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Chronological Table

Indian and widespread re­ bellion in Northern . Company's rule in India replaced by the British Crown. Dayanand (1824-83) founds the at Bombay. Syed Ahmad (1817-98) founds MuhammadanAnglo-Oriental Col­ lege at . proclaimed Empress of India. inaugur­ ated in Bombay. Hindu rmsslOnary Vivekananda (1862-1902) addresses the First World Parliament of Religions at Chicago. M. K. (I 86g-1948) starts his career in South Afiica. The Viceroyalty of Lord Curzon. of . The rise of anti­ partition movement in Bengal. The rise of Extremist Party in Congress under B. G. Tilak (1856-1920). 1906 1 October Muslim deputation led by Aga Khan (1875-1958) presents address to Minto (1905-10). 30 December Inauguration of the All-India at Dacca. Split in Congress at . Beginning of terrorist movement in India. The Extremists excluded from Con­ gress. 218 OHRONOLOGIOAL TABLE

1909 May Morley-Minto Reforms (The Indian Council Act) grant Muslim demand for separate electorate. 1910 Birth of . 1911 Visit of King George V and Queen Mary and the . Partition of Bengal annulled. Transfer of Indian Capital from Calcutta to Delhi announced. Italy and Turkey at war in Tripoli. Growth of anti-British feeling among Indian . 1912 Turkey gets involved in the first Balkan war. 1913 (1861-1941) awarded for his . 1913 Balkan War concluded by the Treaty of . 1914 4 August The First World War breaks out. 4 November Turkey joins against Britain. The growth of Pan-Islamism in India. 1915 January Gandhi returns to India from . February The liberal leader of Congress, G. K. Gokhale (born 1866) dies. December Beginning of the alliance between Congress and the Muslim League. 1916 August­ Tilak and Mrs (1847- September 1933) found the Home Rule Leagues. December The Extremists are taken back into Congress. The Muslim League and Congress reach an agreement at and jointly demand for India a national legislative assembly to be elected on communal basis. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 219

1917 April Gandhi starts his first in Champaran, . 20 August , Secretary of State for India (1917-22) defines British policy towards India. November Montagu arrives in India. December Indian government appoints . 1918 April Rowlatt Committee submits its report. July Montagu and Viceroy Chelmsford (1916-21) publish their joint con­ stitutional report. November Allies secure victory in the First World War. 1919 March Rowlatt Acts passed. 6 April Gandhi starts his first All-India movement in protest against the Rowlatt Acts. 13 April Jalianwala Bagh () . Gandhi suspends civil disobedience movement. 23 December The Act (in­ corporating Montagu-Chelmsford Report) is passed by Parliament. 1920 January rejects censure motion on General Dyer, the perpetrator of the Amritsar massacre. March-May Official and non-official reports on Amritsar massacre published. I August Gandhi launches non-eo-operation movement on behalf of Khilafat party. Tilak dies. 1921 February Central Legislature is inaugurated. August Moplah rebellion in Malabar. 220 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

November Boycott of the Prince of Wales on his arrival in Bombay. Riots follow. 1922 4 February Policemen murdered at Chauri Chaura by mob. 6 February Gandhi suspends the non-eo-opera­ tion movement. 10 March Gandhi arrested. December Birth of Party and split in Congress. 1923 September Differences between and Congress resolved. November Swaraj Party contests elections on behalf of Congress. 1924 January Central Legislative Assembly in­ augurated. March Kemal Pasha abolishes Caliphate. May The Muslim League revived at its session. September Hindu-Muslim riots at Kohat. November All-Parties Conference held in Bombay to settle Hindu-Muslim problem. 1925 October­ Split in the Swaraj Party. November December Hindu Mahasabha revived. 1926 March The Swarajists walk out of the Central Legislature. The end of the Swarajist interlude. April at its peak. Third general election held. 1927 April First airmail arrives in India trom in under 54 hours' flying time. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 221

November All-white is ap­ pointed to recommend further constitutional advancement for India. Congress decides to boycott the commission. December Congress undertakes to draft a con­ stitution for India independently of the Simon Commission. 1928 February Simon Commission arrives in India. May Congress appoints a committee under (1861-1931) to draft a constitution for India. August The Nehru committee completes its report. December The accepted by Con­ gress and the All-India Conven­ tion. Jinnah's {I 876-1948) opposition to Nehru's report is outvoted and he parts company with Congress. 1929 September {I 88g--1 964) is elected the President of Congress. December At its annual session held at Lahore Congress demands complete In­ dependence for India. 1930 26 January Congress celebrates this day as In­ dependence Day. March Gandhi launches the civil dis- obedience movement. May Gandhi arrested. June Congress is outlawed Simon Commission report is pub­ lished. November First Round Table Conference meets in London. Congress boycotts the Conference. 222 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

1931 January The Round Table Conference is adjourned. Congress leaders released. 17 February- Viceroy Irwin (1926-31) starts peace 4 March talks with Gandhi and a pact is made. The civil disobedience move­ ment is suspended. 23 March Hindu-Muslim riots at . September Gandhi attends the Second Round Table Conference held in London. December The Conference yields no further results and Gandhi returns to India. 1932 3 January Gandhi threatens to resume civil disobedience movement. 4 January Gandhi and other Congress leaders arrested. 17 November- The Third and the last Round Table 24 December Conference. Jinnah abandons politics and settles down in London. 1933 March White Paper is issued formulating proposals for Indian constitution. December (1895-1951) per­ suadesJinnah to return to India. 1934 May Congress suspends the civil dis­ obedience movement. 1935 2 August Government of India Act receives Royal Assent. 28 December Congress celebrates its GoldenJubilee. 1936 April Inauguration of the new provinces of Drissa and Sind. Congress decides to contest elections under the new constitution. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 223

May-June Congress President Nehru and the Muslim League President Jinnah start their election campaigns. 1937 January­ Elections held for the provincial February assemblies. I April Provincial responsible government comes into force. July Congress ministries are formed in Bihar, Orissa, C.P., U.P., Bombay and . 1938 March Congress ministry is formed in . 1939 3 September Viceroy Linlithgow (1936-43) an­ nounces that at war with Germany. 14 September Congress demands a declaration of war aims from the British govern­ ment. 22-23 October Congress calls on Congress ministries to resign. 31 October All Congress ministries resign by this date. 22 December The Muslim League observes this day as 'Deliverance Day' from Congress rule. 1940 February Jinnah declares that Western demo­ cracy was unsuited for India. March Congress demands complete indepen­ dence and a constituent assembly. At its Lahore session the Muslim League demands the division of India into autonomous national states. 10 May replaces as Prime Minister. 224 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

