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No. 36 THE CLEMENTS LIBRARY ASSOCIATES Fall-Winter 2011

THE WEST INDIES

ll readers of The Quarto tions are broad, deep, and rich. These Associates, for whom we publish The know the Clements Library’s include exploration and discovery, the Quarto, are as well. shelves contain a wonderful American Revolution, culinary history, This issue focuses on a Clements array of primary sources on the Native Americans, the Civil War, reli- specialty that might not be as well history of North America from 1492 gion and reform movements, women’s known as our other strengths. Glancing Athrough the nineteenth century. The history, slavery and antislavery, and through book curator Emiko Hastings’ scholars who write books and articles almost any other aspect of our pre-1900 Books Based on the Clements Library based on our holdings; the undergradu- heritage. The letterhead we use for our Holdings, which came out last year and ate and graduate students who fill the shrinking number of non-electronic which lists some five hundred notewor- Reading Room during the academic communications has long displayed “A thy scholarly volumes published since year; members of the general public Library of Early Americana” above our 1923 that have drawn significantly on who come to see our exhibits and attend 909 South University Avenue address, sources here, I see that few of those our programs—all, or nearly all, can and that modest descriptor fits this insti- titles deal directly with the West Indies. rattle off the areas of early American tution well. We’re proud of that, and Since 1970, in fact, only five—David history in which the Library’s collec- we hope the Clements Library Syrett’s The Siege and Capture of

Hydrographer Samuel Thornton hinted at the commercial potential of the Caribbean islands in the title of his A New and Correct Large Draught of the Trading Part of the West Indies (London, ca. 1700). TAKING HAVANA

t was, to date, the largest Triumph. These Historical Views of pying soldiers. The tri-lingual captions combined land and sea expedi- the Late Glorious Expedition, of His demonstrate Britain’s growing influence tion of the eighteenth century. In Brittanic Majesty’s Ships and Forces, as an exporter of printed images and terms of the scale of the mission and Against the Havannah published by British pride in showing off the spoils the casualties endured, the 1762 siege Lieutenant Philip Orsbridge (d.1766), of victory to the rest of Europe. Iof Havana, Cuba, was the costliest also in 1764. The Durnford series The artist on the scene, Elias British endeavor of the Seven Years’ shows us Havana as a tranquil Durnford of the Engineers, was also War in North America. The seventeen- Caribbean trading paradise. The aide-de-camp to the commander of week campaign involved as many as Orsbridge images display the military the expedition to Havana, Lieutenant 17,000 seamen and marines and almost conquest, step by step. Typical of eigh- General George Keppel, 3rd Earl of 13,000 regulars aboard a fleet of 200 teenth-century graphics, these print Albemarle (1724–72), to whom he dedi- vessels. When the dust settled, the series report carefully observed facts cated the series. Several writers have British flag flew over El Morro, the layered with some revisionism. pointed out that most creators of early St. Pierre, Martinique, as seen in a 1782 watercolor by French naval officer Pierre Ozanne (1737–1813). strongest fortification in the Caribbean. Havana, Spain’s mighty colonial eco- Havana, 1762 (1970); Richard S. Clements, but perhaps I should take it as Family, Pratt & Kintzing, and Oliver nomic hub, momentarily became a Dunn’s Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of proof that our curators were right when Hazard Perry Papers to show that our jewel in the crown of the expanding the Planter Class in the English West they suggested devoting an issue to what manuscript collections are marvelous, British Empire. Every officer who Indies, 1624–1713 (1972); Andrew J. we have for researchers interested in the unique resources on the cultural, returned, from senior commanders to O’Shaughnessy’s An Empire Divided: islands of the Caribbean. social and political landscapes of ship captains, received a share of prize The American Revolution and the British This issue accomplishes that goal, the Caribbean between 1750 and money worth millions of pounds. The Caribbean (2000); Laurent Dubois’s I think. Clayton Lewis looks at our 1820. The role of cane sugar in the British occupation would be short-lived, A Colony of Citizens: Revolution and prints of the 1762 siege of Havana that West Indian economy, its reliance on but effects of the victory would linger Slave Emancipation in the French (briefly) transferred control of the city slavery, and its growing significance in in both Britain and Cuba. Caribbean, 1787–1804 (2004); and from Spain to England, images that European food culture from the seven- Broadside prints produced in James Robertson’s Gone is the Ancient combine aesthetic appeal with tremen- teenth through the nineteenth centuries Britain shortly after the siege reveal Glory: Spanish Town, Jamaica, 1543– dous amounts of information on the form the basis of culinary curator JJ the excitement generated by this victory 2000 (2005)—jump out from “Emi’s siege, the architecture of Havana, Jacobson’s essay. We have a terrific and the importance of Havana as a List” (as her WLCL colleagues now European perspectives of the West selection of early printed and manuscript colonial acquisition. At a time when refer to it) as concentrating on West Indies colonies, and copper-plate maps of the West Indies, and Brian copper-plate engraving was a very Indies history. That surprised me, given engraving in the eighteenth century. Dunnigan discusses some of the ways expensive, slow, high-overhead process, the remarkable assortment of fascinating Cheney Schopieray dips into the historical researchers can mine those as many or more large-scale views of West Indies material here at the Tousard, Tailyour Family, Leckie cartographic sources for useful informa- Havana were produced in the aftermath tion. All of the essays are “tip of the of the Seven Years’ War as scenes of Ft. George commands the entrance to the harbor of St. George’s, Grenada, as seen iceberg” peeks at the collections, so New York, Boston, or Québec, the fall- in 1824. This privately printed lithograph, made by Maj. Edward Fanshawe, Royal readers who spot anything of interest en capital of New France. Engineers (b. 1785), accurately captures the island’s rugged topography. in this issue should be confident that Yet the siege of Havana has Elias Durnford’s Scenographia Americana view of the market square of Havana is packed they’ll find much more along the same faded from long-term historical memo- with vignettes of British soldiers and sailors mixing with some of the city’s inhabitants. lines here at the Library. With the early ry. General James Wolfe’s demise and stages of winter settling in as I type this subsequent glorification by Benjamin The Durnford views begin with American landscape views were British column, the months ahead should be a West at the 1759 Battle of Québec depictions of the foreboding fortifica- military men. The curriculum of mili- good time to come to the Clements for totally overshadow the Havana assault. tions protecting Havana, capturing the tary academies of the eighteenth century some research on a warmer part of the But the celebratory themes present in expanse of the harbor and city from high included practical training in topograph- Americas. Whether you are working on engravings of Havana (a setting sun, vistas. Two of the six prints take us into ic drawing and the rendering of fortifica- West Indies religion, piracy, food, slav- massive spaces, victorious British mili- the central city at ground level—close tions and architecture. Long before ery, colonial empires, revolution, wars, tary) also powerfully expressed and enough to sense that we are interacting there was a Hudson River School or agriculture, property ownership, culture, reinforced British imperial ambition with the Spanish colonial architecture any clear American identity expressed trade routes, or diplomacy, the Clements and foreshadowed the shattering loss and the diverse Cuban population. The in landscape art, officers like Durnford Library will keep you busy with an of the American colonies that was natural fertility of the region and wealth were delineating the scene for English impressive variety of primary sources soon to come. of the city are evident throughout. Few and European audiences. you can’t find anywhere else. Two series of prints stand out reminders of the recent siege are evi- Durnford’s detailed renderings — J. Kevin Graffagnino for their quality and ambition: Six Views dent—some wrecked ships in the harbor of street life in Havana rise above mere Director of the City, Harbour, and Country of and British troops on parade in the mar- practical notation and are both informa- Havana published by Elias Durnford ket square. Peace and prosperity reign. tive and aesthetically charming. A team (1739–94) in 1764 and Britannia’s Children play in the street next to occu- of engravers—Peter (Pierre Charles?)

