD or stream) while you drive the 4.4 mile Saturiwa Program Trail at your own pace. Discover the endless history of this exciting island while you hear about the natural, cul- tural, and historic environment that surrounds you. To stream, simply scan the QR Code below with your smartphone’s QR reader app and you’ll be taken directly to the virtual ranger webpage. Then click on the MP3 link at each tour stop. Driving time with stops: 2 hours Florida’s state parks are committed to providing equal access to all facilities and programs. Should you need assistance to enable your participation, please contact the ranger station. Large Alternate format Print available upon Talbot Islands State Parks Virtual Ranger Series, Volume 1 - Saturiwa Trail Note to participants: The term “Saturiwa” is pronounced as [sa-chur-EE-wa]. Welcome to Talbot Islands State Parks and the Virtual Ranger Series. This is a driving tour of the 4.4 mile Saturiwa Trail on Fort George Island, Florida. Each stop is marked on the edge of Fort George Road and Palmetto Avenue with a brown sign. If you are using the audio CD, you will hear the music in between each tour stop, which will signal you to stop your CD player and proceed to the next stop. -
Little Talbot Island State Park
Florida State Parks Nature & History Florida Department of Environmental Protection Native Americans were the first humans to Division of Recreation and Parks hunt and fish these barrier islands. In 1562, the French Huguenots arrived and named them the Talbot Islands State Parks Talbot Islands “Timucua.” Over the next 200 years, the French, 12157 Heckscher Drive English and Spanish lived here. In 1735, General Jacksonville, FL 32226 Northeast State Parks (904) 251-2320 James Oglethorpe named the Talbot Islands Florida in honor of Charles Baron Talbot, Lord High FloridaStateParks.org Chancellor of England. In 1845, Florida became the 27th state. An ecological treasure, full of Park Guidelines recreational opportunities With five miles of beach,Little Talbot Island is a • Hours are 8 a.m. until sunset, 365 days a year. great place for observing migratory and resident • Entry fee requirements vary. Additional user fees shorebirds. Boardwalks cross over the swales may apply. and dunes providing access to the beach and • All plants, animals and park property are protecting the various animals (many threatened protected. The collection, destruction or or endangered) and numerous salt tolerant plants disturbance of plants, animals or park property that live here. is prohibited. • Pets are permitted in designated areas only. Pets Big Talbot Island’s maritime hammock exhibits must be kept on a leash no longer than 6 feet majestic live oaks draped in Spanish moss and and well behaved at all times. an understory of saw palmetto. Coastal erosion • Fishing, boating and fires are allowed in has created the park’s famous “boneyard beach,” designated areas only. -
Frontiers of Contact: Bioarchaeology of Spanish Florida
P1: FMN/FZN/FTK/FJQ/LZX P2: FVK/FLF/FJQ/LZX QC: FTK Journal of World Prehistory [jowo] PP169-340413 June 4, 2001 16:36 Style file version Nov. 19th, 1999 Journal of World Prehistory, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2001 Frontiers of Contact: Bioarchaeology of Spanish Florida Clark Spencer Larsen,1,13 Mark C. Griffin,2 Dale L. Hutchinson,3 Vivian E. Noble,4 Lynette Norr,5 Robert F. Pastor,6 Christopher B. Ruff,7 Katherine F. Russell,8 Margaret J. Schoeninger,9 Michael Schultz,10 Scott W. Simpson,11 and Mark F. Teaford12 The arrival of Europeans in the New World had profound and long-lasting results for the native peoples. The record for the impact of this fundamental change in culture, society, and biology of Native Americans is well docu- mented historically. This paper reviews the biological impact of the arrival of Europeans on native populations via the study of pre- and postcontact skeletal remains in Spanish Florida, the region today represented by coastal Georgia and northern Florida. The postcontact skeletal series, mostly drawn 1Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 2Department of Anthropology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California. 3Department of Anthropology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina. 4Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois. 5Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. 6Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, United Kingdom. 7Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland. 8Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts—Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts. -
Teacher's Guide to Florida's
Teacher’s Guide to Florida’s Native People Inquiry Boxes: Museum on the move FLORIDA MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY SW 34th Street & Hull Road on the University of Florida campus, Gainesville, FL Monday – Saturday 10 a.m. – 5 p.m. • Sunday & Holidays 1 p.m. – 5 p.m. (352) 846-2000 ext. 214 • www.flmnh.ufl.edu 2 www.flmnh.ufl.edu © 2002 Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, Florida This Teacher’s Guide is made possible by a grant from the Department of State, Division of Historical Resources, Historical Museums Grants-in-Aid Program Acknowledgments This guide was produced by the Florida Museum of Natural History under the direction of Marilyn M. Roberts, Education Programs Coordinator Graphic Designer . .Pat Klaus Writer and Copy Editor . .Jeanne Chamberlin Writer and Copy Editor . .Darcie MacMahon Copy Editor . .Dr. Betty Dunckel Camp Museum Artist . .Merald Clark Museum Photographers . .Jeff Gage, Tammy Johnson Seminole Photographers . .Ernie Tiger, Elrod Bowers Seminole Graphic Designer . .Melissa Sherman Canoe Race Illustration . .Andrew Works Cover Illustration . .Allen Cheuvront Florida Heritage Education Program, Department of State, Division of Historical Resources In addition, I would like to thank the following people at FLMHH for their contributions to the Museum on the Move: Inquiry Boxes program: Dr. Douglas S. Jones, FLMNH Director Division of Exhibits and Public Programs Kurt Auffenberg • Jeannette Carlisle • Brian Chamberlain Ron Chesser • Lorraine Duerden • Susan Jarzen Dale Johnson • Tom Kyne • Robert Leavy Dr. Bruce J. MacFadden • John Patterson • Erika Simons • Charlene Smith FLMNH Volunteers and Docents Division of Collections and Research Sarah Brix • Richard Franz • Dr. David M. -
French Meeting Timucua in Jacques Le Moyne De Morgues
A Staged Encounter: French Meeting Timucua in Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues FRANK LESTRINGANT The rituals and ceremonials were not the decorative covering of the alliances; they were its sinews. —Richard White, The Middle Ground (1991) In 1591, a quarter of a century after the destruction of the French settlements in Florida by the Spanish adelantado Menéndez de Avilés in autumn of 1565, there appeared in Frankfurt the second volume of Théodore de Bry’s Great Voyages, the Brevis Narratio of Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues.1 It included an extraordinary series of forty-two copper-plates depicting the Timucua Native Americans2 engaged in a variety of everyday activities, both in peacetime and war. The space represented in these engravings is neither neutral nor objective. It is, rather, a “theater,” in the sense the word often held in the sixteenth century—that is, a kind of visualization device, but one with a bias. This compendium of texts and engravings places the iconography face-to-face with the texts it accompanies, and with which it maintains a complex relationship that cannot simply be reduced to an illustrative role. By 1591, however, this representation had already become anachronistic. Reviving colonial activities was no longer possible, since the territories were now occupied by Spain, and the French monarchy had in the meantime been torn apart by the Wars of Religion. If, indeed, such a revival were conceivable within the hierarchy of Europe, it could only be accomplished under the auspices of the Protestant powers, with England and Holland foremost among them. To be sure, De Bry’s editorial endeavor cannot be reduced to a geopolitical stratagem, though it certainly is that on some level.