Published by Maney Publishing (c) The School of Humanities and Society Sciences, University of New South Wales up Their British Thailand, propaganda National During © WAR objective. were the of its the Indian the Arakan, formance part, have combat with ing could formed Russia. supported certain Army A tle the tally Chandar The The For the invasion record to Independent INA-its end proportion Japanese Paper & University political its been this the three-quarters SOCIETY, INA task December Indian achieve 1 Independent imperial armies performance it of the political the In Japanese Army imbalance as They whose existed of and December was ignored the in the Second Imphal, of recruitment, of the a tool Army Volume nature New Army's fighting served Malaya, independence of of S. Asian to Tiger: had Russian (INA). INA Battle, rule, 1941, League avowed and to for national the South suborn the by 13, Sundaram deployed use W also and in in of of in League, little 1941-a scholarly Number theatre, strategic in by Wales historians. or and Imperial invasion For force. the Independent northeastern order its the against ld it, captured and the Liberation organisation aim violent the more aim, liberation. three the 1995 when War the The way 1 Irrawaddy I (May 1944-1945 IGHQ loyalty in was to mere an from Japan shall Japanese writing significance. INA it the than of the shed campaigns the General to Indian 1995) This means, the is the about Malaya was 35 Singapore, three was Great seek Allies. understandable Indian defence Axis India Army formed League three of Japanese In light attainment and, article about established crossings. the an extremist the the 3500 to weeks if Headquarters powers Britain. and years. was However, perhaps on do instrument necessary.3 in roughly 2 in of European INA operatives an attempts Yet, the Indian which Malaya this the its Burma Twenty-fifth which a into alliance was INA National of It spectacular the fight formed Given issue organisation by in was most India's that 45,000 the troops.6 it has to the never military examining was in and to theatre, by was Contact the against accompanied the of campaign-they 1944 with the (IGHQ) months been rectify, importantly, the which alliances their Singapore. the freedom Indian brainchild involved: Indians Army mOTe overwhelm- During success. fundamen- and the concerned aspects INA's Germany based between ultimate Stalinist in and the leading Indians Indian 1945- than troops began small from with who per- bat- this 5 the the it. By its of in of a 4 Published by Maney Publishing (c) The School of Humanities and Society Sciences, University of New South Wales Japanese Japanese Fujiwara in-Chief clashes be Japanese, control, nationalist ation Independence approval ries, delegates the predicted British ment, hands concerning ity.9 on 40 erate. should over cause comrades Others means sons. them Two name ployment Mohan the time, 36 the the cussed However, Because Singapore ,000 missions the Indians, INA Japanese campaign. Pervading to days l1 including to movement-in-exile. Some the 'Indian shock, they of Indian commanders by of try At political were between the Singh, to as join. in (C-in-C) areas. the liaison representing with idea and contributing the or from Major a its later of organisation conferences to thought the Indian April friction fell captive Giani were to superior The betrayal Japanese. coerced military National the devise government INA POWs some League an a of the stunning It The Fujiwara all to the the confidence Iwaichi Mohan organisation response Indian was 1942. officer, forming Indian had fired Pritam of the side Indo-Burmese these soon founders had audience they to of a Indian IN the Indian wing. into and Japanese political Giani (IlL), Army' an ensure these in A, to Though the This and within by agreed Fujiwara, Singh-who defeat Prisoners-of-War developed motives Army and would INA, Singh Tokyo This essentially Colonel the formed disgust joining, was an Indian and nationalism, as that surrender National was Pritam officers. men of was of Mohan extinction the Indian this with India. is of structure the overwhelming: a officer Twenty-fifth the the to of about bordered receive (March combined evident competent victory frontier, was proposed hoped all communities the at structure join. the Hideo Indian or just IlL Indians as the- 12 Singh the political Quite Singh Liberation had Indians IGHQ simply Independent The 45,000 to Congress, a conceived captured a They such preferential rank definite within of result all and 1942) over the that from on troops been Iwakuro, where INA who (pows) the officer a by announced with too was staff residing Army appropriate the Indian large did seized they followed aim, the of a in was and Mohan of by the British appointed which apparent in first in arrogant. called, Army structure. sense general-and had of feelings officer they so Japanese policy the which mid-April assigned Japanese-held in would it proportion the fact placed Bangkok on League, it pows, for who upon treatment advocated was just such as in newly WAR could Singh. the 15 Empire opening of that began the the was a with and a Southeast was British lO failure February suffered inevitable of variety bewilderment be nationalliber- under had INA and Commander- that the formation a to lead and & The they designed disappoint- easily 7 personality (June 1942 dispatched conquered many force. liaise SOCIETY joined the to could implored in INA replaced they from phase the the Captain of author- of the be Indian territo- sought of India. nearly at main 1942) cross 1942. their Asia their staff with as new The had em- rea- IlL's that dis- op- the the be- of to of a 8 Published by Maney Publishing (c) The School of Humanities and Society Sciences, University of New South Wales Japanese Japanese by would However, he sympathetic Sundaram: Then, as In Field in consisted IGHQ substantial only entirely ganising appointments with his when Division, President, disagreements tegrity infringement Burmese rated the stead sidered Rash had issued Singh. already schooL and full (Gandhi, Upon The IGHQ Between three addition, the September, estimated reliability INA support him insisted this 60,000 agreed Force Behari in steadily. of 1st a 'Bahadur' 16 be Before a chose and his irked Division, key guerilla of November Allied alone. fighting too the directive had propaganda, frontier, order Division, INA of Nehru unwilling under as September dubious return Indian size. Group its a men. 14,000 officer attitude INA to of Bose that ambitious. to accomplished as of by not further that be this 19 in behind IGHQ status the Rash between s.tocks, the is C-in-C, regiments, the Group, in But Mohan 14 a instructions supplied and to but National all without from to not to dissolving bad two formation which men order earnest. on proper INA The 1942, fighting INA's the to towards recognise who refused the Behari ascertain 3000 these as surprising, Azad); and. and the captured him, state allow the divisions INA. under was the death sheer Singh's an The INA's Mohan could Iwakura was autonomy, joined Army first were INA so, role with Bangkok December each With their arms Intelligence allied of Iwakuro Bose, Accordingly, unveiled quality of the the Mohan reason from the the after arms. economy patterned in disrepair. staff consulting very whether of the a deployed be in arms in non-pliant named the conquest INA-the INA. the Singh had single when the INA. of the remaining Iwakuro army. ordered Battle February protracted carried dissolution IGHQ, defected existence Conference, manpower Nine 15,000 because INA Japanese both INA. for Singh's been lacked that 13 1942, formally That one 17 and after INA it Group, of after This, pledge this Iwakuro Mohan in on thousand could of 18 were in personnel certain attitude, out, stored theIr Matters ordered men Division. considers INA-IGHQ 1942, various all Rash Malaya an to 21 Fujiwara's 5000 terms repeated they negotiations, a rejection was in fashion-to of the INA resources and on December Indian however, British in be Mohan their effort each Singh. turn, were improperly the INA Behari formed rejected had good of 1 British. finally of re-constituted.2~ men personnel now the the ancillary and 1s September of immense that INA, allegiance its could units relations nationalist led infantry requests now meant surrendered, which is officers' arrest This Singh diplomacy working were Singapore began operational at Bose, Mohan 1942, came Mohan obvious. the IGHQ to and Iwakuro this grow his to used be was units, increasing and employed that began of the complied they 1 disposal, to as value deputed brigade. with the formed. to training st deterio- that and 1942. to Mohan to to a leader order. doubt Singh Indo- Singh being were, a Hind IGHQ clear with him, such con- arm and IlL'S and any The boil The IlL, or- the 37 in- 1st in- to It Published by Maney Publishing (c) The School of Humanities and Society Sciences, University of New South Wales To 2nd while Only and Arrangements \-vas ments, lapse of moderately, ion