Page 2 The Quarto The Quarto Page 3 the British Navy and Army.” The con- at other times a money loser as tents list adds further credibility, giving there were many up-front expenses. the officers’ names plus their respective Orsbridge was likely planning on mak- ranks and experience. ing money directly, but given that the The artist and publisher of dedications in the captions of the prints Britannia’s Triumph, Lieutenant Philip are to superior officers of the expedition, Orsbridge, also carried the authority of he was clearly thinking about advancing an eyewitness, having participated in the his military career as well. assault on Havana. Orsbridge assem- The twelve prints recreate the bled a wealth of talent for his publica- siege step-by-step. The vantage point is tion. Marine painter Dominic Serres as if you, the viewer, are in the “crow’s (1719–93), originally from Gascony, nest,” high on the mast of a ship, where had served as a common sailor and then Orsbridge very well may have been at sailing master in the merchant trade times. The first two prints combine to between Europe and Cuba. Serres set- give a panoramic view of the massive tled in England after being captured by expeditionary fleet under the command a British frigate in 1758. He rose to of Vice Admiral Sir George Pocock become Marine Painter to King George (1706–92) as it lay off Barbados. The III. French-born and trained engraver other scenes depict the dangerous navi- Pierre-Charles Canot (1710?–77) gation through the shoals of the West worked in England. He was a member Indies, close action against two Spanish of the Royal Academy and specialized frigates, the preliminary bombardments in maritime and landscape engravings. of El Morro, the amphibious landings, Eminent engraver James Mason (1710– the eventual capture of El Morro, and 80) was primarily known for landscape the fall of the city of Havana. The work, reproducing the great paintings of series compresses, simplifies, and sani- British soldiers and sailors land artillery and ammunition for the siege of Havana. Detail from a plate of Britannia’s Triumph. Havana as seen from the west in a detail from one of the Cuban landscapes of Poussin, Claude, Hobbema, and others. tizes a long, chaotic, bloody siege in Scenographia Americana. The artist is seated at lower right with paper and pen. Serres worked up sketches done which thousands died both from military by Orsbridge into magnificent oil paint- action and disease. that did not in some way respect British Aspects of the Treaty of Paris Canot, Edward Rooker, W. Elliot, and Shrewd buyers of eighteenth-cen- ings, now at the National Maritime Orsbridge’s precisely drawn spac- territorial gains made during the war. also inflamed British colonial subjects T. Morris—produced copper printing tury prints were likely aware that invent- Museum in Greenwich, England. The es and multiple viewpoints give a vivid While the printed views of in North America, setting them on the plates full of visual information. ed views of real places and imagined engravers Canot and Mason together cinematic quality to the whole. The neat Havana were in production, the 1763 path to rebellion and independence. The six Durnford prints of portraits of actual people were plentiful. produced twelve large, detailed copper orderliness of the engravings implies the Treaty of Paris reset the table in the In Cuba, the British military occupation Havana are part of a larger grouping of The Scenographia title page emphasizes plates. The whole production took a rel- same precision in the action and makes Western Hemisphere, with Spanish brought revolutionary ideas. Antoni twenty-eight views titled Scenographia the accuracy of the reporting with the atively short fifteen months, given the the end result—British imperial domina- Florida going to Britain and Cuba Kapcia writes, in Cuba, Island of Americana. This spectacular set of images described as based on “drawings amount of labor involved. Print publish- tion—appear almost predetermined. returning to Spain. What Spain failed Dreams, “from 1762 . . . access to non- engravings visually defined the riches taken on the spot by several officers of ing was sometimes very profitable and Typical of ambitious publishing to hold during wartime, it successfully Spanish shipping, the import of slaves, recaptured by negotiation. the tantalizing access to North American and vast scale of British holdings in A victorious British fleet sails into the conquered harbor of Havana. From Britannia’s ventures of the time, Britannia’s America after the Seven Years’ War Triumph by Philip Orsbridge. Triumph was paid for in advance by George III and his ministers markets, and the impact of new ideas of with a virtual tour from the St. Lawrence subscribers (two guineas) and issued in celebrated with fireworks at Green free trade, freethinking, freemasonry, River in Canada to Guadeloupe in the installments. Orsbridge found a sizable Park in London. The conflicted feelings private property, and compensation—all Caribbean. Included are views of the market for these imperial images among of much of the British public were broke the stranglehold of a monopolistic important American cities of Québec, the thousands who participated in the expressed in an anonymous poem, colonialism.” “British occupation set in Boston, New York, Charleston, and campaign. published in London in 1764, and train developments that would change Havana as well as major rivers and These wonderful, celebratory excerpted here: Cuba irrevocably.” waterfalls and a detailed depiction of an images tapped and fed British enthusi- The Cuban independence move- idealized North American frontier farm. asm for the spoils of victory, but the The Crisis: On the Reduction and ment, initially contained, became irre- Scenographia Americana was political reality was that George III Surrender of The Havannah pressible in the following century. George III, who willingly negotiated published as a set in London in 1768 wanted the long, costly war to end, and From Britain’s annals blot the fatal away hard-won Havana at the end of and sold collectively by the city’s top Spain wanted Cuba back. Havana was day, when her degenerate statesmen the Seven Years’ War, would never rec- print vendors for four guineas, the worth more to Spain than to England, as gave away, oncile himself to the loss of his North equivalent of about three to five hundred Havana’s wealth was due in part to the half the rich fruits of all her battles American colonies in the coming U.S. dollars today. Scenographia came flow of riches from Spanish Central and won, in war triumphant, and by Revolution. Left behind in the wake with an added title page and contents South America to Spain, riches diverted peace undone . . . . of these larger events, we have these list. The subsets were priced separately, elsewhere during the British occupation. A barren clime, ne’er water’d with a fabulous engravings to remind us of with the Havana group selling for one Florida was attractive to Britain as a shower, the moment in time when Britain pound, one shilling. Although clearly geographic link to her colonies in North A Florida—without a single flower. ruled Cuba. priced for the upper crust, these views America. Spanish King Carlos III Where famish’d Indians never plow would have been publicly displayed in refused to agree to a treaty that would nor sow, — Clayton Lewis urban print shops that attracted non-pay- permanently cede Cuba. Nor would All flame above, and burning lands Curator of Graphic Materials ing audiences from across class lines. the British Parliament ratify a treaty below.

