PUB. 151

DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS

Prepared and published by the NATIONAL GEOSPATIAL-INTELLIGENCE AGENCY Bethesda, Maryland

© COPYRIGHT 2001 BY THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT NO COPYRIGHT CLAIMED UNDER TITLE 17 U.S.C.

ELEVENTH EDITION 2001 PREFACE

GENERAL INFORMATION.—The 2001 Edition take advantage of favorable currents or weather on one or of Pub. 151, Distances Between Ports, supersedes all both of the routes. To obtain a distance over a route that previous editions. Distances in this table are in nautical passes through one or more Junction Points, it is miles based on the International Nautical Mile of necessary to find and add distances for the two or more approximately 6,076.1 feet. Nautical miles may be sections into which the route is divided. converted to statute miles of 5,280 feet by multiplying by For example: New York to Colombo—Using the 1.15. (See conversion table at back of book). The Junction Point chartlets at the front of the book, locate all positions listed for Ports are central positions that most Junction Points between New York and Colombo. represent each port. The distances are between positions shown for each port and are generally over routes that There are two: Strait of Gibraltar and afford the safest passage. Most of the distances represent the shortest navigable routes, but in some cases, longer Port Said. routes, that take advantage of favorable currents, have been used. In other cases, increased distances result from Find New York in the Distance Table: Page 69 routes selected to avoid ice or other dangers to navigation, Under Junction Points, locate — or to follow required separation schemes. Strait of Gibraltar...... 3,180 miles DESCRIPTION OF THE TABLES.—Departure Ports are listed alphabetically with distances to arrival Ports listed below them; distances to appropriate junction Find Strait of Gibraltar in the Distance Table: points are also listed. Junction Points are additionally Page 108 located in the alphabetical sequence with distances to Under Junction Points, locate — other appropriate Junction Points listed below. Great Port Said, Arab Republic of Lakes distances are given in U.S. Coast Pilot 6. Egypt...... 1,943 miles JUNCTION POINTS.—It is impractical to give all distances for every possible combination of Ports in this Find Port Said in the Distance Table: Page 85 volume; therefore, the use of Junction Points greatly Under Ports, locate — increases the number of distances that may be included by affording a means of connecting routes in adjacent Colombo, Sri Lanka...... 3,481 miles oceans. In this book a Junction Point is a position where many routes converge and through which ships pass when sailing from one major area into another. For example, the Total Nautical Miles...... 8,604 Junction Point for routes from the Atlantic into the Mediterranean is the Strait of Gibraltar. Junction Points If the user wishes to know the westbound route used in this publication are shown on the chartlets in the because of enroute cargo commitments, or which route is front part of the book. shorter—proceed as follows:

ROUTES.—Routes throughout the world are New York to Panama...... 2,016 described in the Sailing Directions along with route charts for the area of coverage. Articles on currents and Panama to Singapore...... 10,505 meteorology are also covered in these publications. Singapore to Colombo...... 1,581 Additionally, charts are available, such as Pilot Charts and the NGA World Chart, Series 1145, which portray ocean routes worldwide. Any of these products may be Total Nautical Miles...... 14,102 used to assist the user in planning a voyage. A chartlet of basic ocean routes is included in the front of this CORRECTIVE INFORMATION.—Users are publication for quick reference. requested to forward new or corrective information useful in the correction of this publication to: HOW TO USE THE TABLES.—To obtain distances, find the departure port in the alphabetical MARITIME DIVISION listing and select the desired arrival port and distance ST D 44 listed below. In most cases, the distances from one port to NATIONAL GEOSPATIAL-INTELLIGENCE AGENCY another and return are reciprocal, but in some cases, the 4600 SANGAMORE ROAD distances differ because different routes were used which BETHESDA, MARYLAND 20816-5003

I THE NATIONAL GEOSPATIAL-INTELLIGENCE AGENCY MARITIME SAFETY INFORMATION WEB SITE

The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) Maritime Safety Information Web site provides worldwide remote query access to extensive menus of maritime safety information, 24 hours a day.

Databases made available for access, query and download include Chart Corrections, Publication Corrections, Hydrographic Catalog Corrections, Chart and Publication Reference Data (current edition number, dates, title, scale), List of Lights, USCG Light Lists, WorldWide Navigational Warning Service (WWNWS) Broadcast Warnings, Maritime Administration (MARAD) Advisories, Department of State Special Warnings, Mobile Offshore Drilling Units (MODUs), Anti-Shipping Activity Messages (ASAMs), World Port Index, and Radio Navigational Aids. Publications that are also made available as PDF files include the US Notice to Mariners, Sailing Directions, US Chart No. 1, The American Practical Navigator (Bowditch), International Code of Signals, Radio Navigational Aids, World Port Index, Distances Between Ports, Sight Reduction Tables for Marine and Air Navigation, and the Radar Navigation and Maneuvering Board Manual. The Maritime Safety Information Web site can be accessed via the NGA Homepage (www.nga.mil) under the Products and Services > Maritime links, or directly at http://pollux.nss.nga.mil. Any questions concerning the Maritime Safety In- formation Website should be directed to:

MARITIME DIVISION ST D 44 NATIONAL GEOSPATIAL-INTELLIGENCE AGENCY 4600 SANGAMORE ROAD BETHESDA, MD 20816-5003 Telephone: 301-227-3296 or DSN 287-3296 Fax: 301-227-4211 E-mail: [email protected]

II CONTENTS

Page Preface ...... I

Chart Showing General World Routes ...... V

List of Junction Points ...... VI

Junction Points, Atlantic Ocean Basin ...... VII

Junction Points, Indian Ocean Basin ...... VIII

Junction Points, Pacific Ocean Basin ...... IX

Distance Between Ocean Ports of the World ...... 1

Conversion Table for Nautical and Statute Miles ...... 127

Table for Estimating Time of Transit ...... 128

III

Chart Showing General World Routes

V PUB. 151 JUNCTION POINTS

Bishop Rock, England,...... 49˚45'00"N., 6˚35'00"W. Cape Leeuwin, Australia,...... 34˚32'00"S., 115˚08'00"E. Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, ...... 34˚22'00"S., 18˚23'00"E. Fastnet Rock, Ireland,...... 51˚20'00"N., 9˚36'00"W. Grand Banks South,...... 42˚30'00"N., 50˚00'00"W. Honshu, Japan, ...... 35˚00'00"N., 140˚30'00"E. Ile d’Ouessant, France,...... 48˚40'00"N., 5˚30'00"W.

Inishtrahull, Ireland, ...... 55˚25'00"N., 7˚30'00"W. Montreal, Canada, ...... 45˚30'00"N., 73˚33'00"W. Nord-Ostsee-Kanal, Germany, ...... 54˚22'00"N., 10˚09'00"E. Panama, Panama,...... 8˚53'00"N., 79˚31'00"W. Pentland Firth, Scotland, ...... 58˚42'00"N., 3˚20'00"W. Port Said, Egypt,...... 31˚16'00"N., 32˚19'00"E. Punta Arenas, Chile,...... 53˚10'00"S., 70˚54'00"W. Selat Lombok, Indonesia,...... 8˚50'00"S., 115˚43'00"E. Selat Sunda, Indonesia, ...... 6˚04'00"S., 105˚50'00"E. Selat Wetar, Indonesia, ...... 8˚19'00"S., 127˚27'00"E. Singapore,...... 1˚16'00"N., 103˚50'00"E. Skagens Odde, Denmark,...... 57˚48'00"N., 10˚44'00"E. Strait of Gibraltar,...... 35˚57'00"N., 5˚45'00"W. Straits of Florida,...... 24˚25'00"N., 83˚00'00"W. Torres Strait, Australia, ...... 10˚33'00"S., 142˚08'00"E. Tsugaru-Kaikyo, Japan,...... 41˚30'00"N., 140˚40'00"E. Wilson Promontory, Australia,...... 39˚10'00"S., 146˚26'00"E. Yucatan Channel,...... 21˚50'00"N., 85˚03'00"W.

VI Junction Points, Atlantic Ocean Basin

VII Junction Points, Indian Ocean Basin

VIII Junction Points, Pacific Ocean Basin

IX 1

AAIUN, WESTERN SAHARA ABENRA, DENMARK Ports Punta Arenas, Chile, 4,582 (27˚05'37"N., 13˚26'55"W.) to: (55˚01'36"N., 9˚25'50"E.) to: Cape Town, South Africa, 2,679 Ports Junction Points* Junction Points* Dakar, Senegal, 1,166 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 718 Amapala, Honduras, 763 Bishop Rock, England, 1,397 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Lagos (including Apapa & Tin Can Antofagasta, Chile, 2,984 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Entrance), Germany, 207 Island), Nigeria, 457 Apia, Samoa, 4,638 4,436 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 87 Luanda, Angola, 1,345 Arica, Chile, 2,768 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 1,465 Pepel, Sierra Leone, 732 Callao, Peru, 2,198 Grand Banks South, 2,003 Ports Walvisbaii, Namibia, 2,009 Champerico, Guatemala, 494 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 1,356 Coquimbo, Chile, 3,259 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 1,753 Aarhus, Denmark, 114 ABRAHAM BAY, Corinto, Nicaragua, 792 Panama, Panama, 3,894 Helsinki, Finland, 666 MAYAGUANA ISLAND, Ensenada, Mexico, 1,369 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 2,006 Kobenhavn, Denmark, 196 BAHAMAS Esmeraldas, Ecuador, 1,527 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,684 Lubeck, Germany, 138 (22˚19'00"N., 73˚03'20"W.) to: Golfito, Costa Rica, 1,123 Strait of Gibraltar, 667 Lulea, Sweden, 914 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 1,708 Straits of Florida, 3,712 Riga, Latvia, 588 Junction Points* Guaymas, Mexico, 958 Sankt-Peterburg, Russia, 811 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,289 Ports Tallinn, Estonia, 646 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Iquique, Chile, 2,834 Umea, Sweden, 792 6,237 La Palma, Panama, 1,466 Arrecife de Lanzarote, Canary Grand Banks South, 1,675 Los Angeles, California U.S.A., Islands, 111 ABERDEEN, SCOTLAND Panama, Panama, 922 1,501 Casablanca, Morocco, 506 (57˚08'30"N., 2˚04'30"W.) to: Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,410 Lota, Chile, 3,573 Dakar, Senegal, 793 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,552 Manzanillo, Mexico, 295 Monrovia, Liberia, 1,525 Junction Points* Straits of Florida, 593 Mazatlan, Mexico, 595 New York, New York, U.S.A., Mollendo, Peru, 2,643 3,065 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 715 Ports Monterey, California, U.S.A., Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (West 1,753 887 Entrance), 406 New York, New York, U.S.A., Pago Pago, American Samoa, Pentland Firth, Scotland, 106 1,115 4,595 AALBORG, DENMARK Skagens Odde, Denmark, 416 Nuevitas, Cuba, 243 Papeete, French Polynesia, 3,595 (57˚03'30"N., 9˚56'00"E.) to: San Juan, Puerto Rico, 476 Pedregal, Panama, 1,184 Ports Pisco, Peru, 2,309 Junction Points* ABU DHABI, UNITED ARAB Puerto Masachapa, Nicaragua, 850 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 376 EMIRATES Puerto Sandino, Nicaragua, 825 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Antwerp, Belgium, 465 (24˚34'13"N., 54˚19'49"E.) to: Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 1,011 Entrance), Germany, 207 Bergen, Norway, 309 Quepos, Costa Rica, 1,043 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 87 Bodo, Norway, 767 Junction Points* Salina Cruz, Mexico, 314 Bremerhaven, Germany, 435 San Diego, California, U.S.A., Ports Egersund, Norway, 277 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, 1,431 Emden, Germany, 401 4,812 San Jose, Guatemala, 574 Gdynia, Poland (via Store Baelt), Esbjerg, Denmark, 380 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 5,115 San Lorenzo, Honduras, 791 476 Hamburg, Germany, 481 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 4,341 Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A., Gdynia, Poland (via The Sound), Hammerfest, Norway, 1,073 Port Said, Egypt, 2,944 1,568 410 Hornmelvik, Norway, 586 Singapore, 3,517 Santa Rosalia, Mexico, 976 Kobenhavn, Denmark, 143 Kristiansand, Norway, 340 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 3,724 Sasebo, Japan, 6,918 Lubeck, Germany (via Store Kristiansund, Norway, 498 Talara, Peru, 1,696 Baelt), 244 Le Havre, France, 530 Ports Talcahuano, Chile, 3,558 London, England, 431 Valparaiso, Chile, 3,406 AARHUS, DENMARK Murmansk, Russia, 1,363 Aden, Yemen, 1,593 Belawan, Indonesia, 3,188 (56˚09'30"N., 10˚13'30"E.) to: Oostende, Belgium, 415 ACCRA, GHANA Oslo, Norway, 490 Bombay, India, 1,187 (5˚31'00"N., 0˚12'00"W.) to: Junction Points* Plymouth, England, 642 Calcutta, India, 3,175 Portland, England, 564 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1,954 Junction Points* Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Portsmouth, England, 514 Darwin, Australia, 5,219 Entrance), Germany, 131 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 391 Fremantle, Australia, 5,045 Straits of Florida (via Northwest Skagens Odde, Denmark, 127 Slagen, Norway, 450 Penang, Malaysia, 3,221 Providence Channel), 5,016 Southampton, England, 532 Rangoon, Burma, 3,171 Ports Stavanger, Norway, 278 Ports Torshavn, Faroe Islands, 345 ACAJUTLA, EL SALVADOR Abenra, Denmark, 103 Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 423 (13˚35'00"N., 89˚51'00"W.) to: Freetown, Sierra Leone, 955 Kobenhavn, Denmark, 108 Zeebrugge, Belgium, 420 Grand Bassam, Ivory Coast, 230 Szczecin, Poland, 268 Junction Points* Lagos, Nigeria, 229 ABIDJAN, IVORY COAST Lobito, Angola, 1,356 AASIAAT (EGEDESMINDE), (5˚19'00"N., 4˚01'50"W.) to: Honshu, Japan, 6,908 Marshall, Liberia, 671 GREENLAND Panama, Panama, 833 Pointe Noire, Congo, 952 (68˚42'33"N., 52˚53'12"W.) to: Junction Points* Punta Arenas, Chile, 4,309 Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Tsugaru-Kaikyo, Japan, 6,750 1,760 Junction Points* Bishop Rock, England, 3,417 Torres Strait, Australia, 7,784 Sassandra, Ivory Coast, 362 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Wilson Promontory, Australia, Pentland Firth, Scotland, 1,925 7,519 2,712 AD DAMMAN, SAUDI Strait of Gibraltar, 2,772 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 3,472 ARABIA Grand Banks South, 3,539 Ports (26˚31'00"N., 50˚12'00"E.) to: Ports Ile d’Ouessant, France, 3,375 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 3,755 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Junction Points* Churchill, Canada, 1,485 Panama, Panama, 4,597 2,444 Reykjavik, Iceland, 1,371 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 4,048 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, St. John’s, Canada, 1,294 Punta Arenas, Chile, 4,910 ACAPULCO, MEXICO 4,960 Strait of Gibraltar, 2,658 (16˚50'30"N., 99˚55'30"W.) to: Port Said, Egypt, 3,142 ABADAN, IRAN Straits of Florida, 4,756 Singapore, 3,681 (30˚19'48"N., 48˚16'30"E.) Yucatan Channel, 4,895 Junction Points* Subtract 30 miles from Al Basrah distances. Panama, Panama, 1,426

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 2 ADEN, YEMEN

Ports Zanzibar, Tanzania, 1,722 Ports Tunis, Tunisia, 1,258 Valencia, Spain, 1,765 Al Basrah, Iraq, 304 AGADIR, MOROCCO Aden, Yemen, 1,251 Bombay, India, 1,373 (30˚25'30"N., 9˚37'35"W.) to: Jiddah, Saudi Arabia, 573 AL MANAMAH, BAHRAIN Massawa, Ethiopia, 897 (26˚17'00"N., 50˚32'30"E.) to: ADEN, YEMEN Junction Points* (12˚47'40"N., 44˚59'00"E.) to: AL BASRAH, IRAQ Junction Points* Cape of Good Hope, South (30˚31'30"N., 47˚50'30"E.) to: Junction Points* Africa, 4,719 Cape of Good Hope, South Ile d’Ouessant, France, 1,136 Junction Points* Africa, 4,957 Cape of Good Hope, South Port Said, Egypt, 3,132 Africa, 3,954 Ports Cape of Good Hope, South Singapore, 3,652 Cape Leeuwin, Australia (north of Africa, 5,211 Chagos Archipelago), 4,958 Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 2,258 Port Said, Egypt, 3,371 Ports Cape Leeuwin, Australia (south of Casablanca, Morocco, 257 Singapore, 3,916 Chagos Archipelago), 4,973 Dakar, Senegal, 1,109 Bandar Khomeini, Iran, 288 Port Said, Egypt, 1,400 Escravos, Nigeria, 2,778 Ports Belawan, Indonesia, 3,316 Singapore, 3,631 Freetown, Sierre Leone, 1,597 Calcutta, India, 3,355 Selat Sunda, Indonesia (via Eight Lagos, Nigeria, 2,699 Ad Damman, Saudi Arabia, 304 Fremantle, Australia, 5,203 Degree Channel), 3,842 Luanda, Angola, 3,507 Aden, Yemen, 1,979 Malacca, Malaysia, 3,534 Torres Strait, Australia (via One Monrovia, Liberia, 1,761 Bandar Abbas, Iran, 572 Penang, Malaysia, 3,361 and Half Degree Channel), Nouadhibou, Mauritania, 751 Bandar Khomeini, Iran, 154 Port Darwin, Australia, 5,390 6,022 Pointe Noire, Congo, 3,321 Belawan, Indonesia, 3,553 Rangoon, Burma, 3,329 Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 2,944 Bombay, India, 1,594 Sabang, Indonesia, 3,050 Ports Qua Iboe, Nigeria, 2,961 Calcutta, India, 3,593 Tangier, Morocco, 414 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2,359 ALBANY, AUSTRALIA Abadan, Iraq, 1,937 Walvisbaai, Namibia, 4,075 Dumai, Indonesia, 3,824 (35˚02'40"S., 117˚54'00"E.) to: Al Aqabah, Jordan, 1,251 Fremantle, Australia, 5,440 Al Basrah, Iraq, 1,967 AJACCIO, CORSICA Karachi, Pakistan, 1,177 Junction Points* Al Gurdagah, Egypt, 1,135 (41˚55'40"N., 8˚45'07"E.) to: Malacca, Malaysia, 3,771 Al Hudaydah, Yemen, 230 Massawa, Ethiopia, 2,372 Cape of Good Hope, South Al Mukha, Yemen, 137 Junction Points* Mina al Ahmadi, Kuwait, 140 Africa, 4,740 Albany, Australia (north of Chagos Penang, Malaysia, 3,598 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 168 Archipelago), 5,127 Port Said, Egypt, 1,355 Port Darwin, Australia, 5,650 Singapore, 2,525 Albany, Australia (south of Chagos Strait of Gibraltar, 778 Rangoon, Burma, 3,603 Wilson Promontory, Australia, Archipelago), 5,132 Ras Tannurah, Saudi Arabia, 295 1,378 Assab, Ethiopia, 150 Ports Sabang, Indonesia, 3,287 Bandar Abbas, Iran, 1,453 Umm Said, Qatar, 444 Ports Bassein, Burma, 3,251 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,437 Beira, Mozambique, 2,610 Catania, Sicily, 464 AL JUBAYL, SAUDI ARABIA Aden, Yemen, 5,127 Belawan, Indonesia, 3,299 Civitavecchia, Italy, 180 (27˚01'00"N., 49˚42'00"E.) to: Durban, South Africa, 4,270 Bhavnagar, India, 1,707 Genova, Italy, 170 Fremantle, Australia, 349 Bombay, India, 1,657 Marseillemarseille, France, 188 Junction Points* Geraldton, Australia, 525 Bur Safaga, Egypt, 1,109 Nice, France, 138 Hobart, Tasmania, 1,494 Calcutta, India, 3,308 Toulon, France, 155 Cape of Good Hope, South Malacca, Malaysia, 2,602 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2,094 Venezia, Italy, 1,507 Africa, 5,109 Melbourne, Australia, 1,363 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1,740 Villefranche, France, 138 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 5,276 Port Adelaide, Australia, 1,024 Diego Garcia, Chagos Volos, Greece (south of Greece), Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 4,577 Port Darwin, Australia, 2,152 Archipelago, 2,090 1,056 Port Said, Egypt, 3,164 Port Lincoln, Australia, 953 Djibouti, Djibouti, 133 Volos, Greece (Corinth Canal), Singapore, 3,723 Port Louis, Mauritius, 3,340 Eilat, Israel, 1,247 1,014 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 3,949 Rapid Bay, Australia, 990 Fremantle, Australia (north of Torres Strait, Australia, 6,107 Wellington, New Zealand (south of Chagos Archipelago), 4,921 AKITA, JAPAN Tasmania), 2,729 Hobart, Tasmania, 6,598 (39˚45'30"N., 140˚02'00"E.) to: Ports Jiddah, Saudi Arabia, 701 ALBANY, NEW YORK, U.S.A. Karachi, Pakistan, 1,472 Ports Al Basrah, Iraq, 231 (42˚37'54"N., 73˚45'18"W.) Add Madras, India, 2,661 Bandar Abbas, Iran, 366 126 miles to New York distances. Malacca, Malaysia, 3,517 Aomori, Japan, 158 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2,157 Maputo, Mozambique, 2,953 Hakodate, Japan, 150 Fremantle, Australia, 5,248 ALBATROSS BAY, Massawa, Ethiopia, 400 Maizuru, Japan, 352 Melaka, Malaysia, 3,610 AUSTRALIA Mina al Ahmadi, Kuwait, 1,897 Shimonoseki, Japan, 586 Port Darwin, Australia, 5,422 (12˚41'24"S., 141˚32'57"E.) to: Mina Abd Allah, Kuwait, 1,894 Ra’s at Tannurah, Saudi Arabia, 34 Mogadishu, Somalia, 1,106 AKUREYRI, ICELAND Junction Points* Mombasa, Kenya, 1,602 (65˚41'00"N., 18˚04'00"W.) to: AL LATAKIA, SYRIA Moulmein, Burma, 3,354 (35˚31'40"N., 35˚45'35"E.) to: Cape of Good Hope, South Penang, Malaysia, 3,344 Junction Points* Africa, 6,793 Port Darwin, Australia (via Eight Junction Points* Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 2,677 Degree Channel), 5,355 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 702 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 1,583 Port Louis, Mauritius, 2,341 Strait of Gibraltar, 2,102 Port Said, Egypt, 310 Port Said, Egypt, 7,406 Port Sudan, Sudan, 658 Strait of Gibraltar, 2,029 Torres Strait, Australia, 156 Rangoon, Burma, 3,318 Ports Selat Wetar, Indonesia, 872 Ras al Khafji, Saudi Arabia, 1,871 Ports Ras as Sidr, Egypt, 1,282 Bergen, Norway, 803 Ports Ras Gharib, Egypt, 1,207 Murmansk, Russia, 1,256 Alexandria, Egypt, 402 Ras Tannurah, Saudi Arabia, 1,773 St. John’s, Canada, 1,616 Iraklion, Kriti, 527 Ambon, Indonesia, 1,036 Sabang, Indonesia, 3,033 Larnaca, Cyprus, 114 Darwin, Australia, 725 Suakin, Sudan, 631 AL AQABAH, JORDAN Mersin, Turkey, 94 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2,730 Tanga, Tanzania, 1,671 (29˚31'15"N., 34˚59'55"E.) to: Napoli, Italy, 1,191 Hong Kong, China, 2,727 Victoria, Seychelles, 1,416 Trieste, Italy (south of Greece), Manila, Philippines, 2,166 Wellington, New Zealand (south of Junction Points* 1,370 Tjilatjap, Indonesia, 1,961 Chagos Archipelago and Trieste, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Zamboanga, Philippines, 1,681 Tasmania), 7,814 Port Said, Egypt, 380 1,337

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points ALMERIA, SPAIN 3

ALEKSANDROVSK- Junction Points* Junction Points* Volos, Greece (via Corinth Canal), SAKHALINSKIY, RUSSIA 1,211 (50˚54'00"N., 142˚07'00"E.) to: Port Said, Egypt, 164 Port Said, Egypt, 1,927 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,822 Strait of Gibraltar, 25 Junction Points* ALICANTE, SPAIN (38˚20'00"N., 0˚29'01"E.) to: Ports Ports Singapore, 3,608 Junction Points* Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 3,961 Al Latakia, Syria, 402 Cartagena, Spain, 238 Algiers, Algeria, 1,393 Oran, Algeria, 229 Port Said, Egypt, 1,680 Ports Alicante, Spain, 1,560 Palermo, Sicily, 924 Strait of Gibraltar, 317 Ancona, Italy, 1,096 Bangkok, Thailand (outer bar), Annaba, Algeria, 1,169 Ports 3,639 ALGIERS, ALGERIA Antalya, Turkey, 349 (36˚46'50"N., 3˚04'11"E.) to: Bukhta Shelikohova, Kuril Islands, Ashdod, Israel, 266 Alexandria, Egypt, 1,560 Russia, 934 Augusta, Sicily, 819 Junction Points* Algiers, Algeria, 198 Busan, South Korea, 1,118 Banghazi, Libya, 541 Almeria, Spain, 155 Dagu, China, 1,807 Banzart, Tunisia, 1,064 Port Said, Egypt, 1,514 Ancona, Italy, 1,308 Dalian, China (via Maenggol Barcelona, Spain, 1,482 Strait of Gibraltar, 437 Annaba, Algeria, 419 Sudo), 1,648 Bari, Italy, 890 Arzew, Algeria, 152 Hakodate, Japan, 631 Beirut, Lebanon, 341 Ports Banghazi, Libya, 1,094 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 3,105 Brindisi, Italy, 831 Banzart, Tunisia, 507 Hong Kong, China, 2,250 Cagliari, Sardinia, 1,136 Alexandria, Egypt, 1,393 Barcelona, Spain, 228 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,589 Cartagena, Spain, 1,585 Alicante, Spain, 198 Bari, Italy, 1,100 Incheon, South Korea (via Castellammare di Stabia, Italy, Ancona, Italy, 1,153 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,772 Maenggol Sudo), 1,507 1,003 Annaba, Algeria, 246 Brindisi, Italy, 1,042 Jakarta, Indonesia, 3,942 Catania, Sicily, 828 Arzew, Algeria, 186 Cagliari, Sardinia, 473 Kasatka, Japan, 595 Ceuta, Morocco, 1,802 Banghazi, Libya, 927 Ceuta, Morocco, 299 Kobe, Japan, 1,384 Famagusta, Cyprus, 340 Banzart, Tunisia, 340 Civitavecchia, Italy, 616 Lo hsing-ta Mao-ti, China, 1,868 Genova, Italy, 1,316 Barcelona, Spain, 282 Genova, Italy, 564 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Gibraltar, 1,805 Bari, Italy, 946 Ghazaouet, Algeria, 209 4,687 Haifa, Israel, 295 Bat’umi, Georgia (via Corinth Gibraltar, 300 Manila, Philippines, 2,507 Iraklion, Kriti, 372 Canal), 1,963 Haifa, Israel, 1,769 Matsuga-hana, Japan, 589 Istanbul, Turkey, 742 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,605 Iraklion, Kriti, 1,254 Mogpo, South Korea, 1,330 Izmir, Turkey, 547 Brindisi, Italy, 888 Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth Moskal’vo, Russia, 230 La Spezia, Italy, 1,280 Cagliari, Sardinia, 332 Canal), 1,540 Nagasaki, Japan, 1,253 Limassol, Cyprus, 272 Cannes, France, 446 Izmir, Turkey (via Corinth Canal), Nampo, North Korea, 1,601 Livorno, Italy, 1,244 Cartagena, Spain, 208 1,386 Nikolayevsk-Na-Amure, Russia, Malaga, Spain, 1,752 Ceuta, Morocco, 417 La Spezia, Italy, 588 162 Marseille, France, 1,40 Genova, Italy, 531 Livorno, Italy, 585 Osaka, Japan, 1,394 Messina, Sicily, 834 Ghazaouet, Algeria, 278 Malaga, Spain, 248 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Napoli, Italy, 1,005 Gibraltar, 420 Marseille, France, 406 4,765 Odessa, Ukraine, 1090 Haifa, Israel, 1,602 Melilla, Morocco, 224 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Oran, Algeria, 1,590 Iraklion, Kriti, 1,087 Mers el Kebir, Algeria, 160 Russia (via Chetvertyy Palermo, Sicily, 950 Istanbul, Turkey (south of Messina, Sicily, 776 Kuril’skiy Proliv and La Perouse Palma, Balearic Islands, 1,435 Greece), 1,393 Mostaganem, Algeria, 148 Strait), 1,158 Paphos, Cyprus, 256 Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth Napoli, Italy, 723 Port Darwin, Australia, 4,041 Piraievs, Greece, 515 Canal), 1,376 Odessa, Ukraine (via Corinth Qingdao, China, 1,602 Rijeka, Croatia, 1,166 Izmir, Turkey (via Corinth Canal), Canal), 1,888 Qinhuangdao, China (via San Savona, Italy, 1,326 1,221 Oran, Algeria, 159 Maenggol, Sudo), 1,750 Sibenik, Croatia, 1,039 Kavala, Greece (via Corinth Palermo, Sicily, 667 Diego, California, U.S.A., 4,779 Siracusa, Sicily, 809 Canal), 1,260 Palma, Balearic Islands, 173 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Soudha, Kriti, 425 La Spezia, Italy, 540 Piraievs, Greece (south of 4,373 Split, Croatia, 1,024 Livorno, Italy, 528 Greece), 1,246 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via Tarabulus, Libya, 866 Mahon, Balearic Islands, 200 Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth La Perouse Strait and Proliv Taranto, Italy, 844 Malaga, Spain, 368 Canal), 1,186 Kruzenshterna), 4,108 Thessaloniki, Greece, 678 Marseille, France, 410 Savona, Italy, 549 Shanghai, China, 1,597 Toulon, France, 1,376 Messina, Sicily, 621 Sibenik, Croatia, 1,249 Tomari, Japan, 542 Trieste, Italy, 1,200 Mostaganem, Algeria, 172 Siracusa, Sicily, 792 Vladivostok, Russia, 713 Tubruq, Libya, 308 Napoli, Italy, 582 Split, Croatia, 1,234 Weihai, China (via Maenggol Tunis, Tunisia, 1,051 Odessa, Ukraine (via Corinth Tarabulus, Libya, 832 Sudo), 1,579 Valencia, Spain, 1,559 Canal), 1,724 Taranto, Italy, 995 Weonsan, South Korea, 972 Valletta, Malta, 823 Oran, Algeria, 205 Thessaloniki, Greece (via Corinth Xiamen, China, 1,991 Venezia, Italy, 1,208 Palermo, Sicily, 513 Canal), 1,435 Yantai, China (via Maenggol Volos, Greece, 620 Piraievs, Greece (south of Toulon, France, 418 Sudo), 1,613 Greece), 1,079 Trieste, Italy, 1,409 Yokohama, Japan, 1,143 ALEXANDROUPOLIS, Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth Tunis, Tunisia, 558 GREECE Canal), 1,022 Valencia, Spain, 98 ALESUND, NORWAY (40˚50'00"N., 25˚53'00"E.) to: Savona, Italy, 518 Valletta, Malta, 743 (62˚28'06"N., 6˚09'27"E.) to: Sibenik, Croatia, 1,094 Venezia, Italy, 1,418 Junction Points* Siracusa, Sicily, 626 Villa Sanjurjo, Morocco, 260 Junction Points* Skikda, Algeria, 200 Volos, Greece (south of Greece), Port Said, Egypt, 699 Split, Croatia, 1,079 1,395 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 450 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,716 Tarabulus, Libya, 665 Volos, Greece (via Corinth Canal), Taranto, Italy, 841 1,376 Ports Ports Thessaloniki, Greece (via Corinth Canal), 1,270 Bergen, Norway, 167 ALMERIA, SPAIN Istanbul, Turkey, 200 Toulon, France, 406 (36˚49'30"N., 2˚27'48"W.) to: London, England, 733 Thessaloniki, Greece, 191 Trieste, Italy, 1,254 Reykjavik, Iceland, 848 Volos, Greece, 205 Tunis, Tunisia, 392 Junction Points* Valencia, Spain, 230 ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT ALGECIRAS, SPAIN Valletta, Malta, 576 Port Said, Egypt, 1,780 (31˚10'41"N., 29˚51'28"E.) to: (36˚07'30"N., 5˚26'30"W.) to: Venezia, Italy, 1,264 Strait of Gibraltar, 171

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 4 ALMIRANTE, PANAMA

Ports Junction Points* Tatibanako, Japan Volos, Greece (via Corinth Canal), 798 Alicante, Spain, 155 Bishop Rock, England, 259 ANCONA, ITALY Zadar, Croatia, 87 Barcelona, Spain, 371 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 252 (43˚37'22"N., 13˚30'18"E.) to: Catania, Sicily, 919 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 183 ANECHO, TOGO Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth Junction Points* (6˚13'15"N., 1˚35'35"E.) to: Canal), 1,642 Ports Kerch, Ukraine (via Corinth Port Said, Egypt (south of Junction Points* Canal), 2,077 Ardrossan, Scotland, 145 Greece), 1,206 Nice, France, 627 Cobh, Ireland, 190 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,580 Cape of Good Hope, South Palma, Balearic Islands, 308 Milford Haven, Wales, 112 Africa, 2,615 Sfax, Tunisia, 881 Port Talbot, Wales, 171 Ports Ile d’Ouessant, France, 3,704 Swansea, Wales, 165 ALMIRANTE, PANAMA Alexandria, Egypt, 1,096 Ports (9˚17'12"N., 82˚23'32"W.) to: AMSTERDAM, Algiers, Algeria, 1,153 NETHERLANDS Alicante, Spain, 1,308 Douala, Cameroon, 526 Junction Points* (52˚23'00"N., 4˚54'00"E.) to: Annaba, Algeria, 933 Monrovia, Liberia, 850 Banghazi, Libya, 800 Panama, Panama, 198 Junction Points* Banzart, Tunisia, 842 ANGO ANGO, CONGO Yucatan Channel, 814 Barcelona, Spain, 1,212 (5˚50'30"S., 13˚26'00"E.) Add 27 Bishop Rock, England, 481 Bari, Italy, 216 miles to Boma distances. Ports Ile d’Ouessant, France, 465 Barletta, Italy, 199 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Beirut, Lebanon (south of ANGRA DOS REIS, BRAZIL Barranquilla, Colombia, 477 Entrance), Germany, 291 Greece), 1,276 (23˚01'00"S., 44˚18'42"W.) to: Cienfuegos, Cuba, 788 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 481 Beirut, Lebanon (via Corinth Kingston, Jamaica, 657 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 422 Canal), 1,245 Junction Points* Brindisi, Italy, 274 ALTAGRACIA, VENEZUELA Ports Cartagena, Spain, 1,338 Panama, Panama, 4,527 (10˚42'30"N., 71˚32'00"W.) Ceuta, Morocco, 1,561 Punta Arenas, Chile, 2,212 Subtract 6 miles from Maracaibo Aberdeen, Scotland, 380 Chioggia, Italy, 111 distances. Antwerp, Belgium, 148 Genova, Italy, 1,017 Ports Bergen, Norway, 502 Gibraltar, 1,563 Bremerhaven, Germany, 223 AMAGASAKI, JAPAN Haifa, Israel (via Corinth Canal), Montevideo, Uruguay, 1,031 (34˚41'00"N., 135˚23'00"E.) Add Cherbourg, France, 305 1,248 Salvador, Brazil, 902 4 miles to Osaka for ports outside Dover, England, 161 Iraklion, Kriti, 762 Dundee, Scotland, 374 the Inland Sea. Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth ANNABA, ALGERIA Dunkerque, France, 135 Canal), 962 (36˚54'00"N., 7˚46'19"E.) to: Egersund, Norway, 380 Izmir, Turkey (south of Greece), AMAPALA, HONDURAS Esbjerg, Denmark, 255 (13˚18'00"N., 87˚39'30"W.) to: 904 Junction Points* Hamburg, Germany, 274 Izmir, Turkey (via Corinth Canal), Junction Points* Hartlepool, England, 260 808 Port Said, Egypt, 1,289 Harwich, England, 145 La Spezia, Italy, 979 Strait of Gibraltar, 675 Panama, Panama, 745 Hull, England, 212 Livorno, Italy, 946 Inverness, Scotland, 482 Malaga, Spain, 1,510 Ports Ports Kristiansand, Norway, 381 Manfredonia, Italy, 195 Le Havre, France, 273 Marseille, France, 1,109 Alexandria, Egypt, 1,169 Acapulco, Mexico, 763 Leith, Scotland, 372 Messina, Sicily, 536 Algiers, Algeria, 246 Antofagasta, Chile, 2,460 London, England, 208 Monopoli, Italy, 239 Alicante, Spain, 419 Callao, Peru, 1,665 Newcastle, England, 286 Napoli, Italy, 707 Ancona, Italy, 933 Corinto, Nicaragua, 72 Oostende, Belgium, 117 Odessa, Ukraine (south of Banghazi, Libya, 702 Golfito, Costa Rica, 432 Oslo, Norway, 522 Greece), 1,407 Banzart, Tunisia, 116 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 1,167 Plymouth, England, 390 Odessa, Ukraine (via Corinth Barcelona, Spain, 386 Iquique, Chile, 2,303 Portland, England, 316 Canal), 1,310 Bari, Italy, 726 Mazatlan, Mexico, 1,350 Portsmouth, England, 266 Oran, Algeria, 1,349 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,381 Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, U.S.A., Rotterdam, Netherlands, 67 Palermo, Sicily, 652 Bejaia, Algeria, 156 4,045 Southampton, England, 284 Palma, Balearic Islands, 1,170 Brindisi, Italy, 668 Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 329 Stavanger, Norway, 424 Piraievs, Greece (south of Cartagena, Spain, 440 San Diego, California, U.S.A., Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 210 Greece), 745 Ceuta, Morocco, 656 2,181 Zeebrugge, Belgium, 104 Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth Genova, Italy, 458 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Canal), 608 Gibraltar, 658 2,586 AMUAY, VENEZUELA Ploce, Croatia, 167 Haifa, Israel, 1,378 San Jose, Guatemala, 204 (11˚44'39"N., 70˚13'56"W.) to: Rijeka, Croatia, 112 Hyeres, Frances, 384 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 3,361 Savona, Italy, 1,028 Iraklion, Kriti, 863 Junction Points* Shengjin, Albania, 297 Istanbul, Turkey (south of Sibenik, Croatia, 115 Greece), 1,168 AMBON, INDONESIA Panama, Panama, 678 (3˚41'30"S., 128˚10'25"E.) to: Siracusa, Sicily, 557 Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth Yucatan Channel, 1,050 Split, Croatia, 132 Canal), 1,151 Junction Points* Tarabulus, Libya, 820 Izmir, Turkey (south of Greece), Ports Taranto, Italy, 415 1,014 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 819 Thessaloniki, Greece (south of Izmir, Turkey (via Corinth Canal), Torres Strait, Australia, 964 Barranquilla, Colombia, 325 Greece), 953 997 La Guaira, Venezuela, 276 Thessaloniki, Greece (via Corinth La Spezia, Italy, 463 Ports Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 600 Canal), 857 Livorno, Italy, 431 Toulon, France, 1,077 Malaga, Spain, 607 Manila, Philippines, 1,260 ANACORTES, Trieste, Italy, 130 Marseille, France, 409 Port Darwin, Australia, 579 WASHINGTON, U.S.A. Tunis, Tunisia, 830 Messina, Sicily, 401 Surabaya, Indonesia, 980 (48˚30'48"N., 122˚35'18"W.) Valencia, Spain, 1,295 Napoli, Italy, 388 Subtract 23 miles from Seattle, Valletta, Malta, 634 Odessa, Ukraine (south of Washington distances. Venezia, Italy, 124 Greece), 1,516 AMLWCH, WALES Volos, Greece (south of Greece), (53˚26'55"N., 4˚18'09"W.) to: Odessa, Ukraine (via Corinth ANAN, JAPAN 894 Canal), 1,499 (33˚52'36"N., 134˚44'20"E.) See Oran, Algeria, 444

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points APIA, SAMOA 5

Palermo, Sicily, 292 ANTOFAGASTA, CHILE Narvik, Norway, 1,211 Guinea, 375 Palma, Balearic Islands, 307 (23˚39'00"S., 70˚25'20"E.) to: Newcastle, England, 351 Sao Tome, Sao Tome, Gulf of Piraievs, Greece (south of Oostende, Belgium, 79 Guinea, 421 Greece), 854 Junction Points* Oslo, Norway, 630 Sassandra, Ivory Coast, 603 Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth Plymouth, England, 366 Sekondi, Ghana, 316 Canal), 797 Panama, Panama, 2,140 Portland, England, 292 Tema, Ghana, 209 Port St. Louis du Rhone, France, Punta Arenas, Chile, 1,996 Portsmouth, England, 242 Victoria, Cameroon, 400 419 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 121 Willemstad, Curacao, 4,345 Rijeka, Croatia, 1,000 Ports Southampton, England, 260 Savona, Italy, 451 Stavanger, Norway, 525 APARRI, PHILIPPINES Sibenik, Croatia, 874 Acapulco, Mexico, 2,984 Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 324 (18˚22'15"N., 121˚36'45"E.) to: Siracusa, Sicily, 401 Amapala, Honduras, 2,460 Zeebrugge, Belgium, 64 Sousse, Tunisia, 255 Arica, Chile, 325 Junction Points* Caldera, Chile, 215 Split, Croatia, 859 AOMORI, JAPAN Tarabulus, Libya, 440 Callao, Peru, 813 (40˚50'10"N., 140˚44'30"E.) to: Honshu, Japan, 1,418 Taranto, Italy, 620 Chanaral, Chile, 173 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 2,316 Thessaloniki, Greece (south of Coquimbo, Chile, 396 Ports Panama, Panama, 8,996 Greece), 1,063 Corinto, Nicaragua, 2,400 Singapore, 1,518 Thessaloniki, Greece (via Corinth Esmeraldas, Ecuador, 1,703 Akita, Japan, 158 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 1,877 Canal), 1,046 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 1,470 Bukhta Shelikohova, Kuril Islands, Torres Strait, Australia, 2,356 Toulon, France, 390 Guaymas, Mexico, 3,894 Russia, 899 Trieste, Italy, 1,034 Iquique, Chile, 224 Kasatka, Japan, 441 Ports Tunis, Tunisia, 167 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Komatsushima, Japan, 813 Valencia, Spain, 426 4,430 Matsuga-hana, Japan, 350 Apra, Guam, Mariana Islands, Valletta, Malta, 352 Lota, Chile, 828 Pago Pago, American Samoa, 1,370 Venezia, Italy, 1,044 Matarani, Peru, 423 4,358 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 1,413 Volos, Greece (south of Greece), Monterey, California, U.S.A., Shiogama, Japan, 311 Kobe, Japan, 1,222 1,004 4,682 Tomari, Japan, 335 Manila, Philippines, 1,386 Volos, Greece (via Corinth Pago Pago, American Samoa, San Diego, California, U.S.A., 5,605 Canal), 987 APAPA, NIGERIA 6,306 Pisco, Peru, 713 (6˚22'23"N., 3˚24'15"E.) to: Yap, Caroline Islands, 1,125 Portland, Oregon, U.S.A., 5,383 ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND, Zamboanga, Philippines, 873 U.S.A. Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 2,215 Junction Points* Salina Cruz, Mexico, 2,799 (38˚59'00"N., 76˚28'45"W.) For APIA, SAMOA ocean distance via the Chesapeake San Antonio, Chile, 600 Bishop Rock, England, 3,817 (13˚49'00"S., 171˚45'30"W.) to: Bay, subtract 20 miles from San Diego, California, U.S.A., Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Baltimore distances. For ocean 4,360 3,523 Junction Points* distances via the C & D Canal, add San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 3,870 20 miles to Baltimore distances. 4,762 Grand Banks South, 3,969 Panama, Panama, 5,710 San Jose, Guatemala, 2,557 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 3,777 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,207 San Juan, Peru, 575 ANTALYA, TURKEY Inishtrahull, Ireland, 4,161 Torres Strait, Australia (via Raine (36˚50'22"N., 30˚38'00"E.) to: Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A., Panama, Panama, 5,063 Island entrance), 2,763 4,497 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 4,865 Junction Points* Talcahuano, Chile, 802 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,225 Ports Valparaiso, Chile, 576 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,117 Port Said, Egypt, 346 Straits of Florida, 5,222 Acapulco, Mexico, 4,638 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,822 ANTWERP, BELGIUM Yucatan Channel, 5,346 Apra, Guam, 3,080 (51˚14'00"N., 4˚24'00"E.) to: Auckland, New Zealand, 1,581 Ports Ports Avarua, Cook Islands, 819 Junction Points* Baie Taio-Hae, Marquesa Islands, Alexandria, Egypt, 349 Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 490 1,886 Beirut, Lebanon, 322 Bishop Rock, England, 449 Accra, Ghana, 221 Brisbane, Australia, 2,177 Piraievs, Greece, 383 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 441 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Callao, Peru, 5,492 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East 5,085 Christmas Island, Line Islands, Entrance), Germany, 398 ANTIBES, FRANCE Benguela, Angola, 1,284 1,274 (43˚35'30"N., 7˚08'02"E.) See Pentland Firth, Scotland, 553 Boma, Congo, 933 Enderbury Island, Phoenix Nice, France. Skagens Odde, Denmark, 528 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Islands, 641 4,765 Funafuti, Tuvalu, 632 Ports ANTILLA, CUBA Calabar, Nigeria, 305 Hakodate, Japan, 4,252 (20˚49'30"N., 75˚45'00"W.) to: Charleston, South Carolina, Hobart, Tasmania, 2,776 Aberdeen, Scotland, 450 U.S.A., 5,070 Hong Kong, China, 4,869 Junction Points* Amsterdam, Netherlands, 148 Colon, Panama, 5,155 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,260 Belfast, Northern Ireland, 722 Douala, Cameroon, 424 Johnston Island, 1,838 Panama, Panama, 887 Bergen, Norway, 602 Georgetown, Ascension Island, Levuka, Fiji Islands, 600 Straits of Florida, 491 Bremerhaven, Germany, 333 1,368 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Cherbourg, France, 281 Grand Bassam, Ivory Coast, 478 4,181 Ports Dover, England, 137 Douala, Cameroon, 449 Malakal, Palau Islands, 3,446 Dundee, Scotland, 442 Marshall, Liberia, 903 Melbourne, Australia, 2,834 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. (via Dunkerque, France, 102 Matadi, Congo, 1,002 Midway Island, 2,546 Crooked Island Passage), 1,151 Egersund, Norway, 484 Monrovia, Liberia, 928 Nagasaki, Japan, 4,414 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Emden, Germany, 276 Natal, Brazil, 2,432 Noumea, New Caledonia, 1,371 1,408 Esbjerg, Denmark, 362 New York, New York, U.S.A., Nukualofa, Tonga Islands, 508 Charleston, South Carolina, Hamburg, Germany, 382 4,885 Pago Pago, American Samoa, 80 U.S.A., 813 Hartlepool, England, 325 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 4,943 Papeete, French Polynesia, 1,301 Colon, Panama, 844 Harwich, England, 97 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 434 Hull, England, 265 U.S.A., 4,983 Russia, 4,292 Matanzas, Cuba, 407 Inverness, Scotland, 554 Pointe Noire, Congo, 838 Ponape, Caroline Islands, 2,189 New York, New York, U.S.A., Kristiansand, Norway, 488 Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 319 Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 2,232 1,226 Le Havre, France, 244 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 3,910 Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Leith, Scotland, 453 Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, 1,008 U.S.A., 1,197 Liverpool, England, 698 1,981 Rotoava, Iles Tuamotu, 1,520 Port Antonio, Jamaica, 288 London, England, 193 Santa Isabel, Bioko, Equatorial Salina Cruz, Mexico, 4,886

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 6 APRA, GUAM, MARIANA ISLANDS

San Diego, California, U.S.A., Melbourne, Australia, 3,631 Africa, 3,324 London, England, 551 4,195 Midway Island, 2,301 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 4,046 Oslo, Norway, 120 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Nagasaki, Japan, 1,445 Grand Banks South, 3,436 4,161 Nagoya, Japan, 1,378 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 3,988 ARGENTIA, CANADA Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 4,613 Naha, Ryukyu Islands, 1,236 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 4,320 (47˚18'00"N., 53˚59'00"W.) to: Selwyn Bay, Solomon Islands, Nakagusuku, Ryukyu Islands, Panama, Panama, 3,526 1,582 1,216 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 4,602 Junction Points* Shanghai, China, 4,715 Nandi Bay, Fiji Islands, 2,886 Punta Arenas, Chile, 3,045 Suva, Fiji Islands, 647 Nome, Alaska, U.S.A., 3,686 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,366 Bishop Rock, England, 1,949 Sydney, Australia, 2,355 Noumea, New Caledonia, 2,528 Straits of Florida, 3,822 Cape of Good Hope, South Talomako, Vanuatu, 1,255 Nukualofa, Tonga Islands, 3,202 Yucatan Channel, 3,869 Africa, 6,294 Valparaiso, Chile, 5,453 Olongapo, Philippines (north of Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 1,819 Vancouver, Canada, 4,675 Luzon), 1,663 Ports Inishtrahull, Ireland, 1,874 Wellington, New Zealand, 1,872 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Montreal, Canada, 943 Yap, Caroline Islands, 3,303 3,156 Accra, Ghana, 2,411 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 2,012 Yokohama, Japan, 4,057 Papeete, French Polynesia, 4,335 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Strait of Gibraltar, 2,302 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, 4,040 Straits of Florida, 2,011 APRA, GUAM, MARIANA Russia, 2,475 Belem, Brazil, 1,442 ISLANDS Ponape, Caroline Islands, 906 Bridgetown, Barbados, 2,324 Ports (13˚27'00"N., 144˚37'00"E.) to: Port Darwin, Australia (via Selat Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2,016 Sele), 1,925 Cape Town, South Africa, 3,321 Arkhangel’sk, Russia, 3,306 Junction Points* Prince Rupert, Canada, 4,586 Colon, Panama, 3,536 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Qingdao, China, 1,900 Dakar, Senegal, 1,944 801 Panama, Panama, 7,988 Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 1,187 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 1,841 Charleston, South Carolina, Punta Arenas, Chile, 8,144 Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands, La Habana, Cuba, 3,775 U.S.A., 1,489 Singapore (via Sulu Sea), 2,585 3,369 Lisboa, Portugal, 3,394 Colon, Panama, 2,640 Rongelap, Marshall Islands, 1,341 Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 3,785 Guantanamo, Cuba, 1,976 Ports Rotoava, Iles Tuamotu, 4,513 New York, New York, U.S.A., Halifax, Canada, 448 San Diego, California, U.S.A., 4,034 Ivittuut, Greenland, 1,023 Apia, Samoa, 3,080 5,379 Portland, Maine, U.S.A., 3,977 Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 1,953 Auckland, New Zealand, 3,497 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Salvador, Brazil, 161 Lisboa, Portugal, 2,101 Avarua, Cook Islands, 3,889 5,053 Washington, D.C., U.S.A., 4,024 New York, New York, U.S.A., Baie Taio-Hae, Marquesa Islands, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 4,948 1,009 4,698 Selwyn Bay, Solomon Islands, ARBATAX, ITALY Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 1,189 Barbers Point, Hawaii, U.S.A., 1,762 (39˚56'40"N., 9˚42'45"E.) to: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 3,303 Semarang, Indonesia, 2,464 U.S.A., 1,159 Bikini, Marshall Islands, 1,263 Seward, Alaska, U.S.A., 4,079 Junction Points* Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Brisbane, Australia, 2,659 Shanghai, China, 1,687 U.S.A., 779 Callao, Peru, 8,372 Shimizu, Honshu, Japan, 1,351 Port Said, Egypt, 1,248 Reykjavik, Iceland, 1,584 Canton, Phoenix Islands, 2,789 Shimonoseki, Japan, 1,451 Strait of Gibraltar, 810 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,840 Cebu, Philippines, 1,344 Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 4,407 Chimbote, Peru, 8,264 Sorong, Irian Jaya, Indonesia, Ports ARGOSTOLION, GREECE Chimu Wan, Ryukyu Islands, 1,171 (38˚08'23"N., 20˚27'35"E.) to: 1,228 Sukarnopura, Irian Jaya, Alexandria, Egypt, 1,142 Christmas Island, Line Islands, Indonesia, 1,010 Algiers, Algeria, 389 Junction Points* 3,518 Surabaya, Indonesia, 2,334 Ayios, Nikolaos, Kriti, 846 Dagu, China, 2,133 Suva, Fiji Islands, 2,784 Barcelona, Spain, 294 Port Said, Egypt, 754 Dalian, China, 1,974 Sydney, Australia, 3,006 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,320 Strait of Gibraltar (via Strait of Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Talomako, Vanuatu, 2,177 Ceuta, Morocco, 784 Messina), 1,292 3,403 Tinian, Mariana Islands, 127 Derince, Turkey, 1,139 Enderbury Island, Phoenix Tokuyama, Japan, 1,427 Iraklion, Kriti, 804 Ports Islands, 2,827 Truk, Caroline Islands, 590 Kerch, Ukraine, 1,546 Eniwetak, Marshall Islands, 1,066 Valdivostok, Russia (via Tsugaru- Marseille, France, 306 Algiers, Algeria, 862 Funafuti, Tuvalu, 2,455 Kaikyo), 2,155 Sibenik, Croatia, 771 Alicante, Spain, 1,015 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 8,147 Valparaiso, Chile, 8,510 Tarabulus, Lebanon, 1,332 Arzew, Algeria, 1,038 Hakodate, Japan, 1,739 Vinh Cam Ranh, Vietnam, 2,112 Banghazi, Libya, 366 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2,304 Vladivostok, Russia (via ARDROSSAN, SCOTLAND Barcelona, Spain, 923 Hobart, Tasmania, 3,683 Shimonoseki Kaikyo), 2,019 (55˚38'30"N., 4˚49'30"W.) to: Bat’umi, Georgia, 1,183 Hong Kong, China, 1,822 Wake Island, 1,334 Beirut, Lebanon, 811 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,318 Wei-hae-wei, China (via Tokara Junction Points* Ceuta, Morocco, 1,268 Iloilo, Philippines, 1,366 Kaikyo), 1,901 Iraklion, Kriti, 299 Incheon, South Korea (via Tokara Wotho, Marshall Islands, 1,294 Bishop Rock, England, 350 Izmir, Turkey, 444 Kaikyo), 1,837 Wotje Island, Marshall Islands, Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 348 Marseille, France, 827 Iwakuni, Japan, 1,437 1,547 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 95 Napoli, Italy, 423 Jakarta, Indonesia (via Makasser Xiamen, China, 1,669 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 282 Oran, Algeria, 1,058 Strait), 2,639 Yap, Caroline Islands, 458 Johnston Island, 2,665 Yantai, China (via Tokara Ports ARICA, CHILE Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, U.S.A., Kaikyo), 1,935 (18˚28'00"S., 70˚20'00"W.) to: 3,354 Yokkaichi, Japan, 1,364 Dublin, Ireland, 153 Kiska, Alaska, U.S.A., 2,822 Yokohama, Japan, 1,352 Glasgow, Scotland, 43 Junction Points* Kobe, Japan, 1,386 Zamboanga, Philippines (south of Liverpool, England, 180 Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 3,928 Mindanao), 1,467 Panama, Panama, 1,921 Kure, Japan, 1,460 Zamboanga, Philippines (via ARENDAL, NORWAY Punta Arenas, Chile, 2,301 Kwajalein, Marshall Islands, 1,405 Surigao Strait), 1,484 (58˚27'30"N., 8˚46'30"E.) to: Lae, Papau New Guinea, 1,315 Ports Levuka, Fiji Islands, 2,847 ARACAJU, BRAZIL Junction Points* Lo hsing-ta Mao-ti, China, 1,617 (10˚58'53"S., 36˚59'26"W.) to: Acapulco, Mexico, 2,768 Malakal, Palau Islands, 706 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 452 Antofagasta, Chile, 325 Manila, Philippines (north of Junction Points* Caldera, Chile, 522 Luzon), 1,742 Ports Callao, Peru, 593 Manila, Philippines (via San Bishop Rock, England, 4,021 Chanaral, Chile, 478 Bernardino Strait), 1,499 Cape of Good Hope, South Bergen, Norway, 254 Coquimbo, Chile, 702