ment the of mostly in tion and Japanese dent imacy proclaimed IlL, vitalised sibility legion Having Singapore engaging soldiers (PGFI). British. secretly Congress phasis was of creasingly the considerable any 38 the Upon Bose the these the train recruitment greatly INA on forefront IlL Division value, the now to of just of the to of the PGFI to He Congress was also re-constituting leadership include less Southeast of on on military arriving grew He always these Indian the 6th, to captured such were the the 1st Government called waging 3rd hoped in leadership, recruiting the at Bose were expanding identical as Germany Nehru completely also first in to position IlL armed 7th, Division odds standing of was Division to civilians, propaganda a winning Tamils, were October about the civilians. and believed the leader. had moderately for affairs, to in about in that organised INA, and Asia. war they to with Brigade, by Singapore 1st 1938, the Indian the the struggle made been to Indian be of the 15,000, in Rash most 8th against its was the the in 24 and was was 40,000. that numerous of realised An reorganised INA. the he Indians total INA. of 1943 of 1940. This in institution Indian The Bose scope trying the Infantry INA, to independence National was Wehnnacht or Indian to 2nd mixed Behari non-violent, to of a notably also were the successful. POWs He around mobilisation form Whereas against the form recruiting be in total the othervyise, be the labouring There While broke only conversant Infantry and Free in effected that, nationalist June eager to composed composed Provisional to British INA: training for Indian Southeast nationalist Bose three of mobilisation reach Regiments of Gandhi. form Congress functions. and 9000 25,000 India. with if he the the the national 1943, the to to in Mohan When, the had non-cooperation drives began a INA Regiments, in expanded classes secure Indian INA, they see Raj. Southeast had by POW 1st North complete PGFI of centres that with IlL India Subhas Legion, circles. Indian 21 entirely entirely canvassed Asia divisions. militant this the Division. politician Government 23 However, Bose since expressed After and in would socialism, and formed would mounted body broadcasting Singh India's Ever manifested theories pow Africa. the of seemed civilian happen. vis-a.-vis were Subhas the civilians Bose extended civilian the the composed reorganisation Burma Asia, of serving and of aftermath the the element require action lend had INA WAR Indian The The the Indian Indian independence formed. 1920s, INA. who immediately The since under interest,25 Nehru Bose following strategies of more Indian politician, where Together the Chandra political 3rd were of concentrated 2nd guerilla composition, and modern joined. itself & as A had put INA aim against a Free civilians. Japanese. Bose's journeyed grew POW the pows; SOCIETY of realistic. of keen 27 President Division. leader the Division Brigade; Malaya. popula- the to recruit- him been the chiefly Indian of fall of Now, of opin- India Most aegis be year. legit- regi- Bose Bose with only war, pos- stu- em- this col- the the the the re- by in- of of of in 26 22 Published by Maney Publishing (c) The School of Humanities and Society Sciences, University of New South Wales Sundaram: INDIA : .... o o r---l I Indian INDIA Dimapur. 200 500 miles Imphal. INDIAN 1 National kilometres • Haka Bay Seikpyu Nyaungu Army of Pagan OCEAN Bengal " in ', ... ..••. { Kyaukpadaung "'"" Battle ~ • MI Legyi Myingyan Papa ~ ~ •.... THE INA SECTOR Arrows BURMA INA 1944 o 6 ':====:;- indicate IN -1945 INA BATTLE 5'0 moves CHINA 100 miles ..... 1 kilometres 39 Published by Maney Publishing (c) The School of Humanities and Society Sciences, University of New South Wales Japanese 40 informed gions then deployment Southern with frontline meaningless spearhead ties on offensive tem,'and Moreover, once the garding ion not conform campaign, blow foreign role opinion, would troops roles, sons, qualms This with performance the forthcoming It were ascertain Bose officially While Terauchi But In was Delhi'. INA. way be of there view in in unit Terauchi Field Bose Brigade'. the selected to been of thus the able the the immediately of empire. the in the northeastern agreed would Terauchi the to operations. the since designated defensive its Army INA's provided Terauchi, that of was INA. the persisted leaving since was changing planning Bose forefront roles to Marshal expansion this shattered British would fighting fighting if the of Japanese Indian of withstand for could Indians Indian suggested it established The be Terauchi's unenthusiastic the general pattern, This command, a the fact proposed was that in service held single open the Empire INA a a the best sphere in Indian not paws stages. threaten of Indeed, that be Count ability sides abilities. meant, 1st Japanese fair golden India, and offensive. 'real' Army, one themselves as his that the for in forthcoming staff, won Terauchi Guerilla troops the INA be with that to the a demand reservations training the were at Japanese the in the paws fighting to in in INA the The in assume of result Hisaichi rigours therefore, sufficiently opportunity he regiment, Japanese INA's over the the the upon India. If order include order September Japanese the regarding victory the frontline confidence deployment from object did this This little regiment had INA formation Regiment, opportune felt did Bose Indian to that of operational of to that not coming to to Finally, of regiment offensive. Japanese was the be been Terauchi, the t~e that more not the of over being the destroy secure a security.28 that the stemmed Brigade. Bose deployment conceal offensive used the Japanese-style this INA the three INA, for Japanese to reliable paws participate 1943. Imphal the of INA trained would the they INA's than be of it a into of moment. deployment offensive. authorised, were the these defeated in a performed compromise INA's came thereby British be He offensive British a future done other all firm who from Although C-in-C support The would new INA To from mercenaries contact training allotted into Plain in under predicted in be Army.3D men, the fighting to of Bose, commitment as brigade in formed progress, to Bose guerilla offensive WAR was guerilla in frontline was India, For deployed other be a striking INA in an campaign. it. have begin of and and having basic India because, in the its 29 of an with known regime experiment however, this the his to all the was to & divisions consultation INA duties men INA operational that Arakan intelligence British was which the rest lit~le extend SOCIETY these its regiments low serving regiment. doubt would Bose Japanese Malayan unit capabili- the reached. a already units units. duties. core 'march Indian would would mortal organ- in as on to In as or opin- well, INA, met was rea- sys- was this 'the the the the the his re- re- no he be 31 in of in to a Published by Maney Publishing (c) The School of Humanities and Society Sciences, University of New South Wales Japanese Japanese Valley be battalion, was which Falam Area of with field Katakura, roles sector. Falam, of the with clear Burma he Range, Once advancing 55th ployment travelled a reinforce in thrust of Imphal India. practice. Brigade toons, vided ised Sundaram: GO staff, On Between In wide the Buthidaung. critical the set was split commander January there Japanese along deployment INA detachments that 27 the Army this allotted Arakan up This was area into had and Both was British in and Area the flanking front, 32 into January had officers. Bose forces the forces the to the British was were and evidence importance Chief mid-November the to secondary Indian the was five each to was annihilate northwards Bose did Rangoon 1944 Army two. INA's a Bose Chin occur. and occupied guard Divisions, Brigade forces completed, the lines headquarters that task The a made. were companies. which to of manCEuvre, platoon not of 1944 and positions Reluctantly, of quiet National IGHQ The operation Brigade forward of proceed IN Hills, Staff commander, command the of of the 2nd More of against view A 55th from then Shah 5th operation. Bose where isolating comprised the for At 1st a were support and authorised were Bose Bose of and Japanese to south to into Indian this Japanese importantly, Army the Battalion 1943 the was to spearhead this Nawaz headquarters. the the on which along and off-balance, Each Taung HA-GO a to originating Brigade. staff, 3rd overrun the Brigade, Kawabe so three offensive British time Japanese. the of of not Burma Imphal bear as and sector British Lieutenant-Colonel in General Division It minimal, Battalions final Tiddim. all three company two HA-GO army a Khan Battle Imphal which was to implementation on too, Division early Bazaar, sections. was major the frontline be outflanking role In 7th for agreed main the Area preparations met HA-GO battalions, designed forces front, was so Bose brigade. deployed the brunt expressed to Their to was Masakasu In 35 January 33rd in conformed Indian for Arakan that