Page 4 The Quarto The Quarto Page 5 the wound will not fester.” The run- away slave Antoine had “come back. I CARIBBEAN REVOLUTION have shown mercy on the condition that he behaves, but if he acts the rogue he will pay every time” (January 8, 1788). he ers made up only about ten Despite her husband’s assurances that Clements percent of the population of slave desertions would eventually stop, Library’s manu- the colony, while slaves and they did not, and the race and class divi- script collection Maroons (runaway slaves liv- sions in St. Domingue soon became documents diverse ing in the hills) comprised the irreconcilable. Ttopics in the history of rest. This severe imbalance The island’s planters were frus- the Caribbean including colo- of race and class created a cli- trated by France’s l’exclusif legislation, nial administration, military mate of fear among the plant- which prevented them from trading activity, agriculture, business ers and a constant state of goods outside the French empire. The and trade, slavery, and travel. racial tension. ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity Although its geographical The Tousards’ approxi- heralded by French revolutionaries in A view of Jérémie from Nicolas Ponce, Recueil de vues des lieux principaux de la colonie strengths are Jamaica and mately 120 Congolese and Europe inspired notions of equality in françoise de Saint-Domingue (Paris, 1791). This book of beautifully engraved maps and St. Domingue (Haiti), the Senegalese slaves undertook St. Domingue’s free colored population. views, was published the year of the Haitian slave uprising. Manuscripts Division also the manual work necessary Hostility between whites, free blacks, holds material on Barbados, to cultivate the coffee plants. Maroons, and slaves reached a boiling 1792 to enforce legislation granting citi- declared that slaves who joined the army Antigua, Cuba, Dominica, Although Marie ultimately point in 1791. The Haitian Revolution zenship rights to free blacks. When of the French Republic would receive Grenada, Santo Domingo managed the plantation, an began with an organized revolt in France declared war on Great Britain in their freedom. Under the command of (Dominican Republic), overseer, one Monsieur August, when slaves rose up against 1793, St. Domingue planters hastened to Toussaint L’Ouverture, a leader in the Martinique, Puerto Rico, Jamette, supervised their their masters, killing and driving white ally themselves with the British, who 1791 uprising, the black army joined St. Thomas, St. Vincent, slave labor. Jamette’s severi- French inhabitants out of the northern seemed to be the most sympathetic to forces with the French. Trinidad, and the ty and apparent delight in plains of the colony. The insurgents the preservation of slavery. The arrival The Haiti Collection also includes Leeward Islands. punishing disobedient slaves organized into a formidable military of St. Domingue planter and newly a manuscript deposition with contempo- One of the treasures of made Marie apprehensive. and political body with goals of aboli- appointed Governor General François- rary notes related to the experiences of the Manuscripts Division is Two runaway slaves, Toulon tion and equality. On October 16 and Thomas Galbaud du Fort set in motion a Comte Alexandre François-Auguste de the Anne-Louis de Tousard and Jean Baptiste, were 17, 1791, Marie Tousard wrote from the chain of events culminating in a violent Grasse, son of Admiral François de Papers. In 1955 the Library recaptured and beaten severe- Vallière plantation: “It seemed from the confrontation between the French com- Grasse, commander of the French fleet purchased forty-seven manu- ly. She wrote: “the punish- letters that peace is not so certain on that missioners and Galbaud at the northern at the Battle of the Chesapeake during scripts of this Revolutionary ments are beginning to give island, as they had before reported . . . . port town of Cap-François in June 1793. the American Revolution. Alexandre War veteran, his second wife me a heartache. He is radiant The mulattos are rising and threatening. To bolster his forces, Sonthonax traveled to St. Domingue in 1789 as a Marie-Reine (Joubert) St. and I think this man is really . . . I have no appetite and a head- soldier in the French Army and Martin, and their family. cruel. How can one be so ache. I feel weak and do not know witnessed the violence at Cap- This fascinating grouping pleased when he is on the when I shall recover my health.” François in 1791. According includes nineteen letters writ- point of inflicting such pain. By the end of the following year to de Grasse, the black revolu- ten by Marie while she man- I stop writing. I cannot con- René Phelipeau’s Plan de la plaine du Cap François (Paris, 1786) Marie had left St. Domingue for tionaries “entered from all parts aged a coffee plantation on tinue with the noise of the reveals property lines, owners’ names, plantation buildings, and Philadelphia with her three chil- in the city of the Cape, having St. Domingue on the eve of rows of slave housing. This detail records a small part of the whip, and the screeches of dren, black insurgents had seized the Chiefs at their head. The the Haitian Revolution. The fertile northern plain of St. Domingue (Haiti). The 1791 slave these wretches gives me a Jérémie, and Colonel Tousard had pillage, the massacre, the flames letters gained context when uprising devastated these plantations. heartache” (June 4, 1789). been arrested and deported to became frightful. Men, women, the Library received a gener- In the same letter she hints France. Less than two years later, children were assassinated, mas- ous donation of over five hundred dence. Although Anne-Louis received a at the fear prevalent in the planter class Marie-Reine Tousard became sick sacred, and they endured every additional Tousard manuscripts from significant pension for his service in the even amidst these sadistic scenes: “he and left her husband a widower. imaginable horror. The unfortu- descendants of the family in 2004. American Revolution and continued to has now handcuffed them and is no lon- He returned to the United States, nate of every sex, of every age, Marie-Reine Joubert was born serve in the French Army, the two eked ger afraid of them . . . in spite of the where he was commissioned in the who tried to save themselves in St. Domingue in 1763 and likely out a living by growing coffee on their handcuffs on the mulatto when he U.S. Army, served from 1795 to in gaining embarkations, or grew up around Limbe, where her St. Domingue estates. The couple approaches him his hand trembles and 1802, and published the first by swimming were shot in the father owned a plantation. She married shared the management of plantations his face was white as a sheet.” American artillery manual. water.” De Grasse was arrested François Bernard Alexandre de St. at Vallière and Jérémie, while Anne- Nevertheless, Marie followed the Tousard died in 1821. for counter-revolutionary activi- Martin in 1784, but a horse-riding Louis was stationed in the northern conventions of her society. The man- Other manuscript groups, ty, acquitted, and then placed accident took his life only weeks after town of Le Cap (Cap-François) in the agement of the plantation required that such as our Haiti Collection, further in charge of a group of white their wedding. In 1788 Marie married late 1780s. They thus spent a