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALAND 7

Corinto, Nicaragua, 1,711 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Junction Points* Su-ao Kang, Taiwan. Esmeraldas, Ecuador, 1,484 4,530 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 1,251 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 1,355 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALAND Guaymas, Mexico, 3,681 Grand Banks South, 1,934 5,258 (36˚50'00"S., 174˚47'00"E.) to: Iquique, Chile, 110 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 1,248 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 5,426 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Inishtrahull, Ireland, 1,643 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 4,688 Junction Points* 4,219 Panama, Panama, 3,891 Port Said, Egypt, 3,212 Lota, Chile, 1,134 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 1,896 Singapore, 3,872 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 3,029 Monterey, California, U.S.A., Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,777 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 4,098 Panama, Panama, 6,516 4,471 Strait of Gibraltar, 576 Torres Strait, Australia, 6,256 Punta Arenas, Chile (via 30˚S.), Pisco, Peru, 492 Straits of Florida, 3,681 6,132 Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 1,996 Ports Punta Arenas, Chile (via 49˚S.), Salina Cruz, Mexico, 2,579 Ports 4,814 San Diego, California, U.S.A., Belawan, Indonesia, 3,606 Torres Strait, Australia (via Raine 4,149 Aaiun, Western Sahara, 111 Calcutta, India, 3,581 Island entrance), 2,485 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Casablanca, Morocco, 435 Fremantle, Australia, 5,429 Wilson Promontory, Australia, 4,551 Dakar, Senegal, 912 Port Darwin, Australia, 5,701 1,503 San Jose, Guatemala, 2,338 Lagos, Nigeria, 2,547 Rangoon, Burma, 3,641 Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A., Monrovia, Liberia, 1,622 Sabang, Indonesia, 3,340 Ports 4,286 New York, New York, U.S.A., Talara, Peru, 1,103 3,005 ASHDOD, ISRAEL Apia, Samoa, 1,581 Talcahuano, Chile, 1,108 Recife, Brazil, 2,540 (31˚51'00"N., 34˚39'00"E.) to: Apra, Guam, 3,497 Valparaiso, Chile, 882 Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 3,496 Avarua, Cook Islands, 1,631 Junction Points* Brisbane, Australia, 1,340 ARKHANGEL’SK, RUSSIA ARUBA Callao, Peru, 5,834 (64˚32'00"N., 40˚31'00"E.) to: See Sint Nicolaashaven. Port Said, Egypt, 126 Dagu, China, 5,648 Strait of Gibraltar, 2,031 Dalian, China (via Vitiaz Strait), Junction Points* ARZEW, ALGERIA 5,489 (35˚51'30"N., 0˚18'00"W.) to: Ports Dalian, China (west of New Bishop Rock, England, 2,263 Ireland), 5,469 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 1,900 Junction Points* Alexandria, Egypt, 266 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Pentland Firth, Scotland, 1,663 Beirut, Lebanon, 136 5,578 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,225 Port Said, Egypt, 1,692 Famagusta, Cyprus, 203 Fanning Island, 2,854 Straits of Florida, 5,208 Strait of Gibraltar, 275 Fethiye, Turkey, 416 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 6,087 Izmir, Turkey, 668 Hakodate, Japan, 5,104 Ports Ports Hobart, Tasmania, 1,521 ASSAB, ETHIOPIA Hong Kong, China, 5,060 Argentia, Canada, 3,306 Algiers, Algeria, 186 (13˚00'00"N., 42˚45'30"E.) to: Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,820 Berlevag, Norway, 540 Alicante, Spain, 152 Jaluit, Marshall Islands, 2,595 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Bejaia, Algeria, 294 Junction Points* Kobe, Japan, 4,875 4,014 Melilla, Morocco, 146 Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 5,942 Charleston, South Carolina, Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Levuka, Fiji Islands, 1,175 U.S.A., 4,692 AS SALIF, YEMEN 4,056 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Colon, Panama, 5,820 (15˚18'00"N., 42˚40'00"E.) to: Port Said, Egypt, 1,258 5,658 Dikson, Russia, 1,105 Singapore, 3,769 Melbourne, Australia, 1,649 Frederikshavn, Denmark, 1,805 Junction Points* Midway Island, 3,937 Guantanamo, Cuba, 5,156 Ports Nagasaki, Japan (via Tanegashima Halifax, Canada, 3,663 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Kaikyo and Koshiki Kaikyo), Hull, England, 1,926 4,181 Aden, Yemen, 150 4,930 Iokan’ga, Russia, 271 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 5,204 Port Sudan, Sudan, 524 Nagasaki, Japan (via Tokara Ivittuut, Greenland (direct), 2,573 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 4,684 Kaikyo), 4,963 Ivittuut, Greenland (via 75 miles Port Said, Egypt, 1,127 ASSENS, DENMARK Nandi Bay, Fiji Islands, 1,224 off Kap Farvel), 2,683 Singapore (north of Scorta and (55˚16'15"N., 9˚53'07"E.) to: Nelson, New Zealand, 633 Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 5,150 Strait of Malacca), 3,887 Nome, Alaska, U.S.A., 6,159 Liverpool, England, 2,075 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 4,673 Junction Points* Nukualofa, Tonga Islands, 1,009 London, England, 2,061 Torres Strait, Australia, 6,247 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Longyearbyen, Svalbard, 1,051 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East 1,565 Mys Chelyuskin, Russia, 1,469 Ports Entrance), Germany, 65 Papeete, French Polynesia, 2,216 New York, New York, U.S.A. Skagens Odde, Denmark, 187 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, (clear of general maximum Aden, Yemen, 249 Russia, 5,466 winter solid pack ice in vicinity Aseb, Ethiopia, 138 Ports Ponape, Caroline Islands, 2,813 of Iceland), 4,320 Jubail, Saudi Arabia, 2,059 Portland, Oregon, U.S.A., 6,075 New York, New York, U.S.A., Mitsiwa, Ethiopia, 186 Gdansk, Poland, 370 Prince Rupert, Canada, 6,209 4,216 Goteborg, Sweden, 197 Qingdao, China, 5,378 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 4,399 AS SUKHAYRAH, TUNISIA Lubeck, Germany, 127 Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 2,345 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, (34˚18'00"N., 10˚09'00"E.) to: Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands, U.S.A., 4,369 ASTORIA, OREGON, U.S.A. 592 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Junction Points* (46˚11'40"N., 123˚50'00"W.) San Diego, California, U.S.A., U.S.A., 3,992 Subtract 83 miles from Portland 5,655 Reykjavik, Iceland (direct), 1,874 Port Said, Egypt, 1,156 distances. San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Reykjavik, Iceland (south of Strait of Gibraltar, 1,072 5,680 Iceland), 1,901 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 6,170 ATUCHA, ARGENTINA San Juan, Puerto Rico, 5,001 Ports Add 80 miles to Buenos Aires Seward, Alaska, U.S.A., 6,093 distances (via Mitre Channel). Shanghai, China (via Vitiaz ARRECIFE DE LANZAROTE, Banghazi, Libya, 523 Strait), 5,149 CANARY ISLANDS Messina, Sicily, 406 Shanghai, China (west of New (28˚57'15"N., 13˚32'11"W.) to: ATUMI, JAPAN Ireland), 5,148 Tunis, Tunisia, 301 (34˚39'47"N., 137˚04'54"E.) Shimonoseki, Japan, 4,944 Subtract 32 miles from Nagoya Junction Points* Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 6,176 ASH SHUWAYKH, KUWAIT distances. (29˚21'21"N., 47˚56'08"E.) to: Suva, Fiji Islands, 1,149 Bishop Rock, England, 1,289 Sydney, Australia, 1,280 AU-AO CHAING, TAIWAN Truk, Caroline Islands, 3,000 (24˚36'00"N., 121˚52'00"E.) See

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 8 AUGUSTA, SICILY

Valparaiso, Chile, 5,247 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 536 Junction Points* BAHIA DE LAS CALDERAS, Vancouver, Canada, 6,191 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 942 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Vladivostok, Russia, 5,516 Panama, Panama, 4,186 Port Said, Egypt, 431 (18˚13'30"N., 70˚31'30"W.) to: Wake Island, 3,409 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 1,194 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,554 Wellington, New Zealand, 563 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,513 Junction Points* Xiamen, China, 4,990 Strait of Gibraltar, 416 Ports Yokohama, Japan, 4,789 Straits of Florida, 3,778 Panama, Panama, 810 Alexandria, Egypt, 343 Ports AUGUSTA, SICILY Ports Antibes, France, 1,063 (37˚13'36"N., 15˚12'55"E.) to: Arzew, Algeria, 1,295 Argentia, Canada, 2,006 Bat’umi, Georgia, 1,035 Barranquilla, Colombia, 508 Junction Points* Bathurst, Gambia, 1,740 Cartagena, Spain, 1,313 Kingston, Jamaica, 378 Belem, Brazil, 3,327 Castellammare di Stabia, Italy, 712 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 273 Port Said, Egypt, 932 Bordeaux, France, 573 Corinth Canal (west side, Willemstad, Curacao, 392 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,065 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Korinthos), Greece, 416 2,735 Genova, Italy, 1,026 BAHIA DE SAMANA, Ports Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,435 Istanbul, Turkey, 449 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Cadiz, Spain, 375 Limassol, Greece, 376 (19˚10'00"N., 69˚13'00"W.) to: Alexandria, Egypt, 819 Cape Town, South Africa, 5,270 Mersin, Turkey, 457 Junction Points* Baniyas, Syria, 1,028 Casablanca, Morocco, 457 Oran, Algeria, 791 Palermo, Sicily, 187 Charleston, South Carolina, Tangier, Morocco, 1,554 Panama, Panama, 1,015 Sete, France, 703 U.S.A., 3,360 Toulon, France, 1,084 Straits of Florida, 864 Taranto, Italy, 243 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Venezia, Italy, 912 Valencia, Spain, 801 3,194 Ports Valletta, Malta, 98 Colon, Panama (via Mona AYN SUKHNAH, EGYPT Passage), 84,17 (29˚33'47"N., 32˚25'43"E.) to: Dakar, Senegal, 1,623 New York, New York, U.S.A., AVARUA, COOK ISLANDS 1,328 (21˚11'30"S., 159˚46'00"W.) to: El Ferrol del Caudillo, Spain, 229 Junction Points* Freetown, Sierra Leone, 2,134 Nuevitas, Cuba, 510 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 185 Junction Points* Funchal, Madeira Island, 619 Cape of Good Hope, South Georgetown, Guyana, 3,323 Africa, 5,204 Panama, Panama, 5,092 Guantanamo, Cuba, 4,105 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 6,228 BAHIA HONDA, CUBA Punta Arenas, Chile, 4,429 Halifax, Canada, 2,420 Port Said, Egypt, 102 (22˚57'20"N., 83˚10'30"W.) to: Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., Singapore, 4,911 Ports Ports 3,512 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 5,697 Le Havre, France, 783 Torres Strait, Australia, 7,271 Guantanamo, Cuba (via west end Apia, Samoa, 819 Monrovia, Liberia, 2,336 of Cuba), 723 Apra, Guam, 3,889 New York, New York, U.S.A., Ports Guantanamo, Cuba (via Old Auckland, New Zealand, 1,631 2,898 Bahama Channel and Windward Brisbane, Australia (via Howe Port Castries, St. Lucia, 3,149 Aden, Yemen, 1,273 Passage), 643 Channel and Main Channel), Recife, Brazil, 3,261 Assab, Ethiopia, 1,150 New York, New York, U.S.A. (via 2,618 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 3,209 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 3,361 outside route), 1,226 Callao, Peru, 4,733 Takoradi, Ghana, 2,923 Jubail, Saudi Arabia, 3,083 Hakodate, Japan, 5,022 Tulear, Madagascar, 3,873 Hobart, Tasmania, 2,962 AVILES, SPAIN BAIE TAIO-HAE, Hong Kong, China, 5,674 (43˚45'00"N., 5˚55'00"W.) to: MARQUESA ISLANDS AZ ZARQA ISLAND, UNITED (8˚56'00"S., 140˚05'00"W.) to: Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,553 ARAB EMIRATES Levuka, Fiji Islands, 1,268 Junction Points* (25˚00'00"N., 53˚03'20"E.) See Junction Points* Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Zirku Petroleum Port. 4,064 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 307 Panama, Panama, 3,826 Melbourne, Australia (via South Strait of Gibraltar, 722 BACHAQUERO, VENEZUELA Channel), 3,090 (9˚56'45"N., 71˚09'00"W.) Add Ports Midway Island, 3,140 Ports 124 miles to Maracaibo distances. Nagasaki, Japan, 5,219 Apia, Samoa, 1,886 Noumea, New Caledonia, 1,887 Bordeaux, France, 303 BAGNOLI, ITALY Apra, Guam, 4,698 Pago Pago, American Samoa, 750 El Ferrol del Caudillo, Spain, 133 (40˚48'15"N., 14˚10'00"E.) See Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,102 Papeete, French Polynesia, 618 St. Nazaire, France, 274 Napoli. Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, 2,858 Russia, 4,951 AVONMOUTH, ENGLAND BAHIA BLANCA, Noumea, New Caledonia, 3,183 Ponape, Caroline Islands, 3,001 (51˚30'30"N., 2˚43'00"W.) to: ARGENTINA Papeete, French Polynesia, 761 Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 2,993 (38˚47'45"S., 62˚16'00"W.) to: San Francisco, California, U.S.A., San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Junction Points* 2,987 4,124 Junction Points* Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 4,700 Bishop Rock, England, 191 Shanghai, China, 5,533 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 202 Panama, Panama, 5,776 BAJO GRANDE, Suva, Fiji Islands (via Oneata Pentland Firth, Scotland, 624 VENEZUELA Punta Arenas, Chile, 1,004 (10˚30'30"N., 171˚36'00"W.) Passage), 1,256 Add 8 miles to Maracaibo Sydney, Australia, 2,690 Ports Ports distances. Valparaiso, Chile, 4,632 Wellington, New Zealand, 1,804 Barrow in Furness, England, 288 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Yokohama, Japan, 4,849 Belfast, Northern Ireland, 308 6,228 BAKER ISLAND, NORTH Dublin, Ireland, 220 PACIFIC Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., (0˚13'30"N., 176˚28'00"W.) to: AVEIRO, PORTUGAL Fishguard, Wales, 145 6,125 (40˚39'20"N., 8˚47'40"W.) to: Glasgow, Scotland, 390 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 564 Ports Holyhead, Wales, 217 Montevideo, Uruguay, 466 Junction Points* Liverpool, England, 282 New York, New York, U.S.A., Howland Island, 37 Londonderry, Northern Ireland, 6,154 Noumea, New Caledonia, 1,707 Bishop Rock, England, 568 384 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Suva, Fiji Islands, 1,202 Cape of Good Hope, South U.S.A., 6,201 Sydney, Australia, 2,752 Africa, 5,266 AYIOS NIKOLAOS, GREECE Santos, Brazil, 1,292 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 644 (35˚11'38"N., 25˚43'20"E.) to: Grand Banks South, 1,834 BALBOA, PANAMA (8˚57'30"N., 79˚34'15"W.) See

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points BANGHAZI, LIBYA 9

Panama, Panama, to which add 5 Luderitz Bay, Namibia, 6,538 BANDAR ABBAS, IRAN Ports miles for Pacific Ocean distances, Manzanillo, Cuba (via Windward (27˚08'00"N., 56˚19'00"E.) to: and from which subtract 5 miles for Passage), 1,494 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Atlantic Ocean distances. Manzanillo, Dominican Republic, Junction Points* 1,140 1,223 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. (via Port Said, Egypt, 2,842 BALIKPAPAN, Maracaibo, Venezuela (via Crooked Island Passage), 1,398 KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA Windward Passage), 1,804 Singapore, 3,381 Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A. (1˚16'00"S., 116˚48'30"E.) to: Montecristi, Dominican Republic, (via Crooked Island Passage), 1,213 Ports 802 Junction Points* Montevideo, Uruguay, 5,831 New York, New York, U.S.A., Nassau, Bahamas (via Northeast Aden, Yemen, 1,453 1,216 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 472 Providence Channel), 880 Al Basrah, Iraq, 572 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A. (via Singapore (via Selat Riouw), 1,053 Nuevitas, Cuba, 1,198 Karachi, Pakistan, 643 Crooked Island Passage), 1,018 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 837 Paamiut (Frederikshaab), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Selat Wetar, Indonesia, 870 Greenland, 2,261 BANDAR AL MISHAB, SAUDI (via Crooked Island Passage), Paramaribo, Suriname, 2,321 ARABIA 1,188 Ports Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 1,653 (28˚10'06"N., 48˚42'37"E.) to: Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A. (via Ponce, Puerto Rico, 1,427 Crooked Island Passage), 801 Belawan, Indonesia, 1,422 Ponta Delgada, Azores, 2,529 Junction Points* Manila, Philippines, 1,057 Port au Prince, Haiti, 1,301 BANGHAZI, LIBYA Mogpo, South Korea, 2,308 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1,918 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, (32˚06'53"N., 20˚03'06"E.) to: Port Antonio, Jamaica, 1,350 5,221 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 5,388 BALTIMORE, MARYLAND, Port Castries, St. Lucia, 1,741 Junction Points* U.S.A. Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 4,879 (39˚16'00"N., 76˚34'30"W.) to: 3,095 Port Said, Egypt, 3,023 Port Said, Egypt, 673 Progreso, Mexico, 1,530 Singapore, 3,835 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,356 Junction Points* Puerto Barrios, Guatemala (via Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 4,060 Straits of Florida), 1,725 Torres Strait, Australia, 6,219 Ports Bishop Rock, England, 3,224 Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, 1,818 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 3,102 Puerto Cortes, Honduras, 1,690 Ports Alexandria, Egypt, 541 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 3,206 Recife, Brazil, 3,772 Algiers, Algeria, 927 Montreal, Canada (via Strait of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,844 Aden, Yemen, 1,985 Alicante, Spain, 1,094 Canso), 1,769 Salvador, Brazil, 4,163 Al Aqabah, Jordan, 3,242 Ancona, Italy, 800 Panama, Panama, 1,944 San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua (via Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2,248 Annaba, Algeria, 702 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 3,401 Straits of Florida), 1,968 Massawa, Ethiopia, 2,418 As Sukhayrah, Tunisia, 523 Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,021 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,374 Port Sudan, Sudan, 2,651 Baniyas, Syria, 834 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,466 Santa Marta, Colombia (via Banzart, Tunisia, 597 Straits of Florida, 1,102 Crooked Island Passage and BANDAR KHOMEINI, IRAN Barcelona, Spain, 1,025 Windward Passage), 1,710 (30˚26'30"N., 49˚05'00"E.) to: Bari, Italy, 593 Ports Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 1,289 Beirut, Lebanon, 806 Santo Domingo, Dominican Junction Points* Brindisi, Italy, 535 Antilla, Cuba, 1,151 Republic, 1,451 Cartagena, Spain, 1,119 Bahia Blanca, Argentina, 6,228 Santos, Brazil, 5,031 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Catania, Sicily, 406 Banes, Cuba, 1,140 Sao Luiz, Brazil, 3,117 5,169 Ceuta, Morocco, 1,336 Baracoa, Cuba, 1,153 St. Georges, Grenada, 1,843 Port Said, Egypt, 3,322 Derince, Turkey, 750 Belem, Brazil, 2,953 St. John, Canada (via Nantucket Singapore, 3,872 Famagusta, Cyprus, 768 Belize, Belize (via Straits of Light Vessel), 860 Fethiye, Turkey, 548 Florida), 1,625 St. John’s, Canada, 1,400 Ports Genova, Italy, 912 Bocas del Toro, Panama (via Vitoria, Brazil, 4,581 Gibraltar, 1,338 Crooked Island Passage and Walvisbaai, Namibia, 6,385 Al Basrah, Iraq, 154 Haifa, Israel, 783 Windward Passage), 1,975 Willemstad, Curacao, 1,733 Al Manamah, Bahrain, 288 Iraklion, Kriti, 370 Bordeaux, France, 3,308 Bushehr, Iran, 158 Istanbul, Turkey, 716 Brest, France, 3,308 BANANA, CONGO Izmir, Turkey, 561 Bridgetown, Barbados, 1,853 (6˚02'31"S., 12˚22'40"E.) to: BANDAR-E MAH SHAHR, Kalamai, Greece, 313 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,945 IRAN La Spezia, Italy, 876 Cadiz, Spain, 3,434 Junction Points* (30˚27'40"N., 49˚10'30"E.) Add Livorno, Italy, 841 Cap-Haitien, Haiti, 1,227 6 miles to Bandar Khomeini Malaga, Spain, 1,286 Cape Town, South Africa, 6,912 Bishop Rock, England, 4,500 distances. Marseille, France, 1,004 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Matruh, Egypt, 267 1,417 4,229 BANDJERMASIN, Messina, Sicily, 430 Charlottetown, Canada, 1,134 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 4,553 KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA Napoli, Italy, 602 Cienfuegos, Cuba (via Windward Grand Banks South, 4,649 (3˚20'00"S., 114˚33'00"E.) to: Odessa, Ukraine, 1,064 Passage), 1,589 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 4,459 Oran, Algeria, 1,124 Colon, Panama (via Crooked Inishtrahull, Ireland, 4,869 Junction Points* Palermo, Sicily, 547 Island Passage and Windward Panama, Panama, 5,707 Palma, Balearic Islands, 970 Passage), 1,901 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 5,158 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 357 Piraievs, Greece, 404 Fort de France, Martinique, 1,718 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,001 Singapore, 830 Reggio Di Calabria, Sicily, 425 Funchal, Madeira Island, 3,028 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,799 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 775 Rijeka, Croatia, 868 Georgetown, Guyana, 2,211 Straits of Florida, 5,871 Torres Strait, Australia, 1,785 Savona, Italy, 922 Halifax, Canada, 911 Yucatan Channel, 5,980 Sibenik, Croatia, 741 Hamilton, Bermuda, 794 Ports Siracusa, Sicily, 381 Horta, Fayal, Azores, 2,409 Ports Split, Croatia, 726 Jacmel, Haiti, 1,416 Makassar, Sulawesi, 399 Tarabulus, Libya, 354 Kingston, Jamaica (via Crooked Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 1,194 Taranto, Italy, 523 Island Passage and Windward Cape Town, South Africa, 1,705 BANES, CUBA Thessaloniki, Greece, 611 Passage), 1,401 Lagos, Nigeria, 921 (20˚55'20"N., 75˚42'20"W.) to: Toulon, France, 972 La Guaira, Venezuela, 1,813 Monrovia, Liberia, 1,578 Trieste, Italy, 901 Lagos, Nigeria, 5,063 New York, New York, U.S.A., Junction Points* Tubruq, Libya, 248 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 3,251 5,534 Tunis, Tunisia, 585 Les Cayes, Haiti, 1,374 Recife, Brazil, 2,815 Straits of Florida, 483 Valencia, Spain, 1,094 Limon, Costa Rica, 1,974 Takoradi, Ghana, 1,070 Valletta, Malta, 359 Luanda, Angola, 5,850 Venezia, Italy, 911

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 10 BANGKOK, THAILAND

Volos, Greece, 552 Junction Points* BAR, MONTENEGRO Strait of Gibraltar, 534 (42˚05'07"N., 19˚05'26"E.) to: BANGKOK, THAILAND Bishop Rock, England, 159 Ports (13˚43'00"N., 100˚31'00"E.) to: Cape of Good Hope, South Junction Points* Africa, 5,867 Alcudia, Balearic Islands, 114 Junction Points* Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 22 Port Said, Egypt, 995 Alexandria, Egypt, 1,482 Grand Banks South, 1,720 Strait of Gibraltar (via Strait of Algiers, Algeria, 282 Singapore, 842 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 236 Messina), 1,379 Alicante, Spain, 228 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 1,292 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 313 Strait of Gibraltar (via Strait of Almeria, Spain, 371 Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,067 Sicily), 1,414 Ancona, Italy, 1,212 Ports Strait of Gibraltar, 1,082 Annaba, Algeria, 386 Ports Banghazi, Libya, 1,075 Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Ports Banzart, Tunisia, 442 Russia, 3,639 Algiers, Algeria, 943 Bari, Italy, 1,005 Busan, South Korea, 2,533 Casablanca, Morocco, 1,080 Arzew, Algeria, 1,119 Bat’umi, Georgia (south of Incheon, South Korea, 2,591 Dakar, Senegal, 2,247 Barcelona, Spain, 1,003 Greece), 2,073 Kompong Som, Cambodia, 300 Galway, Ireland, 173 Catania, Sicily, 353 Bat’umi, Georgia (via Corinth Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. Lisboa, Spain, 779 Haifa, Israel, 1,053 Canal), 2,032 (via Balintang Channel), 7,775 Natal, Brazil, 3,698 Izmir, Turkey, 691 Beaulieu, France, 280 Manila, Philippines, 1,435 St. John’s, Canada, 1,674 Kerch, Ukraine, 1,285 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,703 Mogpo, South Korea, 2,438 Tromso, Norway, 1,453 Limassol, Cyprus, 940 Brindisi, Italy, 947 Nampo, North Korea, 2,652 Messina, Sicily, 335 Cagliari, Sardinia, 379 Patrai, Greece, 291 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, BANZART, TUNISIA Cartagena, Spain, 282 Russia, 4,252 (37˚14'13"N., 9˚51'00"E.) to: Tangier, Morocco, 1,382 Ceuta, Morocco, 515 Vinh Cam Ranh, Vietnam, 817 Venezia, Italy, 367 Genova, Italy, 356 Vladivostok, Russia, 3,035 Junction Points* Villefranche, France, 849 Gibraltar, 516 Weonsan, North Korea, 2,885 Golfe-Juan, France, 268 Port Said, Egypt, 1,184 BARACOA, CUBA Haifa, Israel, 1,699 BANIYAS, SYRIA Strait of Gibraltar, 769 (20˚21'30"N., 74˚30'15"W.) to: Hyeres, France, 218 (35˚11'00"N., 35˚57'00"E.) to: Iraklion, Kriti, 1,186 Ports Junction Points* Istanbul, Turkey (south of Junction Points* Greece), 1,486 Alexandria, Egypt, 1,064 Straits of Florida, 540 Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth Port Said, Egypt, 299 Algiers, Algeria, 340 Canal), 1,445 Strait of Gibraltar, 2,045 Alicante, Spain, 507 Ports Izmir, Turkey (south of Greece), Ancona, Italy, 842 1,332 Ports Annaba, Algeria, 116 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Izmir, Turkey (via Corinth Canal), Banghazi, Libya, 597 1,153 1,290 Augusta, Sicily, 1,028 Barcelona, Spain, 442 Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 490 La Spezia, Italy, 383 Banghazi, Libya, 834 Bari, Italy, 635 Kingston, Jamaica, 265 Livorno, Italy, 386 Haifa, Israel, 153 Bastia, Corsica, 333 New York, New York, U.S.A., Mahon, Balearic Islands, 144 Marseille, France, 1,610 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,276 1,226 Malaga, Spain, 464 Thessaloniki, Greece, 792 Brindisi, Italy, 577 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Marseille, France, 189 Tunis, Tunisia, 1,275 Cagliari, Sardinia, 126 U.S.A., 1,198 Menton, France, 285 Cartagena, Spain, 532 Messina, Sicily, 681 BANJUL, GAMBIA Ceuta, Morocco, 750 BARAHONA, DOMINICAN Monaco, Monaco, 280 (13˚31'43"N., 16˚35'05"W.) to: Genova, Italy, 437 REPUBLIC Napoli, Italy, 559 Haifa, Israel, 1,273 (18˚12'30"N., 71˚03'30"W.) to: Odessa, Ukraine (south of Junction Points* Iraklion, Kriti, 758 Greece), 1,834 Istanbul, Turkey, 1,063 Junction Points* Odessa, Ukraine (via Corinth Bishop Rock, England, 2,294 Izmir, Turkey, 909 Canal), 1,793 Cape of Good Hope, South La Spezia, Italy, 414 Panama, Panama, 796 Oran, Algeria, 365 Africa, 3,492 Livorno, Italy, 382 Palermo, Sicily, 574 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 2,354 Malaga, Spain, 699 Ports Palma, Balearic Islands, 140 Grand Banks South, 2,467 Marseille, France, 428 Piraievs, Greece (south of Ile d’Ouessant, France, 2,261 Messina, Sicily, 364 Barranquilla, Colombia, 497 Greece), 1,172 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 2,671 Napoli, Italy, 300 Kingston, Jamaica, 364 Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth Panama, Panama, 3,753 Odessa, Ukraine, 1,411 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 294 Canal), 1,091 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 2,960 Olbia, Sardinia, 236 Willemstad, Curacao, 395 Port St. Louis du Rhone, France, Punta Arenas, Chile, 4,890 Oran, Algeria, 538 178 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,601 Palermo, Sicily, 192 BARBERS POINT, HAWAII, Port Vendres, France, 108 Straits of Florida, 3,780 Palma, Balearic Islands, 384 U.S.A. Rijeka, Croatia, 1,279 Yucatan Channel, 4,031 Piraievs, Greece (south of (21˚16'51"N., 158˚06'00"W.) to: Savona, Italy, 341 Greece), 749 Sibenik, Croatia, 1,153 Junction Points* Ports Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth Siracusa, Sicily, 752 Canal), 692 Skikda, Algeria, 354 Panama, Panama, 4,694 Cadiz, Spain, 1,599 Rijeka, Croatia, 910 Split, Croatia, 1,138 Singapore (via Sulu Sea), 5,866 Casablanca, Morocco, 1,460 Sant Antioco Ponti, Sardinia, 132 St. Raphael, France, 251 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 401 Savona, Italy, 440 Tarabulus, Libya, 762 Ports Funchal, Madeira Islands, 1,183 Sibenik, Croatia, 783 Taranto, Italy, 900 Lisboa, Portugal, 1,644 Siracusa, Sicily, 296 Thessaloniki, Greece (south of Apra, Guam, 3,303 Marshall, Liberia, 646 Split, Croatia, 768 Greece), 1,380 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., New York, New York, U.S.A., Tarabulus, Libya, 335 Thessaloniki, Greece (via Corinth 2,100 3,414 Taranto, Italy, 530 Canal), 1,339 Yokohama, Japan (via great Pointe Noire, Congo, 2,152 Thessaloniki, Greece, 958 Toulon, France, 205 circle), 3,382 Ponta Delgada, Azores, 1,531 Toulon, France, 405 Trieste, Italy, 1,313 Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Trieste, Italy, 943 Tunis, Tunisia, 492 527 Valencia, Spain, 506 BARCELONA, SPAIN Valencia, Spain, 165 Vigo, Spain, 2,572 Valletta, Malta, 247 (41˚22'00"N., 2˚11'00"E.) to: Valletta, Malta, 671 Venezia, Italy, 953 Venezia, Italy, 1,323 Junction Points* BANTRY BAY, IRELAND Volos, Greece, 899 Villefranche, France, 277 (51˚41'00"N., 9˚27'00"W.) to: Port Said, Egypt, 1,600

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points BATH, MAINE, U.S.A. 11

Volos, Greece (south of Greece), Greece), 746 Ports Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 31 1,322 Thessaloniki, Greece (via Corinth Roseau, Dominica, 48 Volos, Greece (via Corinth Canal), Canal), 650 Avonmouth, England, 288 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 314 1,280 Toulon, France, 870 Belfast, Northern Ireland, 116 Trieste, Italy, 321 Brest, France, 416 BASSETERRE, SAINT KITTS BARCELONA, VENEZUELA Tunis, Tunisia, 622 Cardiff, Wales, 273 AND NEVIS (10˚10'00"N., 64˚44'00"W.) to: Valencia, Spain, 1,088 Cherbourg, France, 448 (17˚17'30"N., 62˚43'00"W.) to: Valletta, Malta, 427 Cobh, Ireland, 252 Junction Points* Venezia, Italy, 329 Dublin, Ireland, 122 Ports Volos, Greece (south of Greece), Fishguard, Wales, 157 Panama, Panama, 1,014 687 Glasgow, Scotland, 172 Hamilton, Bermuda, 941 Yucatan Channel, 1,378 Volos, Greece (via Corinth Canal), London, England, 665 New York, New York, U.S.A. (via 591 Southampton, England, 485 Anegada Channel), 1,531 Ports Swansea, Wales, 242 Port au Prince, Haiti, 419 BARRANQUILLA, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 214 Barranquilla, Colombia, 661 COLOMBIA BARROW ISLAND, Port of Spain, Trinidad, 218 (10˚58'00"N., 74˚45'30"W.) to: AUSTRALIA BASTIA, CORSICA Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 936 (20˚48'30"S., 115˚33'30"E.) to: (42˚41'45"N., 9˚27'30"E.) to: Junction Points* BARI, ITALY Junction Points* Junction Points* (41˚08'22"N., 16˚51'34"E.) to: Yucatan Channel, 881 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Port Said, Egypt, 1,337 Junction Points* Ports 5,032 Strait of Gibraltar, 868 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 906 Port Said, Egypt, 999 Almirante, Panama, 477 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 730 Ports Strait of Gibraltar, 1,374 Amuay, Venezuela, 325 Port Said, Egypt, 6,028 Bahia de las Calderas, Dominican Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 1,129 Banzart, Tunisia, 333 Ports Republic, 508 Torres Strait, Australia, 1,750 Genova, Italy, 108 Barahona, Dominican Republic, Napoli, Italy, 258 Alexandria, Egypt, 890 497 Ports Algiers, Algeria, 946 Barcelona, Venezuela, 661 BASUO GANG, CHINA Alicante, Spain, 1,100 Carupano, Venezuela, 734 Aden, Yemen, 4,641 (19˚06'30"N., 108˚37'00"E.) to: Ancona, Italy, 216 Casilda, Cuba, 732 Bombay, India, 3,551 Annaba, Algeria, 726 Catia la Mar, Venezuela, 524 Busan, South Korea (via west of Junction Points* Banghazi, Libya, 593 Charleston, South Carolina, Timor & Korea Strait), 3,484 Banzart, Tunisia, 635 U.S.A., 1,391 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2,680 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 1,588 Barcelona, Spain, 1,005 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 755 Fremantle, Australia, 771 Beirut, Lebanon (south of Colon, Panama, 336 Geraldton, Australia, 569 Ports Greece), 1,069 Fortaleza, Brazil, 685 Port Headland, Australia, 188 Beirut, Lebanon (via Corinth Galveston, Texas, U.S.A., 1,577 San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Haiphong, Vietnam, 156 Canal), 1,038 Guantanamo, Cuba, 534 (via west of Timor), 7,646 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 708 Cagliari, Sardinia, 652 Hamilton, Bermuda, 1,465 Hong Kong, China, 408 Cartagena, Spain, 1,131 Kingston, Jamaica, 442 BARRY, WALES Kao-hsiung Kang, Taiwan, 811 Ceuta, Morocco, 1,354 La Guaira, Venezuela, 531 (51˚23'40"N., 3˚15'30"W.) Dubrovnik, Croatia, 108 La Romana, Dominican Republic, Subtract 6 miles from Cardiff BATA, EQUATORIALGUINEA Genova, Italy, 810 569 distances. (1˚52'27"N., 9˚45'35"E.) to: Gibraltar, 1,356 New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A., Haifa, Israel, 1,065 1,458 BASRA, IRAQ Junction Points* Iraklion, Kriti, 554 New York, New York, U.S.A., (30˚30'00"N., 47˚49'00"E.) See Istanbul, Turkey (south of 1,801 Al Basrah. Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Greece), 851 Oranjestad, Aruba, 506 2,291 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 857 Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth BASSEIN, BURMA Ile d’Ouessant, France, 4,173 Canal), 755 Port au Prince, Haiti, 592 (16˚47'00"N., 94˚44'00"E.) to: Izmir, Turkey (south of Greece), Puerto de Hierro, Venezuela, 838 Ports 697 Puerto Cortes, Honduras, 873 Junction Points* Izmir, Turkey (via Corinth Canal), Rio Haina, Dominican Republic, Douala, Cameroon, 141 601 536 Port Said, Egypt, 4,638 Matadi, Congo, 663 La Spezia, Italy, 775 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 705 Singapore, 1,137 Livorno, Italy, 739 Santa Maria, Cuba, 753 BATANGAS, LUZON, Malaga, Spain, 1,303 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 549 Ports PHILIPPINES Marseille, France, 902 Santo Domingo, Dominican (13˚45'20"N., 121˚02'00"E.) to: Messina, Sicily, 329 Republic, 538 Calcutta, India, 643 Napoli, Italy, 500 St. Louis, Marie Galante, 857 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1,194 Ports Odessa, Ukraine (south of Surgidero de Batabano, Cuba, 944 Penang, Malaysia, 786 Greece), 1,200 Turiamo, Venezuela, 504 Cebu, Philippines, 309 Veracruz, Mexico, 1,525 Iloilo, Philippines, 270 Odessa, Ukraine (via Corinth BASSENS, FRANCE Canal), 1,103 Willemstad, Curacao, 389 (44˚54'00"N., 0˚32'15"W.) Jolo, Philippines, 480 Oran, Algeria, 1,142 Subtract 3 1/2 miles from Bordeaux Tacloban, Philippines, 293 Palermo, Sicily, 445 BARROSSO TERMINAL, distances. Zamboanga, Philippines, 436 Palma, Balearic Islands, 963 BRAZIL Piraievs, Greece (south of (23˚48'00"S., 45˚24'00"W.) See BATH, MAINE, U.S.A. Sao Sebastiao. BASSE-TERRE, Greece), 538 GUADELOUPE (43˚54'00"N., 69˚48'30"W.) to: Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth (15˚59'45"N., 61˚44'15"W.) to: Canal), 402 BARROW IN FURNESS, Junction Points* Rijeka, Croatia, 288 ENGLAND Junction Points* Savona, Italy, 820 (54˚05'30"N., 3˚13'30"W.) to: Bishop Rock, England, 2,738 Sibenik, Croatia, 167 Straits of Florida, 1,317 Siracusa, Sicily, 350 Junction Points* Ports Split, Croatia, 155 Ports Tarabulus, Libya, 613 Bishop Rock, England, 303 St. John, Canada, 206 Taranto, Italy, 208 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 302 New York, New York, U.S.A. (via Thessaloniki, Greece (south of Inishtrahull, Ireland, 186 Anegada Channel), 1,624 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 427

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 12 BATON ROUGE, LOUISIANA, U.S.A.

BATON ROUGE, LOUISIANA, Ports Brindisi, Italy (south of Greece), BELAWAN, INDONESIA U.S.A. 1,011 (3˚47'00"N., 98˚40'40"E.) to: (30˚27'00"N., 91˚06'00"W.) Add Aberdeen, Scotland, 398 Brindisi, Italy (via Corinth Canal), 115 miles to New Orleans Arkhangel’sk, Russia, 2,030 980 Junction Points* distances. Cardiff, Wales, 495 Cartagena, Spain, 1,797 Hull, England, 209 Ceuta, Morocco, 2,014 Cape of Good Hope, South BAT’UMI, GEORGIA Oslo, Norway, 619 Dubrovnik, Croatia (south of Africa, 5,246 (41˚38'46"N., 41˚38'51"E.) to: Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 331 Greece), 1,107 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 1,342 Zeebrugge, Belgium, 100 Dubrovnik, Croatia (via Corinth Port Said, Egypt, 4,688 Junction Points* Canal), 1,074 Singapore, 368 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 870 BEIHAI, CHINA Genova, Italy, 1,508 Port Said, Egypt, 1,391 (21˚29'00"N., 109˚02'00"E.) to: Gibraltar, 2,017 Torres Strait, Australia (via Selat Strait of Gibraltar, 2,408 Haifa, Israel, 76 Riouw and Selat Karimata), Junction Points* Iraklion, Kriti, 526 2,839 Ports Iskenderun, Turkey, 180 Singapore, 1,332 Istanbul, Turkey, 896 Ports Algiers, Algeria (south of Greece), Izmir, Turkey, 651 1,980 Ports Kavala, Greece, 756 Aden, Yemen, 3,299 Algiers, Algeria (via Corinth La Spezia, Italy, 1,473 Al Basrah, Iraq, 3,553 Canal), 1,963 Cebu, Philippines, 1,220 Larnaca, Cyprus, 112 Al Manamah, Bahrain, 3,316 Barcelona, Spain (south of Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 837 Livorno, Italy, 1,437 Balikpapan, Kalimantan, 1,422 Greece), 2,073 Hong Kong, China, 391 Malaga, Spain, 1,964 Beira, Mozambique, 4,187 Barcelona, Spain (via Corinth Marseille, France, 1,600 Berbera, Somalia, 3,313 Canal), 2,032 Bombay, India, 2,109 BEIRA, MOZAMBIQUE Mersin, Turkey, 179 Iraklion, Kriti, 1,032 (19˚49'30"S., 34˚49'30"E.) to: Messina, Sicily, 1,027 Bushehr, Iran, 3,372 Istanbul, Turkey, 591 Napoli, Italy, 1,198 Calcutta, India, 1,326 Izmir, Turkey, 880 Junction Points* Odessa, Ukraine, 1,194 Calicut, India, 1,609 Marseille, France (south of Oran, Algeria, 1,803 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1,240 Greece), 1,970 Cape of Good Hope, South Palermo, Sicily, 1,143 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 3,709 Marseille, France (via Corinth Africa, 1,454 Palma, Balearic Islands, 1,648 Diego Garcia, Chagos Canal), 1,929 Port Said, Egypt, 3,990 Piraievs, Greece, 647 Archipelago, 1,860 Novorossiysk, Russia, 255 Singapore, 4,520 Rhodes, Greece, 393 East London, South Africa, 4,749 Odessa, Ukraine, 569 Rijeka, Croatia (south of Greece), Fort Dauphin, Madagascar, 3,642 Tarabulus, Libya, 1,540 Ports 1,345 Jakarta, Indonesia, 864 Thessaloniki, Greece, 926 Rijeka, Croatia (via Corinth Kakinada, India, 1,261 Trieste, Italy (south of Greece), Aden, Yemen, 2,610 Canal), 1,312 Karachi, Pakistan, 2,550 1,749 Belawan, Indonesia, 4,187 Savona, Italy, 1,519 Madras, India, 1,252 Trieste, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Fremantle, Australia, 4,351 Sibenik, Croatia (south of Majunga, Madagascar, 3,512 1,650 Inhambane, Mozambique, 259 Greece), 1,218 Malacca, Malaysia, 253 Lindi, Tanzania, 832 Sibenik, Croatia (via Corinth Maputo, Mozambique, 4,436 BAYONNE, FRANCE Majunga, Madagascar, 732 Canal), 1,184 Mocambique, Mozambique, 3,747 (43˚29'40"N., 1˚28'30"W.) to: Malacca, Malaysia, 4,405 Siracusa, Sicily, 1,013 Mombasa, Kenya, 3,654 Manakara, Madagascar, 974 Split, Croatia (south of Greece), Mosselbaai, South Africa, 5,051 Junction Points* Maputo, Mozambique, 476 1,203 Port Elizabeth, South Africa, 4,876 Mocambique, Mozambique, 476 Split, Croatia (via Corinth Canal), Port Louis, Mauritius, 2,997 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 345 Mombasa, Kenya, 1,146 1,169 Rangoon, Burma, 802 Strait of Gibraltar, 912 Penang, Malaysia (north of Tarabulus, Libya, 1,129 Sabang, Indonesia, 268 Madagascar), 4,232 Taranto, Italy (south of Greece), Surabaya, Indonesia, 1,132 Ports Port Darwin, Australia, 5,553 1,023 Tamatave, Madagascar, 3,342 Port Louis, Mauritius, 1,448 Taranto, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Tanga, Tanzania, 3,704 Bordeaux, France, 172 Quelimane, Mozambique, 123 1,000 Victoria, Seychelles, 2,734 El Ferrol del Caudillo, Spain, 322 Sabang, Indonesia, 3,921 Tarragona, Spain, 1,738 Zamboanga, Philippines, 1,570 Horta, Azores, 1,277 Tamatave, Madagascar, 1,239 Thessaloniki, Greece, 783 Zanzibar, Tanzania, 3,727 Tulear, Madagascar, 539 Toulon, France, 1,568 BAYONNE, NEW JERSEY, Trieste, Italy (south of Greece), BELEM, BRAZIL U.S.A. BEIRUT, LEBANON 1,379 (1˚27'00"S., 48˚30'20"W.) to: (40˚41'00"N., 74˚01'00"W.) For (33˚54'12"N., 35˚30'46"E.) to: Trieste, Italy (via Corinth Canal), ocean distance subtract 2 1/2 miles 1,346 Junction Points* from New York distances. Junction Points* Tubruq, Libya, 595 Tunis, Tunisia, 1,263 Bishop Rock, England, 3,760 BAYTOWN, TEXAS, U.S.A. Port Said, Egypt, 230 Valencia, Spain, 1,770 Cape of Good Hope, South (29˚43'39"N., 96˚01'21"W.) Strait of Gibraltar, 2,034 Valletta, Malta, 1,049 Africa, 4,368 Subtract 17 miles from Houston Venezia, Italy (south of Greece), Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 3,741 distances. Ports 1,387 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 3,748 Venezia, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Inishtrahull, Ireland, 3,972 BEAUMONT, TEXAS, U.S.A. Ajaccio, Corsica, 1,437 1,356 Montreal, Canada (via Cabot (30˚04'40"N., 94˚05'10"W.) Add Alexandria, Egypt, 341 Volos, Greece, 725 Strait), 3,680 24 miles to Port Arthur distances. Algiers, Algeria, 1,605 Montreal, Canada (via Strait of Alicante, Spain, 1,772 BEJAIA, ALGERIA Canso), 3,709 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 4,219 BEE NESS, ENGLAND Ancona, Italy (south of Greece), (36˚45'00"N., 5˚05'30"E.) to: (51˚25'18"N., 0˚39'00"E.) to: 1,276 Punta Arenas, Chile, 4,363 Ancona, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Junction Points* Strait of Gibraltar, 3,285 Junction Points* 1,245 Straits of Florida, 2,653 Annaba, Turkey, 1,381 Port Said, Egypt, 1,423 Yucatan Channel, 2,671 Bishop Rock, England, 386 Antalya, Turkey, 322 Strait of Gibraltar, 545 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 370 Ashdod, Israel, 136 Ports Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Banghazi, Libya, 806 Ports Entrance), Germany, 412 Banzart, Tunisia, 1,276 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Pentland Firth, Scotland, 509 Barcelona, Spain, 1,703 Annaba, Algeria, 156 2,953 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 527 Bari, Italy (south of Greece), 1,069 Arzew, Algeria, 294 Bordeaux, France, 3,868 Bari, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Palma, Balearic Islands, 212 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 1,038 2,970 Bridgetown, Barbados, 1,154

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points BILHOROD-DNISTROVS’KYY, UKRAINE 13

Buenos Aires, Argentina, 3,274 Junction Points* BENICIA, CALIFORNIA, Reykjavik, Iceland, 872 Cabedelo, Brazil, 1,021 U.S.A. Risor, Norway, 279 Cadiz, Spain, 3,286 Montreal, Canada (via Strait of (38˚02'30"N., 122˚08'00"W.) Rotterdam, Netherlands, 533 Charleston, South Carolina, Canso), 2,985 Add 24 miles to San Francisco Sandefjorden, Norway, 317 U.S.A., 2,773 Panama, Panama, 859 distances. Seydhisfjordhur, Iceland, 634 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Yucatan Channel, 337 Skien, Norway, 317 1,598 BERBERA, SOMALIA Sogndal, Norway, 152 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 2,460 Ports (10˚26'30"N., 45˚01'00"E.) to: Southampton, England, 713 Colon, Panama, 2,320 Stavanger, Norway (via inner Dakar, Senegal, 2,104 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. (via Junction Points* lead), 111 Georgetown, Guyana, 896 Straits of Florida), 1,625 Stavanger, Norway (via outer Guantanamo, Cuba, 2,148 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. (via Singapore, 3,646 lead), 115 Guiria, Venezuela, 1,226 Straits of Florida and Yucatan Tonsberg, Norway, 329 Halifax, Canada, 2,904 Channel), 1,934 Ports Torshavn, Faroe Islands, 372 Hamilton, Bermuda, 2,274 Brunswick, Georgia, U.S.A. (via Tromso, Norway, 705 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., Straits of Florida), 1,072 Belawan, Indonesia, 3,313 Trondheim, Norway, 321 2,773 Campeche, Mexico (west of Banco Fremantle, Australia, 4,933 Tvedestrand, Norway, 272 Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 2,603 Chinchorro and Isla de Malacca, Malaysia, 3,531 Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 441 Kingston, Jamaica, 2,159 Cozumel), 609 Penang, Malaysia, 3,358 Zeebrugge, Belgium, 558 La Habana, Cuba, 2,613 Cap-Haitien, Haiti, 950 Port Darwin, Australia, 5,384 Sabang, Indonesia., 3.047 Lisboa, Portugal, 3,251 Carmen, Mexico (west of Banco BHAVNAGAR, INDIA Luderitz Bay, Namibia, 4,076 Chinchorro and Isla de (21˚48'15"N., 72˚09'00"E.) to: Maceio, Brazil, 1,211 Cozumel), 688 BERGEN, NORWAY Natal, Brazil, 954 Cartagena, Colombia, 904 (60˚24'00"N., 5˚19'00"E.) to: Ports New Amsterdam, Guyana, 859 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, New York, New York, U.S.A., 1,368 Junction Points* Aden, Yemen, 1,707 2,975 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 545 Bombay, India, 204 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 2,832 Colon, Panama, 816 Bishop Rock, England, 911 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1,073 Paramaribo, Suriname, 747 Galveston, Texas, U.S.A., 935 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 894 Karachi, Pakistan, 481 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Gulfport, Mississippi, U.S.A., 838 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 296 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 305 U.S.A., 2,950 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., BIKINI, MARSHALL Ponta Delgada, Azores, 2,678 1,047 ISLANDS Port au Prince, Haiti, 2,192 Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 590 Ports (11˚31'30"N., 165˚33'00"E.) to: Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1,212 Kingston, Jamaica, 685 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 1,265 La Guaira, Venezuela, 1,328 Aberdeen, Scotland, 309 Junction Points* Portsmouth, New Hampshire, La Habana, Cuba, 528 Akureyri, Iceland, 803 U.S.A., 2,959 Matagorda Bay, Texas, U.S.A. Alesund, Norway, 167 Panama, Panama, 4,915 Puerto de Hierro, Venezuela, 1,215 (west of Banco Chinchorro and Amsterdam, Netherlands, 502 Singapore, 3,591 Recife, Brazil, 1,084 Isla de Cozumel), 957 Antwerp, Belgium, 602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2,174 Mathew Town, Great Inagua Arendal, Norway, 254 Ports Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Island, 902 Blyth, England, 400 Islands, 2,599 Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 734 Bodo, Norway, 521 Apra, Guam, 1,263 Santo Domingo, Dominican Mobile, Alabama, U.S.A., 846 Bremerhaven, Germany, 447 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,179 Republic, 1,819 New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A. Calais, France, 588 Sao Luiz, Brazil, 372 (via South Pass), 850 Cherbourg, France, 734 BILBAO, SPAIN St. Helena Island, 4,329 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 1,503 Dover, England, 590 (43˚20'30"N., 3˚02'00"W.) to: St. John, Canada, 2,998 Pensacola, Florida, U.S.A., 826 Dunkerque, France, 585 St. John’s, Canada, 2,968 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 1,578 Emden, Germany, 457 Junction Points* St. John’s, Antigua, 1,433 Port au Prince, Haiti (north of Esbjerg, Denmark, 361 Vigo, Spain, 3,398 Jamaica), 933 Farsund, Norway, 182 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 346 Port au Prince, Haiti (south of Flekkefjorden, Norway, 170 Strait of Gibraltar, 854 BELFAST, NORTHERN Jamaica), 953 Fredrikstad, Norway, 335 IRELAND Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1,637 Goteborg, Sweden, 356 Ports (54˚37'00"N., 5˚54'00"W.) to: Port Castries, St. Lucia, 1,609 Grimstad, Norway, 250 Portland, Maine, U.S.A., 1,967 Hafnarfjordhur, Iceland, 884 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Junction Points* Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, 1,289 Hamburg, Germany, 486 2,987 San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua, Hammerfest, Norway, 817 Huelva, Spain, 804 Bishop Rock, England, 320 619 Harstad, Norway, 673 La Pallice, France, 214 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 311 Santo Domingo, Dominican Hirtshals, Denmark, 280 Lorient, France, 274 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 97 Republic, 1,088 Hull, England, 474 Marin, Spain, 387 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 341 Tampico, Mexico, 927 Hvalfjordhur, Iceland, 887 New York, New York, U.S.A., Tuxpan, Mexico, 897 Keflavik, Iceland, 875 3,147 Ports Veracruz, Mexico, 862 Kragero, Norway, 289 Setubal, Portugal, 612 Willemstad, Curacao, 1,178 Kristiansand, Norway, 226 Villagarcia, Spain, 357 Antwerp, Belgium, 722 Kristiansund, Norway, 232 Avonmouth, England, 308 BELLINGHAM, Larvik, Norway, 317 BILHOROD- Barrow in Furness, England, 116 WASHINGTON, U.S.A. Le Havre, France, 702 DNISTROVS’KYY, UKRAINE Cardiff, Wales, 293 (48˚45'00"N., 122˚30'00"W.) to: Leith, Scotland, 386 (46˚11'33"N., 30˚21'55"E.) to: Cobh, Ireland, 264 Lillesand, Norway, 241 Fishguard, Wales, 182 Ports London, England, 613 Junction Points* Le Harve, France, 542 Longyearbyen, Svalbard, 1,124 Limerick, Ireland (north of Nanaimo, Canada, 76 Mandal, Norway, 201 Port Said, Egypt, 1,168 Ireland), 376 Vancouver, Canada, 70 Molde, Norway, 201 Strait of Gibraltar (via Corinth Londonderry, Northern Ireland Victoria, Canada, 52 Mosjoen, Norway, 473 Canal), 4,035 (via Rathlin Sound), 102 Yokohama, Japan, 4,245 Murmansk, Russia, 1,105 Strait of Gibraltar (south of Milford Haven, Wales, 222 Namsos, Norway, 384 Greece), 4,095 Stornoway, Scotland, 234 BELOMORSK, RUSSIA Narvik, Norway, 624 Workington, England, 87 (64˚32'00"N., 34˚48'00"E.) Add Newcastle, England, 403 Ports 67 miles to Arkhangel’sk distances. Oostende, Belgium, 563 BELIZE, BELIZE Oslo, Norway, 378 Alexandria, Egypt, 1,106 (17˚28'00"N., 88˚11'00"W.) to: Plymouth, England, 819 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,218 Portland, England, 745 Constanta, Romania, 153 Portsmouth, England, 695 Haifa, Israel, 1,219