front. and threat. Lieutenant-General the operate were was a offensive Army, the Neither axes: to well in Each arrived series to entrusted, the where in was Japanese INA of they proceed presence east the Muangdaw only this. divided the to Division Apart Accordingly, to manCEuvre, the INA operation 1944, in behind each front. Similarly, some to battalion units to Kaladan distract of of would deploy in Kawabe, of 34 for of Shah units Tiddim-Fort the with in fighting. keep in that the finalise meetings the close these Buthidaung, of the across from Division, its Rangoon were Of dismay support in should main brigade into which Nawaz from smaller offensive British Indian Bose not British frontline Bose the at the the sector. U-GO Valley, conjunction of sectors regimental the he but the to Haka three the be Nowhere Japanese 28th attention the two, the Kaladan with Tadashi desired. that made Brigade execute was remain Haka- part able Burma would battle- of where on White than Khan, Army forces Mayu 33 lines. Bose rear. into was east pla- and and and HA- the de- the the the di- 41 to of it a Published by Maney Publishing (c) The School of Humanities and Society Sciences, University of New South Wales January best matter mate Despite Moreover, While V-GO 42 That Rangoon. Malik. Intelligence arrived rail February manded India to gency and ward themselves. and-file motor were only But, troop Intelligence Muangdaw-Buthidaung general In L.N. Special sance mately operation the assist successful. cure significant Bose's However, The obtain January INA'S networks a as Burma transport five Misra, distinction a hard of headquarters the were flannel logistical movements. rations in battalion transport HA-GO In of month 310 in Service being of the hopes reconnaissance Rangoon, limited trucks by 1944 INA. 1944-the There September HA-GO, the emergency Intelligence the to role these 37 By men-was 1944 dealt Chin was these Group Area Group Major come The shirt was Kaladan was aware Bose For and the and later, for Malik that Group. arrangements for went were units of engaged approximately amounts trucks Hills Intelligence a Bose Army 40 were abhorrent set most time the for by. Bose supplies could constant the Brigade had 55th further had P.S. the day Bose that, Also of to to 350 rations. Bose each were was Valley Matters in and transport Group Brigade Company Bose not Bose were of been begin that the the and could Raturi, Japanese HA-GO not the men sector; in duties from in had their active Brigade. INA blow the ordered had themselves the propaganda essential task to military Shah the allied year, Brigade Kaladan procure Brigade established only not Group's a Despite of serving and no Japanese were offer various Arakan soldier. also began. journey first week to 50 months only of of by the the in in 'A' N on time in it transport Division. men air rations, 36 Bahadur collecting awaz found not the INA the amounted was the late to espionage Bose to of moved warm remainder later, the would Valley, left activities in the attacks A civilian Bose tended to overworked, the this to best helped deploy combat of fact and of troops March. it, Arakan. in transferred combination Khan front negotiate the Rangoon Brigade fact itself February on this ammunition brigade. divided clothing June their unit, made intelligence that condition, out In Special spearhead attached information 4 front, meant to sources. that by to group tried February, and were doctrine, was to both short 40 of 39 for 1943 rations be commanded its a some the see were his into the of They raiding In a thin for therefore, quite deployment, for and and strenuously 1st the from stepped Service these of WAR that more fact under were frontline of 38 to his preparation force-approxi- the notion and and two headway the Battalion, warm detachments the and far cotton March, Bose thus poor INA's the were and cold, that about Singapore 1st brigade. men & sectors, performing on central spare invasion equipment. from companies. front Major equipment reconnais- Unit. SOCIETY up. operation could managed the by Battalion road Japanese clothing. of Bahadur not the INA service. blanket the British to in Major it On emer- in ideal. rank- parts com- on east- very pro- S.A. The had The and for- and the not cli- the the for 22 to of of 4 Published by Maney Publishing (c) The School of Humanities and Society Sciences, University of New South Wales 4 joined of ern Sundaram: 400 Taung These formed Bazaar ing mule-cart lotted assembled proaches Indian have this to Intelligence these enemy grew cover and along column, screen pany company these facilitate equipment erations opened stances troops, daily to front. area entrusted By By The On February. the contribute act to part INA sector a southwest the nightfall 44 been 10 raiding also but, raiding Japanese thickly carts of this cause raiding to as few by for Bazaar troops convoys were such Road themselves fire personnel February of along last darkness in independent the a to a for was received to the because road, could of the Indian at grenades-would was forward had detachment on Its conjunction Group confusion Taung battalion week as the rare; to parties greater its parties Khabaw, in on parties-consisting advancing they on from with Muangdaw-Buthidaung INA task given outflanking of a the unenviable. to and equipment that the not Bahadur either platoon National 6 Taung more and Misra's deployed of raiding be Japanese and of a encountered into was Bazaar, 30-40 February the outpost, would develop vicinity to specified constituted value. used light March the drawn communications. among to conceal suborn south 110 of raiding often southwest. to side. with Japanese Bazaar transport of light INA Army unit 50 company form parties the arms 45 drive men try but, were It 5th offensive. in 1944, Japanese their Their of than watching by They the detachments of troops, move Kubo had number road themselves to any weaponry that the parties small in because Gwalior the were where of Kaladan. with a towards the enemy.41 win of induced that 43 column. raid Battle not, sustained 1st no the its forward attempts Indian would was 10-15 and, Briasco was to Force. men. had By them largely signals, raiding rations. Battalion limited were On INA troops, of Indian to into they a any road. Only of attached Rifles mid-February joined section if hand harass Taung reached men allotted average Here to in troops 48 Field In the It then over of sustained Indian trying sectors dug British Bridge. to effort The join the was one unsuccessful. Misra's terms parties bicycles troops this Each ammunition. the shortage armed grenades, guarding suborn of it by to Force. British Bazaar, attempt in. tall of state three-ton the they also to the was Japanese to there the force to on the troops of No.3 platoon offensive Their the of win The 1st of elephant that them, company INA. attacks Muangdaw-Bawli the the with Bose charged or INA. might the to Thus equipment, of the communications of 1944 were proceeded road which Battalion the them 46 motorcycles but to part INA undertake would Arakan main 1st Section 42 were pack loyalty rifles, Indian truck Some Brigade INA But was outflanking Every disrupt unified eastern there that these encounter. two Battalion's under personnel moves grass of over. began with was task animals, present, such units act given the pistols, was Indian would battle- forays of Army in of were com- were to each 47 part was that as had and try- INA the the op- ap- the the the 43 on in- on an al- to in a a Published by Maney Publishing (c) The School of Humanities and Society Sciences, University of New South Wales pushing Muangdaw-Buthidaung Mi British XV Force. were Upon Bahadur 44 because Captain 31 Kaladan had this Apri1. move commanding outflanking saults cious the into tions required-immediately Kaladan. But melee, where April that Battalion, casualties-17 attacked able which ammunition some detachment resulted southernmost While The At In March, Chaung, Corps Khabaw brigade the order two: 8 the to Mal in use to 50 52 a pm receipt of operational the casualties the they extricate went forces Preparatory British the the mixed the task the in launch River. Suraj 55th unit two The of had INA on Bose had INA bulk to the two Kaladan Japanese Battalion attackers was movement five engaged east air stocks, and 1 of secure in Japanese of of was Bahadur XV in of withdrawal wounded company been attacked April, Mal had It force positions Brigade supply probing, his of its attacks the platoons at a miles these of the was British Kaladan inflicted detachment to its five plan the force 11 a mounted to able Bahadur the Valley, Mal Arakan two carry of back. had greater the had also pickets. this strength north pm, unit Division. Kaladan and companies before by infiltrated RAF on the Muangdaw-Buthidaung managed front and to of with in Corps, decided companies same run been of to 51 move, of at the out area, British stand the was on made a returning 1st Hurricane day of establish the had number 13 1st unit's had a out southerly Kaladan, an This minimal of Japanese, a Kaladan. 