consider- she request chains, handcuffs, and col- document the plight of fleeing refu- troops and refugees. Shortly French Army Colonel Anne-Louis able amount of time apart. lars and punish runaways. She wrote gees, military activity, the effect after, he, along with his wife de Tousard, who had lost his right In the 1780s, St. Domingue was respecting the punishment of a slave: of the conflict on trade, and inter- and child, joined a mass exodus arm while serving in the American the world’s leading producer of sugar “He is in chains although I do not national relations. The French Anne-Louis de Tousard (1749–1817) wearing the uni- of around 10,000 French citi- Revolution. From 1787 to 1791 the and coffee, and the free labor of African believe he has the means or the will to National Assembly sent civil com- form of the U.S. artillery and his Society of the zens (some 60% of the white couple engaged in a deeply affectionate slaves made plantations particularly save himself. I have done it to punish missioners, including Léger-Félicité Cincinnati medal. Frontispiece portrait from Tousard’s population) and black servants as well as business-oriented correspon- profitable. White and free black plant- him. He is quite humiliated. I hope that Sonthonax, to St. Domingue in American Artillerist’s Companion (Philadelphia, 1809). from St. Domingue to the

Page 6 The Quarto The Quarto Page 7 rival Rigaud, overtaken Franco-Spanish Santo Domingo, and drafted a constitution for Haiti. The United States remained neutral during the French ISLANDS OF SUGAR Revolution, the European conflicts surrounding it, and related he history of the West throughout the seventeenth, eighteenth, tently profitable. In the 1640s the plant- upheavals in the Caribbean. Nevertheless, the U.S. expressed Indies is inseparable from the and early nineteenth centuries. Annual ers turned to sugar. Richard Ligon’s A a supportive position for an independent Haiti, with the expecta- story of sugar. Sugar involved the exports from the British sugar islands Trve & Exact History of the Island of tion of new and profitable markets in the former French colony. islands in transatlantic networks of increased from 11,700 to 27,400 tons Barbados relates his voyage and sojourn A series of letters between Christopher R. Perry, Toussaint trade, peopled them with European between 1669 and 1700. By 1730 there from 1647 to 1650. His account, L’Ouverture, and Jean-Jacques Dessalines (a leader in the revo- planters and African slaves, made them exports had reached 51,000 tons and, by published in 1657, was written at a time lution and later first ruler of Haiti) in the Clements Library’s T pawns of warfare and diplomacy, and 1774, 125,587 tons. In part this was due when Barbados had the attention of the Oliver Hazard Perry Papers relates to the role of Perry’s vessel molded a distinctive style of life for two to increasing acreage planted in sugar, British public as a newly successful in blocking French privateers from the port at Jackmel in 1800. hundred years. But, despite the promi- but there were also advances in under- sugar colony. Additional manuscripts in the Tobias Lear Papers and Fenno- nent role of sugar on the world stage, it standing of the cultivation of cane and Ligon witnessed the changes on Hoffman Family Papers pertain to U.S. and British interests was still a commodity Barbados as it settled as Napoleon Bonaparte made a futile attempt to recover St. that had to be efficiently into what would become Domingue for France in 1802 and 1803. grown, processed, and the typical pattern for The Clements Library is not well enough known for its marketed. Three books sugar colonies. He saw Caribbean collections, but they are considerable and available on the cultivation and the beginning of sugar to historians who study a fascinating part of the Americas. production of sugar, one monoculture and the The above summary of the Tousard Papers draws heavily from each from the seven- transition from small- U-M history graduate student Christine Walker’s research paper, teenth, eighteenth, and holdings worked by “A Precarious Love: The Letters of Marie and Louis Tousard on nineteenth century, illus- owners with some slave the Eve of the Haitian Revolution, 1787–1792.” trate of the rise and ebb or indentured labor to ­— Cheney Schopieray of sugar’s fortunes. large plantations farmed Assistant Curator of Manuscripts Sugar cane, sac- by gangs of slaves under Marie-Reine Tousard’s letter to her husband of June 4, 1789, charum officinarum, was overseers. Ligon pro- describes the cruel punishments inflicted on her slaves by their probably first cultivated vides considerable detail overseer. in New Guinea. By about the cultivation and United States and other West Indian islands. 326 B.C. it was being production of sugar, In 1793, with the support of the remaining planters, grown in India, where making him a valuable the British launched a series of offensives against the French Alexander’s soldiers saw source on the technology on St. Domingue. Initial British successes were eventually it, and it had reached and practices at the overturned as their soldiers were called back to Jamaica to Persia by the sixth centu- beginning of the planta- maintain order there. Another letter in the Haiti Collection, ry A.D. Arab traders tion period. Of particu- written by British soldier L. Ditcher, records the state of the carried it with them as lar value are his conflict in “the Devil’s own Country” (Cape Saint Nicholas they advanced around diagrams of a mill and Mole) on July 4, 1796: “[We are] surrounded by Brigands the Mediterranean, tak- “Plan of Hart’s & Royal’s Estate Buildings” depicts a sugar-making com- boiling house and his who amuse us by firing on the out Posts, which they return, ing it to Syria, Cyprus, plex, probably on Antigua ca. 1800. Jarvis Papers. descriptions of sugar- otherwise we act upon the defensive . . . for the Brigands and Crete, whence it making apparatus. He destroy our Parties passing & repassing, in fact, what from came to Spain in the early eighth centu- elaboration and refinement of produc- also describes the investments made by their numbers, & the immense army of Genl. Death, we ry. Spain had a thriving sugar industry tion technology and techniques. one planter in his lands, equipment, and shall be obliged to quit these Islands very shortly.” by the middle of the twelfth century. Increased output went to supply slaves and the subsequent value of this Other manuscript collections, such as the Tailyour Early in the fifteenth century, the rising demand. Sugar was consumed as plantation, giving us a record of the eco- Family Papers, Leckie Family Papers, and Pratt & Kintzing Portuguese brought the cane to part of three newly popular hot beverag- nomics of sugar at this early stage. Papers, document mercantile activity in the West Indies. Madeira, and it soon spread to the es—chocolate, coffee, and tea—and Ligon’s account reveals planters Traders kept a close eye on news related to St. Domingue Canary Islands, the Azores, and West found its way into other foodstuffs as still determining how best to cultivate in order to make business decisions. The Leckie family ran Africa. Christopher Columbus, who well. Cookbooks published throughout cane and make sugar. During his time an ambitious business in trading dry goods between England, was married to the daughter of a the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries on the island, he says, the planters the United States, and the West Indies. William Leckie’s Madeira landowner and who had lived increasingly featured recipes that learned, both by trial and error and letters to his brother reflect the impact of politics and war on there for several years, brought the first depended on sugar as well as multiply- through visits to the more advanced his operation: “the reasons urged in my letters for the discon- cane to Hispaniola during his second ing kinds of preparations for sweetmeats plantations in Brazil, how to tell when tinuance of the dry good business are pretty well known to voyage to the island in 1493. The first and confections and growing numbers of the canes were fully ripe, how to man- you, the principal, the precarious tenure of our possessions sugar cane mill was established there recipes for cakes, puddings, and other age the boiling of the sugar-cane juice, in St. Domingo. . . . At the last attack on Jeremie [the vicini- around 1516, and by the end of the cen- desserts. how to cure the resulting sugar, and ty of one of the Tousard plantations], the French General tury sugar production had reached the Barbados, the first British sugar how to treat it to make it whiter and Regaud [André Rigaud] a Mulatto, had nearly taken it. the rest of the Greater Antilles. colony, is the setting for our first book. thus more marketable. mortality among our troops is so great and the brigands so Like their colonial competitors, During the 1620s and ‘30s Barbadian Our second book is from Grenada numerous that if ever they make one successful attempt on the British quickly grasped the econom- planters tried a succession of cash crops. in the last quarter of the eighteenth cen- Jeremie it must fall” (August 31, 1797). By 1801, Toussaint Haitian leader Toussaint L’Ouverture (ca. 1743–1803) as depicted in ic value of sugar. Production on the Tobacco, ginger, cotton, and indigo each tury. Grenada had an eventful history, L’Ouverture had gained control of St. Domingue, ousted his an 1838 Paris lithograph by Nicolas-Eustache Maurin (1799–1850). British islands rose dramatically had its day but failed to prove consis- passing back and forth between the

Page 8 The Quarto The Quarto Page 9 to say about the equipment used, the book despairs of conveying exactly what’s needed in production: “It is impossible, I believe, by any rules to explain or illustrate the method of manu- facturing the sugar, which can only be acquired by close application and atten- dance in the boiling-house, at least for one crop.” The author was Gordon Turnbull, who also published An Apology for Negro Slavery: or the West India Planters Vindicated from the Charge of Inhumanity in 1786, and A Narrative of the Revolt and Insurrection of the French Inhabitants in the Island of Grenada in 1795. We don’t know much about Turnbull, but if he was an old planter on Grenada, we can assume a certain amount about his life. He would Slaves perform the backbreaking labor of harvesting in a print titled Cutting the Sugar- have acquired his lands between 1762, Cane ([London, ca. 1830]). The setting is probably Antigua. when the British captured the island, and 1779, when the French took it back. French and British several times. After Grenada as a British possession for the He was perhaps attracted to Grenada it was first ceded to Britain in 1763, second time. The “advertisement” that from one of the more established French and British planters coexisted on begins this work warns the reader not sugar islands by the prospect of fertile, the island, with the latter group enjoying to expect a comprehensive treatise on uncultivated land not yet spoiled by the greater success. The British plantations planting but rather a collection of obser- rapid deforestation and uninterrupted were more productive and more profit- vations of particular use to the novice cropping common on other islands. If able, and, by the end of the century, planter. However, it supplies more Turnbull survived as a planter during Grenada’s production of sugar was technical details than Ligon’s book. the economic uncertainty caused by the the third largest in the West Indies. The specifics it includes, particularly Revolutionary War, he either had excep- Letters to a Young Planter; or, about cultivation in different types of tional luck with his crops, production, Richard Bridgens published his view of the Interior of a Boiling-House in West India Scenery (London, 1836). Observations on the Management of a soil, show us the increasing understand- and sales or was a big enough planter to Sugar-Plantation. To Which is Added, ing of the variables a planter had to take have access to credit to see him through. was published in 1823, between cess through scrupulous attention to This stands in marked contrast to a The Planter’s Kalendar. Written on the into account. The “Kalendar,” with the After the war, Turnbull, like other large Britain’s abolition of the slave trade in detail, controlling as many of the vari- work published a mere ten years later, Island of Grenada, by an Old Planter state of the crops and activities for each planters, probably took advantage of the 1807 and its emancipation of the slaves ables as possible. Despite this, his pre- Benjamin Silliman’s Manual on the was published in 1785, only two years month, gives a detailed picture of the fact that smallholders were going bank- in 1834. This was a period when the scriptions for successfully growing and Cultivation of the Sugar Cane and the after the Treaty of Paris confirmed planter’s year. Despite having much rupt and bought up their holdings. Jamaica plantations, like others in the making sugar still rely heavily on the Fabrication and Refinement of Sugar, As we might expect from the British West Indies, were beset by diffi- experience and judgment of the workers. which places much more emphasis on An ox-driven sugar-cane mill as commonly found in the West Indies. From Henri-Louis author of An Apology for Negro Slavery, culties of various sorts: poor yields due quantitative measures and on the tech- Duhamel, Art de rafiner le sucre (Paris, 1764), Plate I. Turnbull goes into some detail about the to soil exhaustion, a shortage of labor, nology of production than on individual treatment of slaves. Typical of pro-slav- and fluctuating sugar prices. The judgment and expertise. ery writers, who saw (or at least por- author, Thomas Roughley, identifies Taken separately, these three trayed) themselves as humane and himself as a planter with twenty years books give us snapshots of production compassionate, he admonishes his read- of experience and has much to say about and the attitudes that surrounded it at ers that it’s in the planter’s best interest the liabilities of running a plantation. three different stages in the history of the to maintain the health of his slaves. He He is particularly specific about what sugar island colonies. Taken together, even goes a step farther and adds their can go awry, picking out, for instance, they show the increasing sophistication happiness to the mix. As with other the consequences of choosing the wrong of sugar production as knowledge was apologists of slavery, he moves easily workers for positions of responsibility acquired and shared among planters. At from this topic to the care of the planta- and all the steps where neglect of the the same time, they chart the trajectory tion’s draft animals and other stock, put- equipment will fail to produce “spar- of the British sugar colonies from their ting them both on a level. He places kling, strong-grained, fair-coloured, initial stages, as the planters worked out great weight on the argument, much marketable Muscovada sugar.” cultivation and production techniques, relied upon by slavery’s defenders, This is the most specific of the through their most prosperous period, that the slaves were no worse off than three books, offering cautions and to the beginning of their decline. peasants in many parts of the world. admonitions at every step. The author’s The third book, The Jamaica Segments of sugar cane stalks. From ­— JJ Jacobson advice for addressing the growing prob- Planter’sBetts’s Guide: Patent or, PortableA System Globe.for Jacques-François Dutrone, Précis sur la Curator for American Culinary lems of sugar production is to seek suc- Planting and Managing a Sugar Estate, canne (Paris, 1790). History