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 14 BISHOP ROCK, ENGLAND

Istanbul, Turkey, 360 Dieppe, France, 297 Recife, Brazil, 3,775 Sydney, Australia, 1,105 Palermo, Sicily (via Corinth Douglas, Isle of Man, 276 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,846 Wellington, New Zealand, 455 Canal), 1,239 Dover, England, 323 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 454 Palermo, Sicily (south of Greece), Dublin, Ireland, 232 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 3,390 BLYTH, ENGLAND 1,303 Dundee, Scotland, 713 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary (55˚07'45"N., 1˚30'00"W.) to: Tunis, Tunisia (via Corinth Dunkerque, France, 355 Islands, 1,356 Canal), 1,381 Egersund, Norway, 797 Santo Domingo, Dominican Junction Points* Tunis, Tunisia (south of Greece), El Ferrol del Caudillo, Spain, 394 Republic, 3,585 1,415 Emden, Germany, 606 Seaham Harbor, England, 625 Bishop Rock, England, 610 Volos, Greece, 693 Esbjerg, Denmark, 688 Shoreham By Sea, England, 249 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 290 Fishguard, Wales, 161 Southampton, England, 232 BISHOP ROCK, ENGLAND * Fleetwood, England, 307 St. John’s, Canada, 1,804 Ports (49˚45'00"N., 6˚35'00"W.) to: Freetown, Sierra Leone, 2,673 St. Malo, France, 90 Funchal, Madeira Island, 1,136 Stavanger, Norway, 836 Bergen, Norway, 400 Junction Points* Georgetown, Guyana, 3,643 Sunderland, England, 605 Leith, Scotland, 96 Glasgow, Scotland, 402 Swansea, Wales, 155 London, England, 318 Cape of Good Hope, South Granville, France, 267 Tromso, Norway, 1,597 Africa, 5,790 Guantanamo, Cuba (via Windward Trondheim, Norway, 1,202 BOCA DE TANAMO, CUBA Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 149 Passage), 3,714 Vigo, Spain, 484 (20˚42'00"N., 75˚20'00"W.) to: Grand Banks South, 1,830 Halifax, Canada, 2,336 Villa do Porto, Santa Maria, Ile d’Ouessant, France, 80 Hamburg, Germany, 717 Azores, 1,128 Junction Points* Inishtrahull, Ireland, 395 Hamilton, Bermuda, 2,769 Walvisbaai, Namibia, 5,165 Montreal, Canada (via Cape Hartlepool, England, 594 Washington, D.C., U.S.A., 3,221 Panama, Panama, 869 Race), 2,844 Holyhead, Wales, 232 Waterford, Ireland, 137 Straits of Florida, 489 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Horta, Fayal, Azores, 1,158 Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 651 Entrance), Germany, 727 Hull, England, 531 Wilmington, North Carolina, Ports Panama, Panama (via Mona Ivittuut, Greenland (via 75 miles U.S.A., 3,304 Passage), 4,388 off Kap Farvel), 1,652 Zarate, Argentina, 6,075 Kingston, Jamaica, 318 Pentland Firth, Scotland (via Irish Ivittuut, Greenland (direct), 1,608 Zeebrugge, Belgium, 393 La Habana, Cuba, 444 Sea), 636 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., San Juan, Puerto Rico, 549 Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,019 3,569 BISSAU, GUINEA-BISSAU Skagens Odde, Denmark, 851 Key West, Florida, U.S.A. (via (11˚51'00"N., 15˚38'00"W.) to: BOCA GRANDE, FLORIDA, Strait of Gibraltar, 969 Florida Strait), 3,807 U.S.A. Straits of Florida, 3,859 Kingston, Jamaica (via Windward Junction Points* (26˚40'00"N., 82˚19'27"W.) to: Yucatan Channel, 4,176 Passage), 3,866 Kristiansand, Norway, 809 Cape of Good Hope, South Junction Points* Ports La Guaira, Venezuela, 3,777 Africa, 3,518 La Habana, Cuba (via Florida Ile d’Ouessant, France, 2,401 Straits of Florida, 148 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 481 Strait), 3,868 Yucatan Channel, 329 Antwerp, Belgium, 449 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 1,360 Ports Ardrossan, Scotland, 350 Le Havre, France, 263 Ports Argentia, Canada, 1,949 Leith, Scotland, 708 Natal, Brazil, 1,604 Arkhangel’sk, Russia, 2,263 Lisboa, Portugal, 710 Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Campeche, Mexico, 658 Avonmouth, England, 191 Liverpool, England, 297 631 Tampico, Mexico, 891 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., London, England, 413 3,208 Londonderry, Northern Ireland, BJORNOYA, SVALBARD BOCAS DEL TORO, Barrow in Furness, England, 303 396 (74˚29'45"N., 19˚12'30"E.) to: PANAMA Bath, Maine, U.S.A., 2,696 Lorient, France, 202 (9˚20'00"N., 82˚14'00"W.) to: Belem, Brazil, 3,769 Methil, Scotland, 698 Ports Belfast, Northern Ireland, 320 Miami, Florida, U.S.A. (via Junction Points* Bergen, Norway, 911 Florida Strait), 3,663 Reykjavik, Iceland (north of Blyth, England, 610 Middlesbrough, England, 591 Iceland), 1,152 Panama, Panama, 187 Bodo, Norway, 1,405 Milford Haven, Wales, 129 Reykjavik, Iceland (south of Bordeaux, France, 397 Montevideo, Uruguay, 5,834 Iceland), 1,234 Ports Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Narvik, Norway, 1,505 Tromso, Norway, 306 2,769 New London, Connecticut, Vadso, Norway, 373 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Boulogne, France, 322 U.S.A., 2,849 Vardo, Norway, 328 1,975 Bremerhaven, Germany, 657 New York, New York, U.S.A., Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,947 2,937 BLAYE, FRANCE 2,231 Cadiz, Spain, 930 Newcastle, England, 616 (45˚07'30"N., 0˚40'15"W.) For Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A. Caen, France, 264 Newport, Wales, 177 ocean distances subtract 13 mile (via Windward Passage and Cairn Ryan, Scotland, 330 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 3,101 from Bordeaux distances. Crooked Island Passage), 1,638 Calais, France, 333 Oostende, Belgium, 400 Colon, Panama, 144 Oslo, Norway, 947 Halifax, Canada, 2,369 Cap-Haitien, Haiti, 3,565 BLUFF HARBOR, NEW Cape Town, South Africa, 5,772 Paramaribo, Suriname, 3,602 ZEALAND Kingston, Jamaica, 604 Cardiff, Wales, 176 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, (46˚35'50"S., 168˚20'30"E.) to: La Habana, Cuba, 981 Cartagena, Colombia, 4,138 U.S.A., 3,082 Mobile, Alabama, U.S.A., 1,340 Charleston, South Carolina, Plymouth, England, 106 Junction Points* New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A. U.S.A., 3,368 Ponta Delgada, Azores, 1,103 (via South Pass and inside Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Port au Prince, Haiti (via Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 2,484 route), 1,353 3,369 Windward Passage), 3,743 Torres Strait, Australia, 2,797 New York, New York, U.S.A. (via Cherbourg, France, 197 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 3,603 Wilson Promontory, Australia, Windward Passage and Crooked Christiansted, Virgin Islands, Port Talbot, Wales, 149 1,135 Island Passage), 2,048 3,370 Portland, England, 181 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A. (via Cienfuegos, Cuba (via Windward Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Ports Windward Passage and Crooked Passage), 4,063 2,165 Island Passage), 1,853 Cobh, Ireland, 143 Portsmouth, England (via Needles Botany Bay, Australia, 1,097 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Colon, Panama (via Mona Channel), 225 Dunedin, New Zealand, 147 (via Windward Passage and Passage), 4,408 Praia Da Vitoria, Terceira, Azores, Hobart, Australia, 930 Crooked Island Passage), 2,020 Dakar, Senegal, 2,195 1,128 Melbourne, Australia, 1,211 Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A. (via Dartmouth, England, 122 Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A., New Plymouth, New Zealand, 618 Windward Passage and Crooked Den Helder, Netherlands, 509 2,841 Picton, New Zealand, 465 Island Passage), 1,637

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points BOTAS, TURKEY 15

BODO, NORWAY Al Jubayl, Saudi Arabia, 2,353 Halifax, Canada (via Cape Race), Cape Town, South Africa, 6,707 (67˚17'00"N., 14˚22'30"E.) to: Belawan, Indonesia, 2,109 2,663 Cartagena, Colombia (via Crooked Bhavnager, India, 204 Horta, Fayal, Azores, 1,348 Island Passage), 2,036 Junction Points* Calcutta, India, 2,128 La Guaira, Venezuela, 3,993 Casablanca, Morocco, 2,981 Cochin, India, 392 La Habana, Cuba (north of Little Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Bishop Rock, England, 1,405 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 895 Bahama Bank), 4,153 1,513 Dampier, Australia, 3,624 La Habana, Cuba (via Northeast Charlottetown, Canada (via Strait Ports Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 2,500 Providence Channel), 4,188 of Canso), 621 Diego Garcia, Chagos La Pallice, France, 103 Cienfuegos, Cuba (via Windward Bergen, Norway, 521 Archipelago, 1,603 Lagos, Nigeria, 3,817 Passage), 1,865 Kristiansand, Norway, 733 Durban, South Africa, 3,826 Lisboa, Portugal, 732 Colon, Panama (via Crooked Oslo, Norway, 885 Fateh Terminal, United Arab Luanda, Angola, 4,623 Island Passage), 2,157 Emirates, 1,146 New London, Connecticut, Dakar, Senegal, 3,221 BOHANG, SOUTH KOREA Fremantle, Australia, 3,984 U.S.A., 3,153 Fort de France, Martinique, 1,799 (36˚02'45"N., 129˚23'30"E.) to: Galle, Sri Lanka, 944 New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A., Freetown, Sierra Leone, 3,656 Karachi, Pakistan, 504 4,692 Georgetown, Guyana, 2,282 Ports Madras, India, 1,482 New York, New York, U.S.A., Guantanamo, Cuba, 1,495 Malacca, Malaysia, 2,327 3,241 Halifax, Canada, 380 Hakodate, Japan, 665 Marmagao, India, 235 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 3,405 Hamilton, Bermuda, 704 Incheon, South Korea, 511 Massawa, Ethiopia, 2,050 Panama, Panama (via Mona Ivittuut, Greenland, 1,731 Maizuru, Japan, 313 Mina al Ahmadi, Kuwait, 1,517 Passage), 4,597 Jacmel, Haiti, 1,672 Shimonoseki, Japan, 164 Mina Abd Allah, Kuwait, 1,514 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Kingston, Jamaica (via Crooked Mina Az Zawr, Kuwait, 1,495 U.S.A., 3,386 Island Passage), 1,657 BOMA, CONGO Mombasa, Kenya, 2,400 Pictou, Canada, 2,655 La Guaira, Venezuela, 1,955 (6˚00'40"S., 12˚16'25"E.) to: Okha, India, 341 Point Noire, Congo, 4,437 La Habana, Cuba, 1,415 Penang, Malaysia, 2,154 Ponta Delgada, Azores, 1,256 Lagos, Nigeria, 4,774 Junction Points* Port Darwin, Australia, 4,193 Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A., Las Piedras, Venezuela, 1,907 Port Louis, Mauritius, 2,517 3,145 Les Cayes, Haiti, 1,630 Bishop Rock, England, 4,493 Port Said, Egypt, 3,046 Puerto de Pasajes, Spain, 178 Limon, Costa Rica (via Crooked Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Port Sudan, Sudan, 2,310 Recife, Brazil, 3,823 Island Passage), 2,230 4,223 Port Victoria, Mahe, Seychelles, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,908 Lisboa, Portugal, 2,801 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 4,546 1,752 San Sebastian, Spain, 210 Liverpool, Canada, 317 Grand Banks South, 4,642 Rangoon, Burma, 2,139 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Luderitz Bay, Namibia, 6,302 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 4,452 Ras al Khafji, Saudi Arabia, 1,491 Islands, 1,406 Maracaibo, Venezuela, 2,001 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 4,862 Sabang, Indonesia, 1,843 St. Nazaire, France, 184 Montecristi, Dominican Republic, Panama, Panama, 5,670 Tamatave, Madagascar, 2,621 Washington, D.C., U.S.A., 3,543 1,415 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 5,151 Trincomalee, Sri Lanka, 1,218 Wilmington, North Carolina, Montevideo, Uruguay, 5,728 Punta Arenas, Chile, 4,998 Weipa, Australia (via south of U.S.A., 3,638 Murmansk, Russia, 3,719 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,792 Java), 4,844 Nassau, Bahamas, 1,173 Straits of Florida, 5,864 Yenbo, Indonesia, 2,503 BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, Nuevitas, Cuba, 1,454 Yucatan Channel, 5,969 Zanzibar, Tanzania, 2,517 U.S.A. Paramaribo, Suriname, 2,380 (42˚22'00"N., 71˚03'00"W.) to: Parrsboro, Canada, 349 Ports BONNY, NIGERIA Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 1,742 (4˚27'21"N., 7˚10'22"E.) Subtract Junction Points* Ponce, Puerto Rico, 1,563 Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 1,187 28 miles from Port Harcourt Ponta Delgada, Azores, 2,088 Amboim, Angola, 356 distances. Bishop Rock, England, 2,769 Port au Prince, Haiti, 1,557 Bridgetown, Barbados, 4,478 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Port of Spain, Trinidad, 2,022 Cabinda, Cabinda, 89 6,722 BORDEAUX, FRANCE Port Antonio, Jamaica (via Cape Town, South Africa, 3,747 (44˚51'00"N., 0˚34'00"W.) to: Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 2,647 Crooked Island Passage), 1,606 Dakar, Senegal, 2,284 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 2,751 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 1,812, Douala, Cameroon, 742 Junction Points* Montreal, Canada (via Cabot Progreso, Mexico, 1,838 Lagos, Nigeria, 977 Strait), 1,308 Puerto Cabello, Venezuela (via Luanda, Angola, 190 Bishop Rock, England, 397 Montreal, Canada (via Strait of Mona Passage), 1,976 Monrovia, Liberia, 1,576 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Canso), 1,248 Recife, Brazil, 3,669 New York, New York, U.S.A., 5,838 Panama, Panama (via Crooked Reykjavik, Iceland (via Cape 5,567 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 321 Island Passage), 2,200 Race), 2,293 Pointe Noire, Congo, 140 Montreal, Canada (via Cape Pentland Firth, Scotland, 2,947 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,739 Port Gentil, Gabon, 470 Race), 3,171 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,918 Salvador, Brazil, 4,060 Recife, Brazil, 2,808 Panama, Panama (via Mona Strait of Gibraltar, 3,008 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,486 Sao Tome, Sao Tome, 563 Passage), 4,597 Straits of Florida, 1,408 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary St. Helena Island, 1,232 Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,074 Yucatan Channel (via outside Islands, 2,777 Takoradi, Ghana, 1,064 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,010 route, Southbound), 1,595 Santa Marta, Colombia (via Straits of Florida, 4,172 Crooked Island Passage), 1,966 BOMBAY, INDIA Ports Santiago de Cuba, Cuba (via (18˚56'00"N., 72˚51'00"E.) to: Ports Crooked Island Passage), 1,545 Antilla, Cuba, 1,408 Santo Domingo, Dominican Junction Points* Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 3,376 Argentia, Canada, 801 Republic, 1,599 Accra, Ghana, 3,603 Arkhangel’sk, Russia, 4,014 Santos, Brazil, 4,928 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Bahia Blanca, Argentina, 6,125 Sint Nicolaashaven, Aruba, 1,853 (via west of Madagascar), 4,554 3,528 Banes, Cuba (via Crooked Island St. Georges, Grenada, 1,932 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 4,059 Bayonne, France, 200 Passage), 1,398 St. John, Canada, 286 Port Said, Egypt, 3,046 Belem, Brazil, 3,868 Belem, Brazil, 2,970 St. John’s, Canada, 885 Singapore, 2,441 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Belize, Belize (via Straits of Sydney, Canada, 597 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 2,664 3,073 Florida and Yucatan Channel), Vigo, Spain, 2,746 Torres Strait, Australia (south of Buenos Aires, Argentina, 6,009 1,934 Walvisbaai, Namibia, 6,131 Java and Timor), 4,849 Cadiz, Spain, 952 Bilbao, Spain, 2,979 Willemstad, Curacao, 1,881 Cape Town, South Africa, 5,820 Bocas del Toro, Panama (via Yarmouth, Canada, 237 Ports Charleston, South Carolina, Crooked Island Passage), 2,231 U.S.A., 3,700 Bordeaux, France, 3,073 BOTAS, TURKEY Abadan, Iran, 1,357 Dakar, Senegal, 2,243 Brest, France, 2,854 (36˚50'37"N., 35˚57'05"E.) to: Ad Damman, Saudi Arabia, 1,373 Fort de France, Martinique, 3,607 Bridgetown, Barbados, 1,899 Aden, Yemen, 1,657 Funchal, Madeira Island, 1,192 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,842 Al Basrah, Iraq, 1,594 Cadiz, Spain, 2,992

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 16 BOTWOOD, CANADA

Junction Points* Junction Points* Dundee, Scotland, 437 Ports Dunkerque, France, 321 Port Said, Egypt, 390 Bishop Rock, England, 377 Egersund, Norway, 312 Aarhus, Denmark, 211 Strait of Gibraltar, 2,049 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 377 Emden, Germany, 128 Bergen, Norway, 316 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 125 Hakonsvern, Norway, 442 Kokkola, Finland (via The Sound), Ports Hartlepool, England, 355 958 Ports Harwich, England, 309 Kotka, Finland (via The Sound), Beirut, Lebanon, 178 Hull, England, 332 827 Istanbul, Turkey, 846 Ardrossan, Scotland, 33 Inverness, Scotland, 514 Narvik, Norway, 914 Piraievs, Greece, 650 Avonmouth, England, 384 Kristiansand, Norway, 292 Sankt-Peterburg, Russia (via The Tarabulus, Libya, 1,147 Cardiff, Wales, 368 Le Havre, France, 453 Sound), 916 Cobn, Ireland, 329 Leith, Scotland, 442 Stavanger, Norway, 234 BOTWOOD, CANADA Fishguard, Wales, 248 London, England, 375 Tallinn, Estonia (via The Sound), (49˚09'00"N., 55˚20'24"W.) to: Glasgow, Scotland, 10 Narvik, Norway, 1,058 752 Stornoway, Scotland, 273 Newcastle, England, 374 Vassa, Finland (via The Sound), Junction Points* Oostende, Belgium, 299 899 BRAKE, GERMANY Oslo, Norway, 427 Bishop Rock, England, 1,868 (53˚19'55"N., 8˚29'30"E.) Add Plymouth, England, 573 BRIDGEPORT, Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 1,731 14 l/2 miles to Bremerhaven Portland, England, 499 CONNECTICUT, U.S.A. Grand Banks South, 560 distances. Portsmouth, England, 446 (41˚10'18"N., 73˚10'48"W.) to: Inishtrahull, Ireland, 1,759 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 256 Junction Points* Montreal, Canada (via Cabot BRASS RIVER (OFFSHORE Sandefjorden, Norway, 373 Strait), 1,329 TERMINAL), NIGERIA Skien, Norway, 372 Montreal, Canada (via Strait of (4˚04'00"N., 6˚17'17"E.) to: Southampton, England, 464 Panama, Panama, 2,118 Belle Isle), 1,024 Stavanger, Norway, 366 Panama, Panama, 3,360 Junction Points* Zeebrugge, Belgium, 287 Ports Pentland Firth, Scotland, 2,151 Strait of Gibraltar, 2,309 Bishop Rock, England, 3,971 BREMERTON, Halifax, Canada, 552 Straits of Florida, 2,736 Cape of Good Hope, South WASHINGTON, U.S.A. La Habana, Cuba, 1,292 Africa, 3,534 (47˚33'30"N., 122˚38'00"W.) For Ports Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 4,024 distances outside Puget Sound add BRIDGETOWN, BARBADOS Grand Banks South, 4,123 9 miles to Seattle distances. (13˚05'00"N., 59˚37'00"W.) to: Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Ile d’Ouessant, France, 3,863 1,147 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 4,315 BREST, FRANCE Junction Points* Colon, Panama, 2,947 Panama, Panama, 5,216 (48˚22'30"N., 4˚33'00"W.) to: Halifax, Canada, 782 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 5,019 Panama, Panama, 1,280 Ilulissat (Jakobshavn), Greenland, Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,226 Junction Points* Straits of Florida, 1,511 1,237 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,271 Yucatan Channel, 1,549 Keflavik, Iceland, 1,390 Straits of Florida, 5,376 Cape of Good Hope, South New York, New York, U.S.A., Yucatan Channel, 5,500 Africa, 5,757 Ports 1,304 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 55 Ponta Delgada, Azores, 2,675 Ports Straits of Florida, 3,953 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Port of Spain, Trinidad, 2,512 1,853 Reykjavik, Iceland, 1,472 Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 632 Ports Belem, Brazil, 1,154 Upernavik, Greenland, 1,417 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Boma, Congo, 4,478 4,931 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., BOULOGNE, FRANCE Cape Town, South Africa, 2,385 3,302 1,899 (50˚43'30"N., 1˚36'00"E.) to: Casablanca, Morocco, 3,266 Barrow in Furness, England, 416 Charleston, South Carolina, Dakar, Senegal, 1,783 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., U.S.A., 1,628 Junction Points* Monrovia, Liberia, 1,053 2,838 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, New York, New York, U.S.A., Cardiff, Wales, 277 442 Bishop Rock, England, 322 5,028 Charleston, South Carolina, Colon, Panama, 1,237 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 5,124 U.S.A., 3,452 Fort de France, Martinique, 130 Ports Port of Spain, Trinidad, 4,054 Colon, Panama (via Mona Georgetown, Guyana, 389 Recife, Brazil, 2,570 Passage), 4,420 Halifax, Canada, 1,906 Cardiff, Wales, 429 Takoradi, Ghana, 482 Fishguard, Wales, 274 Hamilton, Bermuda, 1,208 Dublin, Ireland, 496 Funchal, Madeira Island, 1,110 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., Glassgow, Scotland, 672 BREMEN, GERMANY Guantanamo, Cuba, 3,784 1,617 Hull, England, 225 (53˚06'30"N., 8˚45'00"E.) For Holyhead, Wales, 345 Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 1,459 Le Havre, France, 98 ocean distances add 34 miles to Liverpool, England, 410 Kingstown, St. Vincent, 98 Manchester, England, 601 Bremerhaven distances. New York, New York, U.S.A., Montevideo, Uruguay, 4,096 Plymouth, England, 226 3,017 Nassau, Bahamas, 1,284 New York, New York, U.S.A., Southampton, England, 120 BREMERHAVEN, GERMANY Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Yarmouth, England, 113 (53˚33'00"N., 8˚33'30"E.) to: U.S.A., 3,160 1,829 Reykjavik, Iceland, 1,181 Paramaribo, Suriname, 496 BOWEN, AUSTRALIA Junction Points* Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,841 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, (20˚01'30"S., 148˚15'00"E.) to: Rotterdam, Netherlands, 457 U.S.A., 1,839 Bishop Rock, England, 657 Rouen, France, 342 Port au Prince, Haiti, 1,070 Junction Points* Ile d’Ouessant, France, 647 St. Malo, France, 177 Port of Spain, Trinidad (via Boca Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Yarmouth, England, 440 Grande), 211 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 2,975 Entrance), Germany, 129 Port Castries, St. Lucia (north of Torres Strait, Australia, 760 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 507 BREVIK, NORWAY St. Lucia), 110 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 320 (59˚03'00"N., 9˚41'30"E.) to: Port Castries, St. Lucia (south of Ports St. Lucia), 115 Ports Junction Points* Recife, Brazil, 2,054 Brisbane, Australia, 610 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3,157 Bunbury, Australia, 3,072 Aberdeen, Scotland, 425 Bishop Rock, England, 886 Salvador, Brazil, 2,476 Noumea, New Caledonia, 1,342 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 223 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 871 San Juan, Puerto Rico (west of St. Antwerp, Belgium, 333 Nord-Ostsee Kanal (East Croix Island and Virgin BOWLING, SCOTLAND Bergen, Norway, 447 Entrance), Germany, 307 Passage), 517 (55˚55'45"N., 4˚29'07"W.) to: Cherbourg, France, 485 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 451 Santa Barbara de Samana, Dover, England, 341 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 82 Dominican Republic, 675

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points BUENAVENTURA, COLOMBIA 17

Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,646 Odessa, Ukraine (via Corinth Portland, Oregon, U.S.A., 6,421 Ports St. Georges, Grenada (north of Canal), 1,045 Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 1,434 island), 144 Oran, Algeria, 1,084 Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands, Campeche, Mexico, 552 St. Georges, Grenada (south of Palermo, Sicily, 387 1,566 Coatzacoalcas, Mexico, 517 island), 152 Palma, Balearic Islands, 905 Rockhampton, Australia, 391 Tampico, Mexico, 267 Pescara, Italy, 209 San Diego, California, U.S.A., BRIGHTON, TRINIDAD Piraievs, Greece (south of 6,306 BRUGGE, BELGIUM (10˚15'34"N., 61˚37'38"W.) to: Greece), 480 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., (51˚13'25"N., 3˚13'25"E.) Add 8 Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth 6,193 miles to Zeebrugge distances. Junction Points* Canal), 343 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 6,471 Rijeka, Croatia, 342 Shanghai, China, 4,243 BRUNSWICK, GEORGIA, Bishop Rock, England, 3,610 Savona, Italy, 762 Suva, Fiji Islands, 1,548 U.S.A. Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, ShengJin, Albania, 103 Sydney, Australia, 529 (31˚08'00"N., 81˚29'40"W.) to: 5,391 Sibenik, Croatia, 217 Townsville, Australia, 677 Panama, Panama, 1,208 Siracusa, Sicily, 292 Urangan, Australia, 282 Junction Points* Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,438 Split, Croatia, 202 Wellington, New Zealand, 1,453 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,409 Tarabulus, Libya, 555 Yokohama, Japan, 3,925 Montreal, Canada, 2,074 Straits of Florida (via Mona Taranto, Italy, 150 Panama, Panama (via Windward Passage), 1,539 Thessaloniki, Greece (south of BRISTOL, ENGLAND Passage and Crooked Island Yucatan Channel, 1,523 Greece), 688 (51˚27'00"N., 2˚37'30"W.) For Passage), 1,581 Thessaloniki, Greece (via Corinth ocean distances add 6 miles to Straits of Florida, 548 Ports Canal), 592 Avonmouth distances. Toulon, France, 812 Ports Alvaro Obregon, Mexico, 2,066 Trieste, Italy, 376 BRIXHAM, ENGLAND Belize, Belize, 1,643 Tunis, Tunisia, 564 (50˚24'57"N., 3˚27'42"W.) to: Belize, Belize (via Straits of Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Valencia, Spain, 1,048 Florida), 1,072 2,028 Valletta, Malta, 369 Junction Points* Belize, Belize (via Windward La Habana, Cuba (via Old Bahama Venezia, Italy, 386 Passage), 1,661 Channel and Mona Passage), Volos, Greece (south of Greece), Bishop Rock, England, 128 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,845 1,500 629 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 141 Cape Town, South Africa, 6,857 Limetree Bay, Virgin Islands, 480 Volos, Greece (via Corinth Canal), Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Cartagena, Colombia, 1,417 Monrovia, Liberia, 3,051 533 Entrance), Germany, 679 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Zadar, Croatia, 280 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 737 1,190 (via Virgin Passage), 1,944 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 757 Colon, Panama (via Windward San Juan, Puerto Rico, 574 BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA Passage), 1,538 Veracruz, Mexico, 2,182 (27˚28'00"S., 153˚03'30"E.) to: Ports Halifax, Canada, 1,210 Willemstad, Curacao, 456 Kingston, Jamaica, 1,038 Junction Points* Cherbourg, France, 81 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 3,442 BRINDISI, ITALY Cobh, Ireland, 246 Limon, Costa Rica, 1,611 (40˚38'30"N., 17˚57'03"E.) to: Panama, Panama, 7,687 Dover, England, 197 Montevideo, Uruguay, 5,731 Punta Arenas, Chile (via 30˚S.), King’s Lynn, England, 405 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1,694 Junction Points* 7,369 Le Havre, France, 148 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 1,529 Punta Arenas, Chile (via 49˚S.), Recife, Brazil, 3,672 Port Said, Egypt, 941 6,063 BROOKLYN, NEW YORK, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,744 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,315 Torres Strait, Australia (via inner U.S.A. Salvador, Brazil, 4,063 route), 1,348 (40˚40'00"N., 74˚01'00"W.) For San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,132 Ports Wilson Promontory, Australia, 931 ocean distances subtract 1 l/4 miles Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 926 from New York distances. Santo Domingo, Dominican Alexandria, Egypt, 831 Ports Republic, 1,179 Algiers, Algeria, 888 BROOME, AUSTRALIA Tampico, Mexico, 1,387 Alicante, Spain, 1,042 Apia, Samoa, 2,177 (17˚59'00"S., 122˚10'00"E.) to: Veracruz, Mexico, 1,351 Ancona, Italy, 274 Apra, Guam, 2,659 Annaba, Algeria, 668 Auckland, New Zealand, 1,340 Junction Points* BRUSSELS, BELGIUM Banghazi, Libya, 535 Avarua, Cook Islands, 2,618 (50˚50'00"N., 4˚20'00"E.) See Banzart, Tunisia, 577 Bowen, Australia, 610 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Bruxelles. Barcelona, Spain, 947 Cairns Harbor, Australia, 827 5,460 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,011 Christmas Island, Line Islands, Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 1,316 BRUXELLES, BELGIUM Cartagena, Spain, 1,073 3,379 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 673 (50˚50'00"N., 4˚20'00"E.) Add Ceuta, Morocco, 1,296 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Port Said, Egypt, 6,328 29 miles to Antwerp distances. Chioggia, Italy, 375 5,369 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 1,270 Civitavecchia, Italy, 568 Funafuti, Tuvalu, 1,895 Torres Strait, Australia, 1,419 BUCHANAN, LIBERIA Genova, Italy, 752 Gladstone Harbor, Australia, 314 (5˚51'30"N., 10˚03'30"W.) to: Gibraltar, 1,298 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 4,117 Ports Haifa, Israel, 1,007 Jaluit, Marshall Islands, 2,231 Junction Points* Iraklion, Kriti, 496 Lae, Papau New Guinea, 1,560 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2,943 Istanbul, Turkey (south of Levuka, Fiji Islands, 1,569 Flying Fish Cove, Christmas Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Greece), 793 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Island, 1,059 2,912 Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth 6,274 Fremantle, Australia, 1,183 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 2,904 Canal), 697 Lucinda, Australia, 804 Port Darwin, Australia, 694 Izmir, Turkey (south of Greece), Mackay, Australia, 512 Thursday Island, Australia, 1,385 Ports 639 Malakal, Palau Islands, 2,642 Zanzibar, Tanzania, 4,820 Izmir, Turkey (via Corinth Canal), Midway Island, 3,757 Dakar, Senegal, 755 543 Nandi Bay, Fiji Islands, 1,618 BROWNSVILLE, TEXAS, Takoradi, Ghana, 197 Kerkira, Greece, 123 Nelson, New Zealand, 1,380 U.S.A. La Spezia, Italy, 717 Nonouti, Gilbert Islands, 2,032 (25˚57'06"N., 97˚24'00"W.) to: BUCKNER BAY, OKINAWA Livorno, Italy, 681 Noumea, New Caledonia, 807 JIMA, RYUKYU ISLANDS Malaga, Spain, 1,245 Nukualofa, Tonga Islands, 1,819 Junction Points* See Nakagusuku Wan. Marseille, France, 844 Omura, Bonin Islands, 3,455 Messina, Sicily, 270 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Straits of Florida, 793 BUENAVENTURA, Napoli, Italy, 442 2,221 Yucatan Channel, 729 COLOMBIA Odessa, Ukraine (south of Papeete, French Polynesia, 3,234 (3˚54'00"N., 77˚04'30"W.) to: Greece), 1,142 Ponape, Caroline Islands, 2,108

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 18 BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA

Junction Points* Puerto Deseado, Argentina, 965 Route), 8,249 BURNIE HARBOR, Puerto Madryn, Argentina, 748 Punta Arenas, Chile (via Cook AUSTRALIA Panama, Panama, 352 Quequen, Argentina, 350 Strait), 6,062 (41˚03'00"S., 145˚55'00"E.) to: Recife, Brazil, 2,181 Torres Strait, Australia, 1,182 Ports Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1,151 Wilson Promontory, Australia, Junction Points* Rio Gallegos, Argentina, 1,231 1,089 Callao, Peru, 1,126 Rio Grande, Argentina, 1,306 Wilson Promontory, Australia, 116 Golfito, Costa Rica, 426 Rio Grande, Brazil, 440 Ports Guayaquil, Ecuador, 578 Salvador, Brazil, 1,849 Ports La Libertad, Ecuador, 445 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 4,713 Arica, Chile (via Curtis Channel San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary and north of New Zealand), Hobart, Tasmania, 332 3,383 Island, 4,619 7,263 Melbourne, Australia, 223 Santo Domingo, Dominican Brisbane, Australia, 265 Sydney, Australia, 525 BUENOS AIRES, Republic, 4,881 Hobart, Tasmania, 1,296 ARGENTINA Santos, Brazil, 1,006 Mollendo, Peru (via Curtis BURNSIDE, LOUISIANA, (34˚35'00"S., 58˚22'00"W.) to: Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 5,854 Channel and north of New U.S.A. St. Helena Island, 3,052 Zealand), 7,244 (30˚08'00"N., 90˚55'00"W.) Add Junction Points* St. John, Canada, 5,853 Sydney, Australia, 679 63 miles to New Orleans distances. St. John’s, Canada, 5,663 Tumaco, Colombia (via Curtis Bishop Rock, England, 5,947 Sydney, Canada, 5,749 Channel), 7,574 BURUTU, NIGERIA Cape of Good Hope, South Ushuaia, Argentina, 1,447 Valparaiso, Chile (via Cook Strait (5˚25'45"N., 5˚06'28"E.) to: Africa, 3,704 Vigo, Spain, 5,518 and Curtis Channel), 6,615 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 5,916 Wilmington, North Carolina, Junction Points* Inishtrahull, Ireland, 6,243 U.S.A., 5,805 BUR IBRAHIM, EGYPT Montreal, Canada, 6,455 (29˚55'30"N., 32˚32'30"E.) For Bishop Rock, England, 3,908 Cape of Good Hope, South Pentland Firth, Scotland, 6,491 BUKHTA NAGAYEVA, distances via Red Sea subtract 88 Punta Arenas, Chile, 1,394 RUSSIA miles from Port Said distances. Africa, 3,499 Strait of Gibraltar, 5,280 (59˚33'00"N., 150˚45'00"E.) to: Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 3,961 Straits of Florida, 5,713 Grand Banks South, 4,060 BUR SAFAGA, EGYPT Ile d’Ouessant, France, 3,868 Yucatan Channel, 5,723 Ports (26˚44'00"N., 33˚56'30"E.) to: Inishtrahull, Ireland, 4,252 Panama, Panama, 5,153 Ports Moskal’vo, Russia, 472 Junction Points* Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Pentland Firth, Scotland, 4,956 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,246 Bahia Blanca, Argentina, 564 Russia, 864 Cape of Good Hope, South Strait of Gibraltar, 3,207 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Zaliv Urkt, Russia, 441 Africa, 5,016 Straits of Florida, 5,313 5,945 Port Said, Egypt, 310 Yucatan Channel, 5,437 Belem, Brazil, 3,274 BUKTA SHELIKHOVA, Singapore, 4,729 Bordeaux, France, 6,009 KURIL ISLANDS, RUSSIA Ports Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., (50˚23'00"N., 155˚37'00"E.) to: Ports 5,842 Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 565 Brunswick, Georgia, U.S.A., 5,845 Ports Aden, Yemen, 1,109 Cape Town, South Africa, 4,475 Cadiz, Spain, 5,293 Port Sudan, Sudan, 508 Caleta Olivia, Argentina, 865 Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Casablanca, Morocco, 3,207 Cape Town, South Africa, 3,720 Russia, 934 Dakar, Senegal, 1,653 Aomori, Honshu, Japan, 899 BUREA, SWEDEN Monrovia, Liberia, 986 Cartagena, Colombia, 5,154 (64˚37'10"N., 21˚14'25"E.) to: Charleston, South Carolina, Attu Island, Alaska, U.S.A., 675 New York, New York, U.S.A., 4,982 U.S.A., 5,822 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Junction Points* Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, 1,411 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., 5,080 4,648 Hakodate, Japan, 865 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Recife, Brazil, 2,525 Charlottetown, Canada, 5,831 Kholmsk, Russia, 709 Entrance), Germany, 844 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 5,526 Kiska, Alaska, U.S.A., 867 Skagens Odde, Denmark (via The Colon, Panama, 5,385 Korsakov, Sakhalin, Russia, 616 Sound), 90 BUSAN, SOUTH KOREA Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina, Muroran, Japan, 858 (35˚06'00"N., 129˚03'00"E.) to: 927 Nikolayevsk-Na-Amure, Russia Ports Dakar, Senegal, 3,864 (north of Sakhalin), 676 Junction Points* Freetown, Sierra Leone, 3,712 Otaru, Japan, 788 Helsinki, Finland, 404 Singapore, 2,502 Funchal, Madeira Island, 4,823 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Kobenhavn, Denmark, 774 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 2,855 Georgetown, Guyana, 3,954 Russia, 224 Reposaari, Finland, 222 Selat Wetar, Indonesia (via Guantanamo, Cuba, 5,213 Vladivostok, Russia, 1,122 Stockholm, Sweden, 389 Halifax, Canada, 5,731 Wakkanai, Japan, 643 Molucca Passage and Selat Hamilton, Bermuda, 5,211 Manipa), 2,632 BURGAS, BULGARIA Horta, Azores, 4,997 BUNBURY, AUSTRALIA (42˚28'50"N., 27˚27'13"E.) to: Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., (33˚17'50"S., 115˚38'40"E.) to: Ports 5,808 Junction Points* Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 5,661 Junction Points* Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Russia, 1,118 Kingston, Jamaica, 5,224 Port Said, Egypt, 930 Bangkok, Thailand (outer bar), La Habana, Cuba, 5,671 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 97 Strait of Gibraltar (south of 2,533 Lisboa, Portugal, 5,339 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 1,510 Greece), 1,965 Mar del Plata, Argentina, 276 Port Said, Egypt, 6,343 Chongjin, North Korea, 417 Dagu, China (via-Maenggol Natal, Brazil, 2,329 Ports New York, New York, U.S.A., Ports Sudo), 702 Dalian, China (via Maenggol 5,871 Alexandria, Egypt, 848 Sudo), 543 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 5,824 Bowen, Australia, 3,072 Algiers, Algeria, 1,510 Gunsan, South Korea, 376 Paramaribo, Suriname, 3,813 Port Adelaide, Australia, 1,260 Antibes, France, 1,448 Hakodate, Japan, 686 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Port Darwin, Australia, 1,906 Banzart, Tunisia, 1,179 Higashi-Iwase, Japan, 492 U.S.A., 5,918 Bari, Italy, 968 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 1,999 Ponta Delgada, Azores, 4,975 BUNDABERG, AUSTRALIA Es Sider, Libya, 959 Hong Kong, China, 1,144 Port au Prince, Haiti, 5,258 (24˚45'29"S., 152˚27'33"E.) to: Haifa, Israel, 942 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,973 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 4,375 Iskenderun, Turkey, 936 Hua-lien Kang, Taiwan, 782 Portland, Maine, U.S.A., 5,873 Junction Points* Istanbul, Turkey, 126 Incheon, South Korea (via Puerto Concepcion, Argentina, 806 Napoli, Italy, 1,100 Maenggol Sudo), 402 Puerto Cortes, Honduras, 5,909 Panama, Panama (via Central Novorossiysk, Russia, 476 Jakarta, Indonesia, 2,836

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points CALCUTTA, INDIA 19

Kimchaek, North Korea, 351 CABIMAS, VENEZUELA Ile d’Ouessant, France, 240 Hamilton, Bermuda, 1,126 Kobe, Japan, 361 (10˚23'00"N., 71˚28'00"W.) Add Houston, Texas, 986 Kushiro, Japan, 876 21 miles to Maracaibo distances. Ports Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A. (via Lo hsing-ta Mao-ti, China, 762 Florida Strait), 519 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., CABINDA, CABINDA Calais, France, 133 La Habana, Cuba, 203 5,229 (5˚32'00"S., 12˚11'00"E.) to: Cardiff, Wales, 367 Lagos, Nigeria, 4,999 Maizuru, Japan, 333 Chatham, England, 190 Manzanillo, Dominican Republic, Manila, Philippines, 1,402 Ports Cherbourg, France, 73 479 Moji, Japan, 123 Cobh, Ireland, 368 Montreal, Canada, 2,511 Mogpo, South Korea, 225 Amboim, Angola, 339 Dartmouth, England, 172 Nuevitas, Cuba, 181 Nagasaki, Japan, 163 Boma, Congo, 89 Dover, England, 140 Pepel, Sierra Leone, 3,930 Naha, Ryukyu Islands, 550 Douala, Cameroon, 668 Southampton, England, 119 Walvisbaai, Namibia (via Mona Nakhodka, Russia, 508 Port Gentil, Gabon, 393 Passage), 6,142 Nampo, North Korea (via CAGLIARI, SARDINIA Maenggol Sudo), 496 CADIZ, SPAIN (39˚12'30"N., 9˚06'30"E.) to: CAIRN RYAN, SCOTLAND Nanao, Japan, 476 (36˚32'00"N., 6˚17'00"W.) to: (54˚58'00"N., 5˚02'00"W.) to: Niigata, Japan, 516 Junction Points* Pago Pago, American Samoa (via Junction Points* Junction Points* Bungo Suido), 4,561 Port Said, Egypt, 1,255 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Bishop Rock, England, 930 Strait of Gibraltar, 750 Bishop Rock, England, 330 Russia, 1,731 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 894 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 338 Port Darwin, Australia (via Montreal, Canada, 3,209 Ports Inishtrahull, Ireland, 91 Molucca Passage), 2,937 Strait of Gibraltar, 50 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 340 Qingdao, China, 497 Straits of Florida, 3,978 Alexandria, Egypt, 1,136 Qinhuangdao, China (via Algiers, Algeria, 332 Ports Maenggol Sudo), 650 Ports Alicante, Spain, 473 Rumoi, Japan, 793 Banzart, Tunisia, 126 Glasgow, Scotland, 82 Sakata, Japan, 577 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Barcelona, Spain, 379 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., 3,437 Bari, Italy, 652 CAIRNS HARBOR, 4,914 Banjul, Gambia, 1,587 Cannes, France, 347 AUSTRALIA Shanghai, China (north of Cheju Belem, Brazil, 3,286 Castellammare di Stabia, Italy, 276 (16˚51'00"S., 145˚49'00"E.) to: Do, and via South Channel), Belize, Belize (via Providence Catania, Sicily, 377 491 Channels), 4,485 Ceuta, Morocco, 731 Junction Points* Tai-tung Kang, Taiwan, 860 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Civitavecchia, Italy, 239 Tongyeong, South Korea, 63 2,992 Constanta, Romania (south of Torres Strait, Australia, 505 Ube, Japan, 143 Brest, France, 887 Greece), 1,330 Wilson Promontory, Australia, Unggi, North Korea, 452 Bridgeport, Connecticut, U.S.A., Constanta, Romania (via Corinth 1,649 Vladivostok, Russia, 514 3,119 Canal), 1,289 Wakamatsu, Japan, 120 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,293 Genova, Italy, 359 Ports Weihai, China, 474 Cape Town, South Africa, 5,078 Istanbul, Turkey (south of Weonsan, North Korea, 308 Casablanca, Morocco, 192 Greece), 1,133 Brisbane, Australia, 827 Xiamen, China, 885 Charleston, South Carolina, Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth Noumea, New Caledonia, 1,250 Yantai, China (via Maenggol U.S.A., 3,578 Canal), 1,092 Wellington, New Zealand, 2,122 Sudo), 508 Colon, Panama, 4,286 La Spezia, Italy, 336 Yeosu, South Korea, 97 Dakar, Senegal, 1,500 Livorno, Italy, 304 CALABAR, NIGERIA Yokohama, Japan, 665 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 1,979 Marseille, France, 360 (4˚58'15"N., 8˚19'00"E.) to: Funchal, Madeira Island, 579 Messina, Sicily, 328 BUSHEHR, IRAN Halifax, Canada, 2,664 Napoli, Italy, 272 Junction Points* (28˚58'30"N., 50˚45'00"E.) to: Horta, Azores, 1,070 Nice, France, 354 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., Oran, Algeria, 525 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Junction Points* 3,710 Palermo, Sicily, 221 2,458 Lisboa, Portugal, 253 Piraievs, Greece (south of Ile d’Ouessant, France, 4,054 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Luanda, Angola, 3,898 Greece), 820 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,420 5,032 Manzanillo, Dominican Republic, Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth Singapore, 3,737 3,583 Canal), 738 Ports New York, New York, U.S.A., Savona, Italy, 362 Ports 3,155 Sete, France, 402 Lagos, Nigeria, 391 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 3,303 Toulon, France, 337 Matadi, Congo, 818 Bandar Khomeini, Iran, 158 Oporto, Portugal, 399 Tunis, Tunisia, 169 Belawan, Indonesia, 3,372 Pepel, Sierra Leone, 2,001 Valencia, Spain, 461 CALAIS, FRANCE Calcutta, India, 3,414 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Valletta, Malta, 331 (50˚58'00"N., 1˚51'00"E.) to: Fremantle, Australia, 5,259 U.S.A., 3,296 Venezia, Italy, 970 Malacca, Malaysia, 3,590 Ponta Delgada, Azores, 930 Volos, Greece (south of Greece), Junction Points* Penang, Malaysia, 3,417 Port Stanley, Falkland Islands, 969 Port Darwin, Australia, 5,446 5,955 Volos, Greece (via Corinth Canal), Bishop Rock, England, 333 Rangoon, Burma, 3,425 Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, 927 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 321 Sabang, Indonesia, 3,106 1,547 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Qaanaaq (Thule), Greenland, 3,322 CAIBARIEN, CUBA Entrance), Germany, 408 CABEDELO, BRAZIL Recife, Brazil, 3,125 (22˚32'00"N., 79˚28'00"W.) to: (6˚58'00"S., 34˚50'40"W.) to: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,192 Ports San Juan, Puerto Rico, 3,313 Junction Points* Junction Points* Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Bergen, Norway, 588 Islands, 702 Panama, Panama, 1,138 Egersund, Norway, 475 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Santander, Spain, 789 Straits of Florida, 252 Kristiansand, Norway, 486 3,374 Vigo, Spain, 463 Oslo, Norway, 634 Panama, Panama, 3,149 Walvisbaai, Namibia, 4,466 Ports Plymouth, England, 244 Punta Arenas, Chile, 3,327 Portland, England, 170 CAEN, FRANCE Casablanca, Morocco, 3,814 Stavanger, Norway, 515 Ports (49˚11'00"N., 0˚20'00"W.) to: Dakar, Senegal, 3,567 Freeport, Bahamas (via Florida CALCUTTA, INDIA Belem, Brazil, 1,021 Junction Points* Strait), 272 (22˚33'00"N., 88˚l9'00"E.) to: Salvador, Brazil, 468 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 3,916 Bishop Rock, England, 264

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 20 CALDERA, CHILE

Junction Points* Bahia de las Calderas, Dominican Matarani, Peru, 462 Londonderry, Northern Ireland, 82 Republic. Midway Island, 6,280 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa Monterey, California, U.S.A., CAMPECHE, MEXICO (via east of Madagascar), 5,444 CALETA OLIVIA, 3,907 (19˚51'00"N., 90˚45'00"W.) to: Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 3,796 ARGENTINA Nome, Alaska, U.S.A., 6,578 Selat Lombok, Indonesia (via (46˚25'57"S., 67˚29'32"W.) to: Noumea, New Caledonia, 6,541 Junction Points* Malacca, Sapudi and Selat Papeete, French Polynesia, 4,192 Lombok), 2,608 Junction Points* Pimentel, Peru, 363 Panama, Panama, 1,210 Port Said, Egypt, 4,691 Pisco, Peru, 128 Yucatan Channel, 291 Singapore, 1,649 Panama, Panama, 6,204 Ponape, Caroline Islands, 7,515 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 2,140 Punta Arenas, Chile, 570 Portland, Oregon, U.S.A., 4,611 Ports Prince Rupert, Canada, 5,047 Ports Ports Puerto Masachapa, Nicaragua, Belize, Belize (west of Banco 1,583 Chinchorro, and Isla de Aden, Yemen, 3,304 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 865 Puerto Sandino, Nicaragua, 1,608 Cozumel), 609 Akyab, Burma, 402 Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 1,421 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 691 Al Basrah, Iraq, 3,593 CALICUT, INDIA Quepos, Costa Rica, 1,387 Colon, Panama, 1,167 Al Manamah, Bahrain, 3,355 (11˚15'00"N., 75˚44'00"E.) to: Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 7,713 Galveston, Texas, U.S.A., 617 Assab, Ethiopia, 3,446 Salaverry, Peru, 266 Gulfport, Mississippi, U.S.A., 652 Bandar Abbas, Iran, 3,058 Junction Points* Salina Cruz, Mexico, 2,005 Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 632 Bassein, Burma, 643 San Antonio, Chile, 1,328 La Guaira, Venezuela, 1,635 Belawan, Indonesia, 1,326 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 2,916 San Diego, California, U.S.A., La Habana, Cuba, 561 Bombay, India, 2,128 Singapore, 1,942 3,585 Mobile, Alabama, U.S.A., 674 Bushehr, Iran, 3,414 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A. Chalna, Mungla Anchorage, Ports 3,989 (via Southwest Pass), 650 Bangladesh, 288 San Jose, Guatemala, 1,763 Pensacola, Florida, U.S.A., 670 Chittagong, Bangladesh, 367 Belawan, Indonesia, 1,604 San Juan, Peru, 248 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 1,806 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1,258 Bombay, India, 506 San Lorenzo, Honduras, 1,701 Port au Prince, Haiti, 1,140 Dumai, Indonesia, 1,579 Calcutta, India, 1,612 Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A., Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1,913 Fremantle, Australia, 3,693 Chittagong, Bangladesh, 1,664 3,722 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 1,848 Kakinada, India, 522 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 2,432 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 4,764 Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, 1,595 Karachi, Pakistan, 2,578 Fremantle, Australia, 3,484 Seward, Alaska, U.S.A., 5,660 Santo Domingo, Dominican Madras, India, 769 Galle, Sri Lanka, 437 Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 5,255 Republic, 1,364 Malacca, Malaysia, 1,523 Jakarta, Indonesia (via Selat Suva, Fiji Islands, 5,995 Tampico, Mexico, 430 Massawa, Ethiopia, 3,696 Sunda), 2,208 Talacahuano, Chile, 1,508 Tuxpan, Mexico, 375 Mocambique, Mozambique, 3,831 Malacca, Malaysia, 1,827 Talara, Peru, 534 Veracruz, Mexico, 307 Mombasa, Kenya (via One and Mombasa, Kenya, 2,342 Valparaiso, Chile, 1,306 Willemstad, Curacao, 1,527 Half Degree Channel), 3,703 Penang, Malaysia, 1,654 Wellington, New Zealand, 5,721 Moulmein, Burma, 824 Port Darwin, Australia, 3,683 CANAKKLE, TURKEY Penang, Malaysia, 1,294 Rangoon, Burma, 1,617 CAMDEN, NEW JERSEY, (40˚09'00"N., 26˚24'00"E.) For Phuket, Thailand, 1,124 Sebang, Indonesia, 1,343 U.S.A. ports outside the Black Sea and Sea Port Blair, Andaman Islands, 775 (39˚57'00"N., 75˚08'00"W.) Use of Marmara, subtract 133 Y2 miles Port Louis, Mauritius, 3,212 CALLAO, PERU Philadelphia distances. from Istanbul distances. Port Swettenham, Malaysia, 1,444 (12˚03'00"S., 77˚10'00"W.) to: Rangoon, Burma, 787 CAMP LLOYD, GREENLAND CANNES, FRANCE Sabang, Indonesia (via Duncan Junction Points* (66˚57'30"N., 50˚56'25"W.) to: (43˚32'00"N., 7˚01'03"E.) to: Passage), 1,120 Singapore, 1,650 Panama, Panama, 1,350 Junction Points* Junction Points* Vishakhapatnam, India, 458 Punta Arenas, Chile, 2,671 Yenbo, Saudi Arabia, 4,148 Torres Strait, Australia, 8,206 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 1,828 Port Said, Egypt, 1,472 Zanzibar, Tanzania (via One and Wilson Promontory, Australia (via Strait of Gibraltar, 2,676 Strait of Gibraltar, 773 Half Degree Channel), 3,776 Cook Strait), 7,261 Ports Ports CALDERA, CHILE Ports (27˚03'45"S., 70˚50'30"W.) to: Churchill, Canada, 1434 Algiers, Algeria, 446 Acapulco, Mexico, 2,198 Reykjavik, Iceland, 1,274 Cagliari, Sardinia, 347 Junction Points* Amapala, Honduras, 1,665 St. John’s, Canada, 1,198 Genova, Italy, 107 Antofagasta, Chile, 813 Livorno, Italy, 149 Panama, Panama, 2,302 Apia, Samoa, 5,492 CAMPANA, ARGENTINA Napoli, Italy, 381 Punta Arenas, Chile, 1,795 Apra, Guam, 8,372 (34˚05'50"S., 58˚57'42"W.) Add Oran, Algeria, 594 Arica, Chile, 593 155 miles to Buenos Aires Palma, Balearic Islands, 357 Ports Auckland, New Zealand, 5,834 distances or add 60 miles via Mitre Piraievs, Greece (south of Avarua, Cook Islands, 4,733 Channel. Greece), 1,023 Antofagasta, Chile, 215 Buenaventura, Colombia, 1,126 Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth Arica, Chile, 522 Caldera, Chile, 980 CAMPBELTOWN, Canal), 942 Callao, Peru, 980 Chimbote, Peru, 206 SCOTLAND Sete, France, 171 Coquimbo, Chile, 196 Coquimbo, Chile, 1,136 (55˚25'53"N., 5˚32'38"W.) to: Corinto, Nicaragua, 1,606 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 1,632 CANSO CANAL (PORT Iquique, Chile, 420 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Junction Points* HAWBESBURG), CANADA Lota, Chile, 628 5,988 (45˚42'45"N., 61˚29'06"W.) to: Mollendo, Peru, 606 Esmeraldas, Ecuador, 909 Bishop Rock, England, 353 Pisco, Peru, 880 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 712 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 342 Junction Points* San Diego, California, U.S.A., Guaymas, Mexico, 3,117 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 82 4,492 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 5,161 Cape of Good Hope, South San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Iquique, Chile, 659 Ports Africa, 6,484 4,894 Jaluit, Marshall Islands, 6,832 Grand Banks South, 531 Talcahuano, Chile, 602 La Libertad, Ecuador, 682 Belfast, Northern Ireland, 53 Panama, Panama (via Windward Valparaiso, Chile, 376 La Palma, Panama, 1,336 Cardiff, Wales, 333 Passage), 2,424 Levuka, Fiji Islands, 6,002 Cobh, Ireland, 289 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 468 CALDERA BAY, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Dublin, Ireland, 141 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,971 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 3,655 Glasgow, Scotland, 73 Straits of Florida, 1,730 (18˚13'30"N., 70˚31'30"W.) See Lota, Chile, 1,530 Liverpool, England, 165