'administrative British readying both to moonlight dead. River, Battalion, to East ordered Indeed, general while 11 6th attack, Battalion, before. their taken of partially been to were a some the positions distribute th attack, report, ammunition. village of West try 55 Africans. East sides. of to pickets by Kalapanzin ground Divisional casualties. 1st moving the and The to the for direction, machine-guns, Khabaw once Lieutenant-Gener'al by This reconnaissance headway inflicting In itself 81st the which African African Battalion, occupy to the Bose raid remaining instance. mid-March Vengeance Bose six same initiative, the Undeterred, in these end surround in attack more. West 53 battalion for against box' apace. miles cooperation this on ensuing lasted Brigade 54 at sector day, To Brigade of defensive Brigade Scout Defence the action, grenades On but River, a strategy, 49 African 10 approximately Bose area. March. was The his north WAR British Through west and three a the am the only the fighter-bombers it and, then Battalion was from credit, company of repulsed, second Brigade was hand-to-hand At events was had beginning on sustained morning attacked despite British were British Detachment & bank of Attached positions 30 Division with companies 7.30 Christison, when only to the divisional 30 collapsed, SOCIETY any clear Kaladan, occupied minutes, the that Mal split March. slowly British attack, on am of which under when force. Kubo of posi- close judi- with they that low was of the the the the up as- on 1st 30 to in in to 2 Published by Maney Publishing (c) The School of Humanities and Society Sciences, University of New South Wales brought small both it. Sundaram: would INA not tactic that these forces fantry during desire attacked trench-mortars, of surmised since Daletme capture Battalion flying and wished Battalion, the Regiment. ture resistance. Paletwa force repulsed my's sky. ties ing supplies, skirmish, 1944, INA The The From In 56 7/16th since possess harrying reached PGFI mid-April the of we Regardless sides morale. facing units sections Bose INA the may attack INA over they to section, press the these Daletme, British them enemy and these shall by had tricolour with compasses create that which was thrust enemy Bose 60 the harrying The have first Punjab of proclaimed: Indian were the encountered. the a them on their home Daletme two parties yielded Predictably, company the to a Punjab would heavy continue to getting Arakan 1944, stocks 1st Brigade. were week would Mowdok requisite considerable all noise, onto had of included also do. India bear had villages, National was Kaladan designated Battalion, of on theIr Regiment the parties. were got 1st loss was In despatched of fire which active Indian little as were detachment withdrawn on very Indian heavily they be was mountains'.61 loss April instead 'Our a Battalion, In the the attack, lost Usually of discipline randomly the was mitigated thus Special in Army acting on 'atta' in fact, 57 River a life. taken, short would on unit of Raturi Bose march soil in short concentration long-awaited scant INA the these 1944, These soil objectives, launched opposed outnumbered night's fooled the the in 58 this of and in advanced, was as way in attacking Brigade to company, of Order the Bose but a to supply appealed Battle trackless badly nine east withdrew, lose British to occasions, and until by a was mere support vital cause parties, 'ghee', also Mowdok, flank-guard into hope of protective mount only the bank Brigade miles their Raturi's on create what of supplies needed. dawn necessitated the supplies. played section. and, thinking divisional confusion fact of march but the under of after the .303 jungle. they and strongly of never of cohesion. supplies such away. National at Subhas leaving the a night when the that the Day, would just Kubo advanced ammunition, least 63 lot overcoming force. retreated cover, a succeeded for Whatever to the for INA taking a minor Kaladan This stronger Raturi that of the The inside manceuvre. Delhi troops of issued these the damaging the among cover Chandra by to Force. might noise, a attacks be A 3 Tricolour INA After the was they idea fair the the INA. May Japanese role of few lightening northward had northwards. has harrying India, encountered of INA Paletwa sections River. in in success not than be in fact quantity The were men stiff of the Moreover, in a and times, 1944. would darkness, repulsing begun hoped February Bose the there. planting the see-saw the sections surpris- In that enemy British British Raturi flag an of being Here, a 112th hope their ene- cap- Part par- this and had did few the 62 the 45 in- 1st 1st on be 59 ... to of is Published by Maney Publishing (c) The School of Humanities and Society Sciences, University of New South Wales Japanese 46 Japanese been Brigade withdraw health the pany rived River. retreat Lieutenant-Colonel and disease, course actions combination at nearer them-Major and units. to would] men tiate April, timate and among Shah pany Headquarters end rations Haka-Port six against at two redeployed Meanwhile, At Having By be, Mowdok Haka occasional companies repairing; weeks 3rd also mid-May the under a only 68 of occupied 65 of for Nawaz's in wrote and insult, the fighting of the to was All possible against ... and The withdrew. Battalions, 3rd April beginning and the Regiment they aware taken withdrawal the the two to main form morale. demonstrates first Shah of White in under its orderly. to battalion Battalion of Chin Rangoon. Falam driving the front. Arakan Raturi a were desertions. repairing this 1944, encounter Mowdok a Bose battle of role Bose troops factors-the stock force British promise supply the that allied fighting Nawaz' main 64 3rd road; Hills came Captain in Shah Although was of This allotted spearhead explaining for respectively, two decided casualties It bullock-carts the managed offensive of campaign, was from September to reached was Battalion, strength airborne Mowdok forces base was 2nd bridges; not from was the companies 66 sector the the as that Nawaz enter command with role. vicious to Mal, deployed a tasks the faring extent and monsoon, rations punctuated of other not the May to rude underfed advancing British That cooperate Indian of the numbered operations Kaladan. Rangoon in of attacks Arakan, move extinguishing Khan, to to it 3rd an INA was two of carrying the monsoon 1944, the late to situation, carrying of well. had four shock guard 'were of easy securing and a secure September Battalions Japanese advance forces Bose patrols-whittled in territory'.67 very abandoned were 2nd the the March set lost in in and The were the the However, task, by in Bose of with to roughly southwards the in bulk up the accordance out scarcity Battalion, menial Brigade, rations one-third rains mid-December. put the in from and general suffering Kalemyo Shah several the 2nd this his tricolour for into jungle region. 1944. engaged reluctance. guerilla Brigade the the of of conviction 1944. to sector. imploring However, headquarters and the agreement would as nature: a Nawaz Bose his Burma Chin India, of he to work consisting hundred. Japanese Their tactical spirited Bose 1st fires; main During food, WAR frontline 3rd of Of left force Valley, from with along raids. flag. The was Brigade. in away Hills Battalion, its soon or, the widening road-building Battalions one Brigade who, and, commander, supply that transporting Area him & this disease men officers southward, malaria, the During Mal's situation- ordered at took this the remaining rearguard There SOCIETY One would the of III/214th guarding company Japanese be at as least, to ... was general in its due By Sangu time Army Haka. an unit's nego- upon a point [they com- were com- Bose mid- 2nd and and had full not the the the ar- ul- its be be to to a Published by Maney Publishing (c) The School of Humanities and Society Sciences, University of New South Wales malaria. April. merely ing pecially had was was To British General Imphal Delhi', close their companies tor. dysentery-had force this Imphal, Bose soldiers ried positions. tioned field of and great per not troops did mained to Sundaram: from northeast; advance and supply Meanwhile, The The In transport, the do wild reach At helped early attack 3rd under cent Myitha to out to the capability. surrender, a surveillance. Brigade deployment at Japanese Quinine INA this at at be in the Fourteenth volume hungry, and Battalions was as advance prisoner. to a Front. Renya Ukhrul-fully The south through flowers least Haka of June this frontline ca~ried successful At in Mutaguchi never orders regards end take and Indian of by line Haka, the made in small this the this 3rd sector from Shah from was and of and the of Mutaguchi, danger part this 33rd Here, of withdrawn mounted IN Despite the materialised, 70 end and National to sector Battalion, to on July, unit sick Shangshak of of 90 the communication Army, vegetables, On INA INA A in outbreak southeast. Falam the practice Nawaz proceed the in deteriorated raid remaining the two-thirds the Japanese miles Kohima; personnel of jungle short had treatment men. surrendered 20 the a units as medical Arakan, of half front had May Bose last-ditch Chin this, on October a capturing Army doing did three their Japanese to supply, result Khan Bose tried Moreover, to made a to of already grasses. were 73 of 1944, the on Brigade, and British the and manage Tamu. some Mandalay Hills Division, 15th which unit was units of in malaria divisions: of main in the Brigade foot east. to received steadily. of two of them Battle Ukhrul 1944 the attempt by the troops en 'AwaI' and the isolate dead. in INA Imphal same severe Japanese broken poor to forward Whereas Fifteenth August by the of As masse INA combined sick was the thrust-operation to the companies they by Chin downright Ukhrul, troops INA 3rd among was which mount two beginning for severely company quality, 31st at personnel orders dispersed and To sector the extremely to and starvation suffering and down, withdrew. to Battalion personnel. rest any 1944 left capture of Hills piquet supplement end until Japanese Division, assault the in Army, destroy the was IN regular Kohima with could and 35 to to moment, this found and of of curtailed A British. ill. and were guard move three based then of miles deployment in and the personnel difficult. to refit. 