Page 10 The Quarto The Quarto Page 11 War, the American War for Independ­ ence, and the Napoleonic Wars. And then there was the scourge THE DEVIL IS IN THE DETAILS of tropical diseases, which haunted the islands. Yellow fever, malaria, and hile re-cataloging On closer examination, our maps fee, indigo, and tropical fruits. other maladies proved particularly dead- the Library’s map collection in the of the West Indies also reveal far less The West Indian islands were ly to troops fresh from Europe and con- gray, dismal winter of 2009, it was pleasant aspects of life on these lovely also important elements of the colonial tributed to the reputation of the West perhaps inevitable that the curator’s islands. From the time of the first visits empires of several European powers— Indies as a graveyard for soldiers and Wattention should be drawn to five tightly by Christopher Columbus in the 1490s, Spain, France, Britain, the Netherlands, sailors. packed drawers in banks 7 and 8 of the the islands of the West Indies were the and Denmark—and, as such, they were Having disabused oneself of mod- map cases. There, identified under the setting for acts of violence and strife inevitably affected by the wars fought ern, romantic, and cinematic impressions categories of “Islands” and “West rivaling anything to be found in the his- between their parent nations from of the West Indies, a careful examina- Indies,” is the best of the Library’s car- tory of any other part of North America. the seventeenth to early nineteenth tion of the many maps of the Clements’s tography depicting the Caribbean and its The native population was soon centuries. Most of the islands changed rich collection reveals numerous minute distinctive and historical islands. It was enslaved and largely annihilated by hands more than once, and their details that provide evidence of land an easy decision to postpone work on European colonists and diseases. commercial value made them ownership and use, slavery, production maps of Pennsylvania and New Jersey Captive Africans were imported to bargaining chips at peace negotiations. of sugar and other commodities, military and shift focus far to the southward. replace them and provide labor for a Fortifications large and small dotted architecture and activity, urban life, and Somehow, the task of cataloging seemed developing plantation economy. Slavery the islands, while their harbors served occasionally even disease. warmer and brighter as the maps sug- remained prevalent in the West Indies as bases for men-of-war, privateers, The great majority of our West gested palm trees, sandy beaches, forest- until its abolition in the mid-nineteenth and pirates. Land and sea battles were Indian maps depict the dramatic topog- ed peaks, and azure water. Oh, and Jack century, and these involuntary workers fought at many locations, and the West raphy of these volcanic islands. Steep Sparrow . . . sorry, that’s Captain Jack enabled the large-scale cultivation of Indies saw especially heavy military and slopes and elevated positions influenced Sparrow. lucrative cash crops such as sugar, cof- naval activity during the Seven Years’ agriculture and the locations of fortifica- tions and towns. Few of our maps illus- P. F. Martin’s superbly detailed map of St. Eustatia, drawn following the British capture of the island from the Dutch in 1781. Germain Papers. trate the relationship of topography to land use as comprehensively as P. F. Martin’s manuscript composition “St. Eustatia Topographically Drawn,” pre- pared soon after the capture of the Dutch island in February 1781 by British Admiral Sir George Brydges Rodney (1718–92) and General John Vaughn (ca. 1731–95), to whom the map was dedicated. Included in this careful com- Tilforladelig Kort Over Eylandet St. Croix udi America by Jens Beck (Copenhagen, position are buildings, 1754/1767) identifies property boundaries, owners’ names, and sugar-cane mills. fence lines, roads, and the names of Windmills are easily distinguished from those turned by horses. proprietors. Seldom is a map so inclu- sive and realistic in its details. for towns, churches, “sugar works,” to Patrick Browne’s 1755 map of Documentation of property owner- ginger, coffee and indigo operations, Jamaica includes small triangles identi- ship is a feature of many of the West “Gentlemen’s Seats” (plantation manor fied as “crawls,” which the Clements’s Indies maps. Land boundaries are often houses), taverns, barracks, and roads. antique copy of the OED defines as “a depicted, sometimes enclosing the name Daniel Paterson’s A New Plan of the pen for hogs or slaves.” The tiny render- of the proprietor or a number keyed to a Island of Grenada (London, 1780) ings of windmills on Robert Baker’s A table or a separate text. Surveyor John identifies water-powered and ox-driven New and Exact Map of the Island of Byres directed an effort to plat the islands sugar-cane mills and distinguishes cof- Antigua (London, 1748/49) are each ceded to Britain by France by the 1763 fee and cocoa plantations from those surrounded by crude representations Treaty of Paris. Several of his maps growing sugar cane. Even more visual of the cabins that housed slaves. James were published in 1776, and the Clements is Jens Beck’s Tilforladelig Kort Over McMahon’s 1805 manuscript survey collection includes those of Bequia, Eylandet St. Croix (Copenhagen, 1754, “A Plan of the Estates of the Right Dominica, St. Vincent, and Tobago, all with manuscript additions of 1767). Honorable James Lord Cranstoun . . . done in the same style. Other composi- Its brightly colored properties each bear in the Island of St. Christopher” (St. tions, such as Patrick Browne’s A New the name of the owner on this Danish Kitts) carefully identifies the boundaries Map of Jamaica (London, 1755), forego possession, with symbols that pinpoint and use of each field of the plantation. boundaries but associate the names of every windmill and horse mill for Eleven small or irregular waste parcels owners with a symbol representing their grinding sugar cane. are noted as “Negro houses & provisions houses or plantations. Without a doubt the most evoca- ground,” where the slaves lived and The architecture of plantation life tive and chilling details are those that farmed small plots. McMahon’s plan is frequently depicted on maps. reveal the dependence of West Indian details three separate sugar-cane mill Browne’s Jamaica includes symbols planters on African slavery. The key complexes to boot.