17 June The fall of . 7 August The Viceroy makes a statement on India's constitutional development - the . 17 October Congress starts the individual civil disobedience movement. 1941 27 January Subhas Chandra (1897-1945) escapes to Germany. August ' Charter': Joint declaration by Roosevelt and Churchill. December Civil disobedience prisoners set free. 1942 February- Fall of and Rangoon. March 22 March arrives in Delhi. 30 March Cri pps proposals published. April Congress and the Muslim League reject the plan. Cripps returns to London. 8 August Congress demands the withdrawal of British power from India and sanctions the beginning of mass struggle under Gandhi's leadership. 9 August Congress leaders are arrested and Congress is declared unlawful. Beginning of disturbances through­ out India. 1943 March-April Muslim majority provinces come under the control of the Muslim League. August­ Bengal . November 1944 March The Japanese advance into Assam assisted by the Indian National Anny ofBose. 6 June Allied armies land in France; D-Day. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 225

June Japanese defeated at . C. Rajagopalachari's formula made public for the first time. 9-27 September Gandhi-Jinnah talks. 1945 7 May Germany surrenders. 14 June Viceroy Wavell (1943-7) announces a conference to be held in Simla. 15 June Congress leaders released from prison. 25 June- and its failure. 14 July 26 July Labour government under comes into power in Britain. 14 August Japan surrenders. November The IoN.A. trials begin in the Fort, Delhi. December Results of elections to the Central Legislative Assembly announced. 1946 January Parliamentary delegation arrives in India. 18-23 February Royal mutiny. 19 February The British government announces that a cabinet mission is to visit India. 25 March Cabinet mission arrives in Delhi. 5-12 May Second Simla Conference between Cabinet mission and Indian leaders. 16 May Cabinet mission presents its consti­ tutional plan. 6 June Muslim League accepts Cabinet mis­ sionplan. 16 June Cabinet mission presents its interim government plan. 25 June Congress accepts mission's consti­ tutional plan but rejects interim government plan. Cabinet mission drops its interim government plan. szg June Cabinet mission leaves India. 226 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

6 July Nehru interprets the Cabinet mission's constitutional plan. 29 July Muslim League retracts its accept­ ance of the Cabinet mission plan and calls for 'direct action'. 16 August Muslim League starts its direct action and the riots begin in Cal­ cutta. 2 September Congress forms interim government without the Muslim League. 25 October Muslim League joins the interim government. 9 December Constituent Assembly meets without the League. 1947 20 February Attlee announces in Parliament the British intention ofleaving India by June 1948. 22-23 March Mountbatten replaces Wavell as Vice­ roy. April Congress accepts the principle of partition. 10 May Nehru rejects Mountbatten's plan in Simla. 11 May V. P. Menon amends Mountbatten's plan. Nehru accepts it. 18--31 May Mountbatten discusses the amended plan with the British government in London. 2-3 June The plan for the accepted by Congress, and the Muslim League. 20-23 June The Bengal and the Legis­ lative Assemblies opt for partition. 26 June The Sind Legislative Assembly opts for , June Baluchistan opts for Pakistan. 6-17 July and North-West Frontier Pro­ vince decide to join Pakistan. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 227

18 July The Indian Act re­ ceives Royal Assent. 25 July Mountbatten addresses the Chamber of Princes. 7 August Jinnah flies to . 13 August Radcliffe Award completed. 15 August India and Pakistan become indepen­ dent. Jinnah is sworn in as -General of Pakistan and Mountbatten as Governor-General of India. The Pakistan cabinet is headed by Liaquat Ali Khan and the Indian cabinet by Nehru. Bibliography

I. UNPUBLISHED PRIVATE PAPERS

THE Private Papers of British rulers and Indian nationalists will always remain the most useful source for the Indian National Movement and British policy. The 'gaps' and the 'dark patches' of which cannot be explained by official records and newspapers are often illuminated with the aid of Private Papers. The first phase of the National Movement from 1885 to 1910 (the birth of Congress and the growth of Muslim ) is fortunate to have many legacies of Private Papers. Of the five Viceroys who ruled India from 1885 to 1910 (Dufferin, 1884-8; Lansdowne, 1888-g4; Elgin n, 1894-9; Curzon, 1899-1905; Minto 11, 1905-10), each has left behind a mass of private corres­ pondence which explains his policies, prejudices, and attitude towards the national or sectarian aspirations of the Indian middle classes. Added to this are the Private Papers of two Secretaries of State for India, a Conservative G. Hamilton, 1895-1903, and a Liberal J. Morley, 1905-10. The India Library, London, houses the Private Papers of Dufferin (microfilm copy), Lansdowne (Mss. EUR. D558), Elgin n (Mss. EUR. D558), Curzon (Mss. EUR. FI I I), Hamilton and Morley (Mss. EUR. E233); Minto papers are in the custody of the National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh. From the Private Papers of Indian nationalists, however, emerges a somewhat fuller picture of the early national movement. The papers I have usefully consulted are of G. K. Gokhale, V. S. Srinivasa Sastri, G. S. Khaparde, R. C. Dutt, N. B. Khare, B. Tyabji and P. D. Tandon, all housed in the National Archives of India, . The massive collection of Gokhale's papers throws new light on the working of the Congress movement from 18g8 to 1915 BIBLIOGRAPHY 229 and on his own role as the leader of the moderate party in Congress. Although the Letters cif S. Sastri are edited and published by T. N.Jagadisan (1963) it is rewarding to look into the original collections. The Private Papers of Tilak's right-hand-man Khaparde give an insight into the working of the extremist party in Congress up to 1920 and enable us to assess the personalities of Tilak and B. C. Pal. The Papers of Khare and, to a lesser extent, of Tandon explain in some measure the role of Mahasabha in the 1930S and in the National Movement. The papers of Tyabji, the first Muslim president of the third Congress in 1887, are most valuable in assessing the growth of Muslim separatism and its pressure on the nationalist Muslims.

2. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS, NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS

These are referred to in the chapter references. The government publications are massive and fall into various categories. Of these the Parliamentary Debates are valuable for a study of the British policy, and the Indian Census Reports and Moral and Material Progress Reports (published annually since 1858) for some understanding of the social changes. The Indian National Congress published the proceedings of each of its annual sessions. These Reports are indispen­ sable for a specialised study of the Congress Movement up to 1936. Among periodicals H. N. Mitra's Indian Annual Registers (starting from 1919 and turning into QuarterlY Register from 1924 to 1929) are an authentic record of the main political events up to 1947.