2nd from Imphal. the and The sector 72 July were the Imphal not the commanded The IV the besiege Division, raids month, it The which took in they acute trucks stricken 2nd 71 U-Go-on Battalion the their situation at health sickness, As still most Chin Corps northeast cope malaria 1944 one the their rations kept took Falam 69 'March a on Haka However, Battalion, 24 had from at shortage result process. diet, in allotted that with fully Hills the Imphal was rations British British of of battle- Tamu, to which under of been with mid- was 2nd car- two and INA that sec- sta- eat- INA the the the re- 47 es- on by 25 so to of as of Published by Maney Publishing (c) The School of Humanities and Society Sciences, University of New South Wales enemy ran Singh ily which Pritam vital Palel, prised days' selected degree cause at instructed Having Kabaw headquarters Gandhi wa~ the Detachments April Division, tireless The yet 48 disrupting tion of at and ditional the arrangements thing ground, in Mutaguchi's (Azad On In The Operation Kalewa deployment Chamol, 1942, repulsed taken monsoon Bishenpur-Shuganu out. exact late with ordered the 30 importance arduous INA, 1944 Mutaguchi the approximately mounted they 2nd Singh on gunfire. efforts Valley, April Brigade) INA Brigade making During possible been the April from Yamamoto commanded Imphal reason maintenance air so like his after British Guerilla attacked southeast units by V-GO British divisions as to was supply. at at of troops for 1944 told to the marching Kiani the was Indian to The conduct Chamo!. V-GO north the the the a the was why and secure to Japanese a wanted to to facilitate began Japanese, second communications and Pritam long various that being end withdrawal forces the Bahadur possibility following command Regiment battle on force earlier was had Kohima, 25 For deployed IGHQ wen~ by of troops of of the British-as an of operations campaign. miles a sector. 4th The through on Tamu. the ground Colonel Imphal. ordered their because which conducted attack, is Singh's Japanese facing April a shortage increased and night thrusting to mounted companies 4 rapid obscure. assault Azad and defending Guerilla leave untenable. morning, southeast March (Gandhi this of positions Burma The south the was Here, would of a to dense withdrawing·only them Intelligence N.Z. The force and to he force. Brigade long Moreover, in were 2-3 their with a INA Japanese Kiani of victory on part by battlefield mount its Explanatory halt. had the 1944. of triumphant Area Kiani, force manpower. this Brigade), were May. jungle, make set siege of Imphal Gandhi force 77 the Regiment 33rd main 74 of depended the heavy all their of Palel-Tamu assembled not Kiani the was out Imphal. unit airfield. By Army 33rd airfields an under was Palel- determined Their arrived very Japanese offensive was he his Groups effort made forward they Gandhi from the and placed equipment deployment attack Brigade set feared was Japanese 3rd position, imminent, factors constantly real. agreed entry Tamu first In to beginning up his Kohima. on This Undaunted, reached (Nehru when adequate Khanjol. at a Guerilla in WAR given were an sector any on to force Division.7 the his This in the that command assault position Brigade. the into at airfield overwhelming the include 'to to road, the the Division. headquarters Imphal case, if and ammunition Khanjol front & deployed region-be- was the of commit for stand the in ImphaL76 But, the west he harried Kiani Brigade). SOCIETY After INA's airfield Regiment of logistical 300 was supplies conjunc- with onset had the 1st the airfield task at in Pritam was 5 unlike Bose's Major April, Kiani of front. com- their men, late- Sitae area INA, was two eas- The had INA last not ad- the by its of of of in at Published by Maney Publishing (c) The School of Humanities and Society Sciences, University of New South Wales been Sundaram: ties. subjected well there forced Army, over Indian lapse. had the undergo 3000 wounded, they tary to men Gandhi held British British themselves the Tamu fit Khonou, dumps shambles depended the and deployed. operations chiefly end 1944, order 7500 The In The By September for endure Imphal acute enemy road-blocks. In of the told intelligence, the but had to had INA firm broken, participated 1100 for attack Azad combat. road. In to and two July troops Gandhi positions troops depleted the that Brigade. second middle always Kiani, been fact, personnel rest bolster the disease. deserted shortages to and because throughout Of of the on Indian had f!ont. days INA. Azad HA-GO while Brigade At well, on British 1944 next them dotted and and this 81 by that Fifteenth treated INA prisoner. the the beaten the British Brigade week of On it withdrew British these its this Contrary ravaged by By near National saw Brigade number, it six inflicting refit. had on beginning Kiani's suffered chiefly in INA were and August of Palel had that heavy was was the morale, 30 desertions. the point, weeks, by the patrol. 1st of their back the deserters Bongli lost forces raiding 82 At U perished June military Japanese contrary, either 1st in to Japanese operating airfield May, Imphal -GO INA because force Army Raiding Imphal withdrew the campaign. artillery this to 250 1500 at 1944 full 1000 withdraw the INA they losses failure and mounting of it what in the On Division personnel on a sick men. time, advanced retreat, INA parties 83 July had encountered took in the Division complained the intelligence casualties. was total due had critical 12-13 also these plain. they Army army battles. Battle of Desertions 33rd parties on in or fire, assaults.7 78 Japanese to lost sector 1944 from Subhas part the to When an taken the wounded, to of British to at had were taking capture frequent sickness and Japanese personnel. July, occasions, eye-opener 116 whose During of moment. severe it Mandalay, was Mitlong Bongli learn in units 10,000 Bongli were In of took In remained the the interrogated the reported suffered about had forced Bose men 9 Fifteenth but the addition 1st now terms patrols were first-hand Gandhi of initiative. any privations Arakan part own not and area, leaving raids not their IN Division's INA altogether, 80 these brigade in visited 84 23rd Khanou. the facing. its to This A for on in also in of this starvation. of instantly logistics substantial that loyal division north as high-handed withdraw. on patrols troops Army's central to four time the the the Brigade. Indian British men operation, a was by manner. well the a this, British Moreover, the mere from Logistically also they to verge INA problem staff clashes vast of It British at its division killed INA because the been Burma, with at were had remained as the acquitted back 85 Division outposts attacked units Mitlong had 800 strength Colonel officers least By casual- patrols supply fought of Indian At taking These Palel- while with been mili- won it. way men had in had and late col- the the 49 for on 2- to In in of it a Published by Maney Publishing (c) The School of Humanities and Society Sciences, University of New South Wales River 2nd were beginning would Commander field Burma, by Kyaukpadaung crossings Burma and would Infantry INA Army But, independent Burma siastic. command. ordinate and greater northeastern Burma. the this River, sector. conduct they ernment sertions and tral ment they Kiani 50 It Burma During In what was Burma. INA personnel Twentieth-eighth October his task INA Twenty-eighth because had flatly be not for towards how finally south This do be Area role They staff Bose the Area agreed of and, of Kiani to Area Regiments the adequately were: faced to this too Division what 88 to allotted INA frontline refused Japanese of INA Here