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, SOUTH AFRICA 21

Ports Halifax, Canada, 413 Mina Abd Allah, Kuwait, 5,437 Strait of Gibraltar, 5,082 Hamilton, Bermuda, 651 Mina Az Zawr, Kuwait, 5,418 Straits of Florida, 6,770 Argentia, Canada, 357 Murmansk, Russia, 3,834 Nelson, New Zealand, 2,794 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 5,164 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., 975 New York, New York, U.S.A., 174 Port des Galets, Reunion Island, Torres Strait, Australia, 6,854 Bridgetown, Barbados, 1,965 Portland, Maine, U.S.A., 119 3,241 Selat Wetar, Indonesia, 6,768 Guantanamo, Cuba, 1,771 Reykjavik, Iceland, 2,341 Port Adelaide, Australia, 1,165 Wilson Promontory, Australia, New York, New York, U.S.A., 675 Yarmouth, Canada, 228 Port Augusta, Australia, 1,252 5,530 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 1,908 Port Darwin, Australia, 1,978 Yucatan Channel, 6,770 Santo Domingo, Dominican CAPE COD CANAL (SOUTH Port Lincoln, Australia, 1,100 Republic, 1,855 END), MASSACHUSETTS, Port Louis, Mauritius (via rhumb Ports St. John’s, Canada, 452 U.S.A. line), 3,214 Wilmington, North Carolina, (41˚37'49"N., 70˚41'52"W.) to: Port Refuge, Cocos Islands, 1,678 Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 2,712 U.S.A., 1,074 Portland, Australia, 1,304 Ad Dammam, Saudi Arabia, 4,960 Junction Points* Rangoon, Burma, 3,359 Aden, Yemen (alternate), 4,235 CAP-HAITIEN, HAITI Rapid Bay, Australia, 1,131 Aden, Yemen, 3,980 (19˚46'00"N., 72˚11'30"W.) to: Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Ras al Khafji, Saudi Arabia, 5,414 Agadir, Morocco, 4,719 6,711 Ras Tannurah, Saudi Arabia, 5,316 Al Basrah, Iraq, 5,232 Junction Points* Grand Banks South, 923 Sabang, Indonesia, 2,711 Al Gurdagah, Egypt, 5,041 Montreal, Canada, 1,432 Simons Bay, South Africa, 4,572 Al Hudaydah, Yemen, 4,137 Bishop Rock, England, 3,565 Panama, Panama, 2,054 Stenhouse Bay, Australia, 1,077 Al Manamah, Al Bahrain, 4,957 Panama, Panama, 860 Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,046 Strahan, Australia, 1,492 Al Mukha, Yemen, 4,043 Straits of Florida, 604 Straits of Florida, 1,270 Tjilatjap, Indonesia, 1,616 Albany, Australia, 4,740 Townsville, Australia, 3,023 Anecho, Togo, 2,615 Ports Ports Umm Said, Qatar, 5,245 Argentia, Canada, 6,294 Wallaroo, Australia, 1,153 Assab, Ethiopia, 4,056 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Antilla, Cuba, 1,274 Wellington, New Zealand, 2,863 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., 1,227 Bahia Blanca, Argentina, 6,335 Yampi Sound, Australia, 1,588 6,924 Belize, Belize, 950 Belem, Brazil, 2,855 Bandar Khomeini, Iran (inside Buenos Aires, Argentina, 6,031 Carmen, Mexico, 1,228 CAPE LOPEZ, GABON Agulhas Current), 5,190 Cartagena, Colombia, 697 Fort de France, Martinique, 1,698 (0˚37'43"S., 8˚43'19"E.) to: Bandar Khomeini, Iran (outside Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Kingston, Jamaica, 1,564 Agulhas Current), 5,395 442 La Habana, Cuba, 1,272 Junction Points* Bata, Equatorial Guinea, 2,291 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 543 Montevideo, Uraguay, 5,928 Beira, Mozambique, 1,454 Colon, Panama, 817 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Bishop Rock, England, 4,147 Belawan, Indonesia, 5,246 Dakar, Senegal, 3,154 U.S.A., 338 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Belem, Brazil, 4,368 Guantanamo, Cuba, 175 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 1,733 2,105 Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, 3,518 Gulfport, Mississippi, U.S.A., Recife, Brazil, 3,633 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 4,200 Bolama, Guinea-Bissau, 3,403 1,145 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,410 Grand Banks South, 4,299 Boma, Congo, 1,775 Key West, Florida, U.S.A. (via Old Ile d’Ouessant, France, 4,107 Bombay, India (east of Bahama Channel), 619 CAPE LEEUWIN, Inishtrahull, Ireland, 4,491 Madagascar), 4,822 Kingston, Jamaica, 326 AUSTRALIA* Panama, Panama, 5,393 Bombay, India (west of La Habana, Cuba, 631 (34˚32'00"S., 115˚08'00"E.) to: Pentland Firth, Scotland, 5,195 Madagascar), 4,581 New York, New York, U.S.A., Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,102 Bordeaux, France, 5,838 1,283 Junction Points* Strait of Gibraltar, 3,447 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Straits of Florida, 5,552 6,731 U.S.A., 1,245 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa Yucatan Channel, 5,676 Brest, France, 5,770 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe (via (via 30˚S.), 5,068 Buchanan, Liberia, 2,919 Mona Passage), 703 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 1,571 Ports Buenos Aires, Argentina, 3,815 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe (via Port Said, Egypt, 6,389 Bur Safaga, Egypt, 5,016 Virgin Passage), 702 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 1,815 Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 841 Bushehr, Iran, 5,053 Ponta Delgada, Azores, 2,646 Torres Strait, Australia, 2,717 Cape Town, South Africa, 2,081 Cabedelo, Brazil, 3,374 Port au Prince, Haiti, 195 Selat Wetar, Indonesia, 1,954 Douala, Cameroon, 288 Calabar, Nigeria, 2,458 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 888 Wilson Promontory, Australia, Lagos, Nigeria, 529 Calcutta, India, 5,603 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 764 1,524 Libreville, Gabon, 52 Cape Town, South Africa, 45 Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, 752 Monrovia, Liberia, 1,269 Chalna, Mungla Anchorage, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 372 Ports New York, New York, U.S.A., Bangladesh, 5,458 Santo Domingo, Dominican 5,243 Charleston, South Carolina, Republic, 392 Aden, Yemen (north of Chagos Paramaribo, Surinam, 3,866 U.S.A., 6,838 Willemstad, Curacao (via Mona Archipelago), 4,958 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 7,178 Chittagong, Bangladesh, 5,492 Passage), 674 Aden, Yemen (south of Chagos Salvador, Brazil, 2,903 Cobh, Ireland, 5,892 Willemstad, Curacao (via Archipelago), 4,973 Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 5,517 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 4,475 Windward Passage), 697 Albany, Australia, 168 Colon, Panama, 6,444 Auckland, New Zealand, 3,029 Cotonou, Benin, 2,560 Bluff Harbor, New Zealand, 2,484 CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, SOUTH AFRICA* Dakar, Senegal, 3,610 CAPE COD CANAL (NORTH Bombay, India, 4,059 END), MASSACHUSETTS, (34˚22'00"S., 18˚23'00"E.) to: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 2,330 U.S.A. Bowen, Australia, 2,975 Djibouti, Djibouti, 4,089 (41˚46'40"N., 70˚29'20"W.) to: Bunbury, Australia, 97 Junction Points* Durban, South Africa, 764 Calcutta, India, 3,796 East London, South Africa, 508 Junction Points* Colombo, Sri Lanka, 3,203 Bishop Rock, England, 5,790 Eilat, Israel, 5,155 Dunedin, New Zealand, 2,622 Cape Leeuwin, Australia (via El Jadida, Morocco, 4,941 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Flying Fish Cove, Christmas 41˚S), 4,660 Fedala, Morocco, 4,951 6,742 Island, 1,540 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 5,880 Flying Fish Cove, Christmas Grand Banks South, 924 Fremantle, Australia, 181 Grand Banks South, 5,954 Island, Line Islands, 4,923 Montreal, Canada, 1,419 Geraldton, Australia, 356 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 5,746 Fort Dauphin, Madagascar, 1,614 Panama, Panama, 2,070 Gladstone Harbor, Australia, 2,688 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 6,141 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 3,190 Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,073 Hobart, Tasmania, 1,628 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 5,461 Fremantle, Australia, 4,755 Straits of Florida, 1,284 Karachi, Pakistan, 4,512 Montreal, Canada (via Cabot Funchal, Madeira Island, 4,689 Launceston, Tasmania, 1,577 Strait), 7,134 Georgetown, Ascension Island, Ports Lyttelton, New Zealand, 2,792 Panama, Panama, 6,466 2,409 Madras, India, 3,480 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 6,389 Georgetown, Guyana, 5,026 Argentia, Canada, 838 Massawa, Ethiopia, 5,390 Port Said, Egypt, 5,340 Greenville, Liberia, 2,826 Arkhangel’sk, Russia, 4,201 Melbourne, Australia, 1,497 Punta Arenas, Chile, 4,262 Halifax, Canada, 6,502 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 77 Mina al Ahmadi, Kuwait, 5,440 Singapore, 5,579 Hamilton, Bermuda, 6,169

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 22 CAPE ST. JACQUES, VIETNAM

Horta, Azores, 5,152 Victoria, Seychelles, 2,892 U.S.A., 6.820 Colon, Panama, 1,246 Inhambane, Mozambique, 1,228 Zanzibar, Tanzania, 2,358 Galveston, Texas, U.S.A., 661 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., CARDENAS, CUBA Gulfport, Mississippi, U.S.A., 725 6,862 CAPE ST. JACQUES, (23˚03'30"N., 81˚11'30"W.) to: Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 708 Kakinada, India, 5,023 VIETNAM Kingston, Jamaica, 1,056 Karachi, Pakistan, 4,668 (10˚20'30"N., 107˚04'00"E.) See Junction Points* La Guaira, Venezuela, 1,714 Kenitra, Morocco, 5,056 Vung Tao. La Habana, Cuba, 639 Larache, Morocco, 5,049 Straits of Florida, 140 Mobile, Alabama, U.S.A., 749 Lindi, Tanzania, 2,155 CAPE TOWN, SOUTH Yucatan Channel, 269 New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A., Lisboa, Portugal, 5,152 AFRICA 723 Lobito, Angola, 1,440 (33˚54'00"S., 18˚26'00"E.) to: Ports Pensacola, Florida, U.S.A., 745 Longji, Cameroon, 2,359 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 1,885 Luanda, Angola, 1,627 Junction Points* Cienfuegos, Cuba, 905 Port au Prince, Haiti, 1,219 Luderitz Bay, Namibia, 511 Guantanamo, Cuba, 539 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1,992 Madras, India (east of Bishop Rock, England, 5,772 Hamilton, Bermuda, 1,122 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 1,927 Madagascar), 4,956 Cape of Good Hope, South Kingston, Jamaica, 703 Santo Domingo, Dominican Malacca, Malaysia, 5,464 Africa, 35 La Habana, Cuba, 88 Republic, 1,437 Manakara, Madagascar, 1,779 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 5,743 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Tampico, Mexico, 401 Maputo, Mozambique, 1,057 Montreal, Canada (via Cabot U.S.A., 1,124 Tuxpan, Mexico, 333 Marmagao, India, 4,447 Strait), 7,118 Port au Prince, Haiti, 603 Veracruz, Mexico, 242 Marshall, Liberia, 2,927 Panama, Panama, 6,472 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 917 Willemstad, Curacao, 1,599 Mawa, Ethiopia, 4,367 Punta Arenas, Chile, 4,631 Santo Domingo, Dominican Mayumba, Gabon, 1,942 Strait of Gibraltar, 5,064 Republic, 887 CARRICKFERGUS, Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 6,685 Straits of Florida, 6,766 NORTHERN IRELAND Mina al Ahmadi, Kuwait, 5,104 Yucatan Channel, 6,776 CARDIFF, WALES (54˚41'44"N., 5˚45'50"W.) See Mina Abd Allah, Kuwait, 5,101 (51˚27'00"N., 3˚09'00"W.) to: Belfast. Mina Az Zawr, Kuwait, 5,082 Ports Mocambique, Mozambique, 1,807 Junction Points* CARTAGENA, COLOMBIA Mocamedes, Angola, 1,239 Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 2,679 (10˚24'20"N., 7˚32'00"W.) to: Mogadishu, Somalia, 2,855 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Bishop Rock, England, 176 Mombasa, Kenya, 2,472 6,912 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 246 Junction Points* Montevideo, Uruguay, 3,701 Boma, Congo, 1,760 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 609 Mosselbaai, South Africa, 206 Bordeaux, France, 5,820 Bishop Rock, England, 4,138 Mtwara, Tanzania, 2,111 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Ports Panama, Panama, 324 New York, New York, U.S.A., 6,707 Strait of Gibraltar, 4,087 6,801 Brunswick, Georgia, U.S.A., 6,857 Bantry Bay, Ireland, 280 Yucatan Channel, 891 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 6,802 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 3,831 Barrow in Furness, England, 273 Paranagua, Brazil, 3,496 Cadiz, Spain, 5,078 Belfast, Northern Ireland, 293 Ports Penang, Malaysia, 5,291 Charleston, South Carolina, Boulogne, France, 431 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., 6,830 Brest, France, 277 Belize, Belize, 904 U.S.A., 6,874 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 6,580 Cherbourg, France, 309 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. (via Port des Galets, Reunion Island, Cobh, Ireland, 5,894 Cobh, Ireland, 204 Windward Passage and Crooked 2,120 Colon, Panama, 6,429 Cork, Ireland, 210 Island Passage), 2,036 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 5,337 Dakar, Senegal, 3,593 Dartmouth, England, 239 Brunswick, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,417 Port Adelaide, Australia, 5,754 El Ferrol del Caudillo, Spain, Douglas, Isle of Man, 246 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,240 Port Blair, Andaman Islands, 5,075 5,421 Dublin, Ireland, 205 Cap-Haitien, Haiti, 697 Port Darwin, Australia, 6,100 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 3,164 Fishguard, Wales, 130 Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A. Port Elizabeth, South Africa, 390 Funchal, Madeira Island, 4,680 Glasgow, Scotland, 375 (via Windward Passage and Port Etienne, Mauritania, 4,018 Guantanamo, Cuba, 6,260 Holyhead, Wales, 202 Crooked Island Passage), 1,443 Port Louis, Mauritius, 2,382 Halifax, Canada, 6,490 Liverpool, England, 267 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Port Nolloth, South Africa, 325 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., London, England, 526 811 Port Refuge, Cocos Islands, 4,428 6,854 Londonderry, Northern Ireland, Cienfuegos, Cuba, 778 Porto Alegre, Brazil, 3,625 Kingston, Jamaica, 6,278 369 Colon, Panama, 281 Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, La Habana, Cuba, 6,724 Manchester, England, 314 Galveston, Texas, U.S.A., 1,583 3,958 Lisboa, Portugal, 5,134 Southampton, England, 346 Guantanamo, Cuba, 586 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Luanda, Angola, 1,601 Swansea, Wales, 46 Gulfport, Mississippi, U.S.A., U.S.A., 6,732 Luderitz Bay, Namibia, 479 Waterford, Ireland, 160 1,449 Rabat, Morocco, 5,036 Montevideo, Uruguay, 3,608 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., Rangoon, Burma (east of New York, New York, U.S.A., CARIPITO, VENEZUELA 1,395 Madagascar), 5,610 6,786 (10˚09'15"N., 63˚02'00"W.) Add Key West, Florida, U.S.A. (via Ras al Khafji, Saudi Arabia, 5,078 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 6,790 5 miles to Guanoco distances. Windward Passage and Old Ras as Sidr, Egypt, 5,189 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Bahama Channel), 1,130 Ras Gharib, Egypt, 5,114 U.S.A., 6,867 CARMEN, MEXICO Kingston, Jamaica, 479 Ras Tannurah, Saudi Arabia, 4,980 Ponta Delgada, Azores, 5,040 (18˚38'00"N., 91˚50'00"W.) to: La Guaira, Venezuela, 612 Recife, Brazil, 3,324 Portland, Maine, U.S.A., 6,709 La Habana, Cuba (via Old Bahama Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3,323 Recife, Brazil, 3,318 Junction Points* Channel and Windward Sabang, Indonesia, 4,980 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3,273 Passage), 1,142 Safi, Morocco, 4,870 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 5,767 Panama, Panama, 1,289 Limon, Costa Rica, 447 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Maracaibo, Venezuela, 465 Islands, 4,453 Islands, 4,435 Ports Mobile, Alabama, U.S.A., 1,450 Simons Bay, South Africa. Suakin, Santo Domingo, Dominican New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A. Sudan, 4,538 Republic, 5,934 Belize, Belize (west of Banco (via Yucatan Channel and Sulima, Sierra Leone, 3,060 Santos, Brazil, 3,409 Chinchoro and Isla de Southwest Pass), 1,468 Swakopmund, South Africa, 743 Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 6,864 Cozumel), 688 New York, New York, U.S.A. (via Tabu, Ivory Coast, 2,751 St. Helena Island, 1,697 Cap-Haitien, Haiti, 1,228 Windward Passage), 1,853 Tamatave, Madagascar, 2,104 St. John, Canada, 6,667 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A. (via Tanga, Tanzania, 2,425 St. John’s, Canada, 6,205 (via Yucatan Channel and south Windward Passage), 1,658 Telukbayur, Indonesia, 4,979 Swakopmund, South Africa, 719 of Hispaniola), 1,675 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Tema, Ghana, 2,619 Sydney, Canada, 6,425 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands (via Windward Passage), 1,825 Tulear, Madagascar, 1,509 Vigo, Spain, 5,322 (via Yucatan Channel and Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 941 Umm Said, Qatar, 4,909 Willemstad, Curacao, 5,740 Windward Passage), 1,658 Porlamar, Margarita, Venezuela, Victoria, Cameroon, 2,399 Wilmington, North Carolina, Cienfuegos, Cuba, 770 785

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points CEBU, PHILIPPINES 23

Port au Prince, Haiti, 639 Split, Croatia, 1,264 Bat’umi, Georgia, 2,127 Marseille, France, 627 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 932 Tarabulus, Libya, 856 Castellammare di Stabia, Italy, 692 Messina, Sicily, 53 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 933 Taranto, Italy, 1,025 Es Sider, Libya, 1,075 Napoli, Italy, 225 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Thessaloniki, Greece (south of Fiumicino, Italy, 565 Palermo, Sicily, 170 U.S.A. (via Windward Passage Greece), 1,479 Melilla, Morocco, 339 Pula Croatia, 594 and Crooked Island Passage), Thessaloniki, Greece (via Corinth Savona, Italy, 468 2,053 Canal), 1,462 Tubruq, Libya, 1,251 CATIA LA MAR, Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, 901 Toulon, France, 471 VENEZUELA Puerto Cortes, Honduras, 854 Trieste, Italy, 1,439 CASTRIES, ST. LUCIA (10˚36'30"N., 67˚03'00"W.) to: Puerto Mexico, Mexico, 1,484 Tunis, Tunisia, 583 (14˚0l'00"N., 61˚00'00"W.) See Punta Cardon, Venezuela, 397 Valencia, Spain, 152 Port Castries. Junction Points* San Juan, Puerto Rico, 782 Valletta, Malta, 768 Panama, Panama, 873 Santo Domingo, Dominican Venezia, Italy, 1,449 CASTRO-URDIALES, SPAIN Republic, 610 Volos, Greece (south of Greece), (43˚22'40"N., 3˚12'15"W.) to: Yucatan Channel, 1,240 Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,442 1,420 Tampa, Florida, U.S.A., 1,295 Volos, Greece (via Corinth Canal), Junction Points* Ports Tampico, Mexico, 1,575 1,403 Tuxpan, Mexico, 1,545 Bishop Rock, England, 407 Barranquilla, Colombia, 524 Veracruz, Mexico, 1,510 CASABLANCA, MOROCCO Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Port of Spain, Trinidad, 335 Washington, D.C., U.S.A. (via (33˚37'00"N., 7˚36'00"W.) to: 5,693 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 556 Windward Passage), 1,794 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 543 Willemstad, Curacao, 471 Junction Points* Grand Banks South, 2,029 CAYMAN BRAC, CAYMAN Wilmington, North Carolina, Ile d’Ouessant, France, 331 ISLANDS U.S.A., 1,494 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 960 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 846 (19˚41'50"N., 79˚53'45"W.) to: Strait of Gibraltar, 166 Montreal, Canada (via Strait of CARTAGENA, SPAIN Belle Isle), 2,965 Junction Points* (37˚35'44"N., 0˚59'00"W.) to: Ports Panama, Panama, 4,496 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 1,147 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Junction Points* Agadir, Morocco, 257 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,918 6,522 Amboim, Angola, 3,945 Strait of Gibraltar, 863 Grand Banks South, 2,162 Port Said, Egypt, 1,705 Cadiz, Spain, 192 Straits of Florida, 4,128 Panama, Panama, 649 Strait of Gibraltar, 259 Ceuta, Morocco, 189 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,686 Dakar, Senegal, 1,333 Ports Strait of Gibraltar, 4,017 Ports Freetown, Sierra Leone, 1,812 Yucatan Channel, 316 Funchal, Madeira Island, 476 Boston, Massachusetts U.S.A., Alexandria, Egypt, 1,585 Gijon, Spain, 763 2,934 Ports Algeciras, Spain, 238 Lisboa, Portugal, 324 Huelva, Spain, 819 Algiers, Algeria, 208 Ponta Delgada, Azores, 915 La Pallice, France, 187 Accra, Ghana, 4,899 Ancona, Italy, 1,338 Port Etienne, Mauritania, 1,032 Lisboa, Portugal, 594 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Annaba, Algeria, 440 Porto Grande, Sao Vicente, Cape Lorient, France, 262 1,823 Banghazi, Libya, 1,119 Verde Islands, 1,387 Marin, Spain, 418 Cape Town, South Africa, 6,512 Banzart, Tunisia, 532 Rota, Spain, 202 New York, New York, U.S.A., Colon, Panama, 621 Barcelona, Spain, 282 Safi, Morocco, 134 3,087 New York, New York, U.S.A., Bari, Italy, 1,131 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1,898 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,797 Islands, 548 U.S.A., 3,239 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1,194 Brindisi, Italy, 1,073 Setubal, Portugal, 313 Quiberon, France, 246 Recife, Brazil, 3,278 Ceuta, Morocco, 240 Tangier, Morocco, 166 Stanley, Falkland Islands, 6,548 Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,333 Dubrovnik, Croatia, 1,177 Vigo, Spain, 545 Villagarcia, Spain, 368 Genova, Italy, 616 Vila Real de Santo Antonio, CEBU, PHILIPPINES (10˚17'30"N., 123˚54'30"E.) to: Gibraltar, 241 Portugal, 218 CATANIA, SICILY Haifa, Israel, 1,794 Villa Cisneros, Western Sahara, (37˚29'35"N., 15˚05'46"E.) to: Iraklion, Kriti, 1,279 769 Junction Points* Istanbul, Turkey (south of Junction Points* Greece), 1,573 CASILDA, CUBA Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 1,278 Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth (21˚45'00"N., 79˚59'20"W.) to: Port Said, Egypt, 942 Singapore, 1,355 Canal), 1,567 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,081 Izmir, Turkey (south of Greece), Junction Points* Ports 1,430 Ports Izmir, Turkey (via Corinth Canal), Panama, Panama, 792 Apra, Guam, 1,344 1,413 Yucatan Channel, 307 Ajaccio, Corsica, 464 Bataan, Philippines, 390 La Spezia, Italy, 640 Alexandria, Egypt, 828 Batangas, Philippines, 309 Livorno, Italy, 636 Ports Almeria, Spain, 919 Beihai, China, 1,220 Malaga, Spain, 189 Banghazi, Libya, 406 Da Nang, Vietnam, 1,049 Marseille, France, 460 Barranquilla, Colombia, 732 Cagliari, Sardinia, 377 Dagu, China, 1,907 Messina, Sicily, 806 Kingston, Jamaica, 372 Genova, Italy, 35 Dalian, China (via San Bernardino Napoli, Italy, 756 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 288 Belfast, Northern Ireland, 293 Strait), 1,764 Odessa, Ukraine (south of Boulogne, France, 431 Davao, Philippines, 439 Haiphong, Vietnam (via Jintotolo Greece), 1,932 CASTELLON, SPAIN Brest, France, 277 Odessa, Ukraine (via Corinth (39˚58'09"N., 0˚01'39"W.) to: Cherbourg, France, 309 Channel, Romblon Island, Verde Canal), 1,915 Cobh, Ireland, 204 Island Passage, and south of Oran, Algeria, 115 Junction Points* Cork, Ireland, 210 Hainan Tao), 1,331 Palermo, Sicily, 697 Dartmouth, England, 239 Hakodate, Japan, 2,177 Palma, Balearic Islands, 222 Port Said, Egypt, 1,668 Belfast, Northern Ireland, 293 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam (via Piraievs, Greece (south of Strait of Gibraltar, 429 Boulogne, France, 431 Jintotolo Channel and Mindoro Greece), 1,271 Brest, France, 277 Strait, N of North Danger Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth Ports Cherbourg, France, 309 Reef), 1,152 Canal), 1,214 Cobh, Ireland, 204 Hong Kong, China (via Verde Rijeka, Croatia, 1,405 Ajaccio, Corsica, 419 Cork, Ireland, 210 Island Passage and Jintotolo Savona, Italy, 601 Alexandria, Egypt, 1,545 Dartmouth, England, 239 Channel), 960 Sibenik, Croatia, 1,279 Antibes, France, 392 Kerkira, Greece, 290 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 4,610 Siracusa, Sicily, 817 Arzew, Algeria, 249 Livorno, Italy, 464 Incheon, Korea, 1,656 Skikda, Algeria, 395 Banghazi, Libya, 1,080 Malaga, Spain, 1,012 Iloilo, Philippines, 176 Jakarta, Indonesia (via Lumbucan

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 24 CEUTA, MOROCCO

Channel), 1,563 Piraievs, Greece (south of Ports Island Passage), 865 Kobe, Japan, 1,601 Greece), 1,488 Nuevitas, Cuba (via Straits of Lo hsing-ta Mao-ti, China (via Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth Antofagasta, Chile, 173 Florida, Nicholas Channel and Balintang Channel), 1,051 Canal), 1,431 Arica, Chile, 478 Old Bahama Channel, Manila, Philippines (via Verde Rijeka, Croatia, 1,628 Valparaiso, Chile, 416 southbound), 763 Island Passage and Jintotolo Savona, Italy, 834 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 1,443 Channel), 391 Sibenik, Croatia, 1,502 CHARLESTON, SOUTH Ponce, Puerto Rico, 1,168 Masbate, Philippines, 183 Siracusa, Sicily, 1,035 CAROLINA, U.S.A. Ponta Delgada, Azores, 2 644 Nagasaki, Japan, 1,406 Split, Croatia, 1,487 (32˚47'00"N., 79˚55'00"W.) to: Port au Prince, Haiti, 961 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Tangier, Morocco, 29 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1,682 Russia, 3,101 Tarabulus, Libya, 1,074 Junction Points* Port Antonio, Jamaica (via Portland, Oregon, U.S.A., 6,001 Taranto, Italy, 1,249 Crooked Island Passage), 1,013 Pulupandan, Philippines, 225 Thessaloniki, Greece (south of Bishop Rock, England, 3,375 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 1,532 Shanghai, China (via San Greece), 1,696 Cape of Good Hope, South Recife, Brazil, 3,649 Bernardino Strait, Steep Island Thessaloniki, Greece (via Corinth Africa, 6,838 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,717 Pass, and Pai-chieh Hsia), 1,322 Canal), 1,679 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 3,262 Salvador, Brazil, 4,040 Shantou, China (via Verde Island Toulon, France, 704 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 3,360 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,138 Passage and Jintotolo Channel), Trieste, Italy, 1,662 Montreal, Canada (via Strait of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary 952 Tunis, Tunisia, 801 Canso), 1,940 Islands, 3,275 Shimonoseki, Japan, 1,547 Valencia, Spain, 385 Panama, Panama, 1,607 Santa Marta, Colombia (via Tan-shui, Taiwan (via Peng-hu Valletta, Malta, 986 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 3,540 Crooked Island Passage), 1,373 Lieh Tao and Balintang Venezia, Italy, 1,672 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,898 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba (via Channel), 1,006 Volos, Greece (south of Greece), Strait of Gibraltar, 3,613 Crooked Island Passage), 952 Vladivostok, Russia, 2,026 1,637 Straits of Florida, 637 Santo Domingo, Dominican Weihai, China, 1,679 Volos, Greece (via Corinth Canal), Yucatan Channel, 819 Republic, 1,190 Xiamen, China (via Balintang 1,620 Santos, Brazil, 4,908 Channel), 965 Ports Willemstad, Curacao (via Mona Yantai, China, 1,713 CHAH BAHAR, IRAN Passage), 1,472 Yokohama, Japan (via San (25˚18'00"N., 60˚31'40"E.) to: Antilla, Cuba (via Crooked Island Willemstad, Curacao (via Bernardino Strait), 1,766 Passage), 813 Windward Passage), 1,446 Yokoshima, Japan (via San Junction Points* Argentia, Canada, 1,489 Bernardino Strait), 1,571 Arkhangel’sk, Russia, 4,692 CHARLOTTE AMALIE, ST. Zamboanga, Philippines, 260 Cape of Good Hope, South Banes, Cuba (via Crooked Island THOMAS, VIRGIN ISLANDS Africa, 4,862 Passage), 802 (18˚20'00"N., 64˚56'00"W.) to: CEUTA, MOROCCO Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 4,746 Barranquilla, Colombia, 1,391 (35˚53'25"N., 5˚18'45"W.) to: Port Said, Egypt, 2,626 Belem, Brazil, 2,786 Junction Points* Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 3,972 Bocas del Toro, Panama, 1,638 Junction Points* Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 3,351 Bordeaux, France, 3,683 Bishop Rock, England, 3,369 Singapore, 3,144 Brest, France, 3,465 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 3,279 Port Said, Egypt, 1,923 Torres Strait, Australia, 5,543 Bridgetown, Barbados, 1,628 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 3,427 Strait of Gibraltar, 23 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,817 Montreal, Canada, 2,405 Ports Cadiz, Spain, 3,563 Panama, Panama, 1,072 Ports Cape Town, South Africa, 6,830 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 3,616 Aden, Yemen, 1,276 Cartagena, Colombia (via Crooked Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,765 Alexandria, Egypt, 1802 Al Basrah, Iraq, 802 Island Passage), 1,443 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,323 Algiers, Algeria, 417 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1,578 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Straits of Florida, 1,087 Alicante, Spain, 299 Karachi, Pakistan, 357 1,192 Yucatan Channel, 1,200 Ancona, Italy, 1,561 Charlottetown, Canada, 1,313 Annaba, Algeria, 656 CHALNA, MUNGLA Cienfuegos, Cuba (southbound, via Ports Banghazi, Libya, 1,336 ANCHORAGE,BANGLADESH Straits of Florida and Yucatan Banzart, Tunisia, 750 (22˚28'00"N., 89˚35'00"E.) to: Channel), 1,104 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Barcelona, Spain, 515 Cienfuegos, Cuba (via Crooked 1,417 Bari, Italy, 1,354 Junction Points* Island Passage and Windward Belem, Brazil, 1,598 Beirut, Lebanon, 2,014 Passage), 1,264 Belize, Belize, 1,368 Brindisi, Italy, 1,296 Cape of Good Hope, South Colon, Panama (via Crooked Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Cagliari, Sardinia, 731 Africa, 5,458 Island Passage), 1,564 1,513 Cartagena, Spain, 240 Port Said, Egypt, 4,705 Colon, Panama (via Yucatan Bridgetown, Barbados, 442 Casablanca, Morocco, 189 Singapore, 1,578 Channel), 1,636 Brunswick, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,190 Genova, Italy, 849 Dakar, Senegal, 3,557 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 4,689 Haifa, Israel, 2,012 Ports Elizabeth Harbor, Bahamas, 610 Cap-Haitien, Haiti, 442 Iraklion, Kriti, 1,496 Gibara, Cuba (via Crooked Island Carmen, Mexico (south of Istanbul, Turkey (south of Calcutta, India, 288 Passage), 806 Hispaniola and via Yucatan Greece), 1,802 Penang, Malaysia, 1,228 Guantanamo, Cuba (via Crooked Channel), 1,675 Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth Island Passage), 900 Carmen, Mexico (via Yucatan Canal), 1,785 CHAMPERICO, Halifax, Canada, 1,077 Channel and Windward Izmir, Turkey (south of Greece), GUATEMALA Kingston, Jamaica (via Crooked Passage), 1,658 1,648 (14˚17'30"N., 91˚56'00"W.) to: Island Passage), 1,064 Cartagena, Colombia, 811 Izmir, Turkey (via Corinth Canal), La Guaira, Venezuela, 1,549 Charleston, South Carolina, 1,630 Junction Points* La Habana, Cuba (southbound, via U.S.A., 1,192 La Spezia, Italy, 872 Straits of Florida), 648 Charlottetown, Canada, 1,778 Livorno, Italy, 868 Panama, Panama, 954 Lagos, Nigeria, 5,065 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 973 Marseille, France, 692 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 3,341 Colon, Panama, 1,029 Melilla, Morocco, 131 Ports Limon, Costa Rica (via Crooked Dakar, Senegal, 2,751 Messina, Sicily, 1,029 Island Passage), 1,637 Elizabeth Harbor, Bahamas, 704 Napoli, Italy, 982 Acapulco, Mexico, 494 Lisboa, Portugal, 3,397 Georgetown, Guyana, 814 Odessa, Ukraine (south of Brito, Nicaragua, 399 Manzanillo, Cuba (via Crooked Guantanamo, Cuba (north of Greece), 2,150 Mazatlan, Mexico, 1,078 Island Passage and Canal de Hispaniola and Virgin Passage), Odessa, Ukraine (via Corinth Balandras), 1,105 607 Canal), 2,133 CHANARAL, CHILE Maracaibo, Venezuela, 1,467 Halifax, Canada, 1,595 Oran, Algeria, 232 (26˚21'00"S., 70˚39'30"W.) to: Montevideo, Uruguay, 5,708 Hamilton, Bermuda, 872 Palermo, Sicily, 921 Nassau, Bahamas, 507 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., Palma, Balearic Islands, 452 Nuevitas, Cuba (via Crooked 1,181

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points CHRISTIANSTED, ST. CROIX 25

Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 1,036 CHATHAM, CANADA Misumi, Japan, 654 CHING-TAO, CHINA Kingston, Jamaica, 705 (47˚02'08"N., 65˚28'00"W.) to: Naha, Ryukyu Islands, 337 (36˚05'30"N., 120˚l9'00"E.) See La Cuaira, Venezuela, 479 Sanmen Wen, China, 248 Qingdao, China. La Habana, Cuba, 1,048 Junction Points* Shanghai, China, 447 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 2,791 Uno, Japan, 903 CHIN-HUANG-TAO, CHINA Lisboa, Portugal, 3,147 Grand Banks South, 744 Wenzhou, China, 204 (39˚55'00"N., 119˚36'30"E.) See Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 991 Montreal, Canada, 685 Xiamen, China, 227 Qinhuangdao, China. Montevideo, Uruguay, 4,575 Panama, Panama, 2,797 Yulin Gang, Hainan Dao, China, Pentland Firth, Scotland, 2,265 New Amsterdam, Guyana, 903 830 CHIN HAI, SOUTH KOREA New York, New York, U.S.A., Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,250 (38˚08'40"N., 128˚28'3"E.) See Straits of Florida, 1,988 1,434 CHIBAI, JAPAN Jinhae, South Korea. Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 1,296 (35˚28'00"N., 139˚58'00"E.) Ports Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Add 4 miles to Yokohama CHINNAMPO, NORTH U.S.A., 1,434 distances. KOREA Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 267 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., (38˚43'00"N., 125˚25'00"E.) See Port au Prince, Haiti, 628 977 Nampo. Colon, Panama, 2,796 CHICOUTIMI, CANADA Port of Spain, Trinidad, 518 (48˚26'00"N., 71˚03'37"W.) to: Port Castries, St. Lucia, 346 La Guaira, Venezuela, 2,498 Natal, Brazil, 3,684 CHIOGGIA, ITALY Portland, Maine, U.S.A., 1,557 Junction Points* (45˚14'00"N., 12˚17'30"E.) to: Portsmouth, New Hampshire, New York, New York, U.S.A., U.S.A., 1,534 1,150 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Junction Points* Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, 506 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 2,254 6,982 Puerto Cortes, Honduras, 1,343 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 2,455 Grand Banks South, 1,012 Port Said, Egypt, 1,307 Recife, Brazil, 2,516 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 2,025 Montreal, Canada, 260 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,682 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3,588 Yarmouth, Canada, 783 Panama, Panama, 3,077 Salvador, Brazil, 2,907 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 2,435 Ports San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua, CHATHAM, ENGLAND Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,515 1,199 (51˚24'00"N., 0˚33'00"E.) Straits of Florida, 2,405 Ancona, Italy, 111 Santa Barbara de Samana, Subtract 23 miles from London Brindisi, Italy, 375 Dominican Republic, 261 distances. Ports Rijeka, Croatia, 126 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, 2,764 CHEN-CHANG, CHINA Angmagssalik, Greenland, 1,873 CHITTAGONG, Santo Domingo, Dominican (32˚13'00"N., 110˚24'00"E.) See Argentia, Canada, 847 BANGLADESH Republic, 300 Zhenjiang, China. Belem, Brazil, 3,491 (22˚18'45"N., 91˚49'00"E.) to: Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,210 Cape Town, South Africa, 6,965 Tuxpan, Mexico (via Old Bahama CHERBOURG, FRANCE Colon, Panama, 3,111 Junction Points* Channel), 1,890 (49˚39'00"N., 1˚37'00"W.) to: Hamilton, Bermuda, 1,468 Tuxpan, Mexico (via Yucatan La Habana, Cuba, 2,408 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Channel and north of Junction Points* Montevideo, Uruguay, 6,354 5,492 Hispaniola), 1,867 New York, New York, U.S.A., Port Said, Egypt, 4,739 Willemstad, Curacao, 457 Bishop Rock, England, 197 1,374 Singapore, 1,517 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Portland, Maine, U.S.A., 1,181 CHARLOTTETOWN, Entrance), Germany, 554 Recife, Brazil (via Cabot Strait), Ports CANADA Skagens Odde, Denmark, 671 4,120 (46˚14'00"N., 63˚07'00"W.) to: Bombay, India, 2,160 Ports CHIMBOTE, PERU Calcutta, India, 367 Junction Points* (9˚05'00"S., 78˚36'00"W.) to: Calicut, India, 1,664 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 305 Cochin, India, 1,578 Montreal, Canada, 708 Antwerp, Belgium, 281 Junction Points* Madras, India, 891 Panama, Panama (via Strait of Barrow in Furness, England, 448 Malacca, Malaysia, 1,391 Canso and Crooked Island Bergen, Norway, 734 Panama, Panama, 1,158 Marmagao, India, 1,940 Passage), 2,578 Bremerhaven, Germany, 488 Punta Arenas, Chile, 2,843 Penang, Malaysia, 1,167 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,907 Caen, France, 73 Port Kelang, Malaysia, 1,311 Cardiff, Wales, 309 Ports Viskakhapatman, India, 578 Ports Cobh, Ireland, 315 Dieppe, France, 105 Apra, Guam, 8,264 CHONGJIN, NORTH KOREA Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Dover, England, 146 Callao, Peru, 206 (41˚46'30"N., 129˚49'30"E.) to: 1,142 Dunkerque, France, 179 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 5,015 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. (via Egersund, Norway, 621 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Ports Strait of Canso), 621 Emden, Germany, 428 5,389 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,831 Esbjerg, Denmark, 514 Papeete, French Polynesia, 4,157 Busan, South Korea, 417 Charleston, South Carolina, Fecamp, France, 79 San Diego, California, U.S.A., Hakodate, Japan, 509 U.S.A., 1,313 Fishguard, Walff, 306 3,402 Maizuru, Japan, 463 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Hamburg, Germany, 543 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Shimonoseki, Japan, 480 1,778 Holyhead, Wales, 377 3,804 Vladivostok, Russia, 135 Colon, Panama (via Strait of Canso Kristiansand, Norway, 632 Valparaiso, Chile, 1,490 and Crooked Island Passage), Liverpool, England, 442 Wellington, New Zealand, 5,781 CHRISTIANSHAAB, 2,535 Oostende, Belgium, 203 GREENLAND Halifax, Canada, 268 Oslo, Norway, 784 CHIMU WAN, OKINAWA (64˚49'00"N., 51˚11'30"W.) See Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 1,788 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 282 JIMA, RYUKYU ISLANDS Qasigiannguit, Greenland. La Habana, Cuba, 1,846 Stavanger, Norway, 661 (26˚26'00"N., 128˚00'00"E.) to: Montevideo, Uruguay, 5,717 Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 472 CHRISTIANSTED, ST. CROIX New York, New York, U.S.A. (via Zeebrugge, Belgium, 218 Junction Points* (17˚45'20"N., 64˚42'00"W.) to: Strait of Canso), 832 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, CHI-LUNG, TAIWAN Singapore, 2,046 Junction Points* U.S.A., 982 (25˚08'10"N., 121˚44'00"E.) to: Portland, Maine, U.S.A. (via Strait Ports Bishop Rock, England, 3,370 of Canso), 579 Ports Recife, Brazil, 3,658 Apra, Guam, 1,228 Ports Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,730 Dagu, China, 1,013 Manila, Philippines, 947 Salvador, Brazil, 4,049 Dalian, China, 852 Shanghai, China, 527 Guantanamo, Cuba (north of Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,386 Macau, China, 516 Yokohama, Japan, 830

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 26 CHRISTMAS ISLAND, LINE ISLANDS

Hispaniola and Virgin Passage), Panama, Panama, 815 Junction Points* Felixstowe, England, 493 635 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 4,234 Fishguard, Wales, 131 Horta, Azores, 2,259 Strait of Gibraltar, 4,102 Port Said, Egypt, 1,243 Galway, Ireland, 222 Key West, Florida, U.S.A. (via Old Yucatan Channel, 285 Strait of Gibraltar, 907 Glasgow, Scotland, 346 Bahama Channel and Virgin Holyhead, Wales, 182 Passage), 1,064 Ports Ports Inverness, Scotland (via Pentland New York, New York, U.S.A. (via Firth), 659 Virgin Passage), 1,465 Almirante, Panama, 788 Ajaccio, Corsica, 180 Leith, England (via Pentland San Juan, Puerto Rico, 104 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Alicante, Spain, 616 Firth), 765 Santa Barbara de Samana, 1,578 Bonifacio, Corsica, 131 Limerick, Ireland, 221 Dominican Republic, 289 Barranquilla, Colombia, 755 Brindisi, Italy, 568 Liverpool, England, 246 Belem, Brazil, 2,527 Cagliari, Sardinia, 239 Londonderry, Northern Ireland, CHRISTMAS ISLAND, LINE Belize, Belize, 545 Genova, Italy, 191 340 ISLANDS Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. (via Haifa, Israel, 1,321 Newport, Wales, 210 (1˚58'00"N., 157˚28'00"W.) to: Yucatan Channel), 1,903 Istanbul, Turkey (south of Plymouth, England, 215 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,590 Greece), 1,107 Junction Points* Campeche, Mexico, 691 Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth COCHIN, INDIA Cap-Haitien, Haiti, 543 Canal), 1,066 (9˚58'00"N., 76˚15'20"E.) to: Panama, Panama, 4,751 Cape Town, South Africa, 6,610 Livorno, Italy, 120 Cardenas, Cuba, 905 Marseille, France, 316 Junction Points* Ports Carmen, Mexico, 770 Menton, France, 180 Cartagena, Colombia, 778 Messina, Sicily, 308 Port Said, Egypt, 3,237 Apia, Samoa, 1,274 Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A. Napoli, Italy, 152 Singapore, 1,853 Apra, Guam, 3,518 (via Straits of Florida), 1,107 Odessa, Ukraine (south of Brisbane, Australia, 3,379 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Greece), 1,456 Ports Enderbury Island, Phoenix 973 Odessa, Ukraine (via Corinth Islands, 878 Colon, Panama, 772 Canal), 1,414 Bombay, India, 585 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 1,161 Covenas, Colombia, 814 Oran, Algeria, 703 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 318 Jarvis Island, 209 Fort de France, Martinique, 1,240 Palermo, Sicily, 253 Karachi, Pakistan, 1,044 Johnston Island, 1,137 Galveston, Texas, U.S.A., 989 Patrai, Greece, 612 Marmagao, India, 365 Midway Island, 1,949 Guantanamo, Cuba, 366 Pozzuoli, Italy, 147 Trincomalee, Sri Lanka, 606 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Gulfport, Mississippi, U.S.A., 851 Salerno, Italy, 204 1,256 Halifax, Canada (via Straits of Sfax, Tunisia, 520 COLOMBO, SRI LANKA Papeete, French Polynesia, 1,266 Florida), 2,102 Siracusa, Sicily, 373 (6˚57'00"N., 79˚51'00"E.) to: Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, U.S.A., Hamilton, Bermuda, 1,346 Valletta, Malta, 421 1,157 La Guaira, Venezuela, 1,050 Viareggio, Italy, 480 Junction Points* San Francisco, California, U.S.A., La Habana, Cuba, 482 2,895 Manzanillo, Cuba, 266 COATZACOALCOS, MEXICO Cape of Good Hope, South Africa Matanzas, Cuba, 526 (18˚08'00"N., 94˚24'45"W.) to: (east of Madagascar), 4,317 CHURCHILL, CANADA Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 683 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 3,203 (58˚46'40"N., 94˚11'42"W.) to: Montego Bay, Jamaica, 262 Junction Points* Port Said, Egypt (south of Nassau, Bahamas, 868 Socotra), 3,481 Junction Points* New York, New York, U.S.A., Panama, Panama, 1,420 Singapore, 1,581 1,657 Straits of Florida, 757 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 1,781 Inishtrahull, Ireland (via 75 miles Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 1,456 Yucatan Channel, 625 Torres Strait, Australia (south of off Kap Farvel), 2,760 Nuevitas, Cuba, 649 Java and Timor), 3,978 Pentland Firth, Scotland (via 75 Pensacola, Florida, U.S.A., 825 Ports miles off Kap Farvel), 2,820 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Ports (via Crooked Island Passage and Cartagena, Colombia, 1,484 Ports Windward Passage), 1,654 Colon, Panama, 1,396 Aden, Yemen (south of Socotra), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Galveston, Texas, U.S.A., 680 2,094 Aasiaat (Egedesminde), (via Yucatan Channel), 1,627 La Habana, Cuba, 840 Akyab, Burma, 1,225 Greenland, 1,485 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 1,204 Mobile, Alabama, U.S.A., 834 Al Basrah, Iraq, 2,359 Camp Lloyd, Greenland, 1,434 Port au Prince, Haiti, 534 New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A., Bassein, Burma, 1,194 Goose Bay, Canada, 1,557 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1,310 801 Belawan, Indonesia, 1,240 Ilulissat (Jakobshavn), Greenland, ’Port Castries, St. Lucia, 1,246 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 1,736 Bhavnagar, India, 1,073 1,532 ’Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, 1,015 Pensacola, Florida, U.S.A., 836 Bombay, India, 895 Kangerluarsoruseq, Greenland, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,490 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 2,137 Calcutta, India, 1,258 1,326 San Juan, Puerto Rico (south of Port Arthur, Texas, U.S.A., 708 Cochin, India, 318 Maniitsoq, Greenland, 1,341 Hispaniola), 930 Tampico, Mexico, 320 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 2,565 Nanortalik, Greenland, 1,511 San Juan, Puerto Rico (via Veracruz, Mexico, 127 Diego Garcia, Chagos Narsarsuaq, Greenland, 1,513 Windward Passage and north of Archipelago, 974 Nuuk (Godthaab), Greenland, Hispaniola), 903 COBH, IRELAND Dumai, Indonesia, 1,496 1,331 Santa Maria, Cuba, 149 (51˚50'50"N., 8˚18'00"W.) to: Durban, South Africa (via east of Qaanaaq (Thule), Greenland, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 334 Madagascar), 3,615 1,909 Santo Domingo, Dominican Junction Points* Flying Fish Cove, Christmas Qasigiannguit, Greenland, 1,523 Republic, 716 Island, Indian Ocean, 1,888 Reykjavik, Iceland (via 75 miles Tampico, Mexico, 1,009 Bishop Rock, England, 143 Fremantle, Australia, 3,122 off Kap Farvel), 2,290 Tuxpan, Mexico, 979 Cape of Good Hope, South Karachi, Pakistan, 1,344 Ritenbenk, Greenland, 1,695 Veracruz, Mexico, 944 Africa, 5,892 Madras, India, 611 Shelburne, Canada, 2,467 Willemstad, Curacao, 900 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 64 Malacca, Malaysia, 1,458 Sisimiut, Greenland, 1,384 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 578 Marmagao, India, 671 Upernavik, Greenland, 1,669 CIUDAD BOLIVAR, Massawa, Ethiopia, 2,486 VENEZUELA Ports Mombasa, Kenya, 2,518 CIENFUEGOS, CUBA (8˚08'00"N., 63˚33'00"W.) Add Negappattinam, India, 476 (22˚08'30"N., 80˚27'00"W.) to: 58 miles to San Felix distances. Barrow in Furness, England, 252 New Mangalore, India, 499 Belfast, Northern Ireland, 264 Okha, India, 1,183 Junction Points* CIVITAVECCHIA, ITALY Cape Town, South Africa, 5,894 Penang, Malaysia, 1,285 (42˚05'36"N., 11˚47'15"E.) to: Cardiff, Wales, 204 Phuket, Thailand, 1,192 Bishop Rock, England, 4,056 Cherbourg, France, 315 Port Darwin, Australia, 3,314 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 3,950 Dublin, Ireland, 176 Port Louis, Mauritius, 2,098 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 4,054 Falmouth, England, 182 Port Refuge, Cocos Islands, 1,539

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points COOS BAY, OREGON, U.S.A. 27

Rangoon, Burma, 1,268 Funchal, Madeira Island, 3,742 Tampico, Mexico, 1,485 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 3,746 Sabang, Indonesia, 976 Georgetown, Ascension Island, Tela, Honduras, 706 Oporto, Portugal, 2,105 Tamatave, Madagascar, 2,351 4,181 Tuxpan, Mexico, 1,455 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Tanga, Tanzania, 2,564 Georgetown, Guyana, 1,515 Veracruz, Mexico, 1,420 U.S.A., 3,775 Trincomalee, Sri Lanka, 347 Guantanamo, Cuba, 689 Vigo, Spain, 4,194 Pointe Noire, Congo, 1,793 Victoria, Seychelles, 1,652 Gulfport, Mississippi, U.S.A., Willemstad, Curacao, 698 Ponta Delgada, Azores, 1,873 Vishakhapatnam, India, 880 1,388 Wilmington, North Carolina, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 1,392 Zanzibar, Tanzania, 2,627 Halifax, Canada, 2,295 U.S.A. (via Windward Passage), Port of Spain, Trinidad, 2,856 Hamilton, Bermuda, 1,659 1,613 Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, COLON, PANAMA Horta, Azores, 3,260 Wilmington, North Carolina, 792 (9˚22'00"N., 79˚55'00"W.) to: Ivittuut, Greenland, 3,536 U.S.A. (via Yucatan Channel), Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., 1,730 U.S.A., 3,605 Junction Points* 1,516 Yarmouth, Canada, 2,210 Recife, Brazil, 1,645 Jacmel, Haiti, 683 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2,627 Bishop Rock, England (via Mona Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 1,065 COLONIA, URUGUAY St. Helena Island, 1,600 Passage), 4,344 Kingston, Jamaica, 551 (34˚30'00"S., 57˚52'15"W.) Takoradi, Ghana, 872 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, La Ceiba, Honduras, 666 Subtract 25 miles from Buenos 6,488 La Guaira, Venezuela, 841 Aires distances. CONCHAN, PERU Fastnet Rock, Ireland (via Caicos Lagos, Nigeria, 5,049 (12˚10'00"S., 77˚00'00"W.) See Passage), 4,244 Les Cayes, Haiti, 645 COME BY CHANCE, Callao. Inishtrahull, Ireland (via Mona Limon, Costa Rica, 190 CANADA Passage), 4,393 Lisboa, Portugal (via Mona (47˚48'00"N., 54˚01'25"W.) Add CONSTANTA, ROMANIA Inishtrahull, Ireland (via Windward Passage), 4,152 23 miles to Argentia distances. (44˚09'56"N., 28˚40'14"E.) to: Passage), 4,362 Liverpool, Canada, 2,244 Montreal, Canada (via Strait of Manzanillo, Cuba, 689 COMODORO RIVADAVIA, Junction Points* Canso), 3,126 Maracaibo, Venezuela, 693 ARGENTINA Panama, Panama, 44 Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 1,214 (45˚51'35"S., 67˚26'35"W.) to: Port Said, Egypt, 1,000 Pentland Firth, Scotland (via Mona Mobile, Alabama, U.S.A., 1,393 Strait of Gibraltar, 2,018 Passage), 4,594 Montecristi, Dominican Republic, Junction Points* Pentland Firth, Scotland (via 83 Ports Windward Passage), 4,529 Montevideo, Uruguay, 5,349 Panama, Panama, 6,185 Punta Arenas, Chile (east of South Nassau, Bahamas (via Windward Punta Arenas, Chile, 585 Cagliari, Sardinia (south of America), 6,543 Passage), 1,166 Greece), 1,317 Strait of Gibraltar (via Mona New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A., Ports Iskenderun, Turkey, 1,044 Passage), 4,308 1,389 Istanbul, Turkey, 201 Yucatan Channel, 812 New York, New York, U.S.A. (via Buenos Aires, Argentina, 927 Kerch, Ukraine, 370 Crooked Island Passage), 1,974 Larnaca, Cyprus, 962 Ports Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A. (via CONAKRY, GUINEA Mersin, Turkey, 986 Windward Passage), 1,779 (9˚30'30"N., 13˚43'35"W.) to: Nice, France (south of Greece), Antilla, Cuba, 844 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A. (via 1,509 Argentia, Canada, 2,640 Yucatan Channel), 2,006 Junction Points* Novorossiysk, Russia, 403 Arkhangel’sk, Russia, 5,820 Pensacola, Florida, U.S.A., 1,369 Odessa, Ukraine, 186 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. (via Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Bishop Rock, England, 2,626 Patrai, Greece (south of Greece), Windward Passage), 1,901 (via Windward Passage), 1,946 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, 811 Barranquilla, Colombia, 336 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 1,168 3,209 Patrai, Greece (via Corinth Canal), Belem, Brazil, 2,403 Ponta Delgada, Azores, 3,379 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 2,689 653 Belize, Belize, 816 Porlamar, Venezuela, 1,012 Grand Banks South, 2,765 Pula, Croatia (south of Greece), Bocas del Toro, Panama, 144 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1,159 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 2,584 1,305 Bordeaux, France (via Mona Port Antonio, Jamaica, 582 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 3,029 Pula, Croatia (via Corinth Canal), Passage), 4,593 Port Arthur, Texas, U.S.A., 1,485 Panama, Panama, 3,926 1,206 Bordeaux, France (via Windward Port Castries, St. Lucia, 1,160 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 3,357 Rostov-na-Donu, Russia, 572 Passage), 4,643 Portland Bight, Jamaica, 536 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,142 Sevastopol, Ukraine, 212 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. (via Portland, Maine, U.S.A., 2,198 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,931 Windward Passage), 2,157 Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Straits of Florida, 4,038 CONTRECOEUR, CANADA Brest, France, 4,420 3,240 Yucatan Channel, 4,220 (45˚53'00"N., 73˚12'00"W.) Bridgetown, Barbados, 1,237 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Subtract 25 miles from Montreal Brunswick, Georgia, U.S.A. (via U.S.A. (via Windward Passage), Ports distances. Windward Passage), 1,538 2,174 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,385 Progreso, Mexico, 1,026 Accra, Ghana, 995 COOS BAY, OREGON, U.S.A. Cadiz, Spain, 14,286 Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, 78 Bathurst, Gambia, 345 (43˚22'14"N., 124˚23'00"W.) to: Campeche, Mexico, 1,167 Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, 802 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Cap-Haitien, Haiti, 817 Puerto Cortes, Honduras, 733 3,612 Junction Points* Cape Town, South Africa, 6,494 Recife, Brazil, 3,295 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 3,755 Carmen, Mexico, 1,246 Reykjavik, Iceland, 4,098 Cadiz, Spain, 1,952 Panama, Panama, 3,589 Cartagena, Colombia, 281 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,367 Cape Town, South Africa, 3,189 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,549 Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A. Salvador, Brazil, 3,698 Casablanca, Morocco, 1,809 Singapore (via San Bernardino (via Windward Passage), 1,564 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 993 Colon, Panama, 3,954 Strait), 7,284 Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A. Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Dakar, Senegal, 443 Singapore (via 30˚N., 180˚ and (via Yucatan Channel), 1,636 Islands, 3,776 Funchal, Madeira Island, 1,506 Balintang Channel), 7,512 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Santa Marta, Colombia, 365 Georgetown, Ascension Island, Torres Strait, Australia, 6,057 1,029 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 683 1,048 Wilson Promontory, Australia, Charlottetown, Canada, 2,535 Santo Domingo, Dominican Grand Bassam, Ivory Coast, 760 6,920 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 772 Republic, 802 Guantanamo, Cuba, 3,615 Coatzacoalcos, Mexico, 1,396 Santos, Brazil, 4,566 Huelva, Spain, 1,941 Ports Corpus Christi, Texas, U.S.A., Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A. (via Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 4,013 1,548 Yucatan Channel), 1,607 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 1,306 Antofagasta, Chile, 5,120 Dakar, Senegal, 3,694 Sint Nicolaashaven, Aruba, 633 Lisboa, Portugal, 1,962 Auckland, New Zealand, 5,853 El Ferrol del Caudillo, Spain, St. Georges, Grenada, 1,118 Marshall, Liberia, 321 Brisbane, Australia, 6,253 4,222 St. John, Canada, 2,294 Monrovia, Liberia, 294 Callao, Peru, 4,344 Elizabeth Harbor, Bahamas, 998 St. John’s, Canada, 2,695 Natal, Brazil, 2,137 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 3,920 Fort de France, Martinique, 1,159 St. John’s, Antigua, 1,158 New York, New York, U.S.A., Honolulu, Hawaii, 2,150 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 3,976 Sydney, Canada, 2,482 3,713 Kobe, Japan, 4,565 Tampa, Florida, U.S.A., 1,216