Page 12 The Quarto The Quarto Page 13 DEVELOPMENTS

n October 5, 2011, University Wars at the Clements, solely in electron- ings, civic groups, retirement communi- of Michigan President Mary Sue ic form to make our collections accessi- ties, collector organizations, and high Coleman presented her vision for the ble worldwide. school students. Onext one hundred years. She did this by We expanded our research fellow- And we are expanding audiences first looking back saying, “when Henry ship program significantly in 2011 within our building as well. In 2008 we Tappan was named the University’s first and now offer seven postdoctoral fel- instituted a series of monthly public lec- president in 1852, he laid out a remark- lowships in addition to the well-estab- tures on American history topics. able vision for a university that at the lished Price Fellowships. In 2012 the Audience response to programs such as time had fewer than three hundred stu- Clements will host its first Reese Fellow William Cronon on environmental histo- dents. He called for robust teaching in the Print Culture of the Americas. ry, Wes Cowan on the Americana auc- of science, medicine, literature, and the Funded by the William Reese Company, tion world, Nicholas Basbanes on book arts. He proposed libraries, museums, this fellowship encourages research in collecting, and Peter Wood on Winslow laboratories, and an observatory.” the history of the book and other print Homer’s Civil War has been enthusias- The key to Patrick Browne’s A New Map of Jamaica (London, 1755) identifies symbols for different types of structures including Looking to the future, President formats, bibliography, and print culture tic. Since 2008 we have doubled our “crawls”—hog or slave pens. Several may be seen at top left in the parish of Vere on the island’s south coast. Coleman spoke of the need to create from the sixteenth century to 1900. exhibit-case capacity, refined our sched- “transformative learning experiences” This is a great honor bestowed on the ule of changing exhibits, and worked Our map collection includes signs of slavery on and “scholarship without borders.” Library, and we are looking forward to create shows that combine academic the French islands as well. Neatly spaced rows of black In keeping with this vision, the staff to the scholarship that will come of and popular appeal. International squares appear on named private holdings on René of the Clements has worked diligently the effort. researchers and visitors from China, Phelipeau’s Plan de la plaine du Cap François en l’Isle to redefine and broaden our reach. To serve researchers who cannot Canada, Great Britain, Australia, France, St. Domingue (Paris, 1786). These represent slave One of the most important things travel, we digitize items from our hold- Germany, New Zealand, Japan, and cabins on large plantations in the most productive part we can do is encourage faculty to use ings, and members of the Clements staff Spain, and Americans from more than of France’s wealthiest sugar colony. Slave housing is our collections for teaching. This is make frequent appearances on radio and forty states now use the collections, sometimes shown in even greater detail, often in connec- the gateway to attracting young students TV to talk about American history, col- attend lectures, or view exhibits. The tion with sugar-processing complexes. Two neat rows to the Clements. In November, the lecting, and the Library’s holdings. In Clements Library continues to grow as of incomplete, penciled rectangles, surely slave cabins, Clements and other museums and the past three years, our curators have a lively center of discussion, dissemina- march away from a group of buildings that includes the libraries on campus participated in a gone across the country to present more tion, and discourse about early America. house and sugar-cane mill of Aimé-Benjamin Fleuriau as Provost’s Seminar to talk with faculty than one hundred historical talks in Proud scholarly traditions remain a vital surveyed about 1753. His plantation, located near Port- about incorporating the information states such as Florida, New York, part of our mission, but now an enthusi- au-Prince on St. Domingue (Haiti), is drawn in extraordi- available in our collections into their Colorado, Michigan, Ohio, Delaware, astic focus on engaging broader audi- nary detail. course work. Mark Clague, associate California, and Pennsylvania. Our ences has breathed new life into this Warfare also makes its appearance on our maps of professor of musicology, captured the audiences have included local historical venerable institution. the West Indies. Plans of every important harbor or town spirit of the program when he said, societies, book clubs, alumni, academic — Ann Rock include their protective forts or batteries, ranging from “The human aspects in documents— conferences, professional library meet- Director of Development small earthworks to huge fortresses and walled cities as the passion, the exclamation marks, the depicted in Henry Mercier’s beautifully colored manu- emotional language—are more apparent script “Plan of the Havana” (ca. 1767). Mercier shows when working with original documents. the city under bombardment by British artillery in 1762. They have a resonance for students, Military and naval action appears again on George who usually only see documents repro- Vaughan Hart’s “A Sketch of Part of the Island of Ste. duced in textbooks or electronic scans.” Lucie” documenting the contest for St. Lucia between We are also broadening our online British and French troops in December 1778. Even reach to connect with a new generation more graphic is a three-sheet, pictorial manuscript plan of researchers. We have created an of the Battle of the Saintes drawn and colored by a French electronic newsletter that highlights officer named Martineau. This full-scale fleet encounter Clements collections that tie into current of April 9–12, 1782, broke French naval power in the issues in historical research, and we Americas though six months too late to save Cornwallis’s now send it to over 2,000 researchers army from its fate at Yorktown. nationwide. We have established a The Clements Library holds cartography, both print- blog, created a Facebook page, and ed and manuscript, of virtually every major island of the begun to build a following on Twitter. West Indies. Careful examination of these maps would We have completely revamped our Neatly drawn ships illustrate the movements of the French and British surely reveal much more visual evidence of the economy, website to make it more user-friendly fleets at the Battle of the Saintes, fought near Guadeloupe on April culture, and history of the island chain that arches across and responsive to younger generations. 9–12, 1782. Martineau, author of a three-sheet plan figuratif, was the Caribbean from Cuba to Grenada. The devil may be a deck officer of the ship-of-the-line Glorieux, shown dismasted at We now post virtual versions of all of British batteries pound Havana and its defenses during the 1762 siege of Spain’s West “C” in this detail. French vessels are identified by white naval in these details, but they still have much to tell us. our original exhibits online in addition Indian commercial metropolis. Detail from Henry Mercier’s 1767 plan of the city and ensigns; the British by red. — Brian Leigh Dunnigan to creating some, like The Barbary environs. Associate Director and Curator of Maps