3. BIOGRAPHIES, MEMOIRS AND DIARIES

The works consulted may be divided into three categories according to their usefulness for the understanding of the persons, periods or subjects. The place of pUblication is London unless stated otherwise. 230 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Max Mueller's Biographical Essays (1884) and C. Isherwood's Ramkrishna and his Disciples (1965) contain sympathetic appraisals of the ideas and personalities of the Hindu including Dayanand and Vivekananda. W. Wedderburn's Allan Octavian Hume (1913), though not critical, is the only accurate account of the life and works of the founder of the Congress movement. Similarly G. F. T. Graham's The Life and Works qfSyed Ahmad Khan (Edinburgh, 1885) still holds the field as the standard English biography of the founder of Muslim separatism. Of the many bio­ graphies of Gokhale and Tilak, the two great leaders of the first phase of Indian , S. A. Wolpert's Tilak and Gokhale, Revolution and Reform in the making qf the Modern India (Berkeley, 1962) is by far the best. Gandhi has a number of biographers each differing from the other in his interpretations of the mysterious Mahatma. His own account of his life, The Story qfmy Experiments with Truth (first published at , 1927), though more reflective than factual, is by far the best source on his life and activities up to 1920S. U. N. Pyarelal's : The Last Phase faithfully describes Mahatma's last struggle against communal violence in the 1940s. D. G. Tendulkar's Mahatma (Bombay, 1951-4) in eight formidable volumes is the most authentic account of his life from 1869 to 1948 told mostly in his own writings and speeches. Jawaharlal Nehru's (first published in London, 1936; a cheaper edition published in India, 1962) is as much a story of his life as of Indian politics from 1912 to 1935. This may be supplemented with M. Brecher's Nehru: A political biography (Oxford, 1959), which surpasses previous writings on Nehru in authenticity and depth. B. R. Nanda's The Nehrus; Motilal and Jawaharlal (1962) is a brilliant and scholarly study ofthe father and son up to 1931. in his Autobiography (Bombay, 1957) narrates his role in politics to the 1940s, in particular the Right-Left tension of the 1930S in Congress. N. D. Parikh's Sardar (Ahmedabad, 1953) and K. L. Panjabi's The Indomitable Sardar: A Political Biography (Bombay, 1962) authentically describe the life and works of the iron man of Congress BIBLIOGRAPHY 231 until his death. H. Bolitho's Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan (1954) provides a character study of the Muslim leader. M. A. H. Ispahani's Qaid-e-kam Jinnah as I Knew Him (Karachi, 1966) furnishes some intimate details about Jinnah's conquests in Bengal and the Punjab. M. H. Saiyid's Mokammad Ali Jinnah: a Political Study (Lahore, 1945), still remains a detailed record ofJinnah's political achievements. Of the works which describe periods rather than portray characters Sir Stan1ey Reed's The India I Knew 1897-1947 (1952) is anecdotal, also containing some glimpses of the early twentieth-century social lives of the Sahebs in India. B. C. Pal's Memories of my Life and Times (2 vols., Calcutta, 1951) and Sir S. N. Banerjea's A in the Making (1925) are relevant to the period from 1900 to 1920. M. N. Das's India under Morley and Minto (1964), R. S. Wasti's Lord Minto and the Indian Nationalist Movement 1905-1910 (Oxford, 1964), S. A. Wolpert Morley and India, 1906-1910 (California, 1967), Mary Minto, India, Minto and Morley 1905-10 (1934), and John Viscount Morley's Recollections, vol. ii (1917), together provide a definitive study of the Minto-Morley period of Indian history and the growth of Muslim separatism. Edwin Montagu's An Indian Diary (1930) is a Secretary of State's diary written day by day during his visit to India in 1917-18. The Earl of Halifax's Fulness of days (1957), Viscount Templewood, Nine Troubled Tears (1954), Marquess of Zetland's 'Essayez' (1956), S. Gopal's The Viceroyal9' of Lord Irwin 1926-31 (Oxford, 1957) and the Earl of Birken­ head's The Life of Lord Halifax (1965) are valuable works on the crucial period roughly from 1926 to 1935 - Gandhi's civil disobedience movement of 1930, Round Table Conferences and the origin of the 1935 Act. A. K. Azad's India wins Freedom (Bombay, 1959) contains his critical analysis of Congress's attitude towards the Muslim League in 19308 and 1940s. S. Ghose's Gandhi's Emissary (1967), though self-centred, gives some new facts on the Cabinet Mission's activities in 1946. AIan Campbell-Johnson's Mission with Mountbatten (1951) is a diary of the events and is indispensable for the last phase of the - March- 232 BIBLIOGRAPHY

August, 1947. Lord Ismay's Memoirs (1960) is relevant for the same period though it yields very little. M. R. Jayakar's The Story of "VI Life, 2 vols. (Bombay, 1958) is essentially an account of politics from 1895 to 1922 and the rise of Hindu Mahasabha from 1922 to 1925. See also C. H. Setalvad's Recollections and Reflections (Bombay, 1946). India's leading businessman and indus­ trialist, G. D. Birla, in his work In the Shadow of the Mahatma: A Personal Memoir (Calcutta, 1953) gives an account of his association with Gandhi from 1916 to 1945, and provides glimpses of economic nationalism. Aga Khan's Memoirs (1954) describes his role in Muslim politics especially in the nine troubled years of 190o-g and again during the Round Table Conferences in the 1930s.

4. GENERAL WORKS

Hindu Renaissance r828-r90o On the best study is S. D. Collet's Life and Letters of Rammohun Ray (3rd ed.) (Calcutta, 1962). The English Works of Raja Ram Mohan Ray (, 1906) is the primary source. On Arya Samaj movement the basic work is Dayanand's Satyarth Prakash (English trans. by Dr. Bharadwaja, Allahabad, 2nd ed. 1915). Lajpat Rai's A History of Arya Samaj (rev. ed. Calcutta, 1967) and H. B. Sarda's Dayanand Commemoration volume (, 1933) are the standard works. The primary source on the thoughts of Vivekananda is The Complete Works of Vivekanand, 8 vols. (, 1923-51). A critical appraisal of his ideas is provided by D. G. Dalton in his unpublished University of London Ph.D. thesis, 'The idea of freedom in the political thought ofVivekanand, Aurobindo, Gandhi and Tagore'. For general works covering various aspects of Hindu renaissance Charles H. Heimsath's and Hindu Social Reform (Princeton, 1964) is excellent. T. de Bary's edited Sources of Indian Tradition (Columbia Uni­ versity, 1958) can still be used as a source book. J. N. BIBLIOGRAPHY 233

Farquhar's Modern Religious Movements in India (New York, 1918) remains a standard general work. Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, vol. ii (New York, 1909), provides authentic accounts of Arya Samaj and Samaj movements. Indian Social Riform (ed. C. Y. Chintamani) (Madras, 1901) contains standard articles on individual social problems, and also some of the speeches of Ranade. There is no standard work on the impact of renaissance on Hindu society though S. Natarajan's A Century of Social Riform in India (Bombay, 1959) is a modest attempt.