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 28 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK

Yokohama, Japan, 4,302 Monterey, California, U.S.A., Junction Points* Kobe, Japan, 1,034 2,533 Lo-hsing-ta Mao-ti, China, 1,029 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK Pisco, Peru, 1,718 Cape of Good Hope, South Manila, Philippines (east of (55˚42'00"N., 12˚36'06"E.) See Puerto Armuelles, Panama, 409 Africa, 857 Taiwan), 1,722 Kobenhavn. Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 262 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 3,747 Manila, Philippines (via Formosa Salina Cruz, Mexico, 525 Strait), 1,732 COQUIMBO, CHILE San Diego, California, U.S.A., Ports Mogpo, South Korea (south of (29˚57'00"S., 71˚21'00"W.) to: 2,211 Kasa Do), 536 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Douala, Cameroon, 486 Nagasaki, Japan, 754 Junction Points* 2,613 Monrovia, Liberia, 893 Nakagusuku, Ryukyu Islands, San Jose, Guatemala, 238 1,026 Panama, Panama, 2,448 Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A., COURTENAY BAY, NEW Nampo, North Korea, 369 Punta Arenas, Chile, 1,623 2,348 BRUNSWICK, CANADA Nikolayevsk-Na-Amure, Russia, Torres Strait, Australia, 8,107 Valparaiso, Chile, 2,875 (45˚16'13"N., 66˚02'35"W.) See 1,961 Wilson Promontory, Australia, St. John. Noumea, New Caledonia, 4,667 6,730 CORK, IRELAND Pago Pago, American Samoa, (51˚54'00"N., 8˚27'30"W.) Add COVENAS, COLOMBIA 5,194 Ports 9 miles to Cobh distances. (9˚25'00"N., 75˚41'10"W.) to: Papeete, French Polynesia, 6,281 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Acapulco, Mexico, 3,259 CORNER BROOK, CANADA Junction Points* Russia (via La Perouse Strait), Antofagasta, Chile, 396 (48˚57'30"N., 57˚56'46"W.) to: 2,419 Arica, Chile, 702 Panama, Panama, 308 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Caldera, Chile, 196 Junction Points* Yucatan Channel, 924 Russia (via Tsugaru-Kaikyo), Callao, Peru, 1,136 2,444 Corinto, Nicaragua, 2,711 Inishtrahull, Ireland (via Strait of Ports Port Darwin, Australia, 3,363 Esmeraldas, Ecuador, 2,014 Belle Isle), 1,906 Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 3,294 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 1,781 Montreal, Canada, 740 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 814 Qingdao, China, 436 Guaymas, Mexico, 4,153 Panama, Panama, 2,707 Kingston, Jamaica, 528 Qinhuangdao, China, 131 Iquique, Chile, 602 Pentland Firth, Scotland (via Strait Port of Spain, Trinidad, 968 San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Lota, Chile, 455 of Belle Isle), 2,001 (via Osumi Kaikyo), 5,856 Monterey, California, U.S.A., Straits of Florida, 2,035 COWES, ENGLAND San Francisco, California, U.S.A. 4,927 (50˚46'04"N., 1˚17'51"W.) See (via Tsugaru-Kaikyo), 5,615 Pisco, Peru, 1,036 Ports Southampton. Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 2,526 La Perouse Strait, and north of Salina Cruz, Mexico, 3,091 Angmagssalik, Greenland, 1,304 CRISTOBAL, PANAMA Aleutian Islands), 5,286 San Diego, California, U.S.A., Argentia, Canada, 413 (9˚22'00"N., 79˚55'00"W.) See Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via 4,605 Belem, Brazil, 3,121 Colon. Osumi Kaikyo and South of San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Aleutian Islands), 5,596 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via 5,007 835 CUXHAVEN, GERMANY San Jose, Guatemala, 2,864 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 6,131 (53˚52'00"N., 8˚43'00"E.) Tsugaru-Kaikyo and north of Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A., Colon, Panama, 2,691 Subtract 56 miles from Hamburg Aleutian Islands), 5,290 4,742 Hamilton, Bermuda, 1,098 distances. Tsugaru-Kaikyo and south of Talcahuano, Chile, 428 Murmansk, Russia, 2,988 Aleutian Islands), 5,351 Valparaiso, Chile, 203 New York, New York, U.S.A., 999 Shanghai, China, 720 DAGU, CHINA Shimonoseki, Japan, 790 Reykjavik, Iceland (via Strait of (38˚59'15"N., 117˚40'45"E.) to: CORDOVA, ALASKA, U.S.A. Belle Isle), 1,516 Surabaya, Indonesia, 3,174 Suva, Fiji Islands, 4,898 (60˚32'45"N., 145˚46'30"W.) to: Wilmington, North Carolina, Junction Points* U.S.A., 1,393 Sydney, Australia (via Vitiaz Strait), 5,135 Ports Panama, Panama (via Osumi Tianjin, China, 48 CORPUS CHRISTI, TEXAS, Kaikyo), 9,002 Valparaiso, Chile (via Shimonoseki Ketchikan, Alaska, U.S.A., 656 U.S.A. Panama, Panama (via Tsugaru- Kaikyo), 10,482 Kiska, Alaska, U.S.A., 1,435 (27˚49'00"N., 97˚24'00"W.) to: Kaikyo), 8,786 Vladivostok, Russia, 1,212 Nome, Alaska, U.S.A., 1,409 Punta Arenas, Chile, 10,280 Weonsan, North Korea, 1,007 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 1,216 Junction Points* Singapore, 2,770 Xiamen, China, 1,169 Yantai, China, 205 CORINTO, NICARAGUA Straits of Florida, 803 Ports (12˚28'15"N., 87˚11'00"W.) to: Yucatan Channel, 764 Yokohama, Japan (via Osumi Kaikyo), 1,394 Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Junction Points* Ports Russia (via Maenggol Sudo), 1,807 DAGU BAR, CHINA Panama, Panama, 683 Colon, Panama, 1,548 Apra, Guam, 2,133 (38˚56'15"N., 117˚58'45"E.) Punta Arenas, Chile, 4,180 La Habana, Cuba, 864 Auckland, New Zealand (via Vitiaz Subtract 36 miles from Tianjin Tampico, Mexico, 366 Strait), 5,648 distances. Ports Busan, South Korea (via Maenggol CORUNNA, SPAIN Sudo), 702 DAKAR, SENEGAL Acapulco, Mexico, 792 (43˚22'00"N., 8˚24'00"W.) to: Cebu, Philippines (via San (14˚41'00"N., 17˚26'00"W.) to: Amapala, Honduras, 72 Bernardino Strait), 1,907 Antofagasta, Chile, 2,400 Junction Points* Chi-lung, Taiwan, 1,013 Junction Points* Arica, Chile, 2,181 Dalian, China, 207 Brito, Nicaragua, 107 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 331 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A. (via Bishop Rock, England, 2,195 Callao, Peru, 1,606 La Perouse Strait), 3,594 Cape of Good Hope, South Coquimbo, Chile, 2,711 Ports Hakodate, Japan, 1,385 Africa, 3,610 Esmeraldas, Ecuador, 823 Hong Kong, China, 1,418 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 2,152 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 1,071 Horta, Azores, 967 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. (via Inishtrahull, Ireland, 2,546 Guaymas, Mexico, 1,738 New York, New York, U.S.A., Osumi Kaikyo), 4,677 Montreal, Canada, 3,566 Iquique, Chile, 2,247 2,917 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. (via Panama, Panama, 3,738 La Libertad, El Salvador, 141 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 3,255 Shimonoseki Kaikyo), 4,628 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 2,794 La Union, El Salvador, 73 Santander, Spain, 224 Iloilo, Philippines (via San Punta Arenas, Chile, 4,928 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Bernardino Strait), 1,929 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,487 2,281 COTONOU, BENIN Incheon, South Korea, 465 Straits of Florida (via Northwest Lota, Chile, 3,081 (6˚21'00"N., 2˚26'30"E.) to: Jakarta, Indonesia, 3,088 Providence Channel), 3,768

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points DERINCE, TURKEY 29

Ports Inishtrahull, Ireland (via Strait of Portland, Oregon, U.S.A., 5,240 London, England, 292 Belle Isle), 2,187 Qingdao, China, 277 Southampton, England, 100 Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 1,166 Montreal, Canada, 636 Qinhuangdao, China, 145 Agadir, Morocco, 1,109 Panama, Panama (via Windward San Francisco, California, U.S.A. DARWIN, AUSTRALIA Belem, Brazil, 2,104 Passage), 2,836 (via Osumi Kaikyo), 5,697 (12˚28'30"S., 130˚50'00"E.) See Bolama, Guinea-Bissau, 272 Pentland Firth, Scotland (via Strait San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Port Darwin. Bordeaux, France, 2,243 Belle Isle), 2,282 (via Tsugaru-Kaikyo), 5,456 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,274 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via DAS ISLAND, UNITED ARAB 3,221 Straits of Florida, 2,164 La Perouse Strait and north of EMIRATES Buchanan, Liberia, 755 Aleutian Islands), 5,127 (25˚08'04"N., 52˚55'25"E.) to: Buenos Aires, Argentina, 3,864 Ports Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via Cadiz, Spain, 1,500 Osumi Kaikyo and south of Junction Points* Cap-Haitien, Haiti, 3,154 Angmagssalik, Greenland, 1,568 Aleutian Islands), 5,437 Cape Town, South Africa, 3,593 Argentia, Canada, 605 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Casablanca, Morocco, 1,333 Bordeaux, France (via Strait of Tsugaru-Kaikyo and north of 4,820 Charleston, South Carolina, Belle Isle), 2,677 Aleutian Islands), 5,131 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 5,156 U.S.A., 3,557 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 4,403 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, 964 Tsugaru-Kaikyo and south of Port Said, Egypt, 3,002 2,751 Colon, Panama, 2,819 Aleutian Islands), 5,192 Singapore, 3,541 Colon, Panama, 3,694 Hamilton, Bermuda, 1,227 Shanghai, China, 560 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 3,748 El Ferrol del Caudillo, Spain, Montevideo, Uruguay, 6,113 Sydney, Australia (via west of New Torres Strait, Australia, 6,005 1,843 Murmansk, Russia, 3,292 Ireland), 5,015 El Jadida, Morocco, 1,317 New York, New York, U.S.A., Sydney, Australia (via Vitiaz Ports Fedala, Morocco, 1,338 1,128 Strait), 4,976 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 496 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 1,338 Valparaiso, Chile (via Shimonoseki Aden, Yemen, 1,613 Funchal, Madeira Island, 1,091 Kaikyo), 10,324 Belawan, Indonesia, 3,210 Galway, Ireland, 2,383 DALIAN, CHINA Valparaiso, Chile (via Tokara Bombay, India, 1,233 Greenville, Liberia, 831 (38˚56'00"N., 121˚39'00"E.) to: Kaikyo), 10,366 Fremantle, Australia, 5,087 Guantanamo, Cuba, 3,312 Vladivostok, Russia, 1,057 Penang, Malaysia, 3,250 Halifax, Canada, 2,956 Junction Points* Weonsan, North Korea, 848 Port Sudan, 2,266 Horta, Azores, 1,559 Xiamen, China, 1,008 Huelva, Spain, 1,521 Panama, Panama (via Osumi Yokohama, Japan (via Osumi DAVAO, PHILIPPINES Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., Kaikyo), 8,843 Kaikyo), 1,235 (7˚04'38"N., 125˚37'38"E.) to: 3,650 Panama, Panama (via Tsugaru- Kenitra, Morocco, 1,432 Kaikyo), 8,627 DALIEN, CHINA Junction Points* Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 3,709 Punta Arenas, Chile, 10,121 (38˚56'00"N., 121˚39'00"E.) See Kingston, Jamaica, 3,436 Singapore, 2,612 Dalian. Singapore, 1,532 La Guaira, Venezuela, 2,911 Torres Strait, Australia, 1,628 Larache, Morocco, 1,425 Ports DANANG, VIETNAM Libreville, Gabon, 1,982 (16˚06'30"N., 108˚12'00"E.) to: Ports Lisboa, Portugal, 1,544 Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Marshall, Liberia, 724 Russia, 1,648 Ports Cebu, Philippines, 439 Monrovia, Liberia, 693 Apra, Guam, 1,974 Hong Kong, China, 1,382 Natal, Brazil, 1,620 Auckland, New Zealand (via Vitiaz Cebu, Philippines, 1,049 Makasar, Sulawesi, 929 New York, New York, U.S.A., Strait), 5,489 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 518 Manila, Philippines, 831 3,335 Auckland, New Zealand (west of Hong Kong, China, 520 Sorong, Indonesia, 601 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 3,408 New Ireland), 5,469 Manila, Philippines, 758 Oporto, Portugal, 1,682 Busan, South Korea (via Maenggol DEEPWATER POINT, NEW Paramaribo, Suriname, 2,315 Sudo), 543 DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA JERSEY, U.S.A. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Chi-lung, Taiwan, 852 (6˚49'30"S., 39˚17'30"E.) to: (39˚41'36"N., 75˚30'42"W.) U.S.A., 3,441 Dagu, China, 207 Subtract 27 miles from Ponta Delgada, Azores, 1,459 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A. (via Junction Points* Philadelphia distances. Port of Spain, Trinidad, 2,628 La Perouse Strait), 3,435 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 2,543 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A. (via Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, DELFZIJL, NETHERLANDS Port Etienne, Mauritania, 394 Tsugaru-Kaikyo), 3,437 2,330 (53˚20'30"N., 6˚56'15"E.) Portsmouth, New Hampshire, U.S. Gunsan, South Korea, 294 Port Said, Egypt, 3,238 Subtract 10 miles from Emden, A., 3,219 Hakodate, Japan, 1,226 Singapore, 4,042 Germany distances. Puerto Cortes, Honduras, 4,077 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. (via Rabat, Morocco, 1,412 Shimonoseki Kaikyo), 4,470 Ports DEN HELDER, Recife, Brazil, 1,717 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 4,531 NETHERLANDS Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2,763 Incheon, South Korea, 290 Aden, Yemen, 1,751 (52˚58'00"N., 4˚45'22"E.) to: Safi, Morocco, 1,228 Kobe, Japan, 877 Belawan, Indonesia, 3,709 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 2,812 Lianyungang, China, 348 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2,565 Junction Points* Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Lo-hsing-ta Mao-ti, China, 871 Fremantle, Australia, 4,513 Islands, 846 Manila, Philippines (east of Malacca, Malaysia, 3,927 Bishop Rock, England, 509 Santo Domingo, Dominican Taiwan), 1,561 Mocambique, Mozambique, 533 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Republic, 3,036 Manila, Philippines (via Formosa Mtwara, Tanzania, 230 Entrance), Germany, 263 St. John’s, Canada, 2,646 Strait), 1,571 Penang, Malaysia, 3,754 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 447 Sulima, Sierra Leone, 589 Masan, South Korea, 546 Port Darwin, Australia, 5,428 Tangier, Morocco, 1,483 Mogpo, South Korea (via south of Sabang, Indonesia, 3,443 Ports Vigo, Spain, 1,744 Kasa Do), 377 Villa Cisneros, Western Sahara, Moji, Japan, 633 DARTMOUTH, ENGLAND Hamburg, Germany, 249 578 Nampo, North Korea, 180 (50˚21'00"N., 3˚34'20"W.) to: Rotterdam, Netherlands, 97 Pago Pago, American Samoa, DALHOUSIE, CANADA 5,035 Junction Points* DERINCE, TURKEY (48˚03'15"N., 66˚15'00"W.) to: Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, (40˚44'35"N., 29˚49'30"E.) to: Russia (via La Perouse Strait), Bishop Rock, England, 122 Junction Points* 2,260 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 135 Junction Points* Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Grand Banks South, 770 Russia (via Tsugaru-Kaikyo), Ports Port Said, Egypt, 837 Fastnet Rock, Ireland (via Strait of 2,285 Strait of Gibraltar (south of Belle Isle), 2,183 Port Darwin, Australia, 3,204 Le Havre, France, 151 Greece), 1,855

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 30 DEVONPORT, ENGLAND

Strait of Gibraltar (via Corinth DIEPPE, FRANCE Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 274 Junction Points* Canal), 1,838 (49˚56'58"N., 1˚05'00"E.) to: Inishtrahull, Ireland, 156 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 397 Bishop Rock, England, 232 Ports Junction Points* Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 223 Ports Inishtrahull, Ireland, 184 Banghazi, Libya, 750 Bishop Rock, England, 297 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 424 Genova, Italy (south of Greece), Ile d’Ouessant, France, 270 Cardiff, Wales, 246 1,325 Fishguard, Wales, 131 Ports Genova, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Ports Holyhead, Wales, 51 1,283 Liverpool, England, 68 Ardrossan, Scotland, 153 Malaga, Spain (south of Greece), Cherbourg, France, 105 Avonmouth, England, 220 Plymouth, England, 206 1,785 DOVER, ENGLAND Barrow in Furness, England, 122 Malaga, Spain (via Corinth (51˚07'00"N., 1˚20'00"E.) to: Cardiff, Wales, 205 Canal), 1,768 DIGBY, CANADA Cobh, Ireland, 176 Patrai, Greece (south of Greece), (44˚42'38"N., 65˚46'27"W.) Junction Points* Londonderry, Northern Ireland, 648 Subtract 76 miles from Parrsboro 189 Patrai, Greece (via Corinth Canal), distances. Bishop Rock, England, 323 Newport, Wales, 219 489 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 306 Port Talbot, Wales, 179 Rostov-na-Donu, Russia, 685 DIKSON, RUSSIA Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Waterford, Ireland, 113 Sfax, Tunisia, 1,081 (73˚30'00"N., 80˚28'00"E.) to: Entrance), Germany, 410 Thessaloniki, Greece, 372 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 527 DUBROVNIK, CROATIA Ports (42˚38'24"N., 18˚06'55"E.) to: DEVONPORT, ENGLAND Ports (50˚22'00"N., 4˚11'00"W.) Add 2 Arkhangel’sk, Russia, 1,105 Junction Points* miles to Plymouth distances. Berlevag, Norway, 1,069 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 161 Hull, England, 2,552 Antwerp, Belgium, 137 Port Said, Egypt (south of DHEKELIA, CYPRUS Longyearbyen, Svalbard, 1,148 Bergen, Norway, 590 Greece), 1,038 (34˚57'58"N., 33˚43'57"E.) to: Murmansk, Russia, 1,025 Bremerhaven, Germany, 341 Port Said, Egypt (via Corinth Mys Chelyuskin, Russia, 457 Caen, France, 140 Canal), 1,025 Junction Points* Cherbourg, France, 146 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,420 DJIBOUTI, DJIBOUTI Egersund, Norway, 477 Port Said, Egypt, 241 (11˚36'30"N., 43˚08'00"E.) to: Emden, Germany, 284 Ports Strait of Gibraltar, 1,959 Esbjerg, Denmark, 370 Junction Points* Granville, France, 181 Bari, Italy, 108 Ports Hamburg, Germany, 399 Barletta, Italy, 113 Cape of Good Hope, South Kristiansand, Norway, 488 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,092 Ajaccio, Corsica, 233 Africa, 4,063 Oslo, Norway, 640 Cartagena, Spain, 1,177 Algiers, Algeria, 1,514 Port Said, Egypt, 1,374 Plymouth, England, 229 Genova, Italy, 856 Bari, Italy, 978 Singapore (north of Socotra and Portland, England, 155 Kerkira, Greece, 208 Ceuta, Morocco, 1,921 Strait of Malacca), 3,769 Portsmouth, England, 105 Manfredonia, Italy, 117 Corfu, Greece, 819 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 138 Rijeka, Croatia, 276 Derince, Turkey, 763 Ports Southampton, England, 123 Sibenik, Croatia, 144 Famagusta, Cyprus, 36 St. Malo, France, 228 Venezia, Italy, 320 Kerch, Ukraine, 793 Aden, Yemen, 133 Stavanger, Norway, 517 Egypt, 352 Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 328 DUDINKA, RUSSIA Moni Anchorage, Cyprus, 34 DONGES, FRANCE (69˚24'00"N., 86˚l0'00"E.) Add Ravenna, Italy, 1,255 (47˚18'18"N., 2˚04'30"W.) Add 6 DRAMMEN HARBOR, 298 miles to Dikson distances. Tangier, Morocco, 1,948 miles to St. Nazaire distances. NORWAY Taranto, Italy, 933 (59˚44'18"N., 10˚14'32"E.) to: DUMAI, INDONESIA Thessaloniki, Greece, 690 DORDRECHT, (1˚42'00"N., 101˚28'00"E.) to: Tunis, Tunisia, 1,172 NETHERLANDS Junction Points* (51˚48'45"N., 4˚39'15"E.) Add 9 Junction Points* Bishop Rock, England (via Dover DIAMANTE, ARGENTINA miles to Rotterdam distances. (32˚03'48"S., 60˚39'24"W.) Add Strait), 943 Port Said, Egypt, 4,943 286 miles to Buenos Aires DOUALA, CAMEROON Ile d’Ouessant, France (via Dover Singapore, 200 distances. (4˚03'00"N., 9˚41'00"E.) to: Strait), 929 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Ports Junction Points* Entrance), Germany (via Store DIEGO GARCIA, CHAGOS Baelt), 358 ARCHIPELAGO Al Basrah, Iraq, 3,824 (7˚18'40"S., 72˚28'00"E.) to: Straits of Florida, 5,526 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Calcutta, India, 1,579 Entrance), Germany (via The Cochin, India, 1,779 Junction Points* Ports Sound), 430 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1,496 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 504 Madras, India, 1,512 Singapore (via Udjung Masam Anecho, Togo, 526 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 121 Vishakhapatnam, India, 1,499 Muka), 2,224 Bata, Equatorial Guinea, 141 Ports Boma, Congo, 742 DUN LAOGHAIRE, IRELAND Ports Cabinda, Cabinda, 668 (53˚18'10"N., 6˚07'40"W.) See Cotonou, Benin, 486 Aarhus, Denmark, 250 Dublin. Aden, Yemen, 2,116 Kribi, Cameroon, 87 Antwerp, Belgium, 647 Belawan, Indonesia, 1,860 Lagos, Nigeria, 442 Bergen, Norway, 368 Bremerhaven, Germany, 418 DUNDEE, SCOTLAND Colombo, Sri Lanka, 974 Libreville, Gabon, 228 (56˚27'45"N., 2˚56'40"W.) to: Fremantle, Australia, 2,850 Mayumba, Gabon, 513 Calais, France, 624 Hobart, Tasmania (via Pointe Noire, Congo, 613 Kobenhavn, Denmark, 262 Junction Points* D’Entrecasteaux Channel), Port Gentil, Gabon, 297 London, England, 656 4,501 Sao Tome, Sao Tome, 285 Narvik, Norway, 966 Bishop Rock, England, 713 Malacca, Malaysia, 2,078 Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 413 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 698 Zeebrugge, Belgium, 593 Penang, Malaysia, 1,905 DOUGLAS, ISLE OF MAN Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Port Darwin, Australia, 3,483 (54˚09'00"N., 4˚28'00"W.) to: Entrance), Germany, 501 Sabang, Indonesia, 1,594 DUBLIN, IRELAND Pentland Firth, Scotland, 179 Victoria, Seychelles, 1,032 Junction Points* (53˚20'45"N., 6˚13'00"W.) to: Skagens Odde, Denmark, 455

Bishop Rock, England, 276

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points EL FERROL DEL CAUDILLO, SPAIN 31

Ports DURBAN, SOUTH AFRICA Kasatka, Japan, 1,846 Junction Points* (29˚52'00"S., 31˚02'00"E.) to: Kiska, Alaska, U.S.A., 596 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 374 Kobe, Japan, 2,833 Panama, Panama, 2,785 Antwerp, Belgium, 442 Junction Points* Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Bremerhaven, Germany, 437 2,382 Ports Dunkerque, France, 402 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Manila, Philippines (north of Emden, Germany, 400 764 Luzon), 4,233 Islas Juan Fernandez, 1,633 Esbjerg, Denmark, 394 Port Said, Egypt, 4,567 Matsuga-hana, Japan, 1,917 Singapore, 4,872 Hamburg, Germany, 485 Melbourne, Australia, 6,321 EGEDESMINDE, Hull, England, 240 Midway Island, 1,651 GREENLAND Le Havre, France, 505 Ports Nagasaki, Japan (South of (68˚42'33"N., 52˚53'12"W.) See London, England, 420 Kyushu), 3,181 Aasiaat Oostende, Belgium, 398 Albany, Australia, 4,275 Nagasaki, Japan (via Tsugaru- Bombay, India, 3,829 Plymouth, England, 621 Kaikyo), 3,011 EGERSUND, NORWAY Portland, England, 547 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 3,704 Noumea, New Caledonia, 4,857 (58˚27'00"N., 6˚00'00"E.) to: Portsmouth, England, 497 East London, South Africa, 258 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 383 Fremantle, Australia, 4,243 4,132 Junction Points* Southampton, England, 515 Karachi, Pakistan, 3,915 Papeete, French Polynesia, 4,400 Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 430 Malacca, Malaysia, 4,757 Petersburg, Alaska, U.S.A., 1,215 Bishop Rock, England (via English Zeebrugge, Belgium, 394 Maputo, Mozambique, 307 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Channel), 797 Mombasa, Kenya, 1,718 Russia, 1,249 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 781 Penang, Malaysia, 4,584 DUNEDIN, NEW ZEALAND Port Darwin, Australia, 5,332 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 298 (45˚53'00"S., 170˚31'00"E.) to: Port des Galets, Reunion Island, Prince Rupert, Canada, 1,274 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 165 1,418 Qingdao, China, 3,385 Junction Points* Port Adelaide, Australia, 5,160 San Diego, California, U.S.A., Ports Port Darwin, Australia, 5,561 2,465 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 2,622 Port Louis, Mauritius, 1,560 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Aberdeen, Scotland, 273 Torres Strait, Australia, 2,872 Sabang, Indonesia, 4,273 2,051 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 380 Telukbayur, Indonesia, 4,307 Sand Bay, Alaska, U.S.A., 397 Antwerp, Belgium, 484 Ports Zanzibar, Tanzania, 1,607 Sasebo, Japan (via Osumi Bremerhaven, Germany, 312 Kaikyo), 3,207 Calais, France, 475 Brisbane, Australia, 1,606 DURRES, ALBANIA Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 1,707 Cherbourg, France, 621 Burnie Harbor, Tasmania (via (41˚18'15"N., 19˚27'15"E.) to: Shanghai, China (via La Perouse Dover, England, 477 Bank Strait), 1,193 Strait), 3,375 Dunkerque, France, 469 Geelong, Australia (via Banks Junction Points* Shanghai, China (via Tsugaru- Emden, Germany, 327 Strait), 1,341 Kaikyo), 3,377 Esbjerg, Denmark, 226 Hobart, Tasmania, 1,068 Port Said, Egypt, 951 Shimonoseki, Japan, 2,892 Hamburg, Germany, 351 Melbourne, Australia, 1,309 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,349 Surabaya, Indonesia, 5,555 Hull, England, 378 Noumea, New Caledonia, 1,552 Suva, Fiji Islands, 4,493 Kristiansand, Norway, 86 Ports Sweeper Cove, Alaska, U.S.A., Le Havre, France, 589 DUNKERQUE, FRANCE 407 Leith, Scotland, 336 (51˚03'00"N., 2˚22'00"E.) to: Crotone, Italy, 172 Sydney, Australia, 5,761 London, England, 501 Manfredonia, Italy, 161 Tomari, Japan, 1,978 Newcastle, England, 329 Junction Points* Monopoli, Italy, 100 Truk, Caroline Islands, 3,493 Oostende, Belgium, 447 Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth Unalakleet, Alaska, U.S.A., 752 Oslo, Norway, 238 Bishop Rock, England, 355 Canal), 339 Valparaiso, Chile, 7,140 Plymouth, England, 706 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 351 Ploce, Croatia, 214 Vancouver, Canada, 1,724 Portland, England, 632 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Preveza, Greece, 181 Vladivostok, Russia, 2,518 Portsmouth, England, 582 Entrance), Germany, 386 Salamis, Greece, 343 Wake Island, 2,463 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 412 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 525 Split, Croatia, 216 Whittier, Alaska, U.S.A., 817 Southampton, England, 600 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 511 Taranto, Italy, 183 Xiamen, China (via La Perouse Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 306 Strait), 3,771 Zeebrugge, Belgium, 440 Ports DUTCH HARBOR, ALASKA, Xiamen, China (via Tsugaru- U.S.A. Kaikyo), 3,770 EILAT, ISRAEL Aberdeen, Scotland, 418 (53˚54'00"N., 166˚30'00"W.) to: Yokohama, Japan, 2,551 (29˚32'42"N., 34˚57'00"E.) to: Amsterdam, Netherlands, 135 Junction Points* Antwerp, Belgium, 102 EAST LONDON, SOUTH Junction Points* Bergen, Norway, 585 AFRICA Bremerhaven, Germany, 321 Panama, Panama, 5,246 (33˚01'30"S., 27˚54'30"E.) to: Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Cherbourg, France, 179 Punta Arenas, Chile, 8,063 5,155 Dundee, Scotland, 402 Singapore, 5,364 Junction Points* Port Said, Egypt, 381 Egersund, Norway, 469 Singapore, 4,868 Emden, Germany, 264 Ports Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Esbjerg, Denmark, 350 508 Ports Hamburg, Germany, 374 Anadyrskiy Limen, Russia, 824 Port Said, Egypt, 4,830 Hartlepool, England, 281 Apra, Guam, 3,403 Singapore, 5,082 Aden, Yemen, 1,247 Hull, England, 223 Auckland, New Zealand, 5,578 Inverness, Scotland, 526 Brisbane, Australia, 5,369 Ports Bukhta Shelihova, Kuril Islands, EL AAIUN, WESTERN Kristiansand, Norway, 475 SAHARA Le Havre, France, 144 Russia, 1,411 Belawan, Indonesia, 4,749 (27˚05'37"N., 13˚26'55"W.) See Leith, Scotland, 399 Callao, Peru, 5,988 Durban, South Africa, 258 Aaiun. London, England, 112 Dagu, China, 3,594 Fremantle, Australia, 4,304 Newcastle, England, 307 Dalian, China (via La Perouse Inhambane, Mozambique, 722 Strait), 3,435 EL FERROL DEL CAUDILLO, Oslo, Norway, 617 Malacca, Malaysia, 4,967 SPAIN Plymouth, England, 264 Dalian, China (via Tsugaru- Penang, Malaysia, 4,967 (43˚28'30"N., 8˚15'00"W.) to: Portland, England, 190 Kaikyo), 3,437 Port Darwin, Australia, 5,673 Portsmouth, England, 150 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 5,552 Port Elizabeth, South Africa, 131 Junction Points* Southampton, England, 168 Hakodate, Japan, 2,228 Stavanger, Norway, 510 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 4,894 EASTER ISLAND, SOUTH Bishop Rock, England, 394 Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 308 Hobart, Tasmania, 6,365 PACIFIC Ile d’Ouessant, France, 343 Hong Kong, China, 4,026 (27˚08'30"S., 109˚26'30"W.) to: Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,040 Juneau, Alaska, U.S.A., 1,136

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 32 EL JADIDA, MOROCCO

Ports Harwich, England, 252 Algiers, Algeria, 917 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Hull, England, 279 Ancona, Italy, 883 4,851 Aviles, Spain, 133 Inverness, Scotland, 487 Ashdod, Israel, 885 Colon, Panama, 5,238 Bayonne, France, 322 Kristiansand, Norway, 316 Banzart, Tunisia, 585 Douala, Cameroon, 343 Cape Town, South Africa, 5,421 Le Havre, France, 396 Beirut, Lebanon, 920 Monrovia, Liberia, 1,012 Colon, Panama, 4,222 Leith, Scotland, 403 Cartagena, Spain, 1,100 Natal, Brazil, 2,514 Dakar, Senegal, 1,843 London, England, 318 Castellon, Spain, 1,075 New York, New York, U.S.A., Horta, Azores, 970 Newcastle, England, 329 Dhekelia, Cyprus, 846 4,968 Lisboa, Portugal, 356 Oostende, Belgium, 242 Genova, Italy, 950 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 5,013 Natal, Brazil, 3,312 Oslo, Norway, 451 Istanbul, Turkey, 833 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Ponta Delgada, Azores, 870 Plymouth, England, 513 Kherson, Ukraine, 1,255 U.S.A., 5,081 Puerto de Pasajes, Spain, 300 Portland, England, 439 Marsaxlokk, Malta, 360 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 4,022 San Sebastian, Spain, 302 Portsmouth, England, 389 Sekondi, Ghana, 402 St. John’s, Canada, 1,861 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 199 ESBJERG, DENMARK Takoradi, Ghana, 404 Viana do Castello, Portugal, 155 Southampton, England, 407 (55˚27'30"N., 8˚26'30"E.) to: Stavanger, Norway, 376 ESMERALDAS, ECUADOR EL JADIDA, MOROCCO Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 120 Junction Points* (1˚01'27"N., 79˚39'36"W.) to: (33˚15'25"N., 8˚30'00"W.) to: Zeebrugge, Belgium, 230 Bishop Rock, England, 688 Junction Points* Junction Points* ENDERBURY ISLAND, Ile d’Ouessant, France, 676 PHOENIX ISLANDS Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Panama, Panama, 474 Cape of Good Hope, South (3˚08'00"S., 171˚06'00"W.) to: Entrance), Germany, 372 Punta Arenas, Chile, 3,486 Africa, 4,941 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 443 Torres Strait, Australia, 8,449 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 998 Junction Points* Skagens Odde, Denmark, 234 Wilson Promontory, Australia, 7,570 Ports Panama, Panama, 5,599 Ports Ports Dakar, Senegal, 1,317 Ports Aberdeen, Scotland, 373 Tangier, Morocco, 207 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 255 Acapulco, Mexico, 1,527 Apia, Samoa, 641 Antwerp, Belgium, 362 Antofagasta, Chile, 1,703 EL SEGUNDO, CALIFORNIA, Apra, Guam, 2,827 Bergen, Norway, 361 Arica, Chile, 1,484 U.S.A. Christmas Island, Line Islands, Cherbourg, France, 514 Callao, Peru, 909 (33˚54'33"N., 118˚27'31"W.) to: 878 Dover, England, 370 Coquimbo, Chile, 2,014 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 4,047 Dundee, Scotland, 394 Corinto, Nicaragua, 823 Junction Points* Dunkerque, France, 350 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 356 ENIWETAK, MARSHALL Egersund, Norway, 226 Guaymas, Mexico, 2,467 Panama, Panama, 2,922 ISLANDS Emden, Germany, 172 Iquique, Chile, 1,550 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,883 (11˚25'51"N., 162˚21'30"E.) to: Hamburg, Germany, 172 Lota, Chile, 2,388 Singapore (via Balintang Hartlepool, England, 336 Monterey, California, U.S.A., Channel), 7,642 Junction Points* Harwich, England, 338 3,262 Singapore (via 30˚N., 180˚ and Hull, England, 334 Pisco, Peru, 1,021 Balintang Channel), 7,867 Panama, Panama, 7,086 Inverness, Scotland, 455 Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 614 Torres Strait, Australia, 6,432 Kristiansand, Norway, 206 Salina Cruz, Mexico, 1,290 Wilson Promontory, Australia, Ports Le Havre, France, 482 San Diego, California, U.S.A., 6,863 Leith, Scotland, 403 2,940 Apra, Guam, 1,066 London, England, 403 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Ports Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,375 Newcastle, England, 349 3,342 Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, U.S.A., Oostende, Belgium, 328 San Jose, Guatemala, 1,016 Guaymas, Mexico, 1,230 2,347 Oslo, Norway, 341 Talcahuano, Chile, 2,368 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,218 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Plymouth, England, 599 Valparaiso, Chile, 2,179 Melbourne, Australia, 7,003 4,282 Portland, England, 525 Sydney, Australia, 6,506 Portsmouth, England, 475 ESPERANCE, AUSTRALIA Talcahuano, Chile, 4,941 ENSENADA, MEXICO Rotterdam, Netherlands, 287 (33˚52'00"S., 121˚54'28"E.) to: Valparaiso, Chile, 4,817 (31˚51'30"N., 116˚38'00"W.) to: Southampton, England, 493 Yokohama, Japan, 4,829 Savanger, Norway, 278 Junction Points* Junction Points* Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 129 EMDEN, GERMANY Zeebrugge, Belgium, 318 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 367 (53˚21'00"N., 7˚12'00"E.) to: Panama, Panama, 2,791 Wilson Promontory, Australia, ESCRAVOS, NIGERIA 1,266 Junction Points* Ports (05˚32'24"N., 4˚59'42"E.) to: Ports Bishop Rock, England, 606 Acapulco, Mexico, 1,369 Junction Points* Ile d’Ouessant, France, 590 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Adelaide, Australia, 889 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East 151 Bishop Rock, England, 3,902 Albany, Australia, 224 Entrance), Germany, 197 Port Hueneme, California, U.S.A., Cape of Good Hope, South Murnie, Tasmania, 1,275 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 484 194 Africa, 2,510 Melbourne, Australia, 1,239 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 344 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 3,955 ENSTED, DENMARK Grand Banks South, 4,054 EUREKA, CALIFORNIA, Ports (55˚05'00"N., 9˚25'00"E.) See Ile d’Ouessant, France, 3,861 U.S.A. Abenra. Inishtrahull, Ireland, 4246 (40˚48'00"N., 124˚10'00"W.) to: Aberdeen, Scotland, 394 Panama, Panama, 5150 Antwerp, Belgium, 276 ES SIDER, LIBYA Pentland Firth, Scotland, 4,960 Junction Points* Bergen, Norway, 457 (30˚38'00"N., 18˚22'00"E.) to: Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,246 Bremerhaven, Germany, 128 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,201 Panama, Panama, 3,438 Cherbourg, France, 428 Junction Points* Straits of Florida, 5,306 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,438 Dover, England, 284 Yucatan Channel, 5,431 Singapore (via San Bernardino Dundee, Scotland, 400 Port Said, Egypt, 796 Strait), 7,352 Dunkerque, France, 264 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,356 Ports Singapore (via 30˚N., 180˚ and Egersund, Norway, 327 Balintang Channel), 7,532 Esbjerg, Denmark, 172 Ports Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 550 Torres Strait, Australia, 6,030 Hamburg, Germany, 185 Accra, Ghana, 311 Wilson Promontory, Australia, Hartlepool, England, 308 Alexandria, Egypt, 657 Boma, Congo, 866 6,843

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points FETHIYE, TURKEY 33

Ports Dublin, Ireland, 248 Straits of Florida, 3,761 Port Said, Egypt, 2,915 Hull, England, 464 Yucatan Channel, 4,058 Singapore, 3,454 Antofagasta, Chile, 4,963 Liverpool, England, 313 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 3,661 Auckland, New Zealand, 5,746 London, England, 351 Ports Torres Strait, Australia (via South Brisbane, Australia, 6,188 Plymouth, England, 37 of Java), 5,863 Guaymas, Mexico, 1,675 Southampton, England, 160 Ardrossan, Scotland, 348 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam (via Argentia, Canada, 1,819 Ports Tsugaru Strait), 6,720 FAMAGUSTA, CYPRUS Avonmouth, England, 262 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,080 (35˚07'20"N., 33˚56'40"E.) to: Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Aden, Yemen, 1,526 Manzanillo, Mexico, 1,750 3,098 Belawan, Indonesia, 3,123 Valparaiso, Chile, 5,335 Junction Points* Barrow in Furness, England, 302 Bombay, India, 1,146 Zamboanga, Philippines, 6,313 Belem, Brazil, 3,741 Fremantle, Australia, 5,000 Port Said, Egypt, 257 Belfast, Northern Ireland, 311 Penang, Malaysia, 3,163 EVERETT, WASHINGTON, Strait of Gibraltar, 1,991 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., U.S.A. 2,633 FECAMP, FRANCE (47˚58'53"N., 122˚14'06"W.) Ports Cairn Ryan, Scotland, 338 (49˚46'00"N., 0˚21'45"E.) to: Subtract 9 miles from Seattle, Cardiff, Wales, 246 Washington distances. Alexandria, Egypt, 340 Charleston, South Carolina, Junction Points* Ashdod, Israel, 203 U.S.A., 3,239 FAABORG, DENMARK Banghazi, Libya, 768 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Ile d’Ouessant, France, 246 (55˚05'40"N., 10˚14'22"E.) See Marseille, France, 1,558 3,279 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Faborg, Denmark. Piraievs, Greece, 604 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 3,992 Entrance), Germany, 482 Cobh, Ireland, 64 FABORG, DENMARK FANNING ISLAND, NORTH Colon, Panama, 4,243 Ports (55˚05'40"N., 10˚14'22"E.) to: PACIFIC Douglas, Isle of Man, 274 (3˚51'30"N., 159˚21'45"W.) to: Dublin, Ireland, 223 Cherbourg, France, 79 Junction Points* Fishguard, Wales, 180 Plymouth, England, 183 Junction Points* Fleetwood, England, 315 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 228 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Funchal, Madeira Island, 1,177 Entrance), Germany, 53 Panama, Panama, 4,805 Galway, Ireland, 166 FELIXSTOWE, ENGLAND Skagens Odde, Denmark, 234 Glasgow, Scotland, 395 (51˚56'56"N., 1˚l9'00"E.) to: Ports Guantanamo, Cuba, 3,626 Ports Halifax, Canada, 2,315 Junction Points* Auckland, New Zealand, 2,854 Hamilton, Bermuda, 2,655 Gdansk, Poland, 368 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 1,056 Holyhead, Wales, 232 Bishop Rock, England, 377 Goteborg, Sweden, 222 Johnston Island, North Pacific, Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., Ile d’Ouessant, France, 303 Lubeck, Germany, 102 1,032 3,407 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Wellington, New Zealand, 3,114 Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 3,685 Entrance), Germany, 377 FAERINGEHAVN, Kingston, Jamaica, 3,748 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 460 GREENLAND FARGE, GERMANY La Habana, Cuba, 3,721 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 478 (63˚41'00"N., 51˚34'00"W.) See (53˚12'00"N., 8˚31'00"E.) Add Limerick, Ireland, 157 Kangerluarsoruseq, Greenland. 23 miles to Bremerhaven distances. Liverpool, England, 295 Ports Londonderry, Northern Ireland FALL RIVER, FARSUND, NORWAY (via west coast of Ireland), 371 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 144 MASSACHUSETTS, U.S.A. (58˚05'40"N., 6˚48'30"E.) to: Mathew Town, Great Inagua Antwerp, Belgium, 141 (41˚42'21"N., 71˚l0'00"W.) to: Island, 3,467 Bergen, Norway, 544 Junction Points* Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 3,554 Emden, Germany, 251 Junction Points* Milford Haven, Wales, 178 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 121 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 332 New London, Connecticut, U.S.A., Stavanger, Norway, 477 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Skagens Odde, Denmark, 132 2,723 Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 300 6,732 New York, New York, U.S.A., Grand Banks South, 975 Ports 2,805 FELTON, CUBA Panama, Panama, 2,089 Newport, Wales, 258 (20˚50'00"N., 75˚44'00"W.) See Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,063 Bergen, Norway, 182 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 2,977 Antilla. Straits of Florida, 1,264 London, England, 497 Paramaribo, Suriname, 3,554 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Oslo, Norway, 198 FERNANDINA, FLORIDA, Ports U.S.A., 2,957 U.S.A. FASLANE BAY, SCOTLAND Port au Prince, Haiti, 3,619 (30˚41'00"N., 81˚27'40"W.) to: Argentia, Canada, 851 (56˚04'00"N., 4˚49'00"W.) Port Talbot, Wales, 218 Belem, Brazil, 3,393 Subtract 11 miles from Glasgow Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A., Ports Buenos Aires, Argentina, 6,048 distances. 2,712 Cape Town, South Africa, 6,717 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,873 Nassau, Bahamas, 450 San Juan, Puerto Rico (via Mona Dakar, Senegal, 3,235 FASTNET ROCK, IRELAND* San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,115 Halifax, Canada, 435 (51˚20'00"N., 9˚36'00"W.) to: Passage), 3,299 Libreville, Gabon, 5,217 Santo Domingo, Dominican FERNANDO DE NORONHA, New York, New York, U.S.A., 172 Junction Points* Republic, 3,491 BRAZIL Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1,932 Swansea, Wales, 217 (3˚50'00"S., 32˚25'00"W.) to: Recife, Brazil, 3,656 Bishop Rock, England, 149 Washington, D.C., U.S.A., 3,112 Walvisbaai, Namibia, 6,154 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Waterford, Ireland, 110 Ports 5,880 Willemstad, Curacao, 3,708 FALMOUTH, ENGLAND Grand Banks South, 1,714 Wilmington, North Carolina, Kingston, St. Vincent, 1,320 (50˚09'20"N., 5˚03'30"W.) to: Ile d’Ouessant, France, 225 U.S.A., 3,183 New York, New York, U.S.A., Inishtrahull, Ireland, 335 3,517 Junction Points* Panama, Panama (via Mona FATEH TERMINAL, UNITED Recife, Brazil, 300 Passage), 4,247 ARAB EMIRATES Santos, Brazil, 1,560 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 100 Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,051 (25˚36'00"N., 54˚31'00"E.) to: Montreal, Canada, 2,872 FETHIYE, TURKEY Ports Pentland Firth, Scotland (via east Junction Points* (36˚37'30"N., 29˚07'20"E.) to: coast of Ireland), 625 Brest, France, 137 Pentland Firth, Scotland (via west Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Junction Points* Cardiff, Wales, 181 coast of Ireland), 578 4,733 Cobh, Ireland, 182 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,068 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 5,069 Port Said, Egypt, 375 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 4,314

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 34 FIGUERA DA FOZ, PORTUGAL

Strait of Gibraltar, 1,712 Genova, Italy, 217 FORCADOS OFFSHORE New York, New York, U.S.A., Iraklion, Kriti, 771 TERMINAL, NIGERIA 1,717 Ports Kerch, Ukraine, 1,513 (5˚10'00"N., 5˚08'45"E.) to: Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 1,597 La Nouvelle, France, 423 Nuevitas, Cuba, 1,035 Ashdod Yam, Israel, 416 Mersa El Hamra, Egypt, 1,058 Junction Points* Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Banghazi, Libya, 548 Mitilini, Greece, 875 (via Anegada Channel), 1,724 Piraievs, Greece, 305 Oran, Algeria, 710 Bishop Rock, England, 3,908 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 108 P’ot’i, Georgia, 1,675 Cape of Good Hope, South Ponce, Puerto Rico, 381 Ravenna, Italy, 866 Africa, 2,495 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 37 FIGUERA DA FOZ, Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 3,961 PORTUGAL Tunis, Tunisia, 296 Roseau, Dominica, 50 (40˚08'23"N., 8˚52'38"W.) to: Grand Banks South, 4,060 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 385 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 3,868 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 951 FLEETWOOD, ENGLAND Inishtrahull, Ireland, 4,252 Junction Points* (53˚55'00"N., 3˚00'00"W.) to: Willemstad, Curacao, 495 Panama, Panama, 5,153 Bishop Rock, England, 598 Junction Points* Pentland Firth, Scotland, 4,956 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,234 FORT LAUDERDALE, Cape of Good Hope, South FLORIDA, U.S.A. Africa, 5,236 Bishop Rock, England, 307 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,208 (26˚05'36"N., 80˚04'48"W.) to: Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 674 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 315 Straits of Florida, 5,312 Grand Banks South, 1,840 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 189 Yucatan Channel, 5,437 Junction Points* Ile d’Ouessant, France, 565 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 437 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 970 Ports Cape of Good Hope, South Panama, Panama, 4,178 Ports Africa, 6,697 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 1,224 Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 566 Grand Banks South, 1,778 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,483 Southampton, England, 485 Accra, Ghana, 320 Panama, Panama, 1,236 Strait of Gibraltar, 386 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,874 Straits of Florida, 3,779 4,843 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,778 FLEKKEFJORDEN, NORWAY Dakar, Senegal, 1,653 (58˚17'35"N., 6˚39'30"E.) to: Straits of Florida, 238 Ports Freetown, Sierra Leone, 1,207 Junction Points* Lisboa, Portugal, 3,220 Ports Cadiz, Spain, 341 Natal, Brazil, 2,536 Conakey, Guinea, 2,045 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 325 New York, New York, U.S.A., Cape Town, South Africa, 6,688 Dakar, Senegal, 1,616 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 155 4,905 Elizabeth Harbor, Bahamas, 283 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 2,105 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Georgetown, Guyana, 1,894 Funchal, Madeira Island, 594 Ports U.S.A., 5,080 Hamilton, Bermuda, 883 Lisboa, Portugal, 109 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 4,114 Kingston, Jamaica, 769 New York, New York, U.S.A., Bergen, Norway, 170 Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, La Habana, Cuba, 236 2,904 London, England, 479 2,745 Lagos, Nigeria, 5,069 Ponta Delgada, Azores, 795 Oslo, Norway, 219 Takoradi, Ghana, 416 Matadi, Congo, 5,758 Recife, Brazil, 3,232 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1,504 Tangier, Morocco, 385 FLENSBURG, GERMANY FORT DAUPHIN, Recife, Brazil, 3,459 (54˚47'50"N., 9˚26'15"E.) to: MADAGASCAR San Juan, Puerto Rico, 900 (25˚01'00"S., 47˚01'00"E.) to: FISHGUARD, WALES (52˚00'30"N., 4˚58'30"W.) to: Junction Points* Junction Points* FORT-LIBERATE, HAITI (19˚41'30"N., 71˚50'20"W.) to: Junction Points* Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Cape of Good Hope, South Entrance), Germany, 52 Junction Points* Africa, 1,614 Bishop Rock, England, 161 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 260 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 180 Port Said, Egypt, 4,035 Panama, Panama, 881 Singapore, 3,975 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 497 Ports Straits of Florida, 692 Ports Ports Gdynia, Poland, 358 Ports Goteborg, Sweden, 272 Belawan, Indonesia, 3,642 Avonmouth, England, 145 Lubeck, Germany, 131 New York, New York, U.S.A., Barrow in Furness, England, 157 Fremantle, Australia, 3,593 1,283 Belfast, Northern Ireland, 182 Malacca, Malaysia, 3,860 Nuevitas, Cuba, 339 FLORIDA STRAITS, U.S.A. Penang, Malaysia, 3,687 Brest, France, 274 (24˚25'00"N., 83˚00'00"W.) See San Juan, Puerto Rico, 373 Cardiff, Wales, 130 Port Darwin, Australia, 4,775 Straits of Florida. Sabang, Indonesia, 3,376 Cherbourg, France, 306 FORTALEZA, BRAZIL Cobh, Ireland, 131 (3˚42'00"S., 38˚31'00"W.) to: FLOTTA TERMINAL, FORT DE FRANCE, Douglas, Isle of Man, 131 SCOTLAND Glasgow, Scotland, 247 MARTINIQUE Junction Points* (58˚52'14"N., 3˚06'42"W.) See (14˚36'00"N., 61˚04'15"W.) to: London, England, 523 Scapa Flow. Southampton, England, 343 Punta Arenas, Chile, 3,654 Junction Points* Swansea, Wales, 100 FLUSHING, NETHERLANDS Ports (51˚26'30"N., 3˚36'00"E.) See Panama, Panama, 1,202 FIUMICINO, ITALY Vlissingen. Straits of Florida, 1,389 (41˚44'5"N., 12˚09'37"E.) to: Belem, Brazil, 685 New York, New York, U.S.A., Ports Junction Points* FLYING FISH COVE, 3,304 CHRISTMAS ISLAND Recife, Brazil, 425 (10˚25'00"S., 105˚43'00"E.) to: Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Port Said, Egypt, 1,217 1,718 Strait of Gibraltar, 918 Junction Points* Bordeaux, France, 3,607 FRAY BENTOS, URUGUAY Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., (33˚06'58"S., 58˚19'57"W.) Add Ports Cape of Good Hope, South 1,799 213 miles to Montevideo distances Africa, 4,923 Bridgetown, Barbados, 130 or 145 miles to Buenos Aires Ajaccio, Corsica, 187 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 1,540 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 1,240 distances. Antalya, Turkey, 1,067 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 603 Colon, Panama, 1,159 Banzart, Tunisia, 273 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 281 Kingstown, St. Vincent, 89 FREDERICIA, DENMARK Bar, Montenegro, 608 La Habana, Cuba (via Mona (55˚33'45"N., 9˚45'35"E.) to: Cartagena, Spain, 664 Ports Passage and Old Bahama Corinth Canal (west side, Channel), 1,350 Korinthos), Greece, 645 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1,888