Page 14 The Quarto The Quarto Page 15 ANNOUNCEMENTS Clements Library Director John D. Wheeler J. Kevin Graffagnino The Clements Library lost one of its most devoted friends and boosters on May 19 with the death of John D. Wheeler. A member of the Committee of Management Clements Library Associates Board of Governors since 1979, John Mary Sue Coleman, Chairman; Paul N. Courant; served as Chairman from 1991 to 1998. Among his many historical Robert N. Gordon; Susan Juster; J. Kevin Graffagnino, Secretary interests were the French and Indian War and one of its most colorful Clements Library Associates Board of Governors characters, Robert Rogers. Peter N. Heydon, Chairman Library Receives NHPRC Grant John R. Axe, John L. Booth II, Judith K. Christie, William H. Dance, The National Historical Publications and Records Commission has Duane N. Diedrich, Candace Dufek, Thomas M. Dziuszko, William G. Earle, Charles R. Eisendrath, William C. Finkenstaedt, Jr., awarded the Clements a two-year Basic Processing Grant to hire an John L. Fox, Paul Ganson, Robert N. Gordon, Helen C. Hall, archivist to create finding aids and catalog records for over 1,500 manu- Keith B. Hook, Joseph L. Hudson IV, Sally Kennedy, James M. script collections and 125 photograph albums. These represent many Klancnik, Joan Knoertzer, Thomas C. Liebman, Charles Lowenhaupt, topics of research, including commerce, education, sports and leisure, Janet Mueller, Dr. M. Haskell Newman, Drew Peslar, Jacob M. Price, anti-slavery movements, Native American history, military conflicts and Anne Marie Schoonhoven, Martha R. Seger, Harold T. Shapiro, much more. We thank the NHPRC for its generous support. When the Arlene P. Shy, James P. Spica, Bradley L. Thompson II, project is completed in the fall of 2013, all of the Library’s manuscript Benjamin Upton, Leonard A. Walle, David B. Walters, Margaret W. collections will be processed, and the finding aids will be online. Winkelman, Clarence Wolf, J. Kevin Graffagnino, Secretary Jan Longone Receives Amelia Award Clements Library Associates share an interest in American history On November 10 the Culinary Historians of New York honored and a desire to ensure the continued growth of the Library’s collections. Clements Library Curator of American Culinary History Janice Funds received from Associate memberships are used to purchase Bluestein Longone with its 2011 Amelia Award. Named for Amelia historical materials. Annual Membership Contributions: Simmons, author of the first American cookbook (1796), the award Student $5, Donor $40, Associate $75, Patron $100, Fellow $250, cites Jan’s “extraordinary lifetime achievement in culinary history,” her Benefactor $500, Contributor $1000 and above. work at the Clements, and her donations to the Library. The presenta- Contributions are tax deductible in accordance with current tion was made at the New York Public Library and was followed by federal and state law and may be made by check or credit card. Jan’s lecture on the social and political impact of charity cookbooks. Published by the Clements Library • University of Michigan Library Given ca. 1842 Daguerreotype 909 S. University Avenue • Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1190 Clements Library Associates board member Len Walle has presented phone: (734) 764-2347 • fax: (734) 647-0716 the Clements with what might well be the earliest photograph taken in email: [email protected] the State of Michigan. The daguerreotype captures Detroit millionaire Internet: http://www.clements.umich.edu Eber Brock Ward (1811–75) with his wife and infant son. Research Brian Leigh Dunnigan, Editor, [email protected] suggests a date of ca. 1842 for this image, which strengthens the Kathleen Horn, Designer, Blue Skies Studio Library’s growing photography collection. Many thanks, Len. Regents of the University Correction Julia Donovan Darlow, Ann Arbor; Laurence B. Deitch, Bingham The Spring-Summer 2011 issue of The Quarto mistakenly credited the Farms; Denise Ilitch, Bingham Farms; Olivia P. Maynard, Goodrich; 2003–04 refurbishing of the Library’s Great Room to a grant from the Andrea Fischer Newman, Ann Arbor; Andrew C. Richner, Grosse Earhart Foundation. The work was, in fact, made possible by generous Pointe Park; S. Martin Taylor, Grosse Pointe Farms; Katherine E. support from the Elizabeth E. Kennedy Fund. We apologize for the error. White, Ann Arbor; Mary Sue Coleman, ex officio Nondiscrimination Policy Statement The University of Michigan, as an equal opportunity/affirmative action CALENDAR OF EVENTS employer, complies with all applicable federal and state laws regarding October 17, 2011 – February 17, 2012: Exhibit: “‘So Once Were nondiscrimination and affirmative action. The University of Michigan is We’: Death in Early America.” Weekdays, 1:00–4:45 p.m. committed to a policy of equal opportunity for all persons and does not dis- criminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, marital status, February 27, 2012 – June 1, 2012: Exhibit: “The War of 1812: sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, disability, reli- A Bicentennial Exhibition.” Weekdays, 1:00–4:45 p.m. gion, height, weight, or veteran status in employment, educational programs and activities, and admissions. Inquiries or complaints may be addressed to March 8, 2012: Lecture by Curator of Maps Brian Leigh Dunnigan: the Senior Director for Institutional Equity, and Title IX/Section 504/ADA “Troubled Waters: The Great Lakes Frontier on the Eve of the War Coordinator, Office of Institutional Equity, 2072 Administrative Services of 1812.” 4:00–6:00 p.m. Building, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1432, 734-763-0235, TTY 734-647- 1388. For other University of Michigan information call 734-764-1817. March 29, 2012: Founder’s Day Lecture. TBA. 4:00–6:00 p.m. May 1, 2012: Clements Library Associates Board of Governors Meeting.

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