British Policy and &onomic Development 1858-1947 Documentation on policy and change is adequately provided by C. H. Philips et al. (eds.) The Evolution of India and Pakistan: Select Documents, 1858-1947 (Oxford, 1962), and M. Gwyer and A. Appadorai (eds.), Speeches and Documents on the Indian Constitution 1921-47,2 vols. (O.V.P., 1957). T. R. Metcalf's The Aftermath of Revolt: India 1857-1870 (Princeton, 1965) is an excellent standard work on the period its title suggests. S. Gopal's British Policy in India 1858-1905 (1965), mainly based on the Private Papers of the Viceroys, is a mine of valuable information. The standard works on economic development are Vera Anstey's The &onomic Development of India (1957), R. C. Dutt's &onomic , 2 vols. (19°1-5) and D. R. Gadgil The Industrial Evolution of India (1934).

Indian Nationalism General B. B. Misra's The Indian Middle Classes (Oxford, 1961) is a pioneer scholarly work. K. Dwarkadas's India's Fight for Freedom 191:r1937: An eye-witness story (Bombay, 1966) is a critical and invaluable study of Congress and the League to 1937 when they drifted apart. S. R. Mehrotra's India and the Commonwealth 1885-1929 (1965) is an authentic and scholarly interpretation ofBritish- Congress-League policies. Anil Seal's The Emergence of Indian Nationalism (Cambridge, 234 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1968) provides an excellent analysis of Indian politics in the three Presidencies to 1888. D. A. Low (ed.), Soundings in Modern South Asian History (London, 1968)-a collection of eleven articles-shifts the focus from the all-India to the regional politics. J. H. Broomfield's Elite Conflict in a Plural Society ,. Twentieth-Century Bengal (University of California, 1968) provides an insight into Bengal politics from 1912 to 1927.

Congress 1885-1947 P. Sitaramayya's The History qf the Indian National Congress, 2 vols. (Bombay, 1946) is the official account, and is factual and accurate though provides dull reading. C. F. Andrews and G. Mooke:rjee's The Rise and Growth qf the Congress in India (rev. ed. , 1967) and B. and B. P. Mujumdar's Congress and Congressmen in the Pre-Gandhian Era 1885-1917 (Calcutta, 1967) fills in a few gaps but lacks scholarship and depth. 's Speeches and Writings, etc. (Madras, 1910), G. K. Gokhale's Speeches (Madras, 1920), H. W. Nevinson's The New Spirit in India (1908), and P. C. Ghosh's The Development qf the Indian National Congress, 1892-1909 (Calcutta, 1960) are useful for the early period to 1910. V. C.Joshi (ed.), : writings and speeches, 2 vols. (Delhi, 1966) explains the reasons for the rise of Hindu communalism in the 1920S. Dorothy Norman's Nehru. The First Sixty rears (1965), the writings and correspondence of J. Nehru as contained in Independence and After (Delhi, 1949), India and the World (1936) and A Bunch qfOld Letters (Bombay, 1958), S. C. Bose's Selected Speeches qf (Gov. of India, 1962) and Rajendra Prasad's India Divided (3rd ed. 1947) - these are very useful for the 1930S and 1940s. On Sikhs K. Singh's A History qf the Sikhs, 2 vols. (Princeton, 1963, 1966) is authoritative and readable.

Muslim Politics 1870-1947 S. A. Khan's An Essay on the Causes of the Indian Revolt (Calcutta, 1860) and W. W. Hunter, The Indian Mussalmans BIBLIOGRAPHY 235

(1871) are the basic works causing a change in British policy towards the Muslims of India. W. C. Smith's Modern in India (1946) provides an economic interpretation of Muslim politics. S. M. Ikram's Modern Muslim India and the Birth cif Pakistan (Lahore, 1965) provides biographical sketches of Muslim luminaries from Hali to Jinnah. R. A. Symonds's The Making cif Pakistan (1950) is a dispassionate study. Lal Bahadur's The Muslim League: Its history, activities and achievements (, 1954), based on archival materials, and Ram Gopal's Indian Muslims: A political history 1858- 1947 (1959), are biased but valuable general works on Muslim politics. Choudhry Khaliquzzaman's Pathway to Pakistan (1961) is a self-centred and apologetic work by a provincial Muslim leader personally involved in the high politics of Congress and the League. K. K. Aziz's Britain and Muslim India (London, 1963) concentrates mainly on the British attitude towards Muslim nationalism from 1857 to 1947. Jamil ud-Din Ahmad's Speeches and writings cif Mr. Jinnah 2 vols. (Lahore, 1960, 1964) is an indispensable collection on the career ofJinnah from 1935 to 1948, C. M. Ali's The Emergence cif Pakistan (Columbia University Press, 1967) provides intimate details about the League block in the interim government of 1946-7. The author, then a financial adviser to the government, became the Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1955 to 1956.

Transfer cif Power 1945-7 V. P. Menon's The Transfer cif Power in India (Calcutta, 1957) and The Story cif the Integration cif the Indian States (first published 1956; cheap ed. Madras, 1961) are authoritative, accurate and dispassionate accounts by a high civil servant who played an important role in the great events of the last years of the Raj. Of the three works on the same theme E. W. R. Lumby's The Transfer cif Power in India, 1945-47 (1954), Michael Edwardes's The Last rears cif British India (1963) and L. Mosley's The Last Days cif the British Raj (1962), the last is by far the best in style and documentation though a little biased in the interpretation of Mountbatten's role. G. D. Khosla's Stern Reckoning; a survry cif the events 236 BIBLIOGRAPHY leading Up to and following the partition of India (New Delhi, 1949) mainly deals with the violence in the Punjab. Most valuable are the Papers delivered by participants in the Partition of India Seminar organised and presided over by Professor C. H. Philips at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. The papers concentrate on the period from 1935 to 1947. They are to be published shortly. Index