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points GAETA, ITALY 35

Junction Points* FREETOWN, SIERRA LEONE Beira, Mozambique, 4,351 Apra, Guam, 2,455 (08˚30'00"N., 13˚14'00"W.) to: Berbera, Somalia, 4,933 Brisbane, Australia, 1,895 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Bombay, India, 3,986 Hong Kong, China, 4,247 Entrance), Germany, 85 Junction Points* Bushehr, Iran, 5,259 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,249 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 169 Calcutta, India (via west of Jaluit, Marshall Islands, 1,041 Bishop Rock, England, 2,673 Sumatra), 3,693 Midway Island, 2,220 Ports Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Calicut, India, 3,484 Noumea, New Caledonia, 1,132 3,190 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 3,122 Papeete, French Polynesia, 1,910 Gdynia, Poland, 384 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 2,630 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 4,513 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Goteborg, Sweden, 181 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 3,024 Diego Garcia, Chagos 4,295 Lubeck, Germany, 155 Montreal, Canada, 4,019 Archipelago, 2,850 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 4,640 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 3,272 Durban, South Africa, 4,244 Punta Arenas, Chile, 4,731 FREDERICKSHAAB, East London, South Africa, 4,304 FUNCHAL, MADEIRA GREENLAND Strait of Gibraltar, 1,966 Fort Dauphin, Madagascar, 3,593 ISLAND (61˚59'00"N., 49˚43'00"W.) See Straits of Florida, 4,137 Geraldton, Australia, 213 (32˚38'00"N., 16˚54'30"W.) to: Paamuit, Greenland. Yucatan Channel, 4,229 Kakinada, India, 3,515 Karachi, Pakistan, 4,446 Junction Points* Ports FREDERIKSHAVN, Madras, India, 3,393 DENMARK Majunga, Madagascar, 4,132 Bishop Rock, England, 1,136 (57˚26'00"N., 10˚33'15"E.) to: Accra, Ghana, 955 Maputo, Mozambique, 4,283 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Banjul, Gambia, 450 Mocambique, Mozambique, 4,367 4,689 Junction Points* Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Mombasa, Kenya, 4,564 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 1,177 3,656 Mosselbaai, South Africa, 4,525 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 1,089 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Buenos Aires, Argentina, 3,712 Port Darwin, Australia, 1,847 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 1,466 Entrance), Germany, 200 Cadiz, Spain, 1,979 Port Louis, Mauritius (north of Montreal, Canada, 2,850 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 24 Cape Town, South Africa, 3,164 Mauritius), 3,202 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 1,714 Casablanca, Morocco, 1,812 Port Louis, Mauritius (south of Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,894 Ports Colon, Panama, 3,976 Mauritius), 3,217 Strait of Gibraltar, 589 Dakar, Senegal, 496 Rangoon, Burma (west of Straits of Florida, 3,503 Arkhangel’sk, Russia, 1,805 Funchal, Madeira Island, 1,573 Sumatra), 3,248 Gdynia, Poland, 395 Georgetown, Ascension Island, Sabang, Indonesia, 2,601 Ports Kobenhavn, Denmark, 142 996 Surabaya, Indonesia (via Bali Lubeck, Germany, 170 Guantanamo, Cuba, 3,650 Strait and north of Madura), Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Huelva, Spain, 1,999 1,674 3,028 FREDERIKSTED, ST. CROIX Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 4,076 Surabaya, Indonesia (via Bali Banjul, Gambia, 1,182 (17˚43'00"N., 64˚53'20"W.) to: Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 1,317 Strait and south of Madura), Bordeaux, France, 1,192 Lisboa, Portugal, 2,023 1,627 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Ports Marshall, Liberia, 293 Tamatave, Madagascar, 3,650 2,604 Monrovia, Liberia, 264 Tanga, Tanzania, 4,583 Brest, France, 1,110 Roseau, Dominica, 252 Natal, Brazil, 1,569 Tjilatjap, Indonesia, 1,519 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 4,823 New York, New York, U.S.A., Victoria, Seychelles, 3,752 Cadiz, Spain, 579 FREDRIKSTAD, NORWAY 3,757 Wyndham, Australia, 1,780 Cape Town, South Africa, 4,680 (59˚12'10"N., 10˚57'00"E.) to: Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 3,821 Yampi Sound, Australia, 586 Casablanca, Morocco, 476 Oporto, Portugal, 2,161 Zanzibar, Tanzania, 4,536 Colon, Panama, 3,742 Junction Points* Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Dakar, Senegal, 1,091 U.S.A., 3,862 FU-CHOU, CHINA Freetown, Sierra Leone, 1,573 Bishop Rock, England, 918 Pointe Noire, Congo, 1,788 (26˚03'30"N., 119˚19'00"E.) See Guantanamo, Cuba, 3,194 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 904 Ponta Delgada, Azores, 1,941 Fuzhou, China. Horta, Azores, 677 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Port of Spain, Trinidad, 2,896 Huelva, Spain, 578 Entrance) (via Store Baelt), Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 1,397 Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 3,445 Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, FUJAYRAH, UNITED ARAB Germany, 330 EMIRATES Kingston, Jamaica, 3,349 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East 871 (25˚09'00"N., 56˚26'45"E.) to: Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 282 Entrance) (via The Sound), Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Lisboa, Portugal, 532 Germany, 402 U.S.A., 3,654 Junction Points* New York, New York, U.S.A. Pentland Firth, Scotland, 488 Recife, Brazil, 1,632 (direct), 2,761 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 93 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2,613 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 2,907 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 3,141 4,645 Oporto, Portugal, 650 Ports Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 4,909 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Islands, 1,342 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 4,127 U.S.A., 2,901 Bergen, Norway, 335 St. Helena Island, 1,564 Port Said, Egypt, 2,447 Plymouth, England, 1,234 Oslo, Norway, 57 Takoradi, Ghana, 859 Singapore, 3,356 Ponta Delgada, Azores, 550 Vigo, Spain, 2,223 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 3,509 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 2,819 FREEPORT, BAHAMAS Torres Strait, Australia, 5,701 Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, (26˚31'00"N., 78˚46'45"W.) to: FREMANTLE, AUSTRALIA 1,043 (32˚03'00"S., 115˚44'20"E.) to: Ports Praia, Cape Verde Islands, 1,128 Junction Points* Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3,722 Junction Points* Aden, Yemen, 1,377 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 2,773 Panama, Panama (via Windward Belawan, Indonesia, 2,973 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Passage), 1,280 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Calcutta, India, 2,961 Islands, 258 Straits of Florida, 278 4,755 Fremantle, Australia, 7,614 Tangier, Morocco, 588 Yucatan Channel, 456 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 181 Penang, Malaysia, 3,007 Vigo, Spain, 702 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 1,440 Port Said, Egypt, 6,310 Ports FUNAFUTI, TUVALU FUZHOU, CHINA Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 1,691 (8˚30'45"S., 179˚12'15"E.) to: (26˚03'30"N., 119˚19'00"E.) Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., 841 Torres Strait, Australia, 2,531 Fuzhou is 9 miles above Lo hsing- Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., 304 Junction Points* ta Mao-ti, on the River Min. See Lo La Habana, Cuba, 286 Ports hsing-ta Mao-ti. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Panama, Panama, 6,217 Aden, Yemen (north of Chagos U.S.A., 890 GAETA, ITALY San Juan, Puerto Rico, 872 Archipelago), 4,921 Ports (41˚13'00"N., 13˚35'00"E.) to: Wilmington, North Carolina, Al Basrah, Iraq, 5,440 U.S.A., 487 Al Manamah, Bahrain, 5,203 Apia, Samoa, 632 Albany, Australia, 349

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 36 GALEOTA POINT, TRINIDAD

Junction Points* Ports Helsinki, Finland, 292 Singapore (via Karimata Strait), Riga, Latvia, 355 2,019 Port Said, Egypt, 1,150 Barranquilla, Colombia, 1,577 Stockholm, Sweden, 153 Torres Strait, Australia, 1,062 Strait of Gibraltar, 986 Belize, Belize, 935 Selat Wetar, Indonesia, 680 Campeche, Mexico, 617 GDANSK, POLAND Ports Carmen, Mexico, 661 (54˚22'00"N., 18˚40'00"E.) to: Ports Cartagena, Colombia, 1,583 Livorno, Italy, 228 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 989 Junction Points* Anchorage, Alaska, U.S.A., 5,529 Messina, Sicily, 209 Coatzacoalcos, Mexico, 680 Balikpapan, Kalimantan, 1,276 Tunis, Tunisia, 315 La Habana, Cuba, 769 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Hong Kong, China, 1,783 Limon, Costa Rica, 1,394 Entrance), Germany, 344 Jakarta, Indonesia, 1,686 GALEOTA POINT, TRINIDAD Maracaibo, Venezuela, 1,810 Skagens Odde, Denmark (via Store Manila, Philippines, 2,531 (10˚07'55"N., 61˚00'55"W.) to: Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, 1,041 Baelt), 533 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, 1,899 Skagens Odde, Denmark (via The 6,260 Junction Points* Puerto Cortes, Honduras, 1,001 Sound), 418 San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua (via GEELONG, AUSTRALIA Bishop Rock, England, 3,603 inside route), 1,344 Ports (38˚08'00"S., 144˚22'00"E.) Add Cape of Good Hope, South Santa Marta, Colombia, 1,588 6 miles to Melbourne distances. Africa, 5,320 Tampico, Mexico, 473 Assens, Denmark, 370 Panama, Panama, 1,273 Tuxpan, Mexico, 530 Faborg, Denmark, 368 GELA, ITALY Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,365 Veracruz, Mexico, 623 Kobenhavn, Denmark, 468 (37˚03'35"N., 14˚13'52"E.) to: Strait of Gibraltar, 3,367 Oslo, Norway (via Store Baelt), Straits of Florida (via Mona GALWAY, IRELAND 657 Junction Points* Passage), 1,588 (53˚15'00"N., 9˚03'00"W.) to: Oslo, Norway (via The Sound), Yucatan Channel, 1,595 540 Port Said, Egypt, 981 Junction Points* Szczecin, Poland, 240 Strait of Gibraltar, 968 Ports Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 166 GDYNIA, POLAND Ports Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Inishtrahull, Ireland, 231 (54˚32'00"N., 18˚33'00"E.) to: 1,983 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,184 Ajaccio, Corsica, 417 Campeche, Mexico, 2,107 Junction Points* Antalya, Turkey, 847 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., Ports Bar, Montenegro, 443 1,748 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Bat’umi, Georgia, 1,439 La Habana, Cuba (via Mona Dakar, Senegal, 2,383 Entrance), Germany, 339 Canakkle, Turkey, 719 Passage and Old Bahama Natal, Brazil, 3,786 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 528 Constanta, Romania, 1,049 Channel), 1,548 St. John’s, Canada, 1,678 Famagusta, Cyprus, 1,012 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Tromso, Norway, 1,352 Ports Jaffa, Israel, 1,061 U.S.A., 1,999 Malaga, Spain, 899 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 637 GAMBA, GABON Aalborg, Denmark (via The Marseille, France, 584 Veracruz, Mexico, 2,236 (2˚49'32"S., 9˚56'46"E.) to: Sound), 389 Thessaloniki, Greece, 749 Willemstad, Curacao, 542 Flensburg, Germany, 358 Tubruq, Libya, 577 Junction Points* Fredericia, Denmark, 384 GALLE, SRI LANKA Frederikshavn, Denmark, 395 GELIBOLU, TURKEY (6˚01'45"N., 80˚13'20"E.) to: Bishop Rock, England, 4,255 Gavle, Sweden, 438 (40˚24'18"N., 26˚40'00"E.) Cape of Good Hope, South Grena, Denmark, 361 Subtract 113 miles from Istanbul Junction Points* Africa, 1,967 Hamina, Finland, 512 distances for ports outside the Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 4,307 Hango, Finland, 356 Black Sea and Sea of Marmara. Singapore, 1,502 Grand Banks South, 4,407 Helsinki, Finland, 415 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 3,835 Kobenhavn, Denmark, 464 GEMLICK, TURKEY Ports Inishtrahull, Ireland, 4,598 Korsor, Denmark, 344 (40˚25'46"N., 29˚09'06"E.) to: Panama, Panama, 5,099 Kyndbyvaerkets, Denmark, 334 Bombay, India, 944 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 5,321 Lubeck, Germany, 328 Junction Points* Calicut, India, 437 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,051 Masnedsund, Denmark, 330 Karachi, Pakistan, 1,393 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,554 Middlefart, Denmark, 396 Port Said, Egypt, 805 Trincomalee, Sri Lanka, 255 Straits of Florida, 5,659 Musko Island, Sweden, 288 Strait of Gibraltar (south of Yucatan Channel, 5,784 Naestved, Denmark, 383 Greece), 1,841 GALLIPOLI, ITALY Nakskov, Denmark, 335 (40˚02'00"N., 17˚59'00"E.) to: Ports Odense, Denmark, 438 Ports Oxelosund, Sweden, 266 Junction Points* Accra, Ghana, 789 Peenemunde, Germany, 220 Alexandria, Egypt, 722 Cape Town, South Africa, 1,943 Pitea, Sweden, 687 Barcelona, Spain, 1,469 Port Said, Egypt, 908 Dakar, Senegal, 2,045 Porkkala, Finland, 412 Beirut, Lebanon, 810 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,246 Douala, Cameroon, 459 Randers, Denmark, 403 Canakkle, Turkey, 133 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 1,588 Ruch’i, Russia, 530 Napoli, Italy, 974 Ports Monrovia, Liberia, 1,363 Sassnitz, Germany, 203 Oran, Algeria, 1,580 New York, New York, U.S.A., Sonderborg, Denmark, 360 Piraievs, Greece, 352 Durres, Albania, 137 5,330 Stralsund, Germany, 245 Tangiers, Morocco, 1,824 Izmir, Turkey (south of Greece), Sao Tome, Sao Tome, 260 Sundsvall, Sweden, 507 Tarabulus, Libya, 948 606 Takoradi, Ghana, 1,051 Tallinn, Estonia, 392 Toulon, France, 1,343 Messina, Sicily, 201 Travemunde, Germany, 307 Volos, Greece, 324 GAVLE, SWEDEN Umea, Sweden, 574 Zelinika, Montenegro, 868 GALVESTON, TEXAS, U.S.A. (60˚41'28"N., 17˚13'50"E.) to: Ventspils, Latvia, 204 (29˚19'00"N., 94˚47'00"W.) to: GENERAL SANTOS CITY, Junction Points* GEBE ISLAND, INDONESIA PHILIPPINES Junction Points* (0˚03'50"S., 129˚22'44"E.) to: (6˚06'15"N., 125˚10'07"E.) to: Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Panama, Panama, 1,536 Entrance), Germany, 615 Junction Points* Junction Points* Straits of Florida, 698 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 676 Yucatan Channel, 696 Honshu, Japan, 2,187 Honshu, Japan, 2,048 Ports Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 1,078 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 1,096 Panama, Panama, 9,116 Panama, Panama, 9,384 Gdynia, Poland, 438 Punta Arenas, Chile, 8,757

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points GIZAN, SAUDI ARABIA 37

Singapore, 1,431 Rijeka, Croatia, 1,085 Guantanamo, Cuba, 1,316 Port Antonia, Jamaica, 323 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 1,570 Sete, France, 266 Hamilton, Bermuda, 1,591 Sibenik, Croatia, 958 Horta, Azores, 2,488 GIBRALTAR Ports Siracusa, Sicily, 557 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., (36˚08'00"N., 6˚21'30"W.) to: Split, Croatia, 943 1,980 Cebu, Philippines, 450 St.. Raphael, France, 118 Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 1,818 Junction Points* Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 4,583 Tarabulus, Libya, 719 Kingston, Jamaica, 1,334 Makassar, Sulawesi, 840 Taranto, Italy, 705 La Habana, Cuba, 1,830 Port Said, Egypt, 1,925 Manila, Philippines, 773 Thessaloniki, Greece (south of Limon, Costa Rica, 1,547 Strait of Gibraltar, 24 Manzanillo, Mexico, 7,702 Greece), 1,186 Lisboa, Portugal, 3,264 Monterey, California, U.S.A., Thessaloniki, Greece (via Corinth Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 1,788 Ports 6,402 Canal), 1,144 Montevideo, Uruguay, 3,840 Toulon, France, 171 Natal, Brazil, 1,630 Alexandria, Egypt, 1,805 GENOVA, ITALY Trieste, Italy, 1,118 New York, New York, U.S.A., Algiers, Algeria, 420 (44˚23'52"N., 8˚55'20"E.) to: Tubruq, Libya, 1,048 2,217 Alicante, Spain, 300 Tunis, Tunisia, 472 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 2,090 Ancona, Italy, 1,563 Junction Points* Valencia, Spain, 512 Paramaribo, Suriname, 215 Annaba, Algeria, 658 Valletta, Malta, 584 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Banghazi, Libya, 1,338 Port Said, Egypt, 1,426 Venezia, Italy, 1,128 U.S.A., 2,223 Barcelona, Spain, 516 Strait of Gibraltar, 868 Villefranche, France, 88 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 606 Bari, Italy, 1,356 Volos, Greece (south of Greece), Port of Spain, Trinidad, 376 Beirut, Lebanon, 2,017 Ports 1,127 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 482 Brindisi, Italy, 1,298 Volos, Greece (via Corinth Canal), Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Cartagena, Spain, 241 Ajaccio, Corsica, 170 1,085 U.S.A., 2,284 Genova, Italy, 850 Alexandria, Egypt, 1,316 Puerto Cortes, Honduras, 1,933 Guantanamo, Cuba (via Turks Algiers, Algeria, 531 GEORGETOWN, Recife, Brazil, 1,781 Island Passage), 3,767 Alicante, Spain, 564 ASCENSION ISLAND Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2,853 Haifa, Israel, 2,014 Ancona, Italy, 1,010 (7˚55'00"S., 14˚25'00"W.) to: Salvador, Brazil, 2,172 Iraklion, Kriti, 1,499 Annaba, Algeria, 458 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 876 Istanbul, Turkey, 1,804 Banghazi, Libya, 912 Junction Points* Sint Nicolaashaven, Aruba, 856 Izmir, Turkey (south of Greece), Banzart, Tunisia, 437 St. John’s, Antigua, 689 1,650 Barcelona, Spain, 356 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Wilmington, North Carolina, La Spezia, Italy, 873 Bari, Italy, 810 2,409 U.S.A., 2,011 Livorno, Italy, 869 Bastia, Corsica, 108 Marseille, France, 693 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,508 Ports GERALDTON, AUSTRALIA Messina, Sicily, 1,031 Bonifacio, Corsica, 199 (28˚47'00"S., 114˚35'00"E.) to: Napoli, Italy, 983 Brindisi, Italy, 752 Boma, Congo, 1,608 Odessa, Ukraine, 2,152 Cagliari, Sardinia, 359 Colon, Panama, 4,181 Junction Points* Oran, Algeria, 237 Cannes, France, 107 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 996 Palermo, Sicily, 922 Cartagena, Spain, 616 Lagos, Nigeria, 1,375 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 356 Palma, Balearic Islands, 453 Catania, Sicily, 535 Luanda, Angola, 1,657 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 1,242 Piraievs, Greece (south of Ceuta, Morocco, 849 Malabo, Equatorial Guinea, 1,561 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 1,494 Greece), 1,490 Civitavecchia, Italy, 191 Montevideo, Uruguay, 2,824 Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth Derince, Turkey (south of Greece), New York, New York, U.S.A., Ports Canal), 1,433 1,325 4,395 Rijeka, Croatia, 1,630 Derince, Turkey (via Corinth Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Albany, Australia, 525 Savona, Italy, 835 Canal), 1,283 U.S.A., 4,469 Fremantle, Australia, 213 Sfax, Tunisia, 1,026 Dubrovnik, Croatia, 856 Recife, Brazil, 1,226 Port Darwin, Australia, 1,638 Sibenik, Croatia, 1,504 Gibraltar, 850 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1,900 Siracusa, Sicily, 1,037 Golfe-Juan, France, 101 St. Helena Island, 707 GHAZAOUET, ALGERIA Split, Croatia, 1,489 Haifa, Israel, 1,505 (35˚06'18"N., 1˚51'30"W.) to: Tarabulus, Libya, 1,076 Hyeres, France, 147 GEORGETOWN, GUYANA Taranto, Italy, 1,250 Iraklion, Kriti, 991 (6˚49'00"N., 58˚10'00"W.) to: Junction Points* Thessaloniki, Greece (south of Istanbul, Turkey (south of Greece), 1,698 Greece), 1,291 Junction Points* Port Said, Egypt, 1,784 Thessaloniki, Greece (via Corinth Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth Strait of Gibraltar, 199 Canal), 1,682 Canal), 1,250 Bishop Rock, England, 3,643 Toulon, France, 705 Izmir, Turkey (south of Greece), Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Ports Trieste, Italy, 1,66 1,137 5,026 Tunis, Tunisia, 803 Izmir, Turkey (via Corinth Canal), Inishtrahull, Ireland, 3,779 Algiers, Algeria, 278 Valencia, Spain, 386 1,095 Montreal, Canada, 3,077 Alicante, Spain, 209 Valletta, Malta, 988 Malaga, Spain, 798 Panama, Panama, 1,558 Malaga, Spain, 158 Venezia, Italy, 1,674 Marseille, France, 204 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 4,001 Volos, Greece (south of Greece), Messina, Sicily, 492 Punta Arenas, Chile (east of South GHENT, BELGIUM 1,640 Napoli, Italy, 338 America), 5,030 (51˚03'00"N., 3˚44'00"E.) Volos, Greece (via Corinth Canal), Nice, France, 89 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,358 Subtract 17 miles from Antwerp 1,623 Odessa, Ukraine (south of Straits of Florida (via Mona distances. Greece), 1,639 Passage), 1,869 GIJON, SPAIN Yucatan Channel, 1,846 Odessa, Ukraine (via Corinth GIBARA, CUBA (43˚33'00"N., 50˚40'30"W.) to: Canal), 1,598 (21˚06'30"N., 76˚07'00"W.) to: Olbia, Sardinia, 221 Ports Junction Points* Oran, Algeria, 686 Junction Points* Palermo, Sicily, 431 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Ile d’Ouessant, France, 294 Palma, Balearic Islands, 448 2,211 Straits of Florida, 447 Piraievs, Greece (south of Belem, Brazil, 896 Ports Greece), 978 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Ports Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth 2,282 Casablanca, Morocco, 763 Canal), 896 Bridgetown, Barbados, 389 Charleston, South Carolina, Horta, Azores, 1,092 Port St. Louis du Rhone, France, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 3,954 U.S.A., 806 St. Nazaire, France, 274 221 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, New York, New York, U.S.A., Porto Vecchio di Piombino, Italy, 814 1,216 GIZAN, SAUDI ARABIA 116 Colon, Panama, 1,515 Nuevitas, Cuba, 82 (16˚53'15"N., 42˚23'20"E.) to: Elizabeth Harbor, Bahamas, 1,484

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 38 GLADSTONE HARBOR, AUSTRALIA

Junction Points* Junction Points* Junction Points* Junction Points*

Cape of Good Hope, South Panama, Panama, 334 Cape of Good Hope, South Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, 4,344 Africa, 6,489 Africa, 2,826 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 5,324 Ports Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 2,457 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 2,981 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 4,764 Torres Strait, Australia, 346 Port Said, Egypt, 1,130 Acapulco, Mexico, 1,123 Selat Wetar, Indonesia, 611 Ports Singapore, 4,008 Ampala, Honduras, 432 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 4,217 Buenaventura, Colombia, 426 Ports Dakar, Senegal, 831 Torres Strait, Australia, 6,443 La Union, El Salvador, 4326 Takoradi, Ghana, 461 Ambon, Indonesia, 767 Ports GONAIVES, HAITI Colombo, Sri Lanka, 3,700 GRENA, DENMARK (19˚27'00"N., 72˚42'00"W.) to: Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2,484 (56˚24'45"N., 10˚56'20"E.) to: Aden, Yemen, 400 Hong Kong, China, 2,583 Al Aqabah, Jordan, 988 Junction Points* Manila, Philippines, 2,034 Junction Points* Massawa, Ethiopia, 222 Port Darwin, Australia, 460 Port Sudan, Sudan, 403 Panama, Panama, 805 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East GRAND BANKS SOUTH* Entrance), Germany, 140 GLADSTONE HARBOR, Ports (42˚30'00"N., 50˚00'00"W.) to: Skagens Odde, Denmark, 115 AUSTRALIA (23˚50'00"S., 151˚15'30"E.) to: Kingston, Jamaica, 263 Junction Points* Ports New York, New York, U.S.A., Junction Points* 1,328 Bishop Rock, England, 1,830 Gdynia, Poland, 361 Port au Prince, Haiti, 70 Cape of Good Hope, South Goteborg, Sweden, 102 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 2,688 Africa, 5,954 Lubeck, Germany, 169 Torres Strait, Australia, 1,085 GOOD HOPE, LOUISIANA, Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 1,714 U.S.A. Ile d’Ouessant, France, 1,877 GRIMSBY, ENGLAND Ports (29˚59'35"N., 90˚24'00"W.) Add Inishtrahull, Ireland, 1,809 (53˚36'00"N., 0˚0l'00"W.) 24 miles to New Orleans distances. Montreal, Canada, 1,335 Subtract 14 miles from Hull Brisbane, Australia, 314 Panama, Panama, 2,555 distances. Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, GOOLE, ENGLAND Pentland Firth, Scotland, 1,998 1,389 (53˚42'00"N., 0˚51'00"W.) Add Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,440 GRIMSTAD, NORWAY Wellington, New Zealand, 1,678 27 miles to Hull distances. Strait of Gibraltar, 2,070 (58˚20'20"N., 8˚36'05"E.) to: Straits of Florida, 1,990 GLASGOW, SCOTLAND GOOSE BAY, CANADA Junction Points* (55˚51'45"N., 4˚18'00"W.) to: (53˚22'00"N., 60˚18'00"W.) to: Ports Pentland Firth, Scotland, 399 Junction Points* Junction Points* Belem, Brazil, 2,638 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Ports Bishop Rock, England, 402 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 1,812 932 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 395 Strait of Gibraltar, 2,538 Dakar, Senegal, 2,336 Bergen, Norway, 250 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 146 Galway, Ireland, 1,741 London, England, 542 Pentland Firth, Scotland (via The Ports Lisboa, Portugal, 1,858 Oslo, Norway, 135 Minch), 384 St. John’s, Canada, 325 Churchill, Canada, 1,557 GROTON, CONNECTICUT, Ports Reykjavik, Iceland, 1,332 GRANGEMOUTH, U.S.A. St. John’s, Canada, 588 SCOTLAND (41˚21'30"N., 72˚05'15"W.) Use Ardrossan, Scotland, 43 (56˚02'00"N., 3˚41'20"W.) For New London distances. Avonmouth, England, 390 GOTEBORG, SWEDEN distances outside the Firth of Forth Barrow in Furness, England, 172 (57˚42'00"N., 11˚57'00"E.) to: add 15 miles to Leith distances. GUANICA, PUERTO RICO Boulogne, France, 672 (17˚58'00"N., 66˚55'30"W.) to: Cairn Ryan, Scotland, 82 Junction Points* GRANTON, SCOTLAND Cardiff, Wales, 375 (55˚59'16"N., 3˚13'13"W.) See Ports Cobh, Ireland, 346 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Leith. Fishguard, Wales, 247 Entrance), Germany, 230 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba (north of Londonderry, Northern Ireland, Skagens Odde, Denmark, 42 GRANVILLE, FRANCE Hispaniola and via Windward 143 (48˚50'00"N., 1˚36'15"W.) to: Passage), 572 Reykjavik, Iceland, 860 Ports Santiago de Cuba, Cuba (south of Stornoway, Scotland, 283 Junction Points* Hispaniola), 584 Assens, Denmark, 197 GLOUCESTER, ENGLAND Bergen, Norway, 356 Bishop Rock, England, 267 GUANTA, VENEZUELA (51˚52'00"N., 2˚13'00"W.) Add Faborg, Denmark, 222 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 158 (10˚14'43"N., 64˚35'30"W.) Add 34 miles to Avonmouth distances. Flensburg, Germany, 272 1 mile to Puerto la Cruz distances. Fredericia, Denmark, 181 Ports GODHAVN, GREENLAND Grena, Denmark, 102 GUANTANAMO, CUBA (69˚14'00"N., 53˚32'00"W.) See Haderslev, Denmark, 203 Dover, England, 181 (19˚54'00"N., 75˚11'00"W.) to: Qeqertarsauq, Greenland. Hobro, Denmark, 123 Le Havre, France, 173 Kolding, Denmark, 330 Plymouth, England, 149 Junction Points* GODTHAB, GREENLAND Middlefart, Denmark, 173 (64˚10'45"N., 51˚45'14"W.) See Naestved, Denmark, 199 GRAVESEND, ENGLAND Bishop Rock, England (via Nuuk, Greenland. Nakskov, Denmark, 201 (51˚26'45"N., 0˚22'30"E.) Windward Passage), 3,714 Oslo, Norway, 159 Subtract 16 miles from London Fastnet Rock, Ireland (via GOLCUK, TURKEY Sonderborg, Denmark, 239 distances. Windward Passage), 3,597 (40˚44'00"N., 29˚49'00"E.) Add Vejle, Denmark, 176 Inishtrahull, Ireland (via Windward 34 miles to Istanbul distances for GREENOCK, SCOTLAND Passage), 3,722 ports outside the Black Sea and Sea GOTHENBURG, SWEDEN (55˚57'00"N., 4˚45'00"W.) Panama, Panama, 752 of Marmara. (57˚42'00"N., 11˚57'00"E.) See Subtract 17 miles from Glasgow Pentland Firth, Scotland, 3,869 Goteborg, Sweden. distances. Strait of Gibraltar, 3,737 GOLFITO, COSTA RICA Straits of Florida, 638 (8˚38'30"N., 83˚10'30"W.) to: GOVE HARBOR, AUSTRALIA GREENVILLE, LIBERIA Yucatan Channel, 582 (12˚10'33"S., 136˚38'43"E.) to: (4˚59'30"N., 9˚02'55"W.) to:

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points HAIFA, ISRAEL 39

Ports Hispaniola), 537 Wake Island, 6,843 Campeche, Mexico, 652 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Yokohama, Japan, 7,987 Cap-Haitien, Haiti, 1,145 Argentia, Canada, 1,976 Islands, 3,265 Carmen, Mexico, 725 Arkhangel’sk, Russia, 5,156 Santa Cruz del Sur, Cuba, 222 GUAYMAS, MEXICO Cartagena, Colombia, 1,449 Bahia Honda, Cuba, 643 Santo Domingo, Dominican (27˚55'00"N., 110˚54'00"W.) to: Cienfuegos, Cuba, 851 Barranquilla, Colombia, 534 Republic, 397 Colon, Panama, 1,370 Belem, Brazil, 2,214 Sint Nicolaashaven, Aruba, 544 Junction Points* La Habana, Cuba, 564 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. (via St. John’s, Antigua, 837 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe (via Windward Passage, Crooked Tampico, Mexico, 1,297 Honshu, Japan, 6,030 Old Bahama Channel and Mona Island Passage, and Nantucket Veracruz, Mexico, 1,228 Panama, Panama, 2,370 Passage), 1,823 Light Buoy), 1,495 Willemstad, Curacao, 595 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,401 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe (via Brest, France, 3,784 Torres Strait, Australia, 7,234 Virgin Passage and Old Bahama Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,278 GUAYAQUIL, ECUADOR Tsugaru-Kaikyo, Japan, 5,850 Channel), 1,822 Cap-Haitien, Haiti, 175 (2˚12'00"S., 79˚53'00"W.) to: Wilson Promontory, Australia, Port au Prince, Haiti (via Old Cape Town, South Africa, 6,290 7,354 Bahama Channel and Windward Cardenas, Cuba, 539 Junction Points* Passage), 1,176 Cartagena, Colombia, 586 Ports Tampico, Mexico, 725 Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A. Panama, Panama, 824 Tuxpan, Mexico, 751 (via Windward Passage and Punta Arenas, Chile, 3,307 Acapulco, Mexico, 958 Veracruz, Mexico, 800 Crooked Island Passage), 900 Singapore (via Surigao Strait), Antofagasta, Chile, 3,894 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands 10,726 Arica, Chile, 3,681 GUNSAN, SOUTH KOREA (north of Hispaniola and Puerto Torres Strait, Australia (via Raine Callao, Peru, 3,117 (35˚59'18"N., 126˚43'00"E.) to: Rico), 607 Island entrance), 8,270 Coquimbo, Chile, 4,153 Christiansted, St. Croix (north of Corinto, Nicaragua, 1,738 Ports Hispaniola and Puerto Rico), Ports Esmeraldas, Ecuador, 2,467 635 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 2,640 Busan, South Korea, 376 Christiansted, St. Croix (south of Acapulco, Mexico, 1,708 Iquique, Chile, 3,750 Dalien, China, 294 Hispaniola), 689 Amapala, Honduras, 1,167 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Sasebo, Japan, 343 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 366 Antofagasta, Chile, 1,470 1,158 Shanghai, China, 457 Colon, Panama, 689 Apra, Guam, 8,147 Lota, Chile, 4,442 Yeosu, South Korea, 245 Dakar, Senegal, 3,312 Arica, Chile, 1,251 Mazatlan, Mexico, 388 Elizabeth Harbor, Bahamas, 334 Auckland, New Zealand, 6,087 Monterey, California, U.S.A., HABANA, CUBA Freetown, Sierra Leone, 3,650 Buenaventura, Colombia, 608 1,410 (23˚08'00"N., 82˚20'30"W.) See Funchal, Madeira Island, 3,194 Caldera, Chile, 1,632 Pisco, Peru, 3,227 La Habana, Cuba. Georgetown, Guyana, 1,316 Callao, Peru, 712 Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 1,956 Gibraltar (via Turks Island Coquimbo, Chile, 1,781 Salina Cruz, Mexico, 1,260 HACHINOHE, JAPAN Passage), 3,767 Corinto, Nicaragua, 1,071 San Diego, California, U.S.A., (40˚32'00"N., 141˚33'00"E.) to: Halifax, Canada, 1,634 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., 1,088 Hamilton, Bermuda, 992 5,552 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Ports Horta, Azores (via Mouchoir Esmeraldas, Ecuador, 356 1,490 Passage), 2,666 Guaymas, Mexico, 2,640 San Jose, Guatemala, 1,520 Hakodate, Japan, 108 Ivittuut, Greenland, 2,873 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam (north of Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A., Muroran, Japan, 123 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., 851 Luzon), 10,321 1,225 Nagoya, Japan, 577 Key West, Florida, U.S.A. (via Old Hong Kong, China, 9,505 Talcahuano, Chile, 4,428 Naha, Ryukyu Islands, 1,239 Bahama Channel), 587 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 4,853 Valparaiso, Chile, 4,291 Yokohama, Japan, 436 Kingston, Jamaica, 180 Iquique, Chile, 1,317 Kralendijk, Bonaire, 620 Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 5,212 GUIRIA, VENEZUELA HADERSLEV, DENMARK La Guaira, Venezuela, 737 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., (10˚34'45"N., 62˚16'15"W.) to: (55˚15'12"N., 9˚30'45"E.) to: La Habana, Cuba (via Old Bahama 3,218 Channel), 600 Lota, Chile, 2,155 Junction Points* Junction Points* Lisboa, Portugal, 3,570 Manila, Philippines, 9,615 Manzanillo, Cuba, 206 Midway Island, 5,944 Bishop Rock, England, 3,598 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Matanzas, Cuba, 553 Monterey, California, U.S.A., Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Entrance), Germany, 72 Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 582 3,434 5,396 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 216 Monrovia, Liberia, 3,828 Noumea, New Caledonia, 6,686 Grand Banks South, 2,010 Montevideo, Uruguay, 5,I67 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Ile d’Ouessant, France, 3,616 Ports Nassau, Bahamas, 503 5,450 Panama, Panama, 1,200 New York, New York, U.S.A., Papeete, French Polynesia, 4,237 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,562 Goteborg, Sweden, 203 1,312 Pisco, Peru, 788 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,430 Kobenhavn, Denmark, 175 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 1,117 Puerto Bolivar, Ecuador, 64 Straits of Florida, 2,099 Lubeck, Germany, 137 Nuevitas, Cuba, 284 Portland, Oregon, U.S.A., 4,169 Yucatan Channel, 1,471 Oranjestad, St. Eustatius, 771 Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 787 HAIFA, ISRAEL Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Qingdao, China, 8,880 Ports (32˚49'25"N., 35˚00'00"E.) to: (via Windward Passage and Salaverry, Peru, 440 Crooked Island Passage), 1,284 Salina Cruz, Mexico, 1,495 Belem, Brazil, 1,226 Junction Points* Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 879 San Diego, California, U.S.A., La Guaira, Venezuela, 339 Ponce, Puerto Rico (north of 3,112 Recife, Brazil, 2,208 Port Said, Egypt, 171 Hispaniola and Mona Passage), San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3,284 Strait of Gibraltar, 2,031 540 3,548 Rio Grande, Brazil, 3,984 Porlamar, Venezuela, 884 San Jose, Guatemala, 1,242 Santos, Brazil, 3,467 Ports Port au Prince, Haiti, 179 Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A., Port of Spain, Trinidad, 987 3,249 GULFPORT, MISSISSIPPI, Alexandria, Egypt, 295 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 922 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 4,326 U.S.A. Algiers, Algeria, 1,602 Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Shanghai, China, 8,872 (30˚21'30"N., 89˚05'30"W.) to: Alicante, Spain, 1,769 2,853 Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 4,817 Ancona, Italy (South of Greece), Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Suva, Fiji Islands, 6,067 Junction Points* 1,272 U.S.A. (via Crooked Island Sydney, Australia, 7,268 Ancona, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Passage and Nantucket Light Talara, Peru, 180 Straits of Florida, 494 1,248 Buoy), 1,512 Talcahuano, Chile, 2,135 Yucatan Channel, 534 Annaba, Algeria, 1,378 Puerto Cortes, Honduras, 770 Truk, Caroline Islands, 7,752 Banghazi, Libya, 783 Reykjavik, Iceland, 3,434 Valparaiso, Chile, 1,980 Ports Baniyas, Syria, 153 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,170 Vladivostok, Russia, 8,044 Banzart, Tunisia, 1,273 San Juan, Puerto Rico (north of Belize, Belize, 838

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 40 HAINES, ALASKA, U.S.A.

Barcelona, Spain, 1,699 HAIPHONG, VIETNAM Kochi, Japan (east of Honshu), 832 HALDIA, INDIA Bari, Italy (south of Greece), 1,065 (20˚52'00"N., 106˚41'00"E.) to: Kochi, Japan (via Shimonoseki (22˚00'30"N., 88˚03'00"E.) to: Bari, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Kaikyo), 894 1,041 Ports Kushiro, Japan, 210 Junction Points* Beirut, Lebanon, 76 Levuka, Fiji Islands, 4,271 Brindisi, Italy (south of Greece), Cebu, Philippines (via Jintotolo Lo-hsing-ta Mao-ti, China, 1,429 Cape of Good Hope, South 1,007 Channel, Romblon, and Verde Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Africa, 5,438 Brindisi, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Island Passage), 1,276 4,576 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 3,740 983 Chang-Kan, China, 156 Maizuru, Japan, 460 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 2,815 Cartagena, Spain, 1,794 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 802 Manila, Philippines, 2,066 Port Said, Egypt (May-September, Ceuta, Morocco, 2,012 Hong Kong, China, 477 Matsuga-hana, Japan, 316 south of Socotra), 4,760 Civitavecchia, Italy, 1,321 Kobe, Japan, 1,833 Midway Island, 2,198 Port Said, Egypt (North of Genova, Italy, 1,505 Manila, Philippines, 936 Miike, Japan, 864 Socotra), 4,656 Gibraltar, 2,014 Qui Nhon, Vietnam, 469 Mogpo, South Korea, 897 Port Said, Egypt (October-April, Iraklion, Kriti, 522 Sanya Gang, China, 253 Nagasaki, Japan, 801 South of Socotra), 4,639 Istanbul, Turkey, 849 Shanghai, China (via Pai-chieh Nakhodka, Russia, 377 Singapore, 1,593 Izmir, Turkey, 654 Hsia, Steep Island Passage, and Nanao, Japan, 337 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 2,084 Kyrenia, Cyprus, 246 Hai-nan Tao), 1,285 Nevel’sk, Russia, 389 La Spezia, Italy, 1,469 Vinh Cam Ranh, Vietnam, 597 Niigata, Japan, 247 Ports Livorno, Italy, 1,433 Nome, Alaska, U.S.A., 2,347 Malaga, Spain, 1,961 HAKATA, JAPAN Noumea, New Caledonia (via Akyab, Sittwe Harbor, Burma, 46 Marseille, France, 1,596 (33˚36'45"N., 130˚23'15"E.) to: Canal Woodin and Canal de la Al Basrah, Iraq, 3,537 Matruh, Egypt, 410 Havannah), 4,176 Assab, Ethiopia, 3,390 Messina, Sicily, 1,023 Ports Pago Pago, American Samoa, Belawan, Indonesia, 1,270 Napoli, Italy, 1,194 4,326 Bombay, India, 2,070 Odessa, Ukraine, 1,197 Hakodate, Japan, 709 Papeete, French Polynesia, 5,249 Chittagong, Bangladesh, 311 Oran, Algeria, 1,800 Kobe, Japan, 304 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1,202 Palermo, Sicily, 1,139 Misumi, Japan, 161 Russia, 1,075 Dumai, Indonesia, 1,523 Palma, Balearic Islands, 1,645 Nagasaki, Japan, 121 Ponape, Caroline Islands, 2,298 Fremantle, Australia, 3,637 Piraievs, Greece, 650 Ube, Japan, 84 Port Darwin, Australia (via Selat Mombasa, Kenya, 3,647 Rijeka, Croatia (south of Greece), Yokohama, Japan, 608 Sele), 3,422 Penang, Malaysia, 1,238 1,342 Prince Rupert, Canada (north of Yenbo, Saudi Arabia, 4,092 Rijeka, Croatia (via Corinth HAKODATE, JAPAN Aleutian Islands), 3,487 Zanzibar, Tanzania, 3,720 Canal), 1,315 (41˚47'00"N., 140˚43'00"E.) to: Prince Rupert, Canada (south of Savona, Italy, 1,515 Aleutian Islands), 3,569 HALIFAX, CANADA Sayda, Lebanon, 49 Junction Points* Pabaul, Papua New Guinea, 2,894 (44˚39'00"N., 63˚34'00"W.) to: Sibenik, Croatia (south of Sumoi, Japan, 248 Greece), 1,214 Panama, Panama, 7,417 Skata, Japan, 189 Junction Points* Sibenik, Croatia (via Corinth Punta Arenas, Chile, 9,457 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Canal), 1,187 Singapore (via Sea of Japan), 4,247 Bishop Rock, England, 2,480 Siracusa, Sicily, 1,013 3,160 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (north Cape of Good Hope, South Split, Croatia (south of Greece), of Aleutian Islands), 3,922 Africa, 6,502 1,199 Ports Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 2,364 Split, Croatia (via Corinth Canal), composite sailing at 50˚N.), Inishtrahull, Ireland, 2,462 1,172 Akita, Japan, 150 3,982 Montreal, Canada (via Cabot Tarabulus, Lebanon, 118 Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Seward, Alaska, U.S.A. (via south Strait), 955 Tarabulus, Libya, 1,109 Russia, 631 of Aleutian Islands), 3,069 Montreal, Canada (via Strait of Taranto, Italy (south of Greece), Apia, Samoa, 4,252 Shanghai, China, 1,166 Canso), 895 1,020 Apra, Guam, 1,739 Shimonoseki, Japan, 683 Panama, Panama, 2,338 Taranto, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Auckland, New Zealand, 5,104 Shiogama, Japan, 281 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 2,642 1,003 Avarua, Cook Islands, 5,022 Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A. (south of Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,799 Thessaloniki, Greece, 786 Bohang, South Korea, 665 Aleutian Islands), 3,392 Strait of Gibraltar, 2,708 Toulon, France, 1,565 Bukhta Shelikohova, Kuril Islands, Sydney, Australia, 4,688 Straits of Florida, 1,610 Trieste, Italy (south of Greece), Russia, 865 Tan-shui, Taiwan, 1,384 Yucatan Channel, 1,796 1,375 Busan, South Korea, 686 Tomari, Japan, 301 Trieste, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Cebu, Philippines (via outside Tsuruga, Japan, 447 Ports 1,348 route), 2,208 Uglegorsk, Russia, 536 Tunis, Tunisia, 1,260 Cebu, Philippines (via Sea of Ulsan, South Korea, 661 Argentia, Canada, 448 Valencia, Spain, 1,767 Japan), 2,177 Unggi, North Korea, 486 Arkhangel’sk, Russia, 3,663 Valletta, Malta, 1,038 Chongjin, North Korea, 509 Valparaiso, Chile, 9,197 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., 911 Venezia, Italy (south of Greece), Dagu, China, 1,385 Vladivostok, Russia, 437 Belem, Brazil, 2,904 1,383 Dalian, China, 1,226 Weihai, China, 1,169 Bocas del Toro, Panama, 2,369 Venezia, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Weonsan, North Korea, 638 Bordeaux, France, 2,786 1,359 2,228 Xiamen, China, 1,559 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Volos, Greece, 728 Hachinohe, Japan, 108 Yantai, China, 1,203 380 Yumurtalik, Turkey, 240 Hakata, Japan, 709 Yokohama, Japan, 533 Bridgeport, Connecticut, U.S.A., Higashi-Iwase, Japan, 380 552 HAINES, ALASKA, U.S.A. Hiroshima, Japan, 787 HAKONSVERN, NORWAY Bridgetown, Barbados, 1,906 (59˚13'55"N., 135˚26'10"W.) to: Hong Kong, China, 1,810 (60˚20'30"N., 5˚14'30"E.) to: Brunswick, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,210 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,314 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,731 Junction Points* Iloilo, Philippines (via Sea of Junction Points* Cadiz, Spain, 2,674 Japan), 2,199 Cape Town, South Africa, 6,492 Panama, Panama, 4,386 Incheon, South Korea, 1,080 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 287 Charleston, South Carolina, Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,545 Kakarta, Indonesia (east of Skagens Odde, Denmark, 296 U.S.A., 1,077 Direction Island and Selat Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Ports Gaspar), 3,468 Ports 1,595 Kaluit, Marshall Islands, 2,670 Charlottetown, Canada (via Strait Antofagasta, Chile, 6,145 Kagoshima, Japan, 946 Bremerhaven, Germany, 442 of Canso), 268 Vancouver, Canada (via Queen Kamaishi, Japan, 192 London, England, 616 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 1,998 Charlotte Sound), 822 Kasatka, Japan, 407 Oslo, Norway, 371 Colon, Panama, 2,295 Victoria, Canada, 861 Kimchaek, North Korea, 540 Dakar, Senegal, 2,956 Kiska, Alaska, U.S.A., 1,656 Guantanamo, Cuba, 1,634 Kobe, Japan (east of Honshu), 816 Hamilton, Bermuda, 756

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points HAVANA, CUBA 41

Ivittuut, Greenland, 1,380 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2,011 Passage), 1,659 Junction Points* Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., Karachi, Pakistan, 819 Elizabeth Harbor, Bahamas, 813 1,255 Tulear, Madagascar, 3,488 Georgetown, Guyana, 1,591 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 1,556 Umm Said, Qatar, 73 Guantanamo, Cuba (via Caicos Entrance), Germany, 564 Kingston, Jamaica, 1,795 Passage), 992 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 625 La Guaira, Venezuela, 2,060 HAMBURG, GERMANY Halifax, Canada, 756 La Habana, Cuba, 1,614 (53˚32'30"N., 9˚69'00"E.) to: Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 1,091 Ports Limon, Costa Rica, 2,368 Kingston, Jamaica, 1,144 Lisboa, Portugal, 2,500 Junction Points* La Guaira, Venezuela, 1,335 Gdynia, Poland, 356 Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 1,413 La Habana, Cuba, 1,150 Rankt-Peterburg, Russia, 233 Montevideo, Uruguay, 5,617 Bishop Rock, England, 717 Limon, Costa Rica, 1,715 Stockholm, Sweden, 178 Murmansk, Russia, 3,368 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 703 Manzanillo, Cuba, 1,187 New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A., Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Matanzas, Cuba, 1,129 HANKOU, CHINA 540 Entrance), Germany, 91 Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 956 (30˚34'00"N., 114˚17'30"E.) Add New York, New York, U.S.A., 600 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 555 Montevideo, Uruguay, 5,097 592 miles to Shanghai distances for Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 790 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 360 Nassau, Bahamas, 829 arrival Ports outside the Chang Paamiut (Frederickshaab), New London, Connecticut, U.S.A., Chiang (Yangtze River). Greenland, 1,406 Ports 667 Parrsboro, Canada, 330 New York, New York, U.S.A., 697 Ports Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Aberdeen, Scotland, 473 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 683 U.S.A., 746 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 274 Nuevitas, Cuba, 988 Banjing, China, 385 Ponta Delgada, Azores, 1,785 Antwerp, Belgium, 386 Paramaribo, Suriname, 1,694 Shanghai, China, 592 Port au Prince, Haiti, 1,671 Bergen, Norway, 486 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Port of Spain, Trinidad, 2,059 Cherbourg, France, 538 U.S.A., 746 HARSTAD, NORWAY Port Castries, St. Lucia, 1,850 Den Helder, Netherlands, 249 Plymouth, Montserrat, 966 (68˚45'15"N., 16˚34'30"E.) to: Portland, Maine, U.S.A., 338 Dover, England, 399 Port au Prince, Haiti, 1,016 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Dundee, Scotland, 485 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1,346 Junction Points* U.S.A., 359 Dunkerque, France, 374 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 1,149 Recife, Brazil, 3,558 Egersund, Norway, 351 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Skagens Odde, Denmark, 911 Reykjavik, Iceland, 1,941 Emden, Germany, 185 U.S.A., 723 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,630 Esbjerg, Denmark, 172 Recife, Brazil, 3,038 Ports Salvador, Brazil, 3,949 Hartlepool, England, 406 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,110 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,580 Harwich, England, 362 Roseau, Dominica, 1,061 Bergen, Norway, 673 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Hull, England, 384 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 856 Hammerfest, Norway, 200 Islands, 2,480 Inverness, Scotland, 562 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 1,031 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 1,683 Kristiansand, Norway, 333 Santo Domingo, Dominican HARTLEPOOL, ENGLAND Santo Domingo, Dominican Le Havre, France, 511 Republic, 992 (54˚41'60"N., 1˚11'30"W.) to: Republic, 1,709 Leith, Scotland, 486 Saint Nicolaashaven, Aruba, 1,263 Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,150 London, England, 425 St. Georges, Grenada, 1,256 Junction Points* St. John, Canada, 278 Newcastle, England, 424 Washington, D.C., U.S.A., 806 St. John’s, Canada, 531 Oslo, Norway, 461 Wilmington, North Carolina, Bishop Rock, England, 594 Vigo, Spain, 2,454 Plymouth, England, 628 U.S.A., 746 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 579 Wilmington, North Carolina, Portland, England, 554 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 438 U.S.A., 1,016 Portsmouth, England, 504 HAMINA, FINLAND Rotterdam, Netherlands, 307 (60˚30'40"N., 27˚11'00"E.) to: Ports HALMSTAD, SWEDEN Southampton, England, 522 (56˚39'06"N., 12˚50'36"E.) to: Stavanger, Norway, 403 Junction Points* Amsterdam, Netherlands, 260 Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 111 Antwerp, Belgium, 325 Junction Points* Zeebrugge, Belgium, 342 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Bremerhaven, Germany, 355 Entrance), Germany, 747 Dunkerque, France, 281 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East HAMILTON, BERMUDA Skagens Odde, Denmark, 797 Emden, Germany, 308 Entrance), Germany, 188 (32˚17'30"N., 64˚47'00"W.) to: Esbjerg, Denmark, 336 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 101 Ports Hamburg, Germany, 406 Junction Points* Le Havre, France, 386 Ports Gdynia, Poland, 512 Oostende, Belgium, 265 Bishop Rock, England, 2,769 Riga, Latvia, 384 Plymouth, England, 502 Oslo, Norway, 225 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Stockholm, Sweden, 325 Portland, England, 428 Stockholm, Sweden, 481 6,169 Portsmouth, England, 378 Szczecin, Poland, 227 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 2,651 HAMMERFEST, NORWAY Rotterdam, Netherlands, 269 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 2,749 (70˚40'00"N., 23˚41'00"E.) to: Southampton, England, 396 HALSINGBORG, SWEDEN Montreal, Canada, 1,621 Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 348 (56˚02'30"N., 12˚41'30"E.) See Panama, Panama, 1,702 Ports Zeebrugge, Belgium, 263 Helsingborg, Sweden. Pentland Firth, Scotland, 2,929 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,287 Bergen, Norway, 817 HARWICH, ENGLAND HALUL ISLAND, QATAR Strait of Gibraltar, 2,903 Harstad, Norway, 200 (51˚57'00"N., 1˚17'00"E.) to: (25˚40'25"N., 52˚27'16"E.) to: Straits of Florida, 1,151 Oslo, Norway, 1,187 Yucatan Channel, 1,321 Tromso, Norway, 124 Junction Points* Junction Points* Ports HAMPTON ROADS, Skagens Odde, Denmark, 487 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, VIRGINIA, U.S.A. 4,836 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., 805 (36˚57'00"N., 76˚22'00"W.) Ports Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 5,172 Barranquilla, Colombia, 1,465 Subtract 6 miles from Norfolk Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 4,415 Belem, Brazil, 2,274 distances. Amsterdam, Netherlands, 145 Port Said, Egypt, 3,018 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Antwerp, Belgium, 97 Singapore, 3,557 704 HAMRA, EGYPT Bremerhaven, Germany, 309 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 3,764 Bridgetown, Barbados, 1,208 (30˚58'42"N., 28˚52'12"E.) See Emden, Germany, 252 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,211 Mersa Al Hamra. Esbjerg, Denmark, 338 Ports Cardenas, Cuba, 1,119 Hamburg, Germany, 362 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, HANGO, FINLAND Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 296 Assab, Ethiopia, 1,773 872 (59˚49'03"N., 22˚56'00"E.) to: Belawan, Indonesia, 3,226 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 1,346 HAVANA, CUBA Calcutta, India, 3,234 Colon, Panama (via Caicos (23˚08'00"N., 82˚20'30"W.) See

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 42 HELSINGBORG, SWEDEN

La Habana. HIGASHI-IWASE, JAPAN Junction Points* Albany, Australia, 1,494 (36˚46'00"N., 137˚14'00"E.) to: Apia, Samoa, 2,773 HELSINGBORG, SWEDEN Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 1,408 Apra, Guam, 3,683 (56˚02'30"N., 12˚41'30"E.) to: Ports Panama, Panama, 10,017 Auckland, New Zealand, 1,521 Singapore, 649 Avarua, Cook Islands, 2,962 Junction Points* Busan, South Korea, 492 Torres Strait, Australia, 2,629 Burnie Harbor, Australia, 332 Hakodate, Japan, 380 Diego Garcia, Chagos Archipelago Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Shanghai, China, 966 Ports (east point via D’Entrecasteaux Entrance), Germany, 176 Shimonoseki, Japan, 466 Channel), 4,501 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 128 Vladivostok, Russia, 471 Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Dunedin, New Zealand, 1,068 Russia, 3,105 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Ports HIGASHI-IWASE, JAPAN Apra, Guam, 2,304 6,365 (34˚46'45"N., 134˚38'00"E.) to: Beihai, China, 837 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 4,930 Kristiansand, Norway, 220 Busan, South Korea, 1,999 Jaluit, Marshall Islands, 3,223 Oslo, Norway, 250 Ports Cebu, Philippines (north of North Levuka, Fiji Islands, 2,239 Stockholm, Sweden, 436 Danger Reef, Via Mindoro Melbourne, Australia, 472 Kobe, Japan, 34 Strait, and Jintotolo Channel), Midway Island, 4,740 Kure, Japan, 126 HELSINGOR, DENMARK 1,152 Noumea, New Caledonia, 1,604 (56˚02'00"N., 12˚37'20"E.) to: Nagasaki, Japan, 373 Chang-kan, China, 708 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Nagoya, Japan, 259 Da Nang, Vietnam, 519 2,783 Junction Points* Sakaide, Japan, 89 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Papeete, French Polynesia, 3,563 Shimotsui, Japan, 88 4,894 Ponape, Caroline Islands, 3,130 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Yokohama, Japan, 368 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 10,321 Port Augusta, Australia, 947 Entrance), Germany, 175 Haiphong, Vietnam, 802 Port Kembla, Australia, 593 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 127 HILO, HAWAII, U.S.A. Hong Kong, China, 917 Port Lincoln, Australia, 830 (19˚44'00"N., 155˚05'00"W.) to: Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 5,542 Portland, Australia, 540 Ports Iloilo, Philippines, 1,051 Rapid Bay, Australia, 719 Junction Points* Incheon, South Korea, 2,057 Suva, Fiji Islands, 2,198 Kristiansand, Norway, 219 Iwakuni, Japan, 2,108 Sydney, Australia, 638 Oslo, Norway, 249 Panama, Panama, 4,527 Jakarta, Indonesia, 1,025 Wellington, New Zealand, 1,288 Stockholm, Sweden (via Store Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 5,484 Baelt), 629 Ports Kompong Som, Cambodia, 419 HOBOKEN, NEW JERSEY, Stockholm, Sweden (via The Los Angeles, California (via San U.S.A. Sound), 445 San Diego, California, U.S.A., Bernardino Strait), 7,403 (40˚45'00"N., 74˚01'00"W.) For 2,175 Malakal, Palau Islands, 1,801 ocean distances add 3 miles to New San Jose, Guatemala, 3,690 HELSINKI, FINLAND Manila, Philippines, 907 York distances. (60˚09'20"N., 24˚65'40"E.) to: Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 2,387 Midway Island, 4,421 Mogpo, South Korea, 1,904 HOLSTEINSBORG, Junction Points* HIROSHIMA, JAPAN Nampo, North Korea, 2,118 GREENLAND (34˚20'45"N., 132˚28'15"E.) to: Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam, 264 (60˚56'42"N., 53˚41'00"W.) See Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Olongapo, Philippines, 872 Sisimiut, Greenland. Entrance), Germany, 625 Junction Points* Pago Pago, American Samoa, Skagens Odde, Denmark (via Store 5,216 HOLYHEAD, WALES Baelt), 817 Selat Lombok, Indonesia (via Palembang, Indonesia, 869 (53˚19'30"N., 4˚38'00"W.) to: Skagens Odde, Denmark (via The south of Mindanao), 2,908 Papeete, French Polynesia, 6,443 Sound), 687 Panama, Panama (via east of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Junction Points* Honshu), 8,167 Russia (via Chetvertyy Kuril’sky Ports Punta Arenas, Chile, 9,551 Proliv, La Perouse Strait, and Bishop Rock, England, 232 Singapore (east of Kyushu), 2,622 Korea Strait), 3,718 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 232 Gavle, Sweden, 292 Singapore (west of Kyushu), 2,637 Qingdao, China, 1,969 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 181 Gdynia, Poland, 415 Qui Nhon, Vietnam, 361 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 422 Kobenhavn, Denmark, 772 Ports San Diego, California, U.S.A., Kotka, Finland, 99 7,267 Ports Norrkoping, Sweden, 307 Hakodate, Japan, 787 San Fernando, Philippines, 927 Ornskolosvik, Sweden, 403 Kobe, Japan, 179 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Avonmouth, England, 217 Oulu, Finland, 598 Nagasaki, Japan (via Kudako 6,878 Brest, France, 345 Oxelosund, Sweden, 268 Suido), 285 Sanya Gang, China, 624 Cardiff, Wales, 202 Sankt-Peterburg, Russia, 172 Nagasaki, Japan (via Moroshima Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 5,963 Cherbourg, France, 377 Stockholm, Sweden, 239 Suido), 275 Surabaya, Indonesia, 1,206 Cobh, Ireland, 182 Uusikaupunki, Finland, 293 Nagasaki, Japan (via Nuwashima Suva, Fiji Islands, 4,679 Douglas, Isle of Man, 51 Suido), 277 Tandjung Uban, Indonesia, 633 Liverpool, England, 72 Nagasaki, Japan (via Obatake Seto HEYSHAM, ENGLAND Truk, Caroline Islands (via San London, England, 594 (54˚03'00"N., 2˚54'10"W.) to: and north of Kasasa Jima), 264 Bernardino Strait), 2,799 Southampton, England, 414 Yokohama, Japan, 519 Tso-Ying, Taiwan, 1,131 Swansea, Wales, 171 Junction Points* Vladivostok, Russia, 2,501 HIRTSHALS, DENMARK Wake Island, 3,580 HONAWAR, INDIA Bishop Rock, England, 315 (57˚36'00"N., 9˚58'00"E.) to: Weonsan, North Korea, 2,305 (14˚16'00"N., 74˚25'50"E.) to: Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 309 Yokohama, Japan, 2,419 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 216 Junction Points* Zhenjiang, China, 838 Junction Points* Pentland Firth, Scotland, 435 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 429 HOBART, TASMANIA Cape of Good Hope, South Ports Skagens Odde, Denmark, 30 (42˚53'00"S., 147˚21'00"E.) to: Africa, 4,458 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 3,775 Ardrossan, Scotland, 173 Ports Junction Points* Port Said, Egypt, 3,087 Belfast, Northern Ireland, 137 Singapore, 2,147 Brest, France, 422 Bergen, Norway, 280 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 1,628 Cardiff, Wales, 280 London, England, 541 Panama, Panama, 7,630 Ports Cobh, Ireland, 248 Oslo, Norway, 145 Torres Strait, Australia, 2,271 Fishguard, Wales, 153 Ail Basrah, Iraq, 1,826 Newport, Wales, 290 HO CHI MINH, VIETNAM Ports Bombay, India, 306 Waterford, Ireland, 196 (10˚46'00"N., 106˚42'15"E.) to: Calcutta, India, 1,817 Aden, Yemen, 6,598 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 590