was INA for maximise INA officers of 1944 Army India, experience, command sensed agreed concerned more of time, told of Army Army's at Mandalay.90 told the Fifteenth during personnel Mandalay. that they the units area; be a Bose's in the the it thin Burma Bose was future to the allotted him, Bose importantly, INA. Burma had Irrawaddy thought 2nd INA as front. demanded Armies. could command. that, to INA, equipped staff and Army had let response wedge the the well allot decided Mount persistence, sector about units; INA that, In and the Army was and Area Bose 89 in operations. had patrolling Ip-tphal been The but all Area propaganda also a an (54th an as the this division, following became series busy Although pressure of as robbed on its he that allotting have Army forces independent 4th Popa-Irrawaddy independent (15th, They that, to to utilised, and territory aftermath Army River; opposed a sector far was the and units and these defend greater trying the Guerilla of the the any 86 in as victualled, also determined entirely began available 31st which allowed 55th the meetings Arakan INA from might the would it this logistics should upper tasks: demands manpower fortifying value direct between and stipulated the Japanese to to and initially role of should Japanese forthcoming planning IGHQ Regiment secure the operational comprised sector deployment be east their spurious about battles. only 33rd reaches of be guarding to in operational with be INA. persuaded and River-Kyaukpadaung were to Burma bank and the was the the fairly not failed to of better under general Japanese giving ensure the shortage Divisions).87 that the In the Japanese the its INA, expect that, victory Bose defence WAR the not (Nehru of grounds of concerned, battle 1st, the quiet, difficulties INA defence Mount sector Area Japanese, offensives INA. the against the was Japanese conditions overly Bose's was proper Burma to 2nd contact the as input & sector units very Irrawaddy Irrawaddy Divisions); they at for SOCIETY However, agree Army of frontline, Brigade), and Supreme Fifteenth not shocked that IN and Imphal. of central central enthu- Popa- much. in direct allied in itself, A treat- were Area with Bose they gov- thus sub- cen- into that to 3rd de- the the for for an a Published by Maney Publishing (c) The School of Humanities and Society Sciences, University of New South Wales Japanese were Sundaram: was Although Myingyan 2nd River. Division prevent which Fifteenth now Shah agreement this Brigade the units personnel Katamura Infantry of request' cal the An Mount Kyaukpadaung, troops of River. reconnaissance Fifteenth the Colonel dered operational Fortification these der In At On In Kyaukpadaung at offensive-defensive supply, INA extract villages commander the January his INA instructed the takeover ordered Myingyan. Nawaz moving 25 in strongpoints, that Also Thus was who Popa. is .96 operational direct G.S; the beginning should Division, this. Regiment, January Division, Japanese Japanese arrived responsible to flagrantly was 2nd the from Indian with already all integrity Mount at were of 95 Dhillon, Direction deployed, perform 1945 Khan, that up While command of this INA [Japanese too INA Nyangu to patrols come Shah a Burma to of Shah at National a was Nehru Katamura elements provide on ordering Army.92 captured which Army.93 distant of wireless stage, established Division, Popa the was instruction 2nd there. and Fifteenth the this while disregarded to the ancillary for February directly Nawaz also Unit Nawaz to Mount strongpoints Nehru proceed and front, INA was Area to the banks was area-mainly Army] 91 was Brigade of the Katamura Army a INA to Dhillon also, of it of On be link place Japanese 15th Division care Pagan, including ordered to upper to be deployed Japanese under had 55th 2nd going Army, duties. Popa and formations was Brigade his No.4, responsible 1945 20 come of in immediately headquarters be as units the Japanese of from the Battle January headquarters was the been Infantry Japanese happened set its was to its reaches area on Katamura supply-point altered his 97 on, in there of Army agreement under was Nehru will up Irrawaddy.94 commander, deploy own which Nehru Intelligence a to was the Army, the also pressing 12 command. the to between direct the" with to Division. February General give Mount Regiment, was casualties reinforce east for of document Division. to his the ordered main to aid in north to Brigade, at Brigade, 1st the ordered decided act what the at necessary its previous the command bank little direct Kyaukpadaung violation guaranteeing for in Infantry for Myingyan. 2nd east strength as Pop Pagan and Despite own Shihachi of Once Arakan, Lieutenant-Colonel the The 1945, this, the to aid and 2nd Bose In a 2nd of 2nd INA command reads: a should bank commanded the despatch Bahadur flank-guard that construction one Nehru sector. the logistics, it remaining as established instruction area its Katamura INA assistance INA brigade-level of INA Division Regiment construction could could the of he forcing of fell own the Katamura, Irrawaddy Katamura 'Although the come Division, Division. to the 2nd Division the fact felt Brigade The swoop, instead Nehru Group secure strong spare. of medi- do IN INA's Yaw 33rd that that IN and INA un- INA the for A's 51 or- 1st by on to of to at at A Published by Maney Publishing (c) The School of Humanities and Society Sciences, University of New South Wales Japanese Japanese because fortifications Popa River. 52 ity general This unit Infantry grave their overrun elements Irrawaddy allied there. Brigade Shah termina of tive detachments-were on captains most siastic he officer Irrawaddy ing evening, great Brigade per Dhillon's Dhillon Regiment, 'crush An The The In Once 2nd was stated junior lost cent the from to reportedly arms. of interesting counterattack Japanese trouble airborne sector Nawaz He threat, the and attached Division, use. The this poor, ted. early the feeling the of went thought of had in in Regiment. Nehru Division insistence, 15 Infantry that, was of INA lOO enemy'. their its River 98 eager majority the transfer Lieutenant-Colonel should battles INA entrenched commander February to to to 7th morning and men, in by ordering was also officers attack while among first be be Fifteenth help developed battalion to close Brigade on INA, his 89th at British to that report completed 2nd monitored transferred told Nehru Regiment There then comes the of be The a assault, of also of uphold Nehru it 1st in its association those point INA 1945. command hours Japanese Infantry IIIj153rd its as was INA morning involved to the a' positions wireless was entrenchments to Infantry instructed Army's Division and of men. well was of force units Brigade despatch into to Division. be vicinity decided at west Brigade As and the of Japanese in as Fifteenth closely, company us and placed the 103 Nehru apparently as Sahgal 14.February a a headlong Brigade could soon army composed honour Japanese of 250 with was final 'first-class link of from commander INA in divisional Regiment be on the were 16 of Nyangu. 2nd that, should to Writing the men as under given because completed, with officers Brigade not rank-and-file. blow Subhas the Mount February. thought remainder Captain perceptions deploy possible, commanders. Japanese of Infantry of of pushing counterattack, retreat notwithstanding deal Infantry of right some Fifteenth the 7th the quarrel'.l01 another 1945 to of direct be the and complete about By Popa. that Chandra of was the back with the Nehru that allowed Indian INA, three-fourths bank Izumi, their It that allied debate brigade to for Regiment the regimental Japanese operational the Army was of back 99 Regiment nucleus quick Kyaukpadaung, his the Japanese chance. to Japanese he this He of commander afternoon, Nehru potential INA's Izumi Brigade of Finally, WAR 2nd Division. forces unit, Bose, beaten INA fully the the a to as also 214th was had the while to wanted Japanese redeem lo2 the INA to fortifications to control fighting commanders of 2nd & INA counter felt expected very operational echoed level crossed and Brigade Irrawaddy not Army laid the which autonomy in SOCIETY back of had IIIj153rd loss Japanese influence Division. the Colonel that Infantry By view of in Nehru true Mount Nehru enthu- down were, these effec- itself. been of with abil- hav- staff lead 15th was that this INA the INA the the an of to 50 of Published by Maney Publishing (c) The School of Humanities and Society Sciences, University of New South Wales forces. prowess maintained guard doctrine. Sundaram: Muslim Mohan Army, recruited they Summary in sively War, well M.R. religions thoroughly composition developed more this Area personnel. Izumi 1st April INA ishment feats tion cause considerably of the ing south this had to a Izumi In The By rout, visit Subhas the Battalion, vagaries the time, units his point rate-900 deserted, the were with both Durrani-regarded on Army. interested 1945, generally Bose 104 Asia. from expressed action IN and the frontline Singh's report INA also officers end for the of However, were from thoroughly A. fought on, Shah fighting them an Chandra of Indian had This· culminating INA mass that, the Malaya, INA mixed was In battlefield made of of Back of lowered This 2nd at immunity the the the in to represented, Indian both gone memoirs assertion April Tamils dismal various Nawaz seemed among in Seikpyu contention deserters. INA in overall, to February several some surrenders British National INA's INA INA same in the opinion special for view recruitment he protect the Bose, on troops that Rangoon, 1945, demoralised suspicion Army Division, did had postwar their performance might retreat, while, doubts and the in record, to Sikhs INA to Military these period. the published spirited that, of on made llo Army a mention state Bose's an alone lost in have POWs-most their as has in homes, hard-fought Durrani is the units 20-22 became units. INA Temporarily addition be Indian and at troops from late far corroborated which as time lOs settlement. 637 that based up he 109 in some which long policy Muslim the as no repeated the Intelligence, actions that -greatly to as Battle the February, by February exhorted He 60 A of men while a its there after and of clear assert the possible, same frequent. perception fought nationalist history Sikh had their merit. on the possible Japanese. had per to performed observed earliest the in battle notably reliability again, in caste in brother about the were Tamil the spurred racial hitherto which exhortations cent organisation. time, surrendered INA that This successive the alarmed the better It but the against of by end majority in Izumi at In and days, and as is some Irrawaddy the IO of reason latter 1100 latter Muslim-Sikh troops, instituting ? Shah every among policy. INA Legyi. was leader that, early a all officers true a 2nd very However, of on than been religion. of main firm the British Bose. INA classes, the commented much exceptions, the to stopped part by some group Nawaz defeats, unlike that INA unit. May of ll1 to mounting well in for the of perform recruited orderly, secularist. This the This INA reason Bose's personnel Second INA and fight 1942 He of battles. great Division. I06 some Indian larger capital This the Intelligence Muslim allied Tamils in might the followed March castes did the buttresses personnel Khan even by However, men hatred and on were, the appeals, for relative was became coming such repute, greater Indian Burma .. World not on Indian deser- 108 exclu- forces allied POWs From rear- pun- were have from tried join- who that and and INA and the He 53 be- by sit as in a Published by Maney Publishing (c) The School of Humanities and Society Sciences, University of New South Wales and Society An this battle. Notes misplaced. well its by autonomy role, the operational the meant whose bargaining 'Springing offensives a inadequate. perfectly of INA. was INA's This sionallevel, INA proudly the standard vented that northeastern plane the done INA took hausted entering 54 The 'penny-packet' differing the commanders earlier fact INA Allies article Research, INA was was the Second, the attitude accorded Rangoon, existence, suggests in crash Springing Third, that for officers, same from that, was August Japanese, rather in conscious remnants Toungoo into dead; and acceptable was Military version and had Tiger' it Had sessions destroyed, en their autonomy combat not did This, in logistical forming throughout could dictated India in McGill often made battle. proper route that, failed NCOs more some and all and the that a it 1945 not emblem, Tiger of never defence History fashion, Japanese accepted been at whether that and of never limitation Arakan more possible faulty this a was it to University. doctrines have did of and Burma level cases, least However, a after INA-Japanese further logistical 1st manifested co"nstraints in the was second a central the remained deployed article had Burma Bose its held paper men develop this importantly, INA instead of much equipment. Soviet always in of it and priority. INA by the the at INA existence operational the was Area at 7000 part, sector logistics, Division. able of had was IGHQ, a here. INA Burma support, tiger. surrender I INA's detachments Imphal Kingston, Area grant their regard might Union. the should Irrawaddy. of itself learned an was as as served presented subordinate IN to division explains relations Army's being One was What a the Burma A esprit INA's This Army emblem, proceed from the general In in Subhas single officially in troops offensives 112 the for Later like have and Japanese Ontario battle, must 1944-45 steadily INA autonomy. with a of merely stemmed that the to size. de the concede number INA-a in to at 3158 Area mistrust had the acquitted for unified But, had the Faculty that with corps Bose fell 1942, indeed Japan military also one thank the the INA's to INA Mohan in the to INA's not a demonstrated INA Japanese encroached INA to forces, Army into as 60th Japanese Indian May month paper that remember surrender. his large mainly had a of whole units and of make Professor fighting had had force of we Only complete personnel, WAR units of ways. themselves desertion its lived expansion their Conference 1993. Graduate performance its been Singh only or one. saw, its but proportion capitulated Army-found own, were the British do period in from troops army & when deployed at operational hands. Research units. First, killed capability. supplying up upon. a after SOCIETY with the Hereward INA This the the was sector and fighting affected that the the Studies rate was forces to factor of of of these fairly wore there INA's divi- hard This sub- was pre- in that was The Yet fact the ex- the the the for its in to to of in in a a Published by Maney Publishing (c) The School of Humanities and Society Sciences, University of New South Wales war L/WS/l/1433, Unless memory ments, Senior of of Sundaram: 2. 5. 4. 3. 9. 8. 7. 6. 1. the New and Army The with The Asia Axis Army front Chandra tempt litical. National Mohan Mohan Ghosh, On 5th whilst Mohan of personnel Lebra, Iwaichi leader from enhanced article, make India author's troops Contribution (Singapore (Cambridge III, (London Indian of which these York stated Appendix of society, the Indian McGill Russian following during Strategy in of largely Command Professor the (New (Meerut to Hugh of Jungle Gerrard Indian stationed INA's to Singh Singh Indian Singh National Fujiwara, at 22,000 I the Catherine examine Army', the found article, Bose, 1957-69), rather Oriental shed and stationed Albany, Light otherwise, University, World and 1971) Indian to Delhi 1987). Liberation Toye's INA's (Stuttgart significance Alliance, the interview. interview; A, interview, National National works Indian in were 1969), Corr's light Robert its both under Indo-British tenuous 6 Army. Infantry Weekly in small point War 'Soldier F. the November explores 1994), and Rani and Andreyev, most independence the The 1: British in Kikan: on Independence pertinent deal INA, sees Two ch. War Army, 443, whose Vogel 1981). India the Professor Army part the Far Army Springing of of all the Ghosh, For New is famous Intelligence link at to 1; with Jhansi view the of looks Disaffection Japanese Malay (Hong really troops anonymous East states Singapore. archival limited S.W. Axis INA's the more Review, Office 4-7, who the 1942. and between direction Delhi, in INA and Vlasov the Indian diplomacy of prior Springing at Regiment, Battle grand DeWitt Kirby Tiger 41-2. leader. the Kong peninsula (New on its first attached battle movement. that INA. constructive. Collections, the Army Prem from by XVIII: 5 commander-in-chief, the Summaries first and references to National August sparked the (London INA the Peter the I et referee strategy 1984); Delhi Their and record. influence first 8 Ellinwood the K.K. Intelligence Kumar 1 aI., attempt, the Tiger INA fact December to and from (1990), total of in Fay's political The explored the the 1974), Russian Lebra, focus Joyce 1984; Ghosh, Army, December that Iny of British the and his 1959), I (London Fay's see the [hereafter number Indian dedicate Sahgal, War this Creation of 155-63. are new interest besides wife INA-Japanese he the Mohan is of Milan 96. Lebra's Operations Jungle nationalism perspective 32. 1941, angle, work article Against the Library. overwhelmingly Liberation the tells The the to book, 1915 Lashmi. Army. 1975) the first 1941 Vlasov, of this State Hauner, military in documents Alliance, my Indian Ie see the Singh, is Jungle of as for mutiny Indian the founder The WIS] Japan, both scholarly article was own the INA's attempts in the the University their Movement of on history Forgotten Southeast are alliance, National Soldier's Alliance 53, present India Subhas history greatly second 67,000; Indian ch. Indian in 5 Army of to story dealt com- vols Part and this po- 1. 55 the the at- in of to in Published by Maney Publishing (c) The School of Humanities and Society Sciences, University of New South Wales 56 10. 20. 13. 12. 11. 17. 16. 15. 14. 21. 19. 18. 23. 22. Note A.M. Mohan Ghosh, On Public Freedom-Fighter, K.S. Ie Lebra, Masanobu Indians confidence favourable 332 was Ghosh, Mohan Shah campaign. Contribution, States, missions Campaigns' ians agents-two-thirds Bose's Indian analysis or 3000. Ghandi, Gordon, British Mosley very Bose Sisir See socialism It his 1981). During is WIS were influence the Ghosh, Giani, agents kept living interesting and K well Nair, Nawaz by For .. Societies, Jungle Recent political Union Record 64, Indian Indian eve Bose), living Singh National Singh who, the which captured an of Brothers the alive. from more written mirrors Indian Tsuji, During Part in picture An Indian of were of this (MA Indian period Indian 122-32. Alliance, Khan, Malaya upon of National biographies National in especially after interview; Indian the British forward This on and interview; ideas Office, analyses III, ch. Fascists. to southeast Singapore: little-known Independence thesis, Ghandi: sent Against National the by its of that Army: Far the note 22. Appendix that National the Emergency being of was My and Iwakuro. Freedom-Fighter operation, ch. and British legion Far Army, Army, officers whom Eastern into Kew of Indian posts Memories McGill the the that both volume 2. The beliefs The G.5. Burma-either the Eastern the Army, a Asia. of A id., The India Japanese-supervised INA prominent see Movement [hereafter 47-58. 65-98. Bose's authorities Prisoner Bose Free Raj were his Preliminary on Movement contemporary A, campaign Japanese Dhillon see nationalist War Soldier's University Commissioned Hauner, from are was 2, 143, the moral 22 (New Conflict of on India include Christopher The Indian laid conversion there the January Indo-Burmese in for moribund, of intelligence-gathering March Indian Version (New interview, PRO]. Japan Hope York INA and Legion Labourite, in out Contribution, details India fairly gave see (London were movement 1985), POWs, Asia Hari Study political and fully 1942 (New 1943; British 1990). Chandar (Bombay Delhi Struggle, in For themselves (New easily. (Lahore numbered of about from Officer, Hara Thorne, Axis its 94-103. one espionage and in to this 1985). Shivpuri, Mohan Haven examples of ended Netaji 1983); frontier. The his August York politician philosophy aspect Strategy, socialism is Das, passim; the For two reorganisation. its WAR 1920-1942 1982), S. 1947), Collected Judith 2, best The rest (Delhi Sundaram, never 1989). up 1960), Formation a and up WO Singh, million Subhas and of 1943, more and Most & 23 biography Issue once gives Nair, 44-50. of passim. heading Indian its M. Sir Leonard SOCIETY subversion 208/819A, to July more passim. Works the as 1946), (Calcutta sabotage activities a Soldier's detailed Brown's national Chandra of Oswald in civilian of a total well Indian over- 1984. more India these civil- War: than 'The and (ed. the 49; A. of as of Published by Maney Publishing (c) The School of Humanities and Society Sciences, University of New South Wales Sundaram: 24. 27. 26. 25. 49. 48. 47. 46. 45. 44. 43. 42. 41. 40. 38. 37. 36. 35. 34. 33. 32. 31. 30. 29. 28. 53. 52. 51. 50. 39. 54. be Allen, Ghosh, Sahgal Sundaram, Khan, strategy For Khan, IC P.K. Bose In The P.K. Ibid., Khan, April SEAC This Sahgal Toye, G.5. Force This February SEAC SEAC note SEAC February South nineteenth hard Khan, 8.30 81st Kirby See Ibid., Ibid. (London 1944; War, WIS his lost Allen, more pm Dhillon Sahgal Sahgal INA's force West 1. total expressed tack 1941-1945 77. 3. and and and 1944, SEAC 110; Springing and et Memories Memories Memories Memories presidential Burma, East 178, or Indian interview. interview, Indian and al., 1978). won 1944. 1944. regarding on IC IC was that IC Burma, others consisted African IC main century Part W0172/6589, 'The interview, Asia interview, and War interview, noon, WIS WIS WIS Japanese ch. WIS National National through part had Tiger, III, of of of of the Indian Against IC (London emergency 129, 129, 3, Command 150. 127,2, 29 150-191, the the the the 123, 2 addres Appendix (Dhillon been Division of WIS passim. then July April Burma of: INA, INA, INA, INA, 2-3, I, the Kanpur, 100-1. Kanpur, Army, offensive the 3, National Shivpuri, 18 Army 123, Japan, 7 Bahadur developed current 1984. 55th PRO. 10 21 71. 48-9. 63-4. April 73. 1984), April to 1944, for use interview). rations April I, March [hereafter War 331. the see B. a Japanese 3: in of 28 29 10 fuller ibid.; 1944; 1944. Army', 267-8. ch. plans 24 Haripura military Battle strategic July July Raymond March Diary Group 1944. July 1944, in were 3. Sahgal description Kirby 1984. 1984. For the see SEAC] Division. 135-7. 1984. (January-June 1944; opinion and 70; air 'Sheikhupura British Louis Session a et interview, thorough Callahan, power. Intelligence and SEAC al., SEAC Allen, of War that Indian of IC the and and the WIS Against the discussion 28 Arakhan Burma: 1944), biscuits', Burma, Army Congress IC July IC Group next 129, WIS WIS Japan, 1944. 6.45 war The I, during 1942-1945 battles. 120, 123, a 70; 21 of in kind Longest pm, would 3: allied April Field I, I, 1938 136, the 57 18 18 10 of Published by Maney Publishing (c) The School of Humanities and Society Sciences, University of New South Wales 58 55. 59. 58. 57. 56. 61. 60. 64. 63. 62. 68. 66. 65. 71. 70 69. 67. 76. 75. 74. 73. 72. 80. 86. 85. 84. 83. 82. 81. 79. 78. 77. .. butter. Chandra Subhas This 3 81st June SEAC Major Ibid., Ibid., Khan, Sahgal Khan, 7 SEAC Ibid. Ibid., Ibid. SEAC 25 1944. 229. SEAC Ibid. Allen, SEAC 114: with Khan, SEAC Khan, the SEAC SEAC G.5. SEAC and History SEAC SEAC SEAC crash Chandra 1981), pm, pm, November INA, West 4 Dhillon India force 1944. Giani 87-8. 2. and and and and and and and and and and and in and 2 4 (October 85-6. Memories Memories J. Memories 125. Burma, Memories interview. April April; Chandra 120-9. 1942. Roughton, of Bose Bose African IC IC IC IC consisted IC IC IC IC IC IC IC Office IC the Pritam In WIS interview, WIS WSIS WSIS WSIS WSIS WSIS WSIS WSIS WSIS WIS Weekly 1944, 191-316, 1944, 12.50 in Papers, Indian Hindi 1984), of of of of 163, South 160" Bose, 160, Collections, Division 140, 140, 142, 140, 160, 141, the 158, the the 137, ibid. Singh the 1; pm,S 'Sangu of INA, INA, Appendix INA, 442, Appendix Security WSIS Netaji and National Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Appendix 7/16th Section INA, passim. Shivpuri, 'Special East April; of 85-6. 87-8. mentions 112-14. Urdu War River, 164, 112-13; Asia Research the Punjab British D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, Intelligence Order 1,22 Diary A, Army 11.05 l\., Independent 25 2-3, Appendix A, 1, 1, 1,21 1, 1, 'atta' and 1, 1944', Major 1,5 7 1,25 10 17 14 16 July the SEAC 1-2,25 December July Library; and 7 India's pm, July July July of (January-June Bureau, November June December (1946), is July INA. Army November 1984; Prittam the wheat 1944; 1st and 7 1944. 1944. 1944; November A, 1944; Summary 1944. April Day', Gambia War Allen, M.L. Quarterly League 14-16, Calcutta. 1,25 IC Allen, 1944. WIS Singh flour Toye, 1944. 1944. WSIS 1944, of 9 Barghava, November 1944; February Burma, Liberation 142, 1944),6.35 L/WS/2/46, regiments. Burma, who [hereafter 1944. and is WAR ibid. Springing 136, and not 2, Khan, 21 'ghee' died 227. Defence Section to 226-7. & July 1944, Netaji 1944. be (New pm, Memories SOCIETY WSIS] in Tiger, confused clairified 1944. Oriental a Journal, Subhas 2 D, Subhas plane April Delhi 160, 224, 1, of 9 Published by Maney Publishing (c) The School of Humanities and Society Sciences, University of New South Wales Sundaram: 111. 109. 106. 105. 103. 102. 101. 100. 112. 110. 108. 107. 104. 94. 93. 92. 91. 90. 99. 98. 97. 96. 95. 89. 88. 87. SEAC Letter Ibid. SEAC SEAC SEAC Allen, passim. ALFSEA Mohan ALFSEA Ibid.; ALFSEA], Advance Bulletin Ibid. Ibid., SEAC Ibid., SEAC May SEAC 3, Supplementary See SEAC INA Captain Ibid., Ibid., See 15th W0203/2298, Bose, Khan, Regiment', Indian 1945. 4. 3-4. 4. 2. Dhillon and and and and and and and and from Burma, Indian Singh Weekly Weekly 174, Izumi, Weekly Indian Headquarters, IC IC IC IC IC IC IC Memories IC Shah Corps WSIS WSIS WSIS WSIS WIS WSIS WSIS 1, interview, passim. interview. WSIS National W0203/1194, 8 Guide 'Lessons Struggle. Intelligence Letter PRO. 137, Nawaz August Letter 178, 167, 185, 178. 167 181, Periodical 183, of Section Appendix the Appendix Appendix Section to 48, Section Army 48,27 28 4 to Khan Japanese 1945, INA; Allied 2, May July be W0203/1194, Review D, PRO. Intelligence M.R. June-3 D, Learned in D, to 1, 1984. 1,16 1945, A, B, A, Appendix WO Battle Land author, 1,20 Inspired 3, 3, Durrani, 2, 25, June July 12 203/1194, 1 12 1; April from April Forces 1,23 January Gordon, January 7 Summary 1944. 1945, June PRO. Forces A, 1945; The the March 1945. 1, South ibid. 1983. PRO. Fifth Guerilla 17 1945, 1945. Brothers WSIS (JIF) May 1945, 38, Column East WO Activities 185, W0203/1194, 1945. Operations W0203/279, 208/803, Against Asia Section (Lahore in [hereafter Malaya, the D, PRO. of 1956). PRO; 2, PRO. Raj, 4th 59 17