Abell,Geo~,187, 196,197 Amrit BaQU Patrika, 39, 67 Acts of the Indian Legislature: Amritsar: of, 107, 110, Native Marriage, 16; Age of I I I; Congress Session 1919, 108 Consent, 16; Arms, 21; Widow , 57 Remarriage, 36; Explosive Sub­ Angora, 121 stances, 71; Indian Press, 71; Animists, 2 Defence of India, 103; Rowlatt, Anti-Partition Movement, Bengal, JIO 47,63-5,68 Acts of Parliament: Government Arabia, 56 of India, 102, 109, 113, 116, Archbold, W. A.J., 60, 66 123, 136-g, 141-5, 153, 155, Armstrong, H. C., 143 174, 216; Indian Councils, 7, Arnold, Sir Edwin, 27 72, 74-7; Independence, 204 Arya Samaj, 63, 121,213; founda­ Mghanistan,86, 120; Amir of, 59 tion of, 32; membership of, 33 Aga Khan, 67, 74, 82 Assam, 47, 84, 142, 166, 177, 195, Agriculturalists Party, 143 196, 198, 203; Muslim League, Ahmedabad, 13,95, 106, 133 171; General Election 1945, , 27 175; Cabinet Mission Plan 1946, Alexander, A. V., 177 179,180, 183 Al-Hilal, 84 Atlantic Charter, 161 Ali, Ameer, 63, 74 Attlee, Clement, 152, 172, 176, Ali brothers, JII, JI3, JI4, JI5 187-8, 191, 194, 19B, 200, 202, Ali, Mohanuned, 84-7 203-4,216 Ali, Saukat, 86 Auchinleck, Sir Claude, 205 Aligarh, 82, 85, 215; University, Ayerst, Lieutenant, 6g 59,85; College, 59, 60, 66, 82, Azad, A. K., 84, 86, 146n., 152, 84,85; Muslim Movement, 6, 159,17°,173,177,179,180,182 60,65-6, 21 3 Radio, 165 AlIahabad, 14B; University, 15; Congress Session 1910,82 Bacon, F., 28 Allen, B. C., 70 Baksh, Allah, 154, 164, 166 All-India Convention (Dec. 1928), Balkan States, 155 126 Balkan War, 85 All-India Radio, 203 Baluchistan, 144, 174, 196-7, 202, All-India Trade Union Congress 204 1929,131 Banaras, of, 71 n. All-Parties Muslim Conference, Banerjea, Sir Surendra Nath, 3g- 124 41,53,78, 1°4 Ambedkar, Or B. R., 135 Banerjee, Nandalal, 70 Amery, L. S., 158, 159 Banerji, Or R. D., 27 INDEX

Bardoli, 1I5 General Election 1945, 174; Barelawi, Ahmad, 57 High Court, 60; Legislative Baroda, 2, 45 Council, 49 Beck, Theodore, 60--2 Base, Subhas Chandra, 127, 149, Belgium, 158 165,174 Bengal, 17, 29,33, 38-g, 40n., 51, Bradlaugh, Charles, 44 56-7, 63, 70, 84, 103, 119, 142, , 31-2, 34 144, 148, 154, 161, 164, 166, Britain, 35, 48, 83, 84, 97, 188, 170-1, 189, 196-200, 203-4; 210,212 population and area, 2; land British Commonwealth, 126-7, revenue, I I; partition of, 46-7, 199-200 49, 53, 65, 68, 82, 83; terrorism, , I, 17, 18, 37, Gg; non-co-operation movement, 45,85,97,99-100 I 13; famine 1943-4, 168; General British Government, 47, 63, 82, Election 1945, 175; Cabinet 1I2, 130-1, 134, 136, 140, 142, Mission Plan 1946, 178; Direct 156, 158-62, 169, 172, 174, 183, Action Day, 184 187, 202; General Elections Bentinck,LordWilliam,4, 14,31 n. 1945, 173 Berar, 113 British India, 9, 45, 13 1, 133, , 165 136-7, 141-2, 170, 178, 188; Besant, Annie, 97, 101, 103 n., population and area, 2, 12; 104-5, 113-14; imprisonment, governmental structure, 4 99,100 British India Society, 38 Bethune,j. D., 38 British Indian Association, 38 Bevin, Ernest, 180 British Parliament, 2, 4, 18, 23, , 206-7 38-g, 44, 45, 62, 65, 67, 73, Bihar, 2, 93, 119, 122, 142, 184, 100-1, 108, 110-11, 137, 155, 196, 19B; non-co-operation 15g--60, 172, 187 movement, 113; civil dis­ British Parliamentary Delegation obedience, 166; General Elec­ 1946,175 tion 1945, 174 Brockman, Captain R. V., 191 n. Bilgrami, Nawab Sayyid Ali, 74 Brussels, 127 Blavatsky, Mdme, 34 Buddhists, percentage of popula­ Blunt, William, 44 tion, 2 Bolsheviks, 107 Burdwan, Maharaja of, 17 Bombay, 13,34,36,42,63,69, gB, Burma, 15, Gg, 165, 174n., 19B 101, 105-6, 108, "5, "9, 142, 144-5, IGg, 176, 196; popula­ Cabinet Mission 1946, 177--81, tion and area, 2; University, 15; 186,195 , 29. Calcutta, 27, 41, 47, 70, 84, 86, 33; political organisations, 40 n.; 126, 177, 201; University, 15, Medical Mission to Turkey, 85; 41, 75; Congress Session 1906, , 95; Congress Ses­ 48; Congress Session 1917, 100; sion 1915, 97; Congress Session Congress Session 1928, 126, 1918, 103, 104; non-co-opera­ 127; , 184, tion movements, 1I3; separated 185 from Sind, 124; All-India Con­ Caliph, 82, 85-6 gress Committee, 166, 182; Caliphate,83-4, 110-1 I, 120, 123 INDEX 239

Campbell-Johnson, Alan, Igl n. Cross, Richard Assheton, 20 Canada, 73, 102-3 Crum, Lt-Colonel V. F. Erskine, Canning, Charles, 1St Earl, Ig, 20 Igl n. Cape Supreme Court, gl Curzon, Lord, g-IO, 20-1, 26-7, Central India, population, 2 46-7,68, 100; as an imperialist, Central National Mohammedan 1,3 Association, 63 Czechoslovakia, 147 Central Provinces, Ilg, 142, Ig6; population and area, 2; non­ Dacca, 40, 67; Nawab of, 66 co-operation movement, 113; Dalhousie, Lord, 4,14,18 General Election I 945, 174 Dandi, march, 133 Ceylon,15 ,lg8 Chamberlain, Sir Austen, 100 Das, C. R., 110, 114,121-3 Chamberlain, Neville, 158 Dayanand, 35, 46,121 n., 213 Champaran, 93:-4 Defence Association, 41 Chatterji, Barkimchandra, 51, 68 Delhi, 106, 121, 161, 174-5, 178, Chauri Chaura, 115 184, 187, 18g, IgI, 200, 203, Chenab , 6g 205, 20g; VVar Conference, Chiang Kai-shek, General, 161 June Ig18, g6; Congress Mani­ Chicago, 34 festo Ig2g, 131; China, 149, 161 IgII,83 Christian , 17,28 Dharbhanga, 45; Malraraja of, 71 ,17-18,26,28-33 Sabha, 34 Christians, 17, 31, 83, 109, 170; Digby, VVilliam, 44 percentage of total population, 2 Dravidians, Ig8 Church Society, 17 Dufferin,Lord,g, 20,42,45 Churchill,VV~ton, 138, 152,158- Dunkirk, 158 159, 161, 163, 168, 172, 187--a Dyer, General Reginald, 107, I I I Civil Disobedience Movement, 105-7, 122, 132, I 34-Q, 157, , 67, 203-5; Hindu- 160, 166; April Iglg, 112; Muslim riots, 65, 184 Bardoli, 115; Punjab, 188 , 8, 58 Communalism, 118-20, 136, 142- , 202:-3 143, 145, 147, 215; Hindu, 123, , 177, 18g, Ig5-7, 126; Muslim, 150 20 4-5 Constituent Assembly, 149, 180- Edward VII, King, 212 182, 186-7, Ig4, Ig6, 200, 202, Egyptians, 107 20g Elgin, Lord, 20-1 Corfield, Sir Conrad, 206 Ellenborough, Lord, Ig Cornwal1is, Lord, I I , 2, Ig, 43, 59, 70, 88, , Sir Henry, 44, 60 102,11 1,163, 16g Council of State, 109, 139 English , 14, 16 , 63 English legal system, 5-Q Crete, 85 Europe,82,100, 103, 149,152 Cripps, Sir Stafford, 152, 161-g, 168, 172, 181, 188; as a political Famine, 11-12 theorist, 177; 1942 plan, 162. Famine Commission of 1880, 12 165, ISo, 216 Far East, 149 INDEX