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points HORNEFORS, SWEDEN 43

Darwin, Australia, 3,925 Aleutian Islands), 5,367 Apra, Guam, 3,318 Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands, Fremantle, Australia, 3,696 Qingdao, China, 1,120 Auckland, New Zealand, 3,820 3,246 Okha, India, 579 Qui Nhon, Vietnam, 592 Avarua, Cook Islands, 2,553 Rongelap, Marshall Islands, 2,114 Trincomalee, Sri Lanka, 979 Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 2,764 Baie Taio-Hae, Marquesa Islands, Rotoava, Iles Tuamotu, 2,358 Victoria, Seychelles, 1,600 San Diego, California, U.S.A., 2,102 Saipan, Mariana Islands, 3,230 6,439 Bikini, Marshall Islands, 2,179 Salina Cruz, Mexico, 3,580 HONFLEUR, FRANCE San Fernando, Philippines, 489 Brisbane, Australia (via Northwest San Diego, California, U.S.A., (49˚25'00"N., 0˚14'00"E.) See Le San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Channel), 4,117 2,278 Havre. (via Osumi Kaikyo), 6,044 Brito, Nicaragua, 4,155 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Sanmen Wen, China, 650 Busan, South Korea, 3,973 2,091 HONG KONG, CHINA Sanya Gang, China, 391 Butaritari, Gilbert Islands, 2,050 Sandakan, Sabah, 5,044 (22˚17'00"N., 114˚l0'00"E.) to: Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via Callao, Peru, 5,161 Sasebo, Japan (via Osumi Osumi Kaikyo and composite Cebu, Philippines, 4,610 Kaikyo), 4,009 Junction Points* sailing), 5,768 Chimbote, Peru, 5,015 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 2,409 Seward, Alaska, U.S.A. (south of Christmas Island, Line Islands, Selwyn Bay, Solomon Islands, Selat Lombok, Indonesia (via Aleutian Islands), 4,867 1,161 3,047 Linapacan Strait), 2,029 Shanghai, China (via Steep Island Dagu, China (via Osumi Kaikyo), Seward, Alaska, U.S.A., 2,373 Panama, Panama, 9,195 and Pai-chieh Hsia), 824 4,677 Shanghai, China (via Osumi Singapore, 1,454 Shimonoseki, Japan, 1,179 Dagu, China (via Shimonoseki Kaikyo), 4,336 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 1,807 Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A. (north of Kaikyo), 4,628 Shanghai, China, 4,396 Torres Strait, Australia, 2,725 Aleutian Islands), 5,095 Dalian, China, 4,531 Shimonoseki, Japan (via Bungo Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A. (south of Dalian, China (via Shimonoseki Suido), 3,854 Ports Aleutian Islands), 5,191 Kaikyo), 4,470 Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 2,386 Su-ao Kang, Taiwan, 554 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Surabaya, Indonesia, 5,598 Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Surabaya, Indonesia, 1,925 2,040 Suva, Fiji Islands, 2,776 Russia, 2,250 Suva, Fiji Islands, 4,541 Eniwetak, Marshall Islands, 2,375 Sweeper Cove, Alaska, U.S.A., Apia, Samoa, 4,868 Truk, Caroline Islands, 2,376 Fanning Island, North Pacific, 1,945 Apra, Guam, 1,822 Tso-ying, Taiwan, 343 1,056 Sydney, Australia, 4,420 Auckland, New Zealand, 5,060 Valparaiso, Chile, 10,218 Funafuti, Tuvalu, 2,249 Talara, Peru, 4,806 Avarua, Cook Islands, 5,674 Vinh Cam Ranh, Vietnam, 707 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 4,853 Tinian, Mariana Islands, 3,230 Beihai, China, 391 Vladivostok, Russia, 1,646 Hakodate, Japan, 3,314 Truk, Caroline Islands, 3,028 Busan, South Korea, 1,144 Wake Island, 2,940 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 5,542 Unalakleet, Alaska, U.S.A., 2,407 Cebu, Philippines (via Verde Island Weihai, China, 1,190 Hobart, Tasmania, 4,930 Valparaiso, Chile, 5,919 Passage and Jintotolo Channel), Wenzhou, China, 595 Hong Kong, China, 4,857 Vancouver, Canada, 2,423 960 Weonsan, North Korea, 1,450 Hot Springs Bay, Alaska, U.S.A., Victoria, Canada, 2,349 Chang-Kan, China, 408 Xiamen, China, 290 2,076 Vladivostok, Russia, 3,725 Da Nang, Vietnam, 520 Yantai, China, 1,224 Howland Island, 1,650 Wake Island, 2,004 Dagu, China, 1,418 Yokohama, Japan, 1,585 Iloilo, Philippines, 4,632 Wellington, New Zealand, 4,113 Davao, Philippines, 1,382 Zhenjiang, China, 245 Incheon, South Korea (via Whittier, Alaska, U.S.A., 2,474 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Maenggol Suido and Bungo Weonsan, North Korea, 3,933 4,026 HONIARA, SOLOMON Suido), 4,323 Wotho, Marshall Islands, 2,187 Funafuti, Tuvalu, 4,247 ISLANDS Incheon, South Korea (via Osumi Wotje Island, Marshall Islands, Guayaquil, Ecuador, 9,505 (9˚25'39"S., 159˚57'51"E.) to: Kaikyo), 4,385 1,992 Haiphong, Vietnam (via West Islas Juan Fernandez, 5,595 Xiamen, China, 4,592 Lamma Channel and Hainan Junction Points* Jaluit, Marshall Islands, 2,096 Yap, Caroline Islands, 3,757 Strait), 477 Johnston Island, 717 Yantai, China (via Osumi Kaikyo), Hakodate, Japan, 1,810 Panama, Panama (via Central Kiska, Alaska, U.S.A., 2,185 4,483 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam (west of Route), 7,469 Kobe, Japan, 3,669 Yokohama, Japan (via rhumb Paracel Islands), 917 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,502 Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 2,231 line), 3,520 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 4,857 Torres Strait, Australia, 1,179 Koniya, Ryukyu Islands, 3,948 Yokohama, Japan, 3,395 Hua-lien Kang, Taiwan, 518 Wilson Promontory, Australia, Levuka, Fiji Islands, 2,730 Incheon, South Korea, 1,202 2,072 Lo-hsing-ta Mao-ti, China, 4,487 HONSHU, JAPAN* Jakarta, Indonesia, 1,782 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., (35˚00'00"N., 140˚30'00"E.) to: Jaluit, Marshall Islands, 3,370 Ports 2,228 Kobe, Japan, 1,372 Malakal, Palau Islands, 3,997 Junction Points* Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 4,616 Botany Bay, Australia, 1,605 Manila, Philippines (north of Levuka, Fiji Islands, 4,574 Burnie Harbor, Australia, 2,106 Luzon), 4,869 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 3,059 Lo hsing-ta Mao-ti, China, 459 Hobart, Tasmania, 2,218 Manila, Philippines (via San Panama, Panama, 7,614 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Melbourne, Australia, 2,166 Bernardino Strait), 4,767 Punta Arenas, Chile, 9,286 6,380 Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 582 Midway Island, 1,149 Singapore, 2,879 Manila, Philippines, 631 Yokohama, Japan, 2,935 Mogpo, South Korea (via Sundra Strait, Indonesia, 3,171 Midway Island, 3,728 Zamboanga, Philippines, 2,483 Changjuk Sudo and Mango Torres Strait, Australia, 3,265 Mogpo, South Korea, 1,049 Strait), 4,146 Tsugaru-Kaikyo, Japan, 484 Nagasaki, Japan, 1,069 HONOLULU, HAWAII, U.S.A. Nagasaki, Japan, 3,986 Selat Wetar, Indonesia, 2,838 Nampo, North Korea, 1,263 (21˚18'30"N., 157˚52'15"W.) to: Naknek, Alaska, U.S.A., 2,404 Wilson Promontory, Australia, Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam, 678 Nampo, North Korea, 4,417 4,881 Nikolayevsk-Na-Amure, Russia, Junction Points* Nome, Alaska, U.S.A., 2,674 2,394 Noumea, New Caledonia, 3,371 Ports Nome, Alaska, U.S.A., 4,145 Panama, Panama, 4,685 Nukualafa, Tonga Islands, 2,749 Noumea, New Caledonia, 4,107 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,370 Ocean Island, 2,480 Davao, Philippines, 1,986 Olongapo, Philippines, 580 Singapore (via Sulu Sea), 5,881 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,311 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Torres Strait, Australia (via 2,276 Kobe, Japan, 417 4,948 Bougainville Strait and China Papeete, French Polynesia, 2,381 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Papeete, French Polynesia, 6,132 Strait), 4,191 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, 4,454 Peng-hu Kang Taiwan, 314 Wilson Promontory, Australia, Russia, 2,762 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 4,155 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, 4,792 Ponape, Caroline Islands, 2,685 Russia, 2,863 Port Hueneme, California, U.S.A., HORNEFORS, SWEDEN Ponape, Caroline Islands, 2,710 Ports 2,170 (63˚36'37"N., 19˚55'29"E.) to: Port Darwin, Australia, 2,363 Portland, Oregon, U.S.A., 2,332 Prince Rupert, Canada (north of Acapulco, Mexico, 3,289 Prince Rupert, Canada, 2,393 Junction Points* Aleutian Islands), 5,286 Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Qingdao, China, 4,456 Prince Rupert, Canada (south of Russia, 3,589 Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 3,357 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Apia, Samoa, 2,260

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 44 HORSENS, DENMARK

Entrance), Germany, 767 Santander, Spain, 1,090 HUELVA, SPAIN Junction Points* Skagens Odde, Denmark (via The Sekondi, Ghana, 2,838 (37˚15'00"N., 6˚57'30"W.) to: Sound), 828 Setubal, Portugal, 939 Bishop Rock, England (via Dover Viana do Castello, Portugal, 935 Junction Points* Strait), 890 Ports Vigo, Spain, 938 Ile d’Ouessant, France (via Dover Vila Real de Santo Antonio, Strait of Gibraltar, 102 Strait), 876 Burea, Sweden, 122 Portugal, 1,046 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Helsinki, Finland, 383 Villagarcia, Spain, 946 Ports Entrance), Germany, 476 Reposaari, Finland, 143 Willemstad, Curacao, 2,683 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 129 Sankt-Peterburg, Russia, 534 Bilbao, Spain, 804 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 282 Dakar, Senegal, 1,521 Stockholm, Sweden, 315 HORTEN, NORWAY (59˚25'00"N., 10˚29'50"E.) Freetown, Sierra Leone, 1,999 Ports Funchal, Madeira Island, 578 HORSENS, DENMARK Subtract 30 1/2 miles from Oslo (55˚51'22"N., 9˚52'30"E.) to: distances. Lisboa, Portugal, 235 Aberdeen, Scotland, 540 Ponta Delgada, Azores, 914 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 757 Junction Points* Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Antwerp, Belgium, 882 HOSOSIMA KO, JAPAN 1,561 (32˚26'38"N., 131˚41'48"E.) Brevik, Norway, 575 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Subtract 62 miles from Oita Dunkerque, France, 858 Islands, 715 Entrance), Germany, 131 distances when traveling Hamburg, Germany, 729 Vigo, Spain, 453 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 170 southbound and subtract 34 miles Hull, England, 700 from Oita distances when traveling Narvik, Norway, 375 Ports eastbound. HUENEME, CALIFORNIA, Reykjavik, Iceland, 924 U.S.A. Zeebrugge, Belgium, 824 Klaipeda, Lithuania, 459 (34˚09'00"N., 119˚12'24"W.) See HOUSTON, TEXAS, U.S.A. Port Hueneme. Stockholm, Sweden, 567 (29˚45'00"N., 95˚17'20"W.) Add HVALFJORDHUR, ICELAND Swinoujscie, Poland, 268 47 miles to Galveston distances. (64˚18'30"N., 22˚05'00"W.) to: HULL, ENGLAND (53˚44'30"N., 0˚18'00"W.) to: Junction Points* HORTA, FAYAL, AZORES HOWLAND ISLAND (38˚32'00"N., 28˚37'00"W.) to: (0˚48'00"N., 176˚38'00"W.) to: Junction Points* Pentland Firth, Scotland, 660 Junction Points* Strait of Gibraltar, 1,944 Ports Bishop Rock, England, 531 Bishop Rock, England, 1,158 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 523 Ports Baker Island, 37 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 462 Cape of Good Hope, South Canton, Phoenix Islands, 367 Africa, 5,152 Bergen, Norway, 887 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 1,650 Ports Inishtrahull, Ireland, 1,329 Pago Pago, American Samoa, 989 Murmansk, Russia, 1,531 Montreal, Canada (via Cabot Wake Island, 1,485 St. John’s, Canada, 1,437 Strait), 2,145 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 212 Antwerp, Belgium, 265 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 1,575 HYERES, FRANCE Strait of Gibraltar, 1,102 HSIA-MEN, CHINA Arkhangel’sk, Russia, 1,926 (24˚27'00"N., 118˚04'00"E.) See (43˚05'00"N., 6˚12'00"E.) to: Straits of Florida, 2,913 Bergen, Norway, 471 Xiamen, China. Boulogne, France, 225 Junction Points* Ports Bremerhaven, Germany, 332 HUA-LIEN KANG, TAIWAN Dikson, Russia, 2,552 Port Said, Egypt, 1,474 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., (23˚58'30"N., 121˚37'00"E.) to: Dundee, Scotland, 240 Strait of Gibraltar, 725 2,409 Dunkerque, France, 223 Ports Bayonne, France, 1,277 Egersund, Norway, 378 Ports Bordeaux, France, 1,348 Emden, Germany, 279 Busan, South Korea, 782 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 4,997 Esbjerg, Denmark, 334 Annaba, Algeria, 384 Hong Kong, China, 518 Cadiz, Spain, 1,070 Falmouth, England, 464 Barcelona, Spain, 218 Manila, Philippines, 648 Christiansted, St. Croix, 2,259 Hamburg, Germany, 384 Genova, Italy, 147 Mingdao, China, 792 Colon, Panama, 3,260 Kristiansand, Norway, 407 Shanghai, China, 533 Le Havre, France, 326 Corunna, Spain, 967 IGARKA, RUSSIA Dakar, Senegal, 1,559 Leith, Scotland, 237 (67˚28'00"N., 86˚35'00"E.) Add El Ferrol del Caudillo, Spain, 970 HUANG-PU, CHINA London, England, 239 434 miles to Dikson distances. Funchal, Madeira Island, 677 (23˚05'42"N., 113˚26'30"E.) See Newcastle, England, 143 Georgetown, Guyana, 2,488 Huangpu. Oostende, Belgium, 207 Oslo, Norway, 559 IJMUIDEN, NETHERLANDS Gijon, Spain, 1,092 (52˚28'00"N., 4˚34'00"E.) Plymouth, England, 442 Guantanamo, Cuba (via Mouchoir HUANG PU, CHINA Subtract 14 miles from Amsterdam (23˚05'42"N., 113˚26'30"E.) Portland, England, 368 Passage), 2,666 distances. Key West, Florida, U.S.A. (via Subtract 10 miles from Kuang-chou Portsmouth, England, 318 Providence channels), 2,854 distances. Rosyth, Scotland, 248 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 211 ILE D’OUESSANT, FRANCE * Kingston, Jamaica, 2,818 (48˚40'00"N., 5˚30'00"W.) to: Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 914 HUDIKSVALL, SWEDEN Southampton, England, 336 Stavanger, Norway, 408 Lisboa, Portugal, 917 (61˚44'00"N., 17˚07'00"E.) to: Junction Points* Marin, Spain, 944 Trondheim, Norway, 752 Junction Points* Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 323 Milford Haven, Wales, 1,266 Bishop Rock, England, 80 Zeebrugge, Belgium, 205 New York, New York, U.S.A., Cape of Good Hope, South Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East 2,098 Africa, 5,746 Entrance), Germany, 668 Ponta Delgada, Azores, 153 HUNGNAM, NORTH KOREA Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 225 Skagens Odde, Denmark (via The Port of Spain, Trinidad, 2,461 (39˚49'00"N., 127˚37'00"E.) to: Grand Banks South, 1,877 Sound), 730 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 2,265 Montreal, Canada (via Strait of Ports Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 3,391 Belle Isle), 2,901 Ports Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Busan, South Korea, 328 1,316 Entrance), Germany, 716 Helsinki, Finland, 315 Hakodate, Japan, 623 Puerto de Pasajes, Spain, 1,260 Panama, Panama (via Mona Odense, Denmark, 701 Korsakov, Sakhalin, Russia, 794 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3,897 Passage), 4,374 Porvoo, Finland, 342 Shimonoseki, Japan, 397 Rota, Spain, 1,096 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 872 Rostock, Germany, 588 Vladivostok, Russia, 298 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 2,294 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,986 Sankt-Peterburg, Russia, 458 San Sebastian, Spain, 957 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 833 Tallinn, Estonia, 293 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary HUSNES, NORWAY Strait of Gibraltar, 918 Islands, 881 Varberg, Sweden (via The Sound), (59˚52'00"N., 5˚46'00"E.) to: 648

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points INCHEON, SOUTH KOREA 45

Ports Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,815 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Ports Rota, Spain, 885 6,174 Aberdeen, Scotland, 715 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 444 Vladivostok, Russia, 2,161 Churchill, Canada, 1,532 Agadir, Morocco, 1,136 Safi, Morocco, 1,023 Reykjavik, Iceland, 1,418 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 465 Salvador, Brazil, 4,134 ILO, PERU St. John’s, Canada, 1,341 Anecho, Togo, 3,704 San Sebastian, Spain, 353 (17˚38'09"S., 71˚20'58"W.) to: Antwerp, Belgium, 441 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary IMABARI, JAPAN Aviles, Spain, 307 Islands, 1,320 Junction Points* (34˚04'15"N., 133˚00'30"E.) to: Bata, Equatorial Guinea, 4,l73 Santander, Spain, 323 Bayonne, France, 345 Santos, Brazil, 5,002 Panama, Panama, 1,851 Ports Belem, Brazil, 3,748 Sekondi, Ghana, 3,424 Punta Arenas, Chile, 2,341 Bergen, Norway, 894 Setubal, Portugal, 672 Torres Strait, Australia, 8,347 Kobe, Japan, 120 Bilbao, Spain, 346 Shoreham By Sea, England, 245 Wilson Promontory, Australia (via Kure, Japan, 63 Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, 2,401 Sidi Ifni, Morocco, 1,196 30˚S.), 7,421 Nagoya, Japan, 341 Bordeaux, France, 321 Southampton, England, 223 Wilson Promontory, Australia (via Shimonoseki, Japan, 123 Bremerhaven, Germany, 647 St. Helena Island, 4,120 40˚S.), 7,160 Yokohama, Japan, 454 Brest, France, 55 St. Malo, France, 141 Buchanan, Liberia, 2,904 St. Nazaire, France, 184 Ports IMMINGHAM, ENGLAND Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,916 Stavanger, Norway, 823 (53˚38'00"N., 0˚11'00"W.) Cadiz, Spain, 894 Tema, Ghana, 3,597 Antofagasta, Chile, 367 Subtract 8 miles from Hull Caen, France, 240 Viana do Castello, Portugal, 467 Arica, Chile, 85 distances. Calabar, Nigeria, 4,054 Victoria, Cameroon, 4,126 Callao, Peru, 503 Calais, France, 321 Vigo, Spain, 439 Corinto, Nicaragua, 2,102 INCHEON, SOUTH KOREA Cape Town, South Africa, 5,743 Vila Real de Santo Antonio, Pisco, Peru, 382 (37˚28'00"N., 126˚37'00"E.) to: Casablanca, Morocco, 960 Portugal, 836 San Nicolas, Peru, 276 Corunna, Spain, 331 Villagarcia, Spain, 433 Supe Bay, Peru, 623 Junction Points* Cotonou, Benin, 3,747 Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 639 Talcahhuano, Chile, 1,147 Dakar, Senegal, 2,152 Willemstad, Curacao, 3,821 Valparaiso, Chile, 929 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 2,885 Dartmouth, England, 135 Zeebrugge, Belgium, 380 Panama, Panama, 8,474 Dieppe, France, 270 ILOILO, PANAY, Singapore, 2,560 Dover, England, 306 ILLICHIVS’K, UKRAINE PHILIPPINES Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 2,913 Dundee, Scotland, 698 (BLACK SEA) (10˚42'00"N., 122˚34'40"E.) to: Selat Wetar, Indonesia (via Dunkerque, France, 351 (46˚18'00"N., 30˚45'46"E.) to: Molucca Passage and Selat Egersund, Norway, 783 Junction Points* Manipa), 2,767 El Ferrol del Caudillo, Spain, 343 Junction Points* El Jadida, Morocco, 998 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 1,247 Ports Emden, Germany, 590 Port Said, Egypt, 1,168 Panama, Panama, 9,235 Esbjerg, Denmark, 676 Strait of Gibraltar (via Corinth Singapore (via Lumbucan Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Falmouth, England, 100 Canal), 4,035 Channel), 1,268 Russia (via Maenggoi Sudo), Fecamp, France, 246 Strait of Gibraltar (south of 1,507 Fedala, Morocco, 944 Greece), 4,095 Ports Apra, Guam (via Kaikyo Strait), Freetown, Sierra Leone, 2,630 1,835 Funchal, Madeira Island, 1,098 Ports Apra, Guam, 1,366 Bangkok, Thailand, 2,591 Gijon, France, 294 Batangas, Philippines, 270 Bohang, South Korea, 51 Granville, France, 158 Alexandria, Egypt, 1,106 Cebu, Philippines, 176 Busan, South Korea, 402 Greenville, Liberia, 2,981 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,216 Dagu, China, 1,929 Cebu, Philippine (via San Hamburg, Germany, 703 Constanta, Romania, 158 Hakodate, Japan (via Sea of Bernardino Strait), 1,656 Hartlepool, England, 579 Haifa, Israel, 1,219 Japan), 2,199 Dagu, China, 465 Hull, England, 523 Iraklion, Kriti, 817 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 1,051 Dalian, China, 290 Kenitra, Morocco, 954 Istanbul, Turkey, 360 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 4,632 Hakodate, Japan, 1,080 Kristiansand, Norway, 794 Napoli, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Incheon, South Korea, 1,678 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2,057 La Pallice, France, 245 1,298 Jakarta, Indonesia (via Lumbucan Hong Kong, China, 1,202 Lagos, Nigeria, 3,746 Napoli, Italy (south of Greece), Channel and Selat Gaspar), Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. (via Larache, Morocco, 926 1,361 1,476 Maenggol Sudo and Bungo Le Havre, France, 243 Valencia, Spain (via Corinth Kobe, Japan, 1,623 Suido), 4,323 Leith, Scotland, 696 Canal), 1,893 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 501 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. (via Lisboa, Portugal, 666 Valencia, Spain (south of Greece), Kuching, Sarawak, 948 Osumi Kaikyo), 4,387 Lobito, Angola, 4,670 1,953 Lo hsing-ta Mao-ti, China (via Iloilo, Philippines, 1,678 London, England, 398 Balintang Channel), 1,073 Jakarta, Indonesia, 2,894 Longji, Cameroon, 4,179 ILIGAN, PHILIPPINES Manila, Philippines (via Verde Kobe, Japan, 733 Lorient, France, 107 (8˚13'50"N., 124˚13'50"E.) to: Island Passage), 361 Lianyungang, China, 389 Marin, Ponte Vedra Bay, Spain, Nagasaki, Japan, 1,428 Lo hsing-ta Mao-ti, China, 818 437 Junction Points* Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Manila, Philippines, 1,498, Mayumba, Gabon, 4,437 Russia, 3,123 Masan, South Korea, 403 Mocamedes, Angola, 4,697 Honshu, Japan, 1,843 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Misumi, Japan, 478 Montevideo, Uruguay, 5,802 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 1,265 6,168 Mogpo, South Korea (via south of Narvik, Norway, 1,498 Panama, Panama, 9,449 Shanghai, China, 1,343 Kasa Do), 236 Natal, Brazil, 3,619 Punta Arenas, Chile, 9,053 Shimonoseki, Japan, 1,569 Mogpo, South Korea (via Myondo Newcastle, England, 604 Singapore, 1,343 Vladivostok, Russia, 2,048 Suido), 189 Oostende, Belgium, 365 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 1,587 Weihai, China, 1,701 Moji, Japan, 485 Oporto, Portugal, 494 Torres Strait, Australia, 1,953 Xiamen, China, 987 Nagasaki, Japan, 453 Oslo, Norway, 944 Tsugaru-Kaikyo, Japan, 2,312 Yantai, China, 1,735 Nampo, North Korea, 216 Paramaribo, Suriname, 3,613 Selat Wetar, Indonesia, 1,351 Yokohama, Japan, 1,784 Osaka, Japan, 721 Plymouth, England, 117 Zamboanga, Philippines, 241 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Ponta Delgada, Azores, 1,101 Ports Russia (via La Perouse Strait Port Etienne, Mauritania, 1,826 ILULISSAT (JAKOBSHAVN), and Maenggol Sudo), 2,120 Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 3,974 Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, GREENLAND Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Russia, 2,763 (69˚13'30"N., 51˚05'30"W.) to: Russia (via Osumi Kaikyo), 2,137 Busan, Korea, 1,644 2,449 Portsmouth, England, 227 Manila, Philippines, 555 Junction Points* Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Puerto de Passajes, Spain, 340 Nagasaki, Japan, 1,530 Russia (via Tsugaru-Kaikyo), Rabat, Morocco, 954 Puerto Princesa, Philippines, 365 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 1,972 2,136 Recife, Brazil, 3,743 Strait of Gibraltar, 2,819

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 46 INISHTRAHULL, IRELAND

Port Darwin, Australia (via off Kap Farvel), 1,450 Punta Arenas, Chile, 2,201 Junction Points* Molucca Passage), 3,072 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., Qingdao, China, 333 3,499 Ports Straits of Florida, 195 Qinhuangdao China, 406 Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 3,777 Yucatan Channel, 329 Sanmen Wen, China, 628 Kingston, Jamaica, 3,853 Acapulco, Mexico, 2,834 Shanghai, China (via Nan Shui- La Habana, Cuba, 3,843 Amapala, Honduras, 2,303 Ports Tao), 503 Limerick, Ireland, 279 Antofagasta, Chile, 224 Shimonoseki, Japan, 489 Lisboa, Portugal, 1,093 Arica, Chile, 110 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., 507 Su-ao Kang, Taiwan, 823 Liverpool, England, 210 Caldera, Chile, 420 La Habana, Cuba, 151 Tso-Ying, Taiwan, 975 Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 3,777 Callao, Peru, 659 Nuevitas, Cuba, 212 Ulsan, South Korea, 435 Milford Haven, Wales, 286 Coquimbo, Chile, 602 Vladivostok, Russia (via Malmul New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A., Corinto, Nicaragua, 2,247 ISABEL SEGUNDA, ISLA DE Sudo), 911 2,867 Esmeraldas, Ecuador, 1,550 VIEQUES, PUERTO RICO Weihai, China, 238 New London, Connecticut, Guayaquil, Ecuador, 1,317 (18˚10'00"N., 65˚28'00"W.) to: Wenzhou, China, 723 U.S.A., 2,815 Guaymas, Mexico, 3,750 Weonsan, North Korea (via New York, New York, U.S.A., Lota, Chile, 1,033 Junction Points* Maenggol Sudo), 707 2,896 Monterey, California, U.S.A., Xiamen, China, 943 Newport, Wales, 371 4,540 Panama, Panama, 1,060 Yantai, China, 273 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 3,069 Pisco, Peru, 560 Straits of Florida, 1,064 Yokohama, Japan (via Maemul Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 2,062 Sudo and Bungo Suido), 1,016 U.S.A., 3,049 Salina Cruz, Mexico, 2,645 Ports Yokohama, Japan (via Naikai), Port of Spain, Trinidad, 3,706 San Diego, California, U.S.A., 1,070 Port Au Prince, Haiti, 3,724 4,218 New York, New York, U.S.A., Port Castries, St. Lucia, 3,499 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., 1,430 INISHTRAHULL, IRELAND* Port Talbot, Wales, 331 4,620 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 531 (55˚25'00"N., 7˚30'00"W.) to: Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A., San Jose, Guatemala, 2,404 Willemstad, Curacao, 446 2,804 Talcahuano, Chile, 1,008 Junction Points* Qeqertarsuaq (Godhavn), Valparaiso, Chile, 782 ISKENDERUN, TURKEY Greenland (via 75 miles off Kap Yokohama, Japan, 9,026 (36˚36'00"N., 36˚11'00"E.) to: Bishop Rock, England, 395 Farvel), 1,953 Cape of Good Hope, South Qeqertarsuaq (Godhavn), IRAKLION, KRITI Junction Points* Africa, 6,141 Greenland, 1,901 (35˚20'41"N., 25˚08'24"E.) to: Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 335 Recife, Brazil, 4,071 Port Said, Egypt, 381 Grand Banks South, 1,809 Reykjavik, Iceland, 729 Junction Points* Strait of Gibraltar, 2,054 Montreal, Canada (via Strait of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 5,143 Belle Isle), 2,545 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 3,436 Port Said, Egypt, 455 Ports Pentland Firth, Scotland, 272 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Strait of Gibraltar, 1,516 Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,315 Islands, 1,704 Beirut, Lebanon, 180 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,350 Santo Domingo, Dominican Ports Constanta, Romania, 1,044 Republic, 3,621 Istanbul, Turkey, 847 Ports St. John’s, Canada, 1,720 Al Latakia, Syria, 527 Izmir, Turkey, 652 Washington, D.C., U.S.A., 3,204 Alexandria, Egypt, 372 Nice, France, 1,553 Adrossan, Scotland, 95 Waterford, Ireland, 276 Algiers, Algeria, 1,087 Patrai, Greece (south of Greece), Argentia, Canada, 1,874 Wilmington, North Carolina, 3,275 Kalamai, Greece, 197 846 Arkhangel’sk, Russia, 1,900 Khalkis, Greece, 210 Patrai, Greece (via Corinth Canal), Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., INVERGORDON, SCOTLAND Kyrenia, Cyprus, 406 748 3,190 (57˚41'00"N., 4˚10'00"W.) La Spezia, Italy, 956 Piraievs, Greece, 656 Barrow in Furness, England, 186 Subtract 6 miles from Inverness Limassol, Cyprus, 405 Pula, Croatia (south of Greece), Belem, Brazil, 3,972 distances. Livorno, Italy, 920 1,341 Belfast, Northern Ireland, 97 Malaga, Spain, 1,446 Pula, Croatia (via Corinth Canal), Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., INVERNESS, SCOTLAND Marseille, France, 1,083 1,301 2,723 (57˚29'00"N., 4˚14'00"W.) to: Matruh, Egypt, 308 Rostov-na-Donu, Russia, 1,483 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 6,243 Messina, Sicily, 510 Sete, France, 1,675 Cairn Ryan, Scotland, 91 Junction Points* Napoli, Italy, 681 Sfax, Tunisia, 1,282 Charleston, South Carolina, Navplion, Greece, 237 Tarabulus, Libya, 1,167 U.S.A., 3,331 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 481 Odessa, Ukraine, 793 Thessaloniki, Greece, 784 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Oran, Algeria, 1,284 Tubruq, Libya, 667 3,427 Ports Palermo, Sicily, 626 Churchill, Canada (via 75 miles off Palma, Balearic Islands, 1,130 ISLA DE PASCUA, SOUTH Kap Farvel), 2,760 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 482 Piraievs, Greece, 175 PACIFIC Cienfuegos, Cuba, 4,055 Antwerp, Belgium, 554 Rhodes, Greece, 171 (27˚08'30"S., 109˚26'30"W.) See Colon, Panama (via Mona Bremerhaven, Germany, 514 Rijeka, Croatia, 831 Easter Island. Passage), 4,393 Dunkerque, France, 526 Salamis, Greece, 190 Colon, Panama (via Windward Emden, Germany, 487 Savona, Italy, 1,002 ISLAS JUAN FERNANDEZ, Passage), 4,362 Esbjerg, Denmark, 455 Sibenik, Croatia, 704 SOUTH PACIFIC Dakar, Senegal, 2,546 Hamburg, Germany, 562 Siracusa, Sicily, 495 (33˚38'00"S., 78˚49'40"W.) to: Douglas, Isle of Man, 156 Oostende, Belgium, 510 Split, Croatia, 689 Dublin, Ireland, 184 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 496 Tarabulus, Libya, 630 Ports Fleetwood, England, 189 Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 508 Taranto, Italy, 509 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 3,024 Zeebrugge, Belgium, 506 Thessaloniki, Greece, 351 Easter Island, 1,633 Funchal, Madeira Island, 1,466 Toulon, France, 1,051 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 5,595 Puerto Montt, Chile, 616 Galway, Ireland, 231 IPSWICH, ENGLAND Trieste, Italy, 865 Georgetown, Guyana, 3,779 (52˚03'00"N., 1˚10'00"E.) Add 8 Tunis, Tunisia, 745 Valparaiso, Chile, 364 Glasgow, Scotland, 146 miles to Harwich distances. Valencia, Spain, 1,252 Goose Bay, Canada, 1,812 Valletta, Malta, 528 ISTANBUL, TURKEY Guantanamo, Cuba, 3,690 Venezia, Italy, 872 (41˚01'15"N., 28˚59'09"E.) to: IQUIQUE, CHILE Halifax, Canada, 2,406 (20˚12'00"S., 70˚10'00"W.) to: Volos, Greece, 292 Hamilton, Bermuda, 2,747 Yumurtalik, Turkey, 540 Junction Points* Holyhead, Wales, 181 Junction Points* Horta, Azores, 1,329 ISABEL DE SAGUA, CUBA Port Said, Egypt, 804 Ivittuut, Greenland (direct), 1,392 Panama, Panama, 1,987 (22˚57'00"N., 80˚00'24"W.) to: Strait of Gibraltar, 1,821 Ivittuut, Greenland (via 75 miles

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points JAKARTA, INDONESIA 47

Ports Trieste, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Alicante, Spain, 1,405 Junction Points* 1,063 Ancona, Italy, 904 Alexandria, Egypt, 742 Tunis, Tunisia, 1,050 Annaba, Algeria, 1,014 Bishop Rock, England, 3,527 Alexandroupolis, Greece, 200 Valencia, Spain, 1,558 Ashdod, Israel, 668 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Algiers, Algeria (south of Greece), Valletta, Malta, 837 Banghazi, Libya, 561 6,862 1,393 Venezia, Italy (south of Greece), Banzart, Tunisia, 909 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 3,413 Algiers, Algeria (via Corinth 1,169 Barcelona, Spain, 1,332 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 3,511 Canal), 1,376 Venezia, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Bari, Italy, 697 Montreal, Canada, 2,119 Alicante, Spain, 1,560 1,073 Bat’umi, Georgia, 880 Panama, Panama, 1,559 Almeria, Spain, 1,659 Volos, Greece, 329 Beirut, Lebanon, 651 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 3,691 Ancona, Italy (south of Greece), Brindisi, Italy, 639 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,917 1,058 ITOZAKICHO, JAPAN Cartagena, Spain, 1,430 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,740 Ancona, Italy (via Corinth Canal), (34˚23'00"N., 133˚06'00"E.) to: Ceuta, Morocco, 1,648 Straits of Florida, 523 96 Ermoupolis, Greece, 158 Annaba, Algeria, 1,168 Ports Genova, Italy, 1,137 Ports Banghazi, Libya, 716 Gibraltar, 1,650 Banzart, Tunisia, 1,063 Kobe, Japan, 113 Haifa, Israel, 654 Belem, Brazil, 2,773 Barcelona, Spain, 1,486 Kure, Japan, 73 Iraklion, Kriti, 262 Belize, Belize, 1,047 Bari, Italy (south of Greece), 851 Sasebo, Japan, 271 Ikenderun, Turkey, 652 Bridgetown, Barbados, 1,617 Bari, Italy (via Corinth Canal), 755 Shimonoseki, Japan, 133 Istanbul, Turkey, 292 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,841 Bat’umi, Georgia, 591 Shiogama, Japan, 662 Kavala, Greece, 209 Caibarien, Cuba, 526 Beirut, Lebanon, 896 Yokohama, Japan, 446 Khalkis, Greece, 210 Cape Town, South Africa, 6,854 Brindisi, Italy (south of Greece), Kyrenia, Cyprus, 524 Cartagena, Colombia, 1,395 793 IVITTUUT, GREENLAND La Spezia, Italy, 1,101 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Brindisi, Italy (via Corinth Canal), (61˚12'30"N., 48˚10'00"W.) to: Larnaca, Cyprus, 570 1,181 697 Limassol, Cyprus, 530 Colon, Panama (via Crooked Cagliari, Sardinia, 1,133 Junction Points* Livorno, Italy, 1,066 Island Passage), 1,516 Cartagena, Spain, 1,573 Malaga, Spain, 1,597 Colon, Panama (via Yucatan Catania, Sicily, 810 Bishop Rock, England, 1,608 Marseille, France, 1,229 Channel), 1,535 Ceuta, Morocco, 1,802 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 1,392 Mersin, Turkey, 594 Dakar, Senegal, 3,650 Civitavecchia, Italy (south of Montreal, Canada, 1,472 Messina, Sicily, 655 Elizabeth Harbor, Bahamas, 559 Greece), 1,107 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 1,440 Mitilini, Greece, 60 Georgetown, Guyana, 1,980 Civitavecchia, Italy (via Corinth Strait of Gibraltar, 2,283 Napoli, Italy, 827 Guantanamo, Cuba (via Crooked Canal), 1,066 Straits of Florida, 2,925 Navplion, Greece, 258 Island Passage), 851 Constanta, Romania, 201 Odessa, Ukraine, 640 Halifax, Canada, 1,255 Genova, Italy, 1,291 Ports Oran, Algeria, 1,436 Isabel De Sagua, Cuba, 507 Gibraltar, 1,804 Palermo, Sicily, 772 Kingston, Jamaica (via Crooked Haifa, Israel, 849 Argentia, Canada, 1,023 Palma, Balearic Islands, 1,290 Island Passage), 1,016 Iraklion, Kriti, 445 Arkhangel’sk, Russia, 2,573 Piraievs, Greece, 210 La Habana, Cuba, 528 Iskenderun, Turkey, 847 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Rethimnon, Kriti, 277 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 3,467 Izmir, Turkey, 292 1,731 Rhodes, Greece, 256 Limon, Costa Rica, 1,589 La Spezia, Italy, 1,256 Colon, Panama, 3,536 Rijeka, Croatia (south of Greece), Lisboa, Portugal, 3,548 Larnaca, Cyprus, 766 Guantanamo, Cuba, 2,873 974 Miller Anchorage, Bahamas, 507 Livorno, Italy, 1,220 Halifax, Canada, 1,380 Rijeka, Croatia (via Corinth Montevideo, Uruguay, 5,727 Malaga, Spain, 1,752 Murmansk, Russia, 2,201 Canal), 875 Nassau, Bahamas, 456 Marseille, France, 1,383 New York, New York, U.S.A., Salamis, Greece, 225 Ponce, Puerto Rico, 1,146 Mersin, Turkey, 789 1,933 Savona, Italy, 1,147 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1,685 Messina, Sicily, 810 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 2,116 Sibenik, Croatia (south of Port Castries, St. Lucia, 1,520 Napoli, Italy, 981 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Greece), 846 Recife, Brazil, 3,668 Nice, France, 1,321 U.S.A., 2,086 Sibenik, Croatia (via Corinth Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,740 Novorossiysk, Russia, 460 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Canal), 747 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,121 Odessa, Ukraine, 352 U.S.A., 1,709 Siracusa, Sicily, 644 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba (via Oran, Algeria, 1,590 Qeqertarsuaq Godhavn, Soudha, Kriti, 281 Crooked Island Passage), 904 Palermo, Sicily, 926 Greenland, 560 Split, Croatia (south of Greece), Santo Domingo, Dominican Palma, Balearic Islands, 1,446 Reykjavik, Iceland, 887 831 Republic, 1,166 Piraievs, Greece, 364 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 2,720 Split, Croatia (via Corinth Canal), Tampico, Mexico, 1,361 Pula, Croatia, 1,124 St. John’s, Canada, 849 732 Rhodes, Greece, 445 Tarabulus, Libya, 799 JAKARTA, INDONESIA Rijeka, Croatia (south of Greece), IWAKUNI, JAPAN Taranto, Italy (south of Greece), (6˚06'00"S., 106˚53'00"E.) to: 1,128 (34˚l0'00"N., 132˚17'00"E.) to: 652 Rijeka, Croatia (via Corinth Taranto, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Junction Points* Canal), 1,029 Ports 56 Rostov-na-Donu, Russia, 640 Thessaloniki, Greece, 259 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 615 Savona, Italy, 1,301 Apra, Guam, 1,437 Toulon, France, 1,197 Port Said, Egypt, 5,293 Sete, France, 1,442 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2,108 Trieste, Italy (south of Greece), Singapore, 525 Sibenik, Croatia (south of Kobe, Japan, 166 1,007 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 77 Greece), 1,001 Shimonoseki, Japan, 93 Trieste, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Torres Strait, Australia, 2,152 Sibenik, Croatia (via Corinth Yokohama, Japan, 497 908 Selat Wetar, Indonesia, 1,247 Canal), 902 Tunis, Tunisia, 896 Siracusa, Sicily, 798 IZMIR, TURKEY Valencia, Spain, 1,403 Ports Split, Croatia (south of Greece), (38˚25'39"N., 21˚07'58"E.) to: Valletta, Malta, 683 986 Venezia, Italy (south of Greece), Aleksandrovsk Sakhalinskiy, Split, Croatia (via Corinth Canal), Junction Points* 1,015 Russia, 3,942 887 Venezia, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Apra, Guam (via Makassar Strait), Tarabulus, Libya, 953 Port Said, Egypt, 608 919 2,639 Taranto, Italy (south of Greece), Strait of Gibraltar (south of Volos, Greece, 226 Belawan, Indonesia, 864 806 Greece), 1,667 Yumurtalik, Turkey, 639 Busan, South Korea, 2,836 Taranto, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Cebu, Philippines (via Lumbucan 717 Ports JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA, Channel), 1,563 Thessaloniki, Greece, 338 U.S.A. Dagu, China, 3,088 Toulon, France, 1,351 Alexandria, Egypt, 547 (30˚19'00"N., 81˚39'00"W.) to: Hakodate, Japan, 3,468 Trieste, Italy (south of Greece), Algiers, Algeria, 1,238 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 1,025 1,162

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 48 JAKOBSHAVN, GREENLAND

Hong Kong, China, 1,782 Melbourne, Australia (via South Junction Points* JULIANEHAAB, Iloilo, Philippines (via Lumbucan Channel), 3,181 GREENLAND Channel and Selat Gaspar), Midway Island, 1,535 Port Said, Egypt, 722 (60˚43'00"N., 46˚02'30"W.) See 1,476 Nagasaki, Japan (via Osumi Qaqortoq, Greenland. Incheon, South Korea, 2,865 Kaikyo), 2,808 Ports Kobe, Japan (via Balintang Pago Pago, American Samoa, JUNEAU, ALASKA, U.S.A. Channel), 2,987 1,700 Aden, Yemen, 707 (58˚17'45"N., 134˚25'00"W.) to: Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 999 Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, U.S.A., Al Aqabah, Jordan, 573 Kuching, Sarawak, 627 2,101 Massawa, Ethiopia, 364 Ports Malacca, Malaysia, 613 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Port Sudan, Sudan, 161 Manila, Philippines (via Palawan Russia, 2,883 Prince Rupert, Canada, 322 Vancouver, Canada, 761 Passage), 1,559 Ponape, Caroline Islands, 698 JINHAE, SOUTH KOREA Mogpo, North Korea, 2,741 Saipan, Mariana Islands, 1,545 (35˚08'40"N., 128˚28'35"E.) Nagasaki, Japan, 2,712 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Subtract 3 miles from Masan KAGOSHIMA, JAPAN Nampo, North Korea, 2,955 4,150 distances. (31˚35'30"N., 130˚33'50"E.) to: Palembang, Indonesia, 358 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 4,296 Junction Points* Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Shanghai, China (via Southeast JOHNSTON ISLAND, NORTH Russia (east of Japan and Pass), 3,138 PACIFIC Balintang Channel), 4,530 Sydney, Australia (via Southeast (16˚45'00"N., 169˚30'30"W.) to: Selat Lombok, Indonesia (via Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Pass), 2,623 south of Mindanao), 2,761 Russia (via La Perouse Strait), Tinian, Mariana Islands, 1,536 Junction Points* Panama, Panama, 8,207 4,555 Truk, Caroline Islands, 1,078 Punta Arenas, Chile, 9,477 Port Darwin, Australia, 1,706 Valparaiso, Chile, 7,034 Panama, Panama, 5,359 Singapore (via Balintang Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. (via Wake Island, 831 Channel), 2,464 Balintang Channel), 7,415 Yokohama, Japan (via Southeast Ports Singapore, 2,401 San Diego, California, U.S.A., Pass), 2,442 7,985 Apia, Samoa, 1,838 Ports San Francisco, California, U.S.A. JARVIS ISLAND, LINE Apra, Guam, 2,665 (via Balintang Channel), 7,642 ISLANDS Christmas Island, Line Island, Hakodate, Japan, 946 San Francisco, California, U.S.A. (0˚22'30"S., 160˚01'45"W.) to: 1,137 Kamaishi, Japan, 875 (via Makassar Strait), 7,641 Fanning Island, 1,032 Kobe, Japan (via Bungo Suido), Semarang, Indonesia, 236 Junction Points* Funafuti, Tuvalu, 1,654 422 Shanghai, China, 2,522 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 717 Kobe, Japan (via Tomogashima Shimonoseki, Japan, 2,838 Panama, Panama, 4,804 Jarvis Island, 1,173 Suido), 379 Sorido, Indonesia, 1,879 Kahului, Hawaii, U.S.A., 798 Komatsushima, Japan, 344 Sukarnopura, Indonesia, 2,187 Ports Midway Island, 821 Kure, Japan, 296 Tanshui, Taiwan, 2,094 Papeete, French Polynesia, 2,371 Misumi, Japan, 184 Tjirebon, Indonesia, 156 Christmas Island, Line Islands, San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Nagasaki, Japan, 168 Vinh Cam Ranh, Vietnam, 1,103 209 2,779 Niihana, Japan, 318 Vladivostok, Russia, 3,338 Johnston Island, North Pacific, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 3,018 Shimonoseki, Japan (via Bungo Weihai, China, 2,860 1,173 Suido), 295 Shimonoseki, Japan (west of Weonsan, North Korea, 3,142 Pago Pago, American Samoa, JOLO, PHILIPPINES Xiamen, China, 1,971 1,050 (6˚03'30"N., 120˚59'45"E.) to: Kyushu), 306 Yantai, China, 2,894 Tokuyama, Japan, 263 Yokohama, Japan, 3,194 JAZIREH-YE LAVAN, IRAN Ports Ube, Japan, 280 (26˚47'05"N., 53˚20'15"E.) See Yokkaichi, Japan, 476 JAKOBSHAVN, Lavan Island. Batangas, Philippines, 480 Yokohama, Japan, 594 GREENLAND Manila, Philippines (via Apo West (69˚13'30"N., 51˚05'30"W.) See JAZIREH-YE SIRRI, IRAN Pass), 550 KAHULUI, MAUI, HAWAII, Ilulissat, Greenland. (25˚54'25"N., 54˚33'44"E.) to: Sandakan, Sabah, 180 U.S.A. Tacloban, Philippines, 442 (20˚54'00"N., 156˚28'31"W.) to: JAKOBSTAD, FINLAND Junction Points* Zamboanga, Philippines, 85 (63˚43'00"N., 22˚41'30"E.) to: Junction Points* Cape of Good Hope, South JUBAIL, SAUDI ARABIA Panama, Panama, 4,605 Ports Africa, 4,831 (27˚01'00"N., 49˚42'00"E.) See Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 5,071 Al Jubayl. Oulu, Finland, 133 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 4,285 Ports Vassa, Finland, 99 Port Said, Egypt, 2,785 JUCARO, CUBA Singapore, 3,518 Johnston Island, 798 (21˚35'41"N., 78˚51'15"W.) to: Midway Island, 1,266 JALUIT, MARSHALL Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 3,667 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 2,364 ISLANDS Torres Strait, Australia, 5,901 Junction Points* (5˚55'00"N., 169˚38'30"E.) to: Yokohama, Japan, 3,496 Ports Cape of Good Hope, South Junction Points* Africa, 6,559 KAKINADA, INDIA Belawan, Indonesia, 3,179 Grand Banks South, 2,240 (17˚00'00"N., 82˚20'00"E.) to: Panama, Panama, 6,666 Calcutta, India, 3,154 Panama, Panama, 764 Junction Points* Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,815 Malacca, Malaysia, 3,382 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,730 Port Darwin, Australia, 5,274 Strait of Gibraltar, 4,096 Cape of Good Hope, South Ports Rangoon, Burma, 3,214 Yucatan Channel, 362 Sabang, Indonesia, 2,913 Africa, 5,023 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 2,567 Auckland, New Zealand (via Ports Singapore, 1,593 Southeast Pass), 2,595 JERSEY CITY, NEW JERSEY, Brisbane, Australia (via Main and U.S.A. Belize, British Honduras, 582 Ports Howe Channels), 2,231 (40˚43'00"N., 74˚02'00"W.) For Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Callao, Peru, 6,832 ocean distances add 1 1/2 miles to 1,788 Belawan, Indonesia, 1,261 Funafuti, Tuvalu, 1,041 New York distances. Cape Town, South Africa, 6,552 Calcutta, India, 522 Hakodate, Japan, 2,670 Halifax, Canada, 1,991 Fremantle, Australia, 3,515 Hobart, Tasmania (via Southeast JIDDAH, SAUDI ARABIA Port au Prince, Haiti, 465 Madras, India, 276 Pass), 3,223 (21˚28'00"N., 39˚09'20"E.) to: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,551 Malacca, Malaysia, 1,478 Hong Kong, China (via Southeast Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,302 Pass), 3,370 Penang, Malaysia, 1,273 Honolulu; Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,096 Sabang, Indonesia, 1,019

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points KASIM MARINE TERMINAL, INDONESIA 49

KALAMAI, GREECE Ports Ports Galle, Sri Lanka, 1,393 (37˚01'02"N., 22˚06'38"E.) to: Madras, India, 1,908 Kobenhavn, Denmark, 115 Apra, Guam, 3,354 Malacca, Malaysia, 2,768 Junction Points* Stockholm, Sweden, 531 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 2,388 Marmagao, India, 690 Swinoujscie, Poland, 175 Yokohama, Japan, 3,406 Massawa, Ethiopia, 1,865 Port Said, Egypt, 644 Mombasa, Kenya, 2,361 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,370 KAMAISHI, JAPAN KANGERLUARSORUSEQ, Okha, India, 194 (39˚16'18"N., 141˚53'36"E.) to: GREENLAND Penang, Malaysia, 2,595 Ports (63˚41'00"N., 51˚34'00"W.) to: Port Darwin, Australia (south of Junction Points* Java and Timor Islands), 4,624 Banghazi, Libya, 313 Junction Points* Rangoon, Burma, 2,561 Iraklion, Kriti, 197 Selat Lombok, Indonesia (south of Sabang, Indonesia, 2,284 Messina, Sicily, 355 Mindanao), 3,331 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 1,597 Tamatave, Madagascar, 2,788 Taranto, Italy, 351 Panama, Panama, 7,422 Strait of Gibraltar, 2,444 Trincomalee, Sri Lanka, 1,667 Tunis, Tunisia, 599 Punta Arenas, Chile, 9,316 Singapore (via Balintang Ports KARDELJEVO, CROATIA KALI LIMENES, KRITI, Channel), 3,171 (43˚03'00"N., 17˚25'42"E.) See GREECE Churchill, Canada, 1,326 Ploce. (34˚55'45"N., 24˚49'15"E.) to: Ports Reykjavik, Iceland, 1,043 St. John’s, Canada, 969 Junction Points* KARLSHAMN, SWEDEN Hakodate, Japan, 192 (56˚07'50"N., 14˚53'38"E.) to: Kagoshima, Japan, 875 KANKESANTURAI, SRI Port Said, Egypt, 446 Kobe, Japan, 631 LANKA Junction Points* Strait of Gibraltar, 1,504 Nagasaki, Japan, 972 (9˚49'25"N., 80˚03'10"E.) to: Yokohama, Japan, 348 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Ports Junction Points* Entrance), Germany, 228 Skagens Odde, Denmark (via The Alexandria, Egypt, 338 KAMSAR, GUINEA (10˚39'00"N., 14˚37'00"W.) to: Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Sound), 289 Algiers, Algeria, 1,071 4,545 Alicante, Spain, 1,231 Junction Points* Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 3,353 Ports Ashdod, Israel, 525 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 2,487 Barcelona, Spain, 1,156 Bishop Rock, England, 2,562 Port Said, Egypt, 3,553 Hango, Finland, 378 Beirut, Lebanon, 533 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Singapore, 1,543 Horsens, Denmark (via The Cartagena, Spain, 1,57 3,294 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 1,852 Sound), 284 Ceuta, Morocco, 1,478 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 2,625 Torres Strait, Australia, 4,096 Kobenhavn, Denmark (via The Gemlik, Turkey, 528 Grand Banks South, 2,701 Sound), 146 Istanbul, Turkey, 525 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 2,520 Ports Lubeck, Germany, 213 Marseille, France, 1,005 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 2,965 Odense, Denmark, 282 Moni Anchorage, Cyprus, 435 Panama, Panama, 3,866 Bombay, India, 992 Sankt-Peterburg, Russia, 591 Napoli, Italy, 671 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 3,187 Calcutta, India, 900 Slagen, Norway (via The Sound), Tangier, Morocco, 1,505 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,172 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 196 374 Trieste, Italy, 852 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,867 Karachi, Pakistan, 1,424 Varberg, Sweden (via The Sound), Straits of Florida, 3,985 Telukbayur, Indonesia, 1,376 371 KALININGRAD, RUSSIA Yucatan Channel, 4,145 Trincomalee, Sri Lanka, 131 (54˚42'30"N., 20˚28'00"E.) Add 21 1/2 miles to Baltiysk distances. KARLSKRONA, SWEDEN Ports KAO-HSIUNG KANG, (56˚l0'00"N., 15˚36'00"E.) to: TAIWAN KALMAR, SWEDEN Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 803 (22˚37'00"N., 120˚16'00"E.) to: Junction Points* (56˚39'45"N., 16˚22'30"E.) to: Accra, Ghana, 1,077 Ports Buenos Aires, Argentina, 3,777 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Junction Points* Cape Town, South Africa, 3,273 Entrance), Germany, 235 Chang-Kan, China, 811 Casablanca, Morocco, 1,732 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 295 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Dakar, Senegal, 368 Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam, 895 San Fernando, Philippines, 356 Entrance), Germany, 289 Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 3,933 Ports Skagens Odde, Denmark (via Store Lisboa, Portugal, 1,882 Sanya Gang, China, 682 Vinh Cam Ranh, Vietnam, 915 Baelt), 470 Monrovia, Liberia, 375 Kobenhavn, Denmark, 148 Skagens Odde, Denmark (via The Natal, Brazil, 1,576 Sankt-Peterburg, Russia, 563 Sound), 342 New York, New York, U.S.A., KARACHI, PAKISTAN Stockholm, Sweden, 270 3,633 (24˚49'00"N., 66˚58'20"E.) to: Ports Norfolk, Virginia U.S.A., 3,667 Junction Points* KASHIMA KO, JAPAN Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 1,475 (35˚58'45"N., 140˚42'35"E.) to: Drammen, Norway (via The Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Sound), 455 713 Junction Points* Fredrikstad, Norway (via The Takoradi, Ghana, 955 4,658 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 4,512 Sound), 430 Selat Lombok, Indonesia (via Halden, Norway (via The Sound), Port Said, Egypt, 2,865 KANDALAKSHA, RUSSIA south of Mindanao), 3,127 Singapore, 2,882 430 (67˚08'00"N., 33˚24'00"E.) Add Panama, Panama, 7,567 Torres Strait, Australia (south of Moss, Norway (via The Sound), 101 miles to Arkhangel’sk Punta Arenas, Chile, 9,252 Java and Timor), 5,298 432 distances. Singapore (via Balintang Oslo, Norway (via Store Baelt), Channel), 2,968 596 Ports Oslo, Norway (via The Sound), KANDLA, INDIA (23˚02'00"N., 70˚13'30"E.) Add Ports 464 Aden, Yemen, 1,472 76 l/2 miles to Okha distances. Al Basrah, Iraq, 1,177 Aomori, Japan, 420 Bandar Abbas, Iran, 643 KALUNDBORG, DENMARK Kobe, Japan, 423 KANEOHE BAY, HAWAII, Belawan, Indonesia, 2,550 (55˚40'07"N., 11˚05'00"E.) to: Nagoya, Japan, 288 U.S.A. Bhavnagar, India, 481 (21˚26'23"N., 157˚47'00"W.) to: Shimonoseki, Japan, 613 Bombay, India, 504 Junction Points* Yokohama, Japan, 144 Calcutta, India, 2,578 Junction Points* Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Cochin, India, 1,044 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1,344 KASIM MARINE TERMINAL, Entrance), Germany, 111 Panama, Panama, 4,686 Durban, South Africa, 3,887 INDONESIA Skagens Odde, Denmark, 141 (1˚18'00"S., 131˚01'00"E.) to: Fremantle, Australia, 4,437

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 50 KAUNAKAKAI, HAWAII, U.S.A.

Junction Points* Murmansk, Russia, 1,521 KEY WEST, FLORIDA, U.S.A. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,611 St. John’s, Canada, 1,404 (24˚33'30"N., 81˚48'30"W.) to: San Juan, Puerto Rico, 966 Honshu, Japan, 2,724 Santa Barbara de Samana, Junction Points* Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 1,260 KENITRA, MOROCCO Dominican Republic, 811 Panama, Panama, 9,108 (34˚16'13"N., 6˚35'00"W.) to: Santiago de Cuba, Cuba (via west Singapore, 2,128 Bishop Rock, England, 3,783 end of Cuba), 796 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 2,091 Junction Points* Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 3,783 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba (via Torres Strait, Australia, 1,030 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 3,767 Windward Passage), 637 Selat Wetar, Indonesia, 741 Cape of Good Hope, South Montreal, Canada, 2,466 Santo Domingo, Dominican Africa, 5,056 Panama, Panama, 1,108 Republic, 936 Ports Ile d’Ouessant, France, 954 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 4,000 Tampico, Mexico, 907 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,949 Tuxpan, Mexico, 891 Balikpapan, Indonesia, 998 Ports Straits of Florida, 73 Veracruz, Mexico, 869 Busan, Korea, 2,384 Yucatan Channel, 251 Willemstad, Curacao (via Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 1,832 Casablanca, Morocco, 69 Windward Passage), 1,134 Kobe, Japan, 2,258 Dakar, Senegal, 1,389 Ports Semarang, Indonesia, 1,391 Tangier, Morocco, 117 KHALKIS, GREECE Ujung, Pandang, Indonesia, 842 Antilla, Cuba, 434 (38˚27'40"N., 23˚35'15"E.) to: Argentia, Canada, 1,953 Vinh Cam Ranh, Vietnam, 1,669 KERCH, GEORGIA Wyndham, Australia, 870 (45˚21'16"N., 36˚28'40"E.) to: Arkhangel’sk, Russia, 5,150 Junction Points* Yokohama, Japan, 2,342 Baracoa, Cuba, 490 Junction Points* Belem, Brazil, 2,603 Port Said, Egypt, 630 Belize, Belize (via main ship KAUNAKAKAI, HAWAII, Strait of Gibraltar, 1,562 U.S.A. Port Said, Egypt, 1,238 channel), 590 (21˚05'00"N., 157˚02'00"W.) to: Strait of Gibraltar, 2,256 Bridgetown, Barbados, 1,459 Ports Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,712 Junction Points* Ports Campeche, Mexico (via main ship Iraklion, Kriti, 210 channel), 632 Izmir, Turkey, 210 Panama, Panama, 4,633 Almeria, Spain, 2,094 Cap-Haitien, Haiti (via Old Volos, Greece, 88 Constanta, Romania, 370 Bahama Channel), 619 Carmen, Mexico (via main ship Ports Istanbul, Turkey, 439 KHARG ISLAND, IRAN Mersin, Turkey, 1,214 channel), 708 (29˚13'34"N., 50˚16'34"E.) to: Midway Island, 1,220 Nice, France (south of Greece), Cartagena, Colombia (via Old Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 2,398 1,756 Bahama Channel), 1,130 Junction Points* Yokohama, Japan, 3,454 Nice, France (via Corinth Canal), Cartagena, Colombia (via Yucatan 1,714 Channel), 1,144 Cape of Good Hope, South KAVALA, GREECE Patrai Greece (south of Greece), Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Africa, 5,153 (40˚55'50"N., 24˚24'11"E.) to: 1,047 1,036 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 5,393 Patrai Greece (via Corinth Canal), Charlottetown, Canada, 1,788 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 4,582 Junction Points* 890 Christiansted, Virgin Islands, Port Said, Egypt, 2,955 Pula, Croatia (south of Greece), 1,064 Singapore, 3,768 Port Said, Egypt, 714 1,543 Colon, Panama (via ship channel Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 3,993 Strait of Gibraltar (south of Pula, Croatia (via Corinth Canal), and Yucatan Channel), 1,065 Torres Strait, Australia (south of Greece), 1,706 1,444 Dakar, Senegal, 3,709 Java), 6,151 Strait of Gibraltar (via Corinth Rostov-na-Donu, Russia, 208 Elizabeth Harbor, Bahamas, 485 Canal), 1,689 Sete, France (south of Greece), Freetown, Sierra Leone, 4,076 Ports 1,877 Funchal, Madeira Island, 3,445 Ports Sete, France (via Corinth Canal), Georgetown, Guyana, 1,818 Aden, Yemen, 1,087 1,836 Guantanamo, Cuba (via Old Belawan, Indonesia, 3,404 Algiers, Algeria (south of Greece), Bahama Channel), 587 Calcutta, India, 3,412 Halifax, Canada, 1,602 1,277 KERET, RUSSIA Malacca, Malaysia, 3,612 Algiers, Algeria (via Corinth (66˚17'00"N., 33˚35'00"E.) Add Hamilton, Bermuda, 1,093 Port Darwin, Australia (south of Canal), 1,260 54 miles to Arkhangel’sk distances. Horta, Azores, 2,857 Java), 5,480 Beirut, Lebanon, 756 Kingston, Jamaica (via Windward Rangoon, Burma, 3,417 Izmir, Turkey, 209 Passage), 752 Sabang, Indonesia, 3,144 KERKIRA, GREECE Kingston, Jamaica (via Yucatan Piraievs, Greece, 249 (39˚37'45"N., 19˚54'35"E.) to: Channel), 802 Siracusa, Sicily (south of Greece), KHAWR-AL-AMAYA, IRAQ La Guaira, Venezuela (via Old 682 Junction Points* (29˚48'23"N., 48˚48'20"E.) Siracusa, Sicily (via Corinth Bahama Channel), 1,280 Subtract 76 miles from Al Basrah. La Habana, Cuba, 92 Canal), 656 Port Said, Egypt, 845 Lisboa, Portugal, 3,765 Thessaloniki, Greece, 160 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,324 Nuevitas, Cuba, 331 KHOLMSK, SAKHALIN, Volos, Greece, 162 RUSSIA Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 1,296 Ports (47˚03'00"N., 142˚02'45"E.) to: KAWASAKI, JAPAN Ponce, Puerto Rico (via Old Bahama Channel and Mona (35˚30'00"N., 139˚45'00"E.) Use Brindisi, Italy, 123 Ports Passage), 969 Yokohama distances. Catania, Sicily, 290 Port au Prince, Haiti (via Old Dubrovnik, Croatia, 208 Bukhta Shelikohova, Kuril Islands, Bahama Channel), 650 KEELUNG, TAIWAN Patrai, Greece, 138 Russia, 707 Port of Spain, Trinidad (via Old (25˚08'10"N., 121˚44'00"E.) See Taranto, Italy, 167 Matsuga-hana, Japan, 361 Chi-Lung, Taiwan. Bahama Channel and Mona Tomari, Japan, 314 Passage), 1,484 KETCHIKAN, ALASKA, Port of Spain, Trinidad (via Old KEFLAVIK, ICELAND U.S.A. Bahama Channel and Windward KHORRAMSHAHR, IRAN (64˚00'00"N., 22˚33'25"W.) to: (55˚20'30"N., 131˚38'45"W.) to: (30˚25'30"N., 48˚10'00"E.) Passage), 1,534 Subtract 181 1/2 miles from Al Port of Spain, Trinidad (via Old Junction Points* Ports Basrah distances. Bahama Channel), 650 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 1,358 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 671 Cordova, Alaska, U.S.A., 656 Puerto Cabello, Venezuela(via Old KIEL, GERMANY Strait of Gibraltar, 1,947 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 634 (54˚20'00"N., 10˚09'30"E.) For Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 224 Bahama Channel and Windward Passage), 1,248 distance via Fjord add 1 l/2 miles to Ports Whittier, Alaska, U.S.A.., 1,839 Recife, Brazil (via Old Bahama Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Channel and Mona Passage), Entrance). For distance via Nord- Bergen, Norway, 875 3,539 Ostsee-Kanal add 2 1/2 miles to

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points KLAKSVIG, FAROE ISLANDS 51

Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Passage), 802 U.S.A, 1,655 KISMAAYO, SOMALIA Entrance). Yucatan Channel, 550 Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, 715 (0˚23'56"S., 42˚32'20"E.) to: Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, 697 Junction Points* KIIRE, JAPAN Ports Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua, 451 (31˚24'42"N., 130˚33'17"E.) Puerto Colombia, Colombia, 438 Subtract 9 miles from Kagoshima Almirante, Panama, 657 Puerto Cortes, Honduras, 671 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, distances. Moa, Cuba, 301 Puerto Vita, Cuba, 364 2,685 Bahia de las Calderas, Dominican Punta Cardon, Venezuela, 530 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 4,534 Republic, 378 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,194 Port Said, Egypt, 2,713 KIMCHAEK, NORTH KOREA Singapore, 3,791 (40˚39'15"N., 129˚12'30"E.) to: Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. (via Rio Haina, Dominican Republic, Windward Passage), 1,401 417 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 3,812 Ports Baracoa, Cuba, 265 San Juan, Puerto Rico (north of Barahona, Dominican Republic, Hispaniola), 685 Ports Busan, South Korea, 351 364 San Juan, Puerto Rico (south of Hakodate, Japan, 540 Barranquilla, Colombia, 442 Hispaniola), 643 Aden, Yemen, 1,326 Maizuru, Japan, 431 Belem, Brazil, 2,231 San Pedro de Macoris, Dominican Bombay, India, 2,133 Shimonoseki, Japan, 421 Belize, Belize, 685 Republic, 461 Calicut, India, 2,106 Vladivostok, Russia, 206 Boca de Tanamo, Cuba, 318 Santa Lucia, Cuba, 651 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2,291 Yeosu, South Korea, 439 Bocas del Toro, Panama, 604 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 176 Durban, South Africa, 1,940 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Santo Domingo, Dominican Madras, India, 2,841 Tulear, Madagascar, 1,395 KIN WAN, JAPAN 1,657 Republic, 430 (26˚24'00"N., 27˚58'00"E.) to: Brunswick, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,038 Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A. (via Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,295 Windward Passage), 1,063 KITIMAT, CANADA Junction Points* Cap-Haitien, Haiti, 326 Sint Nicolaashaven, Aruba, 528 (53˚59'25"N., 128˚48'43"W.) to: Cape Town, South Africa;, 6,314 St. John, Canada, 1,794 Honshu Japan, 826 Cardenas, Cuba, 703 St. John’s, Antigua, 870 Junction Points* Selat Lombok, Indonesia (south of Carmen, Mexico, 1,056 St. Louis, Marie Galante, 903 Mindanao), 2,391 Cartagena, Colombia, 479 St. Marc, Haiti, 254 Selat Lombok, Indonesia (via Panama, Panama, 8,451 Casilda, Cuba, 372 Sydney, Canada, 1,982 Makassar Strait), 6,930 Punta Arenas, Chile, 9,415 Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A. Tampico, Mexico, 1,252 Panama, Panama, 4,304 Singapore (via Balintang (via Windward Passage), 1,064 Tuxpan, Mexico, 1,243 Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,264 Channel), 2,094 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Veracruz, Mexico, 1,210 Singapore (via Balintang Torres Strait, Australia, 2,640 70 Wilmington, North Carolina, Channel), 7,030 Tsugaru-Kaikyo, Japan, 1,189 Colon, Panama, 551 U.S.A. (via Crooked Island Selat Sunda, Indonesia (via Covenas, Colombia, 528 Passage), 1,115 Balintang Channel), 7,393 Ports Dakar, Senegal, 3,436 Yarmouth, Canada, 1,710 Elizabeth Harbor, Bahamas, 498 Ports Apia, Samoa, 4,266 Funchal, Madeira Island, 3,349 KINGSTOWN, ST. VINCENT Auckland, New Zealand, 4,912 Georgetown, Guyana, 1,334 (13˚09'00"N., 61˚14'00"W.) to: Anchorage, Alaska, 1,055 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 1,595 Gonaives, Haiti, 263 Callao, Peru, 5,006 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 4,058 Guantanamo, Cuba, 180 Ports Guaymas, Mexico, 2,510 Valparaiso, Chile, 9,788 Halifax, Canada, 1,795 Honolulu, Hawaii, 2,399 Wellington, New Zealand, 5,117 Hamilton, Bermuda, 1,144 Bridgetown, Barbados, 98 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Horta, Azores, 2,818 Fernando de Noronha, 1,320 1,391 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A. (via Fort de France, Martinique, 89 Manila, Philippines (via Balintang KING’S LYNN, ENGLAND Channel), 5,637 (52˚45'30"N., 0˚23'28"E.) to: Windward Passage), 1,016 Hamilton, Bermuda, 1,185 Key West, Florida, U.S.A. (via New York, New York, U.S.A., Mollendo, Peru, 5,422 Junction Points* Windward Passage), 752 1,791 Yokohama, Japan, 3,941 Key West, Florida, U.S.A. (via Port Castries, St. Lucia, 60 Bishop Rock, England, 522 Yucatan Channel), 802 KLAIPEDA, LITHUANIA Ile d’Ouessant, France, 516 La Guaira, Venezuela, 732 KINUURA, JAPAN (55˚43'00"N., 21˚07'00"E.) to: Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East La Habana Cuba (via Windward (34˚48'14"N., 136˚57'29"E.) Entrance), Germany, 406 Passage), 762 Subtract 23 miles from Nagoya Junction Points* Pentland Firth, Scotland, 401 La Habana, Cuba (via Yucatan distances. Skagens Odde, Denmark, 473 Channel), 737 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Entrance), Germany, 400 La Romana, Dominican Republic, KIRKENES, NORWAY Ports 47 (69˚43'45"N., 30˚02'00"E.) to: Skagens Odde, Denmark (via Store Lake Charles, Louisiana, U.S.A., Baelt), 592 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 203 1,190 Ports Skagens Odde, Denmark (via The Antwerp, Belgium, 450 Limon, Costa Rica, 605 Sound and north of Bornholm), Bergen, Norway, 583 Lisboa, Portugal, 3,725 Longyearbyen, Svalbard, 637 462 Emden, Germany, 281 Liverpool, Canada, 1,744 Pechenga, Russia, 53 Leith, Scotland, 263 Manzanillo, Cuba, 283 Ports London, England, 233 Matanzas, Cuba, 717 KISKA, ALASKA, U.S.A. Horsens, Denmark, 459 Oostende, Belgium, 206 Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 746 (51˚59'00"N., 177˚32'30"E.) to: Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 319 Miragoane, Haiti, 243 Koge, Denmark, 350 Zeebrugge, Belgium, 211 Nassau, Bahamas, 667 Ports Oslo, Norway (via Store Baelt and New York, New York, U.S.A. (via south of Bornholm), 716 Windward Passage), 1,474 Anadyrskiy Zaliv, Russia, 804 Oxelosund, Sweden, 232 KINGSTON, JAMAICA Rostock, Germany, 347 (17˚57'30"N., 76˚47'00"W.) to: Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A. (via Apra, Guam, 2,822 Windward Passage), 1,279 Bukhta Shelikhova, Kuril Islands, Junction Points* Nuevitas, Cuba, 448 Russia, 863 KLAKSVIG, FAROE Oranjestad, Aruba, 223 Hakodate, Japan, 1,656 ISLANDS Bishop Rock, England (via Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,185 (62˚14'28"N., 6˚35'45"W.) to: Windward Passage), 3,866 (via Windward Passage), 1,446 Kasatka, Japan, 1,274 Junction Points* Fastnet Rock, Ireland (via Pina, Panama, 578 Manila, Philippines, 3,664 Windward Passage), 3,748 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 910 Matsuga-hana, Japan, 1,345 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Inishtrahull, Ireland, 3,852 Port au Prince, Haiti, 277 Midway Island, 1,453 6,535 Panama, Panama, 594 Port de Paix, Haiti, 432 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Grand Banks South, 1,925 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 4,032 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1,003 Russia, 724 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 410 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,891 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 950 Tomari, Japan, 1,406 Montreal, Canada (via Strait of Straits of Florida (via Windward Portland, Maine, U.S.A., 1,679 Yokohama, Japan, 1,997 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Belle Isle), 2,481

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 52 KOBE, JAPAN

Pentland Firth, Scotland, 233 San Diego, California, U.S.A., Kaikyo), 366 from Kokura subtract 7 miles from Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,887 5,204 Yokohama, Japan, 372 Moji distances. Skagens Odde, Denmark, 864 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Strait of Gibraltar, 1,789 4,819 KODIAK, ALASKA, U.S.A. KOLDING, DENMARK Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (north (57˚47'00"N., 152˚25'00"W.) to: (55˚29'40"N., 9˚30'00"E.) to: Ports of Aleutian Islands), 4,527 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (south Junction Points* Junction Points* Aberdeen, Scotland, 359 of Aleutian Islands), 4,559 Alesund, Norway, 355 Shanghai, China (via Naikai), 789 Panama, Panama, 4,907 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Bremerhaven, Germany, 570 Shanghai, China (via Osumi Singapore, 6,020 Entrance), Germany (via Lille Dover, England, 746 Kaikyo), 826 Baelt), 83 Le Havre, France, 851 Shimizu, Honshu, Japan, 279 Ports Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East London, England, 781 Shimonoseki, Japan, 241 Entrance), Germany (via Store Murmansk, Russia, 1,164 Sydney, Australia, 4,384 Apra, Guam, 3,928 Baelt), 152 Reykjavik, Iceland, 482 Tan-shui, China (via Osumi Auckland, New Zealand, 5,942 Skagens Odde, Denmark (via Store Torshavn, Faroe Islands, 16 Kaikyo), 933 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 5,212 Baelt and Deep Water Route), Uno, Japan, 71 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 5,484 193 KOBE, JAPAN Valparaiso, Chile, 9,534 Hong Kong, China, 4,616 (34˚40'00"N., 135˚12'00"E.) to: Vancouver, Canada, 4,541 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,231 Ports Vinh Cam Ranh, Vietnam, 2,013 Juneau, Alaska, U.S.A., 610 Junction Points* Vladivostok, Russia (via Naikai), Malakal, Palau Islands, 4,579 Goteborg, Sweden, 330 805 Manila, Philippines (north of Swinoujscie, Poland, 253 Panama, Panama, 7,964 Weihai, China (via Naikai), 806 Aleutian Islands), 4,823 Punta Arenas, Chile, 9,429 Xiamen, China (via Osumi Midway Island, 2,088 KOLE, CAMEROON Singapore, 2,689 Kaikyo), 1,117 Noumea, New Caledonia, 5,281 (4˚12'30"N., 8˚33'05"E.) to: Yantai, China, 840 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Ports Yokohama, Japan, 357 4,441 Junction Points* Papeete, French Polynesia, 4,532 Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, KOBENHAVN, DENMARK Port Darwin, Australia, 5,859 Bishop Rock, England, 4,265 Russia, 1,384 (55˚42'00"N., 12˚36'06"E.) to: Qingdao, China, 3,975 Cape of Good Hope, South Apra, Guam, 1,386 Shanghai, China, 3,967 Africa, 2,646 Auckland, New Zealand, 4,875 Junction Points* Surabaya, Indonesia, 6,086 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 4,175 Busan, South Korea, 361 Suva, Fiji Islands, 4,853 Grand Banks South, 4,326 Cebu, Philippines (via San Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Sydney, Australia, 6,222 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 4,106 Bernardino Strait), 1,601 Entrance) (via Store Baelt), Truk, Caroline Islands, 4,008 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 4,438 Dagu, China (via Naikai), 1,034 Germany, 202 Valparaiso, Chile, 6,803 Panama, Panama, 5,329 Dalian, China, 877 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Vladivostok, Russia, 3,105 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 4,998 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Entrance) (via The Sound), Wake Island, 2,961 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,326 2,833 Germany, 162 Yokohama, Japan (north of Strait of Gibraltar, 3,853 Haiphong, Vietnam (via Osumi Skagens Odde, Denmark, 150 Aleutian Islands), 3,141 Straits of Florida, 5,501 Kaikyo and Hainan Strait), Yucatan Channel, 5,651 1,833 Ports KOGE, DENMARK Hakata, Japan, 304 (55˚27'15"N., 12˚12'00"E.) to: Ports Hakodate, Japan, 816 Aalborg, Denmark, 138 Hirohata, Japan, 34 Aarhus, Denmark, 108 Junction Points* Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 761 Hiroshima, Japan, 179 Abenra, Denmark, 204 Kribi, Cameroon, 114 Hong Kong, China (via Osumi Frederikshavn, Denmark, 142 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Lagos, Nigeria, 361 Kaikyo), 1,372 Gdansk, Poland, 468 Entrance), Germany, 153 Libreville, Gabon, 255 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,669 Gdynia, Poland, 464 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 161 Lome, Togo, 460 Iloilo, Philippines (via San Haderslev, Denmark, 175 Pointe Noire, Congo, 612 Bernardino Strait), 1,623 Helsinki, Finland, 772 Ports Tome, Sao Tome, 232 Imabari, Japan, 120 Kalundborg, Denmark, 115 Incheon, South Korea, 733 Karlskrona, Sweden, 148 Klaipeda, Lithuania, 350 KOMATSUSHIMA, JAPAN Itozakicho, Japan, 113 Lubeck, Germany, 148 Swinoujscie, Poland, 156 (34˚01'00"N., 134˚36'00"E.) to: Iwakuni, Japan, 166 Oslo, Norway, 272 Jakarta, Indonesia (via Balintang Peenemunde, Germany, 128 KOKKOLA, FINLAND Ports Channel), 2,987 Riga, Latvia, 696 (63˚50'00"N., 23˚08'00"E.) to: Kagoshima, Japan (via Bungo Rostock, Germany, 231 Aomori, Japan, 813 Suido), 422 Sankt-Peterburg, Russia, 917 Junction Points* Kagoshima, Japan, 344 Kagoshima, Japan (via Sassnitz, Germany, 95 Kure, Japan, 217 Tomogashima Suido), 379 Stockholm, Sweden (via Store Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Osaka, Japan, 58 Kamaishi, Japan, 631 Baelt and Dalaro Kanal), 603 Entrance), Germany, 836 Yokohama, Japan, 320 Kushiro, Japan, 876 Stockholm, Sweden (via Store Skagens Odde, Denmark (via The Lo hsing-ta Mao-ti, China (via Baelt and Sandotvarden), 646 Sound), 897 KOMPONG SOM, Osumi Kaikyo), 1,003 Stralsund, Germany, 81 CAMBODIA Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Travemunde, Germany (via Store Ports (10˚39'00"N., 103˚30'00"E.) to: 5,185 Baelt), 234 Manila, Philippines (via Balintang Travemunde, Germany (via The Halmstad, Sweden (via The Junction Points* Channel), 1,563 Sound), 139 Sound), 803 Miike, Japan, 462 Vejle, Denmark, 149 Hamina, Finland, 554 Singapore, 638 Nagasaki, Japan, 400 Wismar, Germany, 132 Helsinki, Finland, 498 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 1,096 Nagoya, Japan, 245 Kobenhavn, Denmark (via The Niihana, Japan, 113 KOCHI, JAPAN Sound), 741 Ports Pago Pago, American Samoa, (33˚32'06"N., 133˚33'30"E.) to: Limhamn, Sweden (via The 4,308 Sound), 741 Bangkok, Thailand, 300 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Ports Rauma, Finland, 230 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 419 Russia, 1,705 Vassa, Finland, 115 Makassar, Sulawesi, 1,584 Port Darwin, Australia (via Selat Hakodate, Japan (east of Honshu), Sele), 2,901 832 KOKURA, JAPAN KONIYA, RYUKYU ISLANDS Portland, Oregon, U.S.A., 4,590 Hakodate, Japan (via Shimonoseki (33˚55'00"N., 130˚52'00"E.) (28˚08'30"N., 129˚18'45"E.) to: Rajin, North Korea, 754 Kaikyo), 894 Eastbound from Kokura add 7 Sakaide, Japan, 107 Nagasaki, Japan (via Osumi miles to Moji distances. Westbound

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points LA CEIBA, HONDURAS 53

Ports Makassar, Sulawesi (via west of Malabo, Equatorial Guinea, 106 Junction Points* Palawan), 616 Port Gentil, Gabon, 231 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,948 Sandakan, Sabah (via Balabac Takoradi, Ghana, 704 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 974 Midway Island, 2,799 Strait), 261 Singapore, 443 Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, Zamboanga, Philippines, 442 KRISTIANSAND, NORWAY 3,063 (58˚08'30"N., 7˚59'40"E.) to: Ports Saipan, Mariana Islands, 1,199 KOTKA, FINLAND Wake Island, 2,107 (60˚27'00"N., 26˚59'00"E.) to: Junction Points* Iloilo, Philippines, 948 Jakarta, Indonesia, 627 KOPER, SLOVENIA Junction Points* Bishop Rock, England, 309 Olongapo, Philippines, 992 (45˚33'48"N., 13˚42'15"E.) to: Ile d’Ouessant, France, 794 Zamboanga, Philippines, 863 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Pentland Firth, Scotland, 372 Junction Points* Entrance), Germany, 694 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 92 KUNSAN, JAPAN Skagens Odde, Denmark, 755 (35˚59'18"N., 126˚43'00"E.) See Port Said, Egypt (via south of Ports Gunsan, South Korea. Greece), 1,310 Ports Strait of Gibraltar, 1,682 Aberdeen, Scotland, 338 KURE, JAPAN Helsinki, Finland, 99 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 381 (34˚14'00"N., 132˚32'00"E.) to: Ports Riga, Latvia, 296 Antwerp, Belgium, 488 Stockholm, Sweden, 311 Bergen, Norway, 226 Ports Ajaccio, Corsica, 1,033 Vysotsk, Russia, 69 Bodo, Norway, 733 Algiers, Algeria, 1,236 Bremerhaven, Germany, 292 Apra, Guam, 1,460 Ashdod, Israel, 1,367 KOVDA, RUSSIA Calais, France, 486 Hirohata, Japan, 126 Barcelona, Spain, 1,296 (66˚42'00"N., 32˚52'00"E.) Add Cherbourg, France, 632 Imabari, Japan, 63 Dhekelia, Cyprus, 1,283 76 l/2 miles to Arkhangel’sk Dover, England, 488 Itozakicho, Japan, 73 Famagusta, Cyprus, 1,313 distances. Dunkerque, France, 475 Kagoshima, Japan, 296 Istanbul, Turkey, 1,148 Egersund, Norway, 86 Komatsushima, Japan, 217 Mersa El Hamra, Egypt, 1,155 KPEME, TOGO Emden, Germany, 316 Niihana, Japan, 76 Messina, Sicily, Italy, 621 (6˚11'22"N., 01˚30'20"E.) to: Esbjerg, Denmark, 206 Sakaide, Japan, 107 Oran, Algeria, 1,432 Hamburg, Germany, 333 Shimizu, Honshu, Japan, 141 Ravenna, Italy, 91 Junction Points* Hull, England, 407 Shimonoseki, Japan, 116 Tunis, Tunisia, 917 Kristiansund, Norway, 447 Tokuyama, Japan, 76 Villefranche, France, 1,136 Bishop Rock, England, 4,099 Le Havre, France, 600 Uno, Japan, 117 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Leith, Scotland, 394 Wakamatsu, Japan, 125 KORSAKOV, SAKHALIN, 2,615 London, England, 514 Yokohama, Japan, 515 RUSSIA Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 3,884 Newcastle, England, 376 (46˚37'30"N., 142˚45'30"E.) to: Grand Banks South, 4,036 Oostende, Belgium, 453 KUSHIRO, JAPAN Ile d’Ouessant, France, 3,815 Oslo, Norway, 163 (42˚58'00"N., 144˚21'30"E.) to: Ports Inishtrahull, Ireland, 4,147 Plymouth, England, 717 Panama, Panama, 5,038 Portland, England, 643 Ports Bukhta Shelikhova, Kuril Islands, Pentland Firth, Scotland, 4,707 Portsmouth, England, 593 Russia, 618 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,180 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 413 Busan, South Korea, 876 Matsuga-hana, Japan, 279 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,562 Southampton, England, 611 Hakodate, Japan, 210 Nevel’sk, Russia, 115 Straits of Florida, 5,210 Stavanger, Norway, 142 Kobe, Japan, 876 Sovetskaya Gavan, Russia, 264 Yucatan Channel, 5,360 Trondheim, Norway, 436 Vladivostok, Russia, 624 Tomari, Japan, 239 Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 286 Yokohama, Japan, 594 Ports KORSOR, DENMARK KRISTIANSUND, NORWAY KWA IBO, NIGERIA (55˚20'07"N., 11˚07'48"E.) to: Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 405 (63˚06'40"N., 7˚45'00"E.) to: (4˚21'40"N., 8˚00'00"E.) See Accra, Ghana, 159 Qua Iboe. Junction Points* Cape Town, South Africa, 1,316 Ports New York, New York, U.S.A., Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East KYNDBY, DENMARK 4,800 Bergen, Norway, 232 (55˚48'36"N., 11˚52'48"E.) to: Entrance), Germany, 73 Pointe Noire, Congo, 903 Kristiansand, Norway, 447 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 162 Takoradi, Ghana, 255 Oslo, Norway, 599 Junction Points* Stavanger, Norway, 332 Ports KRAGERO, NORWAY Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East (58˚51'40"N., 9˚23'35"E.) to: KRISTINESTAD, FINLAND Entrance), Germany, 164 Gdynia, Poland, 344 (62˚15'45"N., 21˚22'30"E.) to: Skagens Odde, Denmark, 136 Stockholm, Sweden, 524 Junction Points* Swinoujscie, Poland, 239 Junction Points* Ports Pentland Firth, Scotland, 441 KOTA KINABALU, Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Gdynia, Poland, 334 MALAYSIA Ports entrance), Germany, 703 Stockholm, Sweden, 493 (6˚00'32"N., 116˚04'37"E.) to: Skagens Odde, Denmark (via the Swinoujscie, Poland, 197 Bergen, Norway, 289 Sound), 764 Junction Points* London, England, 582 KYOMIPO, NORTH KOREA Oslo, Norway, 95 Ports Selat Lombok, Indonesia (via (38˚44'00"N., 125˚37'00"E.) Add 16 miles to Nampo distances. Balabac Strait), 1,362 Gdynia, Poland, 473 Panama, Panama (via Surigao KRALENDIJK, BONAIRE (12˚09'30"N., 68˚16'40"W.) to: Helsinki, Finland, 279 Strait), 9,860 Kobenhavn, Denmark, 587 LA CEIBA, HONDURAS (15˚46'30"N., 86˚50'00"W.) to: Singapore, 807 Ports Kotka, Finland, 342 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 1,031 Oulu, Finland, 214 Junction Points* Guantanamo, Cuba, 620 Sankt-Peterburg, Russia, 433 Ports Stockholm, Sweden, 232 Panama, Panama, 709 Cebu, Philippines (via Balabac KRIBI, CAMEROON (2˚56'00"N., 9˚54'00"E.) to: KUNG THEP, THAILAND Ports Strait), 589 See Bangkok. Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 761 Ports Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. (via Colon, Panama, 666 Surigao Strait), 5,092 KUCHING, SARAWAK New York, New York, U.S.A., Douala, Cameroon, 81 (1˚33'35"N., 110˚20'35"E.) to: 1,743

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 54 LA GUAIRA, VENEZUELA

Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua, 316 LA HABANA, CUBA Nuevitas, Cuba, 344 Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 383 (23˚08'00"N., 82˚20'30"W.) to: Pensacola, Florida, U.S.A., 515 Salina Cruz, Mexico, 391 LA GUAIRA, VENEZUELA Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua, 239 (10˚37'00"N., 66˚56'30"W.) to: Junction Points* U.S.A., 1,162 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe (via LA NOUVELLE, FRANCE Junction Points* Cape of Good Hope, South Mona Passage), 1,309 (43˚00'47"N., 3˚04'25"E.) to: Africa, 6,786 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe (via Bishop Rock, England, 3,777 Grand Banks South, 1,991 Virgin Passage), 1,308 Junction Points* Montreal, Canada, 2,941 Montreal, Canada (via Strait of Ponce, Puerto Rico (via Old Panama, Panama, 884 Canso), 2,473 Bahama Channel and Mona Port Said, Egypt, 1,582 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,634 Punta Arenas, Chile (east of South Passage), 981 Strait of Gibraltar, 658 Straits of Florida (via Windward America), 6,800 Port au Prince, Haiti, 662 Passage), 1,331 Strait of Gibraltar, 4,024 Port of Spain, Trinidad (via Old Ports Yucatan Channel, 1,242 Straits of Florida, 87 Bahama Channel and Mona Yucatan Channel, 186 Passage), 1,494 Alexandria, Egypt, 1,480 Ports Port Arthur, Texas, U.S.A., 749 Algiers, Algeria, 382 Ports Port Castries, St. Lucia (via Mona Antibes, France, 208 Amuay, Venezuela, 276 Passage), 1,370 Barcelona, Spain, 132 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Belem, Brazil, 2,654 Progreso, Mexico, 430 Famagusta, Cyprus, 1,617 1,813 Belize, Belize, 528 Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, 608 Genova, Italy, 295 Barranquilla, Colombia, 531 Boca de Tanamo, Cuba, 444 Puerto Cabello, Venezuela(via Old Haifa, Israel, 1,664 Belize, Belize, 1,328 Bocas del Toro, Panama, 981 Bahama Channel and Windward Istanbul, Turkey, 1,453 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Bordeaux, France, 4,217 Passage), 1,260 Marseille, France, 101 1,955 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Puerto Manati, Cuba, 353 Messina, Italy, 654 Campeche, Mexico, 1,635 1,428 Puerto Siboney, Cuba (via Yucatan Rhodes, Greece, 1,293 Carmen, Mexico, 1,714 Bridgeport, Connecticut, U.S.A., Channel), 729 Tarabulus, Libya, 802 Cartagena, Colombia, 614 1,292 Puerto Vita, Cuba, 400 Yumurtalik, Turkey, 1,669 Charleston, South Carolina, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,724 Recife, Brazil (via Old Bahama Caibarien, Cuba, 208 U.S.A., 1,549 Channel and Mona Passage), LA PALLICE, FRANCE Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Campeche, Mexico, 561 3,551 (46˚09'36"N., 1˚13'21"W.) to: 479 Cap-Haitien, Haiti, 631 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,623 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 1,050 Cape Town, South Africa, 6,736 San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua (via Junction Points* Colon, Panama, 841 Cardenas, Cuba, 88 inside), 871 Dakar, Senegal, 2,911 Carmen, Mexico, 639 San Juan, Puerto Rico (via Old Ile d’Ouessant, France, 245 Guantanamo, Cuba, 737 Cartagena, Colombia (via Old Bahama Channel), 978 Strait of Gibraltar, 950 Guiria, Venezuela, 339 Bahama Channel), 1,142 Santa Cruz del Sur, Cuba, 542 Gulfport, Mississippi, U.S.A. (via Charleston, South Carolina, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba (via Ports Old Bahama Channel and U.S.A., 645 Windward Passage), 650 Windward Passage), 1,806 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba (via Bilbao, Spain, 214 Gulfport, Mississippi, U.S.A. (via 1,048 Yucatan Channel), 733 Bordeaux, France, 111 Yucatan Channel), 1,801 Charlottetown, Canada, 1,846 Santo Domingo, Dominican Santander, Spain, 201 Halifax, Canada, 2,060 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 482 Republic, 946 St. Nazaire, France, 108 Hamilton, Bermuda, 1,335 Coatzacoalcos, Mexico (north of Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 606 Banco de Campeche), 840 Key West, Florida, U.S.A. (via Old St. Pierre, Martinique, 1,339 LA PAMPILLA, PERU Bahama Channel and Windward Corpus Christi, Texas, U.S.A., 864 Tampa, Florida, U.S.A., 307 (11˚55'00"S., 77˚09'00"W.) See Passage), 1,280 Fort de France, Martinique (via Tampico, Mexico, 864 Callao. Kingston, Jamaica, 732 Old Bahama Channel and Mona Tuxpan, Mexico, 847 La Habana, Cuba (via Old Bahama Passage), 1,350 Veracruz, Mexico, 814 Fort de France, Martinique (via LA PLATA, ARGENTINA Channel and Windward Willemstad, Curacao, 1,144 (34˚47'00"S., 57˚51'15"W.) Yucatan Channel), 1,655 Passage), 1,292 Wilmington, North Carolina, Subtract 28 miles from Buenos Galveston, Texas, U.S.A., 769 New York, New York, U.S.A. (via U.S.A., 1,767 Aires distances. Mona Passage), 1,848 Georgetown, Guyana, 1,830 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 1,687 Guantanamo, Cuba (via Old LA ISABEL DE SAGUA, CUBA LA ROCHELLE, FRANCE Oranjestad, Aruba, 207 Bahama Channel and Windward (22˚57'00"N., 80˚00'24"E.) See Passage), 600 (46˚09'00"N., 1˚09'00"W.) Add 2 Paramaribo, Suriname, 832 Isabel de Sagua, Cuba. miles to La Pallice distances. Pedernales, Venezuela, 359 Gulfport, Mississippi, U.S.A., 564 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Halifax, Canada, 1,640 Hamilton, Bermuda, 1,158 LA LIBERTAD, ECUADOR LA ROMANA, DOMINICAN U.S.A., 1,838 (2˚11'4"S., 80˚55'00"W.) to: Isabel de Sagua, Cuba, 151 REPUBLIC Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 467 (18˚24'00"N., 68˚57'00"W.) to: Port au Prince, Haiti, 801 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., 528 Junction Points* Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 92 Port of Spain, Trinidad (south of Junction Points* Isla de Margarita), 329 Kingston, Jamaica (via Windward Panama, Panama, 674 Passage), 762 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 405 Punta Arenas, Chile, 3,258 Panama, Panama, 889 Puerto la Cruz, Venezuela, 145 Kingston, Jamaica (via Yucatan Channel), 737 Puerto Cortes, Honduras, 1,294 Ports Ports Puerto Sucre, Venezuela, 205 La Guaira, Venezuela (via Old San Felix, Venezuela, 673 Bahama Channel and Windward Buenaventura, Colombia, 445 Passage), 1,292 Barranquilla, Colombia, 569 San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua, Callao, Peru, 682 Kingston, Jamaica, 470 1,026 Lake Charles, Louisiana, U.S.A., Lobitos, Peru, 149 750 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 191 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 506 Negritos, Peru, 158 Willemstad, Curacao, 391 Santo Domingo, Dominican Limon, Costa Rica, 1,170 Maracaibo, Venezuela, 1,173 Republic, 502 LA LIBERTAD, EL Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A. (via Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 222 LA SALINA, VENEZUELA SALVADOR (10˚22'00"N., 71˚28'00"W.) Add Mona Passage), 1,575 Mobile, Alabama, U.S.A., 553 (13˚28'30"N., 89˚19'15"W.) to: 21 miles to Maracaibo distances. Sint Nicolaashaven, Aruba, 207 Nassau, Bahamas (via Northwest St. Georges, Grenada, 322 Providence Channel), 390 Junction Points* St. John, Canada, 2,086 New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A., LA SPEZIA, ITALY (44˚05'33"N., 9˚49'30"E.) to: Sydney, Canada, 2,215 1,280 Panama, Panama, 806 Tuxpan, Mexico, 1,923 New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A., Junction Points* Veracruz, Mexico, 1,888 602 Ports Willemstad, Curacao, 150 New York, New York, U.S.A., Port Said, Egypt, 1,391 1,199 Corinto, Nicaragua, 141 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 992 Strait of Gibraltar, 891

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points LAVAN ISLAND, IRAN 55

Ports Ports Stockholm, Sweden, 424 U.S.A., 3,341 Szczecin, Poland, 170 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Alexandria, Egypt, 1,280 Apra, Guam, 1,315 2,791 Algiers, Algeria, 540 Brisbane, Australia, 1,560 LARNACA, CYPRUS Freetown, Sierra Leone, 1,317 Alicante, Spain, 588 Noumea, New Caledonia, 1,519 (34˚54'44"N., 33˚38'23"E.) to: Funchal, Madeira Island, 282 Ancona, Italy, 979 Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, Horta, Azores, 914 Annaba, Algeria, 463 2,635 Junction Points* Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., Banghazi, Libya, 876 Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 448 3,467 Banzart, Tunisia, 414 Wellington, New Zealand, 2,635 Port Said, Egypt, 231 Lisboa, Portugal, 712 Barcelona, Spain, 383 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,953 New York, New York, U.S.A., Bari, Italy, 775 LAGOS, NIGERIA 2,965 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,473 (6˚27'00"N., 3˚23'00"E.) to: Ports Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 3,130 Brindisi, Italy, 717 Plymouth, England, 1,432 Cagliari, Sardinia, 336 Junction Points* Al Latakia, Syria, 114 Ponta Delgada, Azores, 774 Cartagena, Spain, 640 Beirut, Lebanon, 112 Recife, Brazil, 2,453 Castellammare di Stabia, Italy, 308 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 3,746 Constanta, Romania, 962 Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 3,409 Ceuta, Morocco, 872 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,100 Istanbul, Turkey, 766 Gibraltar, 873 Straits of Florida, 5,225 Izmir, Turkey, 570 LAS PIEDRAS, VENEZUELA Haifa, Israel, 1,469 Mersin, Turkey, 149 (11˚42'15"N., 70˚13'15"W.) to: Iraklion, Kriti, 956 Ports Nice, France, 1,457 Istanbul, Turkey (south of Patrai, Greece (via south of Ports Greece), 1,256 Accra, Ghana, 229 Greece), 750 Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Patrai, Greece (via Corinth Canal), Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Canal), 1,214 5,063 658 1,907 Izmir, Turkey (south of Greece), Benguela, Angola, 1,289 Piraievs, Greece, 566 Maracaibo, Venezuela, 126 1,101 Boma, Congo, 977 Pula, Croatia (via south of New York, New York, U.S.A., Izmir, Turkey (via Corinth Canal), Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Greece), 1,245 1,796 1,060 4,774 Pula, Croatia (via Corinth Canal), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Malaga, Spain, 821 Calabar, Nigeria, 391 1,212 U.S.A., 1,786 Marseille, France, 231 Charleston, South Carolina, Rostov-na-Donu, Russia, 1,402 Messina, Sicily, 450 U.S.A., 5,065 Sete, France, 1,579 LATCHI, CYPRUS Napoli, Italy, 302 Colon, Panama, 5,050 Sfax, Tunisia, 1,163 (35˚06'00"N., 32˚27'00"E.) See Odessa, Ukraine (south of Douala, Cameroon, 442 Tarabulus, Libya, 1,050 Khrysokhou Bay, Cyprus. Greece), 1,604 Georgetown, Ascension Island, Thessaloniki, Greece, 703 Odessa, Ukraine (via Corinth 1,375 LAUNCESTON, TASMANIA Canal), 1,562 Longji, Cameroon, 463 LARNE, ENGLAND (41˚27'00"S., 147˚07'00"E.) to: Oran, Algeria, 701 Malabo, Equatorial Guinea, 384 (54˚52'00"N., 5˚47'40"W.) to: Palermo, Sicily, 395 Mocamedes, Angola, 1,399 Junction Points* Palma, Balearic Islands, 474 Natal, Brazil, 2,425 Junction Points* Piraievs, Greece (south of New York, New York, U.S.A., Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 1,577 Greece), 942 4,883 Bishop Rock, England, 323 Torres Strait, Australia, 2,278 Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 4,941 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 312 Canal), 860 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Inishtrahull, Ireland, 86 Ports Rijeka, Croatia, 1,049 U.S.A., 4,985 Sibenik, Croatia, 923 Pointe Noire, Congo, 851 Ports Melbourne, Australia, 246 Siracusa, Sicily, 521 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 3,950 Sydney, Australia, 514 Split, Croatia, 908 Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 318 Cardiff, Wales, 295 Wellington, New Zealand, 1,326 Tarabulus, Libya, 790 Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Cobh, Ireland, 251 Taranto, Italy, 669 1,991 Londonderry, Northern Ireland, 71 LAUTOKA HARBOR, FIJI Thessaloniki, Greece (south of Sao Tome, Sao Tome, Gulf of Milford Haven, Wales, 220 ISLANDS Greece), 1,150 Guinea, 422 Stornoway, Scotland, 219 (17˚36'09"S., 177˚26'16"E.) to: Thessaloniki, Greece (via Corinth Sekondi, Ghana, 317 Workington, England, 85 Canal), 1,109 Tema, Ghana, 216 Junction Points* Toulon, France, 199 Victoria, Cameroon, 410 LARVIK, NORWAY Trieste, Italy, 1,083 Willemstad, Curacao, 4,359 (59˚03'00"N., 10˚01'35"E.) to: Torres Strait, Australia, 2,204 Tunis, Tunisia, 448 Wilson Promontory, Australia, Valencia, Spain, 538 LAKE CHARLES, Junction Points* 2,070 Valletta, Malta, 554 LOUISIANA, U.S.A. Venezia, Italy, 1,093 (30˚13'30"N., 93˚14'00"W.) to: Pentland Firth, Scotland, 461 Ports Volos, Greece (south of Greece), 1,091 Junction Points* Ports Apra, Guam, 2,899 Volos, Greece (via Corinth Canal), Sydney, Australia, 1,732 1,050 Straits of Florida, 677 Bergen, Norway, 317 Wellington, New Zealand, 1,554 Yucatan Channel, 689 London, England, 604 LA UNION, EL SALVADOR Oslo, Norway, 72 LAVAN ISLAND, IRAN (13˚20'00"N., 87˚49'00"W.) to: Ports (26˚47'05"N., 53˚20'15"E.) to: LAS PALMAS, CANARY Junction Points* Kingston, Jamaica, 1,190 ISLANDS Junction Points* La Habana, Cuba, 750 (28˚08'30"N., 15˚25'00"W.) to: Panama, Panama, 748 Veracruz, Mexico, 688 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Junction Points* 4,785 Ports LAND SKRONA, SWEDEN Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 5,121 (55˚52'08"N., 12˚49'00"E.) to: Bishop Rock, England, 1,360 Port Said, Egypt, 2,967 Corinto, Nicaragua, 73 Strait of Gibraltar, 681 Singapore, 3,506 Golfito, Costa Rica, 432 Junction Points* Straits of Florida, 3,713 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 3,713 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., 2,586 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Ports Ports Entrance), Germany, 167 LAE, PAPUA NEW GUINEA Skagens Odde, Denmark, 137 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Abadan, Iran, 349 (6˚44'30"S., 147˚01'00"E.) to: 3,251 Aden, Yemen, 1,578 Ports Brunswick, Georgia, U.S.A., 3,442 Assab, Ethiopia, 1,722 Charleston, South Carolina, Bandar Abbas, Iran, 198 Oslo, Norway, 261

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 56 LAZARO CARDENAS, MEXICO

Belawan, Indonesia, 3,175, Junction Points* LES CAYES, HAITI LIBREVILLE, GABON Bombay, India, 1,198 (18˚l0'00"N., 73˚45'00"W.) to: (0˚22'00"N., 9˚25'00"E.) to: Calcutta, India, 3,183 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 1,667 Singapore, 1,611 Junction Points* Ports LAZARO CARDENAS, MEXICO Ports Panama, Panama, 688 Dakar, Senegal, 1,982 (17˚55'44"N., 102˚11'09"W.) to: Straits of Florida, 738 Douala, Cameroon, 228 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 1,177 Pointe Noire, Congo, 399 Junction Points* Iloilo, Philippines, 226 Ports Manila, Philippines, 370 LICATA, SICILY, ITALY Honshu, Japan, 6,026 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., (37˚05'15"N., 13˚56'30"E.) to: 1,374 Panama, Panama, 1,568 LEITH, SCOTLAND Punta Arenas, Chile, 4,681 (55˚59'00"N., 3˚10'30"W.) to: Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Junction Points* Torres Strait, Australia, 7,122 1,630 Tsugaru-Kaikyo, Japan, 5,817 Junction Points* Colon, Panama, 645 Port Said, Egypt, 993 Wilson Promontory, Australia, New York, New York, U.S.A., Strait of Gibraltar, 958 7,092 Bishop Rock, England, 708 1,447 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 696 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Ports Ports Skagens Odde, Denmark, 472 U.S.A., 1,419 Port au Prince, Haiti, 202 Messina, Sicily, 173 Amapala, Honduras, 988 Ports Tunis, Tunisia, 187 Ensenada, Mexico, 1,253 LESNOY, RUSSIA Valletta, Malta., 78 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,153 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 372 (66˚40'42"N., 34˚22'00"E.) Add Mollendo, Peru, 2,786 Antwerp, Belgium, 453 49 miles to Arkhangel’sk distances. LIEN-YUN, CHINA Monterey, California, U.S.A., Bergen, Norway, 386 (33˚44'30"N., 119˚27'30"E.) See 1,637 Blyth, England, 96 LEVUKA, FIJI ISLANDS Lianyungang, China. Talara, Peru, 1,832 Bremerhaven, Germany, 442 (17˚40'30"S., 178˚51'15"E.) to: Valparaiso, Chile, 3,525 Dunkerque, France, 399 LILLESAND, NORWAY Egersund, Norway, 336 Junction Points* (58˚14'50"N., 8˚23'00"E.) to: LE HAVRE, FRANCE Emden, Germany, 403 (49˚29'00"N., 0˚06'00"E.) to: Esbjerg, Denmark, 403 Panama, Panama (via Ndaveta Junction Points* Hamburg, Germany, 486 Namuka), 6,288 Junction Points* Hull, England, 237 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5342 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 390 Kristiansand, Norway, 394 Torres Strait, Australia (via Raine Skagens Odde, Denmark, 80 Bishop Rock, England, 263 Le Havre, France, 503 Island entrance), 2,268 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 243 London, England, 417 Ports Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Middlesbrough, England, 133 Ports Entrance), Germany, 522 Oostende, Belgium, 396 Bergen, Norway, 241 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 554 Oslo, Norway, 546 Apia, Samoa, 600 London, England, 533 Plymouth, England, 619 Apra, Guam, 2,847 Oslo, Norway, 144 Ports Portland, England, 545 Auckland, New Zealand, 1,175 Portsmouth, England, 495 Avarua, Cook Islands, 1,268 LIMASSOL, CYPRUS Aberdeen, Scotland, 522 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 381 Brisbane, Australia, 1,569 (34˚40'00"N., 33˚03'00"E.) to: Amsterdam, Netherlands, 273 Seaham Harbor, England, 117 Callao, Peru, 6,002 Antwerp, Belgium, 244 Southampton, England, 513 Hakodate, Japan, 4,271 Junction Points* Belfast, Northern Ireland, 542 Stavanger, Norway, 346 Hobart, Tasmania, 2,237 Bergen, Norway, 702 Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 435 Hong Kong, China (west side of Port Said, Egypt, 208 Bremerhaven, Germany, 453 Zeebrugge, Belgium, 392 Santa Cruz Island), 4,574 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,914 Dartmouth, England, 151 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,730 Dundee, Scotland, 505 LEIXOES, PORTUGAL Melbourne, Australia, 2,274 Ports Dunkerque, France, 144 (41˚10'40"N., 8˚42'00"W.) to: Midway Island, 2,833 Egersund, Norway, 589 Nagasaki, Japan (via Tanegashima Alexandria, Egypt, 272 Emden, Germany, 396 Ports Kaikyo), 4,260 Iraklion, Kriti, 405 Esbjerg, Denmark, 482 Noumea, New Caledonia (via Izmir, Turkey, 530 Granville, France, 173 Gijon, Spain, 309 Havannah Passage and Woodin Hamburg, Germany, 511 Lisboa, Portugal, 180 Passage), 776 LIMERICK, IRELAND Hartlepool, England, 386 Puerto de Pasajes, Spain, 473 Pago Pago, American Samoa, 643 (52˚39'40"N., 8˚38'15"W.) to: Hull, England, 326 Rota, Spain, 454 Papeete, French Polynesia, 1,831 Kristiansand, Norway, 600 Tangier, Morocco, 436 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Junction Points* Leith, Scotland, 503 Russia, 4,518 Liverpool, England, 510 LERWICK, SCOTLAND Ponape, Caroline Islands, 2,024 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 157 London, England, 205 (60˚07'10"N., 1˚07'32"W.) to: Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 1,836 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 279 Narvik, Norway, 1,304 Rotoava, Iles Tuamotu, 2,060 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 538 Newcastle, England, 411 Junction Points* San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Oostende, Belgium, 168 4,705 Ports Oslo, Norway, 752 Bishop Rock, England, 899 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 5,120 Plymouth, England, 177 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 881 Shanghai, China, 4,528 Belfast, Northern Ireland (north of Rotterdam, Netherlands, 250 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Sydney, Australia, 1,779 Ireland), 376 Shoreham By Sea, England, 90 Entrance), Germany, 568 Valparaiso, Chