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Native Peoples of North America

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How do people adapt to where they live? Compare and Contrast Make and label a Two-tab Foldable book before you read this unit. Label the tabs Hunter-Gatherers and Farming Cultures. Use the Foldable to organize information as you read. The Ancetral Puelbo built their =jciZg"<Vi]ZgZgh homes into the sides of cliffs at Mesa Verde. ;Vgb^c\8jaijgZh For more about Unit 1 go to www.macmillanmh.com Native Peoples OF North America 17 Maya Artifact Navajo Woman Central America Southwest Maya cities arise in Navajo settle in 250 Mexico and Guatemala 1200 the Southwest ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 200 400 600 800 In about A.D. 250, Maya cities arose in the rain The Navajo people settled in the Southwest forests of Mexico and Central America . in about A.D. 1200. Today you can visit ruins of ancient Maya cities Today the Navajo follow many of their such as Tikal and Chichén Itzá. traditional customs. 18 Unit 1 For more about People, Places, and Events, visit www.macmillanmh.com Mississippian Artifact Iroquois Chief Mississippi River Valley Northeast Cahokia is abandoned Iroquois Confederacy 1300 1451 adopts early constitution ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 1000 1200 1400 1600 Cahokia , a large city built by Mississippian In 1451 the five nations of the Iroquois Mound Builders , was deserted by about Confederacy adopted the “ Great Law of 1300. Peace,” an early constitution. Today you can see Cahokia’s largest mounds at Today many members of the Confederacy live a park near Collinsville, Illinois. in New York. 19 Lesson 1 Settling the VOCABULARY archaeologist p. 21 glacier p. 21 civilization p. 22 Americas irrigation p. 24 adobe p. 24 READING SKILL Compare and Contrast Copy the chart below. As you read, fill it in with facts about the Ancestral Pueblo and the people of Cahokia. DifferentAlike Different Hunter-gatherers attack an Illinois Learning Standards Ice Age mastodon. 15.D.2b, 16.B.2a (W), 16.C.2a (W), 16.C.2b (W), 17.C.2b, 17.C.2c, 17.D.2a, 18.C.2 Essential How did early people adapt to life in North America? Question A Hunter-gatherers B The Olmec and C The Hohokam, D The people of followed animals Maya developed Ancestral Pueblo, Cahokia built a into North America by farming in Mexico and and Mound Builders large agricultural society land and water. Central America. settled in North America. in North America. 20 Native Americans Lesson 2 VOCABULARY of totem pole p. 30 The West potlatch p. 31 READING SKILL Compare and Contrast Whales were important to Copy the chart below. As Native American economies you read, use it to compare in the West. and contrast the Inuit and Tlingit. DifferentAlike Different Illinois Learning Standards 17.B.2a, 17.B.2b, 17.B.2c, 17.C.2a, 17.C.2b, 17.C.2c, 17.D.2a, 18.C.2 Essential How did the environments of the West affect the lives of Native Americans? Question A The Inuit hunted B The Tlingit used whales to use for nearby forests to food, tools, weapons, make canoes, totem and cooking oil. poles, and masks. 28 How do people adapt to where they live? Compare and Contrast Make and label a Two-tab Foldable book before you read this unit. Label the tabs Hunter-Gatherers and Farming Cultures. Use the Foldable to organize information as you read. The Ancetral Puelbo built their =jciZg"<Vi]ZgZgh homes into the sides of cliffs at Mesa Verde. ;Vgb^c\8jaijgZh For more about Unit 1 go to www.macmillanmh.com Native Peoples OF North America 17 Maya Artifact Navajo Woman Central America Southwest Maya cities arise in Navajo settle in 250 Mexico and Guatemala 1200 the Southwest ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 200 400 600 800 In about A.D. 250, Maya cities arose in the rain The Navajo people settled in the Southwest forests of Mexico and Central America . in about A.D. 1200. Today you can visit ruins of ancient Maya cities Today the Navajo follow many of their such as Tikal and Chichén Itzá. traditional customs. 18 Unit 1 Lesson 1 Settling the VOCABULARY archaeologist p. 21 glacier p. 21 civilization p. 22 Americas irrigation p. 24 adobe p. 24 READING SKILL Compare and Contrast Copy the chart below. As you read, fill it in with facts about the Ancestral Pueblo and the people of Cahokia. DifferentAlike Different Hunter-gatherers attack an Illinois Learning Standards Ice Age mastodon. 15.D.2b, 16.B.2a (W), 16.C.2a (W), 16.C.2b (W), 17.C.2b, 17.C.2c, 17.D.2a, 18.C.2 Essential How did early people adapt to life in North America? Question A Hunter-gatherers B The Olmec and C The Hohokam, D The people of followed animals Maya developed Ancestral Pueblo, Cahokia built a into North America by farming in Mexico and and Mound Builders large agricultural society land and water. Central America. settled in North America. in North America. 20 A THE FIRST HUNTER-GATHERERS Suppose you had to travel a long distance thousands of years ago and you could only paddle along a coastline or walk across land. What plants and animals might you eat along the way? There were no supermarkets, so you would have to find your own food. The first Native Americans followed Many archaeologists believe the animals that supplied their food and first people to arrive in North America clothing. When animals moved, people crossed the land bridge from Asia and moved after them. In some regions a followed a water route along the Pacific. hunting trip could take days, so people ate Archaeologists have found remains that a lot of plants. They gathered wild berries, show people may have reached the tip of mushrooms, and grasses. That’s why we South America. Other hunter-gatherers call them hunter-gatherers. arrived in North America from Asia about 12,000 years ago. Archaeologists believe Archaeologists are people who study these early humans settled across the the tools, bones, and remains of ancient Americas. people. Some archaeologists think that hunter-gatherers first reached North America from Asia between 15,000 and QUICK C HECK 30,000 years ago. No one can say for Compare and Contrast How were the lives sure when the first people arrived in the of hunter-gatherers different from the lives of Americas. people today? Coastal and Land Routes ↓ Archaeologists study remains at a settlement of early During the Ice Age, water people in South America. froze into thick sheets of slow- moving ice called glaciers . Glaciers held so much water that ocean levels dropped and land appeared in some places. Over time, a land bridge appeared that joined Asia and the Americas. We call this the Beringia Land Bridge. 21 B EARLY PEOPLES OF MEXICO About 10,000 B.C. the last Ice Age ended to specialize. They became traders, builders, and Earth’s climate grew warmer. Ice Age or potters, for example. Over time, large mammals, such as mammoths and mastodons, specialized societies developed and became could not survive in warmer weather. Humans civilizations —populations that shared systems had to start growing food when they could not of trade, art, religion, and science. hunt or gather enough to survive. The Olmec No one knows how farming first started. In about 1200 B.C., the Olmec civilization We do know that in the Americas it started in developed in the steamy rain forests of Mexico. By about 7000 B.C., people in Mexico southern Mexico. Olmec culture spread and Central America were raising three crops: along trade routes across Mexico and Central maize (also called corn), beans, and squash. America. One of the wealthiest centers of As in the Fertile Crescent of Asia, farmers in the Olmec was La Venta, which produced the Americas produced surpluses—more food rubber, tar, and salt. La Venta had a large than they needed. This left some people free ↓ This Maya pyramid, the Temple of Five Stories, is located in Mexico. 22 Lesson 1 fishing industry. Its people were the first to The Maya were talented artists and builders. make food from a wild bean known as cacao — Workers built stone pyramids and temples to chocolate. Today the Olmec culture is famous honor their hundreds of gods. These buildings for enormous stone head carvings found in can still be seen today. The Maya also built Mexico. The Olmec also developed a calendar stone palaces, roads, and ball courts. Maya and were likely the first American people to cities such as Chichén Itzá, Tikal, and Copán understand the concept of zero. had populations of several thousand people. The Maya Over time, the population outgrew the food supply. People moved out of the cities In about 2600 B.C., the Maya arose in the in search of food. The Maya civilization lost same region as the Olmec. Both groups settled power by A.D. 900, but the people did not in southeastern Mexico and Central America. disappear. Today more than 6 million Maya From about A.D. 250 to 900, the Maya became live in Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala. a powerful civilization. Like the Olmec, the Maya had scientists who created calendars and studied the stars. The Maya also developed a QUICK C HECK system of mathematics and a form of writing Compare and Contrast How were the Olmec and called hieroglyphs. Maya alike? Chichén Itzá Gulf of Tulum S Mexico YUCATAN IE R R PENINSULA O A R IE M N A T D A R La Venta N L E Palenque Tikal W E SIERRA MADRE DEL SUR S Copán ↑ Olmec artifact PACI FIC OCEAN Olmec lands, 1200 B.C.– 300 B.C.
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