Fazl-i-Hussain, 144 Gobineau, Count, 22 Fazl-ul-Haq, A. K., 144, 148, 154, Gokhale, G. K., 37, 48-51, 65, 164,166,170 72-5, 78,83, 92, 97, 119 Federal Legislature, 139 Gorakphur, II5 Federation ofIndia, 139-40 , 86 Female , 16 Greek, 27, 30 First World War, 97 Gujerat,87 France, 158,210 Gupta, K. G., 74 Fraser, Sir Andrew, 70 Frere, Sir Bartle, 5 n., 6-7 Halifax, Lord, 138. See also Irwin, Fuller, Sir Bampfylde, 63-5 Lord Hamilton, Lord George, 9, 21 Gandhi, Mrs Indira, 193 n. Hardie, Keir, 44 Gandhi, M. K., 50, 92,103,106-7, Hare, L., 64, 66 IIo-II, II9, 127, 131-2, 141-2, High Courts, 4-6, 56, 75 149, 152, 154, 156-7, 159-00, Highgate, London, 70 165, 172, 180, 182n., 185-6, ,30 188, 193-4, 213, 215; emer­ , 2, 17, 28, 30-2, 34-5, gence of, 81; speech in Calcutta 50,57,83,88,121 1915, 86; life and career of, Hindu Dharma Vyayasthapaka 87, 88, 89; in South Mrica, Mandali,34 90-1; at Motihari, 93; non­ Hindu Mahasabha, 34, 119, 150 violent resistance, 94; Ahme­ , 17, 20, 28-33, 36, 47, dabad cotton dispute, 95; 55-7, 60-5, 68, 72, 75-6, 78, 82, national politics, 96, 105; non­ 90, 96, 106, 109, 115, 119, 121, co-operation movement, I 12- 123, 126, 140, 142, 143, 154-5, II3, II5; as Congress Leader, 170, 173, 188, 189, 209, 213; II4; imprisonment, II6, 122, percentage of total population, 134; Dandi , 133; 2; religious conflicts with Mus­ second Round Table Confer­ lims, II7-18; Cabinet Mission ence, 135; meeting with Wavell, Plan 1946, 179 167-8; meeting with Jinnah, Hindustani, 114 169 Hitler, Adolf, 152 Gandhi-Irwin Pact 1931,134 Holland, 158,210 Ganpati,63 Home Rule League, 99, 101 Gaya, 122 House of Commons, 45, 100, I II, George V, King, 108 138,172,176,202,204 Germans, 147 House of Lords, I I I Germany, 86, 103, 149, 158, 165, Hughli river, 13 172 Hume, Allan Octavian, 41-3, 60- Ghadr Party, 9 61 Ghose, Aurobindo, 51,70 Hume,Joseph,41 Ghose, Motilal, 39 Huns, 100 Ghose, Rash Bihari, 52 Hunter, Lord, 108 Ghose, Sisar Kumar, 39-40, 168 Hunter, W. W., 57 Gita, 27-8,46, 88 Hunter Committee, loB, 1 I 1 Gladstone, W. E., 23 , 74, 139, 206, 207, Gliddon, G. R., 22 208; area, 2, 56; Nizam of, 59 INDEX

Ilbert, Sir Courtenay, lZl 136--7, 139, I 78-g, lZ03-4, 206- IlbertBill, lZl, 41 207; division of, lZ; Cripps India (journal), 44 proposals, 162; Instrument of , 3, 58, 6g, 174n.; Accession, 207 organisation of, 10 Indore, Raja of, 206--7 Indian Association, 40-1 Iqbal, Dr , 144 Indian , 39-40, 43, Ireland,68 45, 51, 60, 74, 85, 167, lZ04; Irwin, Lord, 130-1, 134 administration of, 9; personnel, Islam, 29, 32-3, 55, 57, 85, 121, 10 123, 148, 153 Indian League, 39-40 Ismay, Lord, 196--7 , 174, 176 Italy,82,158 Indian National Congress, 43, 45- 46, 49-50, 55, 60-4, 66, 7lZ--6, Jainism,87 78-g, 81-2, 84, 92, 96, 101, Jains,2 II6--17, 123-5, 127, 13 1, 133, Jalianwala Bagh, 107 135--6, 141-2, 145--6, 148-50, Jama Masjid, 106 153-9,161-3, 165,168-74,176-- Japan, 68, 161-2, 165--6, 172, 177, 184--6, 188-g, 194-5, 197, 174n., 203 ~!O3, 207, 214-16; birtb of, 4lZ; Jats, 33 objects, 43-4; Calcutta Ses­ Jayakar, M. R., 52n., 126 sion 1906, 47-8; Surat Session Jews,2 1907,52-3; growtb of violence, Jhansi, Rani of, 18 68; Constitution of April 1908, Jinnah, Fatima, 193 n. 97; Bombay Session 1915, 98; Jinnah, , 97, 101, , 99; Bombay 104, IIO, II3, 122, 124, 144-5, Session 19 I 8, 103-4; British 147-50, 152--6, 159--61, 163-73, Committee of, 44; All-India 175, 181, 185-8, 193n., 194- Congress Committee, 166, 182; 197, 202-3, 205, 208-g, 216; Amritsar Session 1919, 108, 110; joins League, 98; leaves Con­ Calcutta Session 1919, II3; gress, 114; temporary exit from Jinnah quits, 114; divided, 120; politics, 126; in London, 137, Gaya (Bibar) Session 1922, 122; 143; meeting witb LinIitbgow, Calcutta Session 1928, 126; 157; General Election 1945, Lahore Session 1929, 132; 174; Cabinet Mission 1946, elections of 1936, 143; on 177-9, 182-3; Mountbatten August Offer 1940, 160; on Plan, 201 Cripps Offer, 164; resolution Jinnah, Ruttenbai, 124 of 6 July 1942, 166; civil dis­ Jodhpur,207 obedience, 167; General Elec­ Johnson, Colonel, 161-3 tion 1945, 175; Cabinet Mis­ Joint Defence Council, 205 sion 1946, 178-83; Mount­ Jones, Sir William, 27, 30 batten Plan, 200, 202 , 207-8 Indian Princes, 10, 18, 45, 133, , 143 136--7, 150, 206--7; protection of,3 KaIidasa, 27, 30 Indian Sociologist, 70 Kanpur,85 Indian States, 3-4, 18, 131, 133, Karachi, 176,201 n., lZ05, $log INDEX

Kashmir, 139, 16g, 207-8; popula- Macaulay, T. B., 14 tion and area, 2 MacDonald, James Ramsay, 44, Kathiawar,88 128, 135 Kemal Atatiirk, 120, 143 Madras, 26 n., 29, 33-4, 60, 99, Kennedy, Miss and Mrs, 70 105, 109, 119, 122, 142-3, 196; ,7 1 population and area, 2; land Khaira,95 revenue, 11; University, 15; Khaksars, 20 I n. army, 27; political associations, Khaliquzzaman, Choudhry, 146, 40n., General Election 1945, 153 174 Khalistan, 198 Maine, Sir Henry, 5 n., 23 Khan, Abdul Ghaffar, 204 n. Malabar, 114 Khan, Abdul Qaiyam, 173, 204 Malaviya, Madan Mohan, 78, Khan, Kizar Hayat, 167, 169-70, 114,126 188-g Malaya, 165 Khan, LiaquatAli, 144, 186n. , 6g Khan, Nawab Mehdi Ali, 66 Marshall, Sir John, 27 Khan Saheb, Dr, 171 Mane:, Karl, 8g Khan, Sir Sikandar Hayat, 148, Mayo, Lord,21,23,57 154, 167 Mehta, Sir Phirozshah, 89, 97 Khan, Syed Ahmad, 6-7, 57~2, Menon, V. P., 195, 199-200, 81, 21 3, 21 5 206-8; Menon-Mountbatten Khaparde, G. S., 52 n. Plan,202 Khilafat, 114, 120; Movement, Middle classes, 7-8, 14, 19-20, 117, 215; Committee, 2n., 26, 28, 36, 40-1, 45, 62, 94, 123, 124 106, 116, 136, 213; education Khoja,12 of, 16; emergence of, 37; Kimberley, Lord, 9 entrance into politics, 38; Kingsford, D. H., 70 Bengali, 39; Hindu, 55, 57, Kolhapur, 45 60-1; Muslim, 55, 56, 76, Koran, 143 83-4, 96-7, 105, 113, 152-5, Kripalani,J. B., 202 201,214,216 Krishak Proja Party, 170 Mieville, Sir Eric, 191 n. Krishnavarma, Shyarnaji, 70 Mill,J. S., 19 Milton,John,28 Lahore, 33, 155, 169 Minto, Lord, 47-8, 63-8, 71, 73, Lenin, V. I., 89 75~, 78 Liberal Federation, 116 Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental Linlithgow, Lord, 138, 149, 152, Defence Association, 62 154-5, 157-g, 167-8, 195,216 Mohenjo Daro, 27 Liverpool, 65 Mohsin-ul-Mulk, 66, 82 London, 4, 8, 40, 62, 70, 73, 82, Montagu, Edwin, 10Q-2 88, 100, 130, 133, 135, 137, 144, Montagu-Chehnsford Report, 153, 163, 168, 170, 171, 187, 102-4 191,196,200 Moplah, 114, 116 Lucknow, 82, 97 Morison, T., 60 Lucknow Pact, g8-g Morley, John, 49, 64-7, 72-4, 76, Lytton, Lord, 19 ,8 INDEX 243

~onrison, 1rheodore,85 Nanda, N., 14'2n. ~oscow, 1'27 Naoroji, Dadabhai, 43-5, 48 ~otihari, 93 Natal,go ~ountbatten, Lady, 193 National Conference, 41 Mountbatten, Lord, 15'2, 188--g, National Defence Council, 161 191,193-'200,'20'2-5,'207-10 National Liberation Federation, Mountbatten, Pamela, 193 104 Mueller, Max F., '27 , 83 Mukherjee, Ashutosh, 75 Nehru, Jawarharlal, I I I, 114-16, ,40 119,13'2,134,140-1,143-5,147- Munro, Sir Thomas, 11, '23 50, 15'2, 154, 157, 159, 16'2, 165, Muslim League, 76, 79, 8'2, 84, 171,180,18'2, 184-7,193-6,199- 86, 97, 101, 11'2, 119, 124, 139, 200, 203, 206, '215; entry into 144-50, 15'2, 156--61, 164, 166- Congress politics, 1'27; elected 170, 17'2-3, 176-7, 184-6, President, 131; imprisonment, 188--g, 195, '203, '214-16; birth 138; election tour 1936, 14'2; of, 55, 66, 71; objects of, 67; with Wavell, 167; Cabinet politics of, 81; 1915 Session, Mission Plan, 183; at Simla, Bombay, 98; Amritsar Session 198; Menon - Mountbatten 1919, 110; Calcutta Session Plan, '20'2; 19'28, 1'26; Elections of 1936, speech, '209 143; Assembly at Lahore 1940, Nehru, Motilal, 114, 116, 119, 155; General Election 1945, 1'21-3, 1'25, 1'27 174-5; Cabinet ~ission Plan Nehru Committee, 1'25-6; Report, 1946, 179, 181, 183; Mount­ 1'27 batten Plan, 200 Nevinson,H. W.,44 Muslixns, 20, 33, 37, 55-65, 68, New York, 70 72, 78, 81, 83-6, go, 96, 98-g, New Tork Herald, 35 106, log, 11 1-13, 115, 117-'21, Noakhali, 184 1'23-6, 133, 140, 14'2-4, 146-8, Nomani, Shibli, 84-5 150, 153, 158, 168, 170-1, 181, Non-co-operation Movement, 19B, 209, '213; percentage of 112-16, 1'20-1 total population, '2; in Assam, Northbrook, Lord 1rhomas, '20 47; separate electorates, 75; North-West Frontier Province, 86, on legislative councils, 77; 1Ig-'20, 124, 142, 144, 164, Cabinet ~ission Plan 1946, 168, 171, 173, 188, 195-8, 203- 179; riots in Punjab, 189 204; population and area, 2; Mutiny, 1857, 3, 5-7, 15-18, 20, General Election 1945, 175; 38-g, 56-7, 69, 117, '21'2; army Cabinet Mission Plan 1946, policy, 10; causes of, 58-g; 178,180, 183 impact of, 19 North-Western tProvinces, 56-7, Muzzafarpur, bomb case, 70-1 61, 63; population and area, 2 , population and area, 2, Nott,J. C., 22 139 Olcott, Colonel, 34n. Nagas,198 Orissa, 2, 142; General Election , 13,5'2,8'2,113 1945,174, 196, 19B , 18 Oudh,18 INDEX

Oxford, 27, 85 Bill, 69; Provincial Hindu Sabha, 72; University, 15 Pakistan, 75, 97, II9, 144, 152, 156, 15g-60, 167, 169, 171, Radeliffe, Sir Cyri!, 205 173-5, 183, 187~, 194-201, Rai, Lajpat, 33n., 52, 69, 71, 75, 203-5, 208, 210; Lahore re­ 114 solution, 155; Cripps pro­ Railways, 14 posals, 162-4; Cabinet Mission Rajagopalachari, C., 105, 121, 1946, 177-&; inauguration of, 164, 16g, 209n. 209 Rajpal, Mahashe, 121 n. Pal, Bipin Chandra, 51 , population, 2 Pan-Islamism, 84, 96 Ramkrishna Paramahamsa, 34 Paris,70 Ranade, M. G., 30n. Parliament of religions, 34 Rand, W. C., 6g ,2, 12, 150, 170, 185 Rangoon, 161 Partition Council, 205 Ratcliff, S. K., 44 Pate!, Maniben, 193 n. Reading, Lord, 114 Pate!, Sardar Vallabhbhai, 95, Richards, , 175 119, 134, 141, 152, 176, 180-1, Ripon, Lord, 22 182n., 193n., 195, 199, 202, Roosevelt, Franklin D., 161-2, 206-8 165 Pathans, Ig8, 204n. Round Table Conferences, 131- Pearl Harbor, 161 135, 140 Persia, 84 Rowlatt, Mr,Justice, 102 Pethick-Lawrence, Lord, 172, 177, RowlattBills, 105 181 Rowlatt Committee, 102, 104 Pondicherry,51 Roy, Rammohan, 28,30-1,34 Poona Pact, 135 n. Royal Indian Navy, 176 , 87-8 Royal Proclamation, I 10 ,155 , I, 68, 84, 127 Prasad, Rajendra, 119, 141, 149. Rutherford, Dr V. H., 44 191,209 R yotwari, 11 Privy Council, 4 of Free Sanatan Dharma Sabha, 34 India, Berlin, 165 Sandhya,70 Punjab, 17, 26n., 33-4, 57, 69, San Francisco, 103 72, 103, 109, 11g-20, 122, 142, Sangthan Movement, 121 144, 148, 154, 161, 164, 167-8, S~t,22,27,29 171, 188, 196-7, 199-200, 203- Sapru, Tej Bahadur, 104 204; population and area, 2; , Dayanand, 32-3 patriarchal system, 6; Muslims, Sastri, Srinivasa, 65-6,104,172 56, 61; Arya Samajist Move­ ,4, 28, 31,34 ment, 63; massacres, 107-8, Satyagraha, 92, 95, 105, 107, I I I ; non-eo-operation move­ 112-13, 115-16, 127, 133, 160; ment, II3; General Election in South Africa, 91; Committee, 1945, 174; Cabinet Mission 10 5 Plan 1946, 178; communal Savarkar, V. D., 70 riots, 184, 18g; Colonisation Sec;ond World War, 137, 152, 168 INDEX

Secretary of State for India, 8, Tanzim, 120 20,49,64,68,72, 100, 153, 158, Tata,jamshed,45 172, 177, 184; Council of, 4, Terrorist Movement, 6g 74 Terrorist Samities, 69 Sen, K. C., 31--2, 35 Theosophical Society, 34 Sevres, Treaty of, I11 Tilak, B. G., 37, 47, 51-3, 62, 68, Shaffi, Sir Muhammad, 125 n. 98, 101, 10g-IO, 113-14, 119; Shakespeare, William, 28, 30 imprisonment, 50, 71, 97; Shakuntala, 27 Home Rule Movements, 99 Shoiapur,13 Tilak Swaraj Fund, 121 Shraddhanand, Swami, 106, 121 Times, The, 74, 99 Sikhs, 2, 33, 57, 102, 109, 142, Tod,james,27 188, 189,lgB,200, 203 Tojo, General, 165 ,33 Transvaal, 91 Simla, 66, 16g-71, 173, 19B, 216; ,2,206,207 Cabinet Mission, 178 Treaty of London, 85 Simon, Sir john, 124 Tripoli, 82 Simon Commission, 130 Turkey, 82-6,9h 120 Sind, 2, 27, 119, 124, 134, 142- Turkish Empire, 81 144, 1540 164, 166, 171, 196-7, Tyabji, Badruddin, 60-1 202, 204; General Election 1945, 175; Cabinet Mission Plan, Ulema Party, 146 178; Direct Action Day, 184 , 142, 167, 170 Singapore, 161 United Indian Patriotic Associa- Singh, Ajit, 69 tion,62 Singh, Baldev, 200, 202-3 United Provinces, 84, 115, 119, Singh, Tara, 189 142--6, 148, 152-3, 196, 201-2; Sinha, S. P., 75 non-co-operation movement, Sivaji,62 113; civil disobedience, 166; Smith, Dunlop, 66 General Election 1945, 174 Smuts, General, 91 Untouchables, 36, 83, 135, 150, South Africa, 86, 90--2, 96, 105 185 South-East , 103, 174n., 210 , 28, 30 ,155 U.S.A., 35, 102, 161 Stephen, Sir james, 23 Strachey, Sir john, 9 Vedanta,35 Suddhi Movement, 33, 121 , 28, 32, 46 Suhrawardy,Shaheed, 184 Victoria, Queen, 18, 212 Surat, 52, 96, 115 Viqar-ul-Mulka, 82 Swaraj Party, 122-3 Vivekenanda, Swami, 28, 34-6, Switzerland, 2 46 Syihet, 203-4 Wahhabi Movement, 56, 57 Tagore, Debendranath, 31 Wahhabis,57 Tagore, Rabindranath, 9 Wales, 2; Prince of, 74,115,156 Taj Mahal Hotel, 98 War Advisory Council, 160 , 11, 18, 19 Wavell, Lord, 152, 167-9, 171, Tamil,26n. 173, 184-8,193,195,216 INDEX

Webb, Alfred, 44 Willingdon, Lord, 136, 138 Wedderburn, Sir William, 44, 60, Wood, Sir Charles, 7, 20 72,82 , 47, 177, 189, 195-7, Young Turks Movement, 83 204-5 rugantar, 7° , 202, 209 Yule, George, 44 , 204-5 Widow Remarriage Association, Zamindary Association, 38 34 Zetland,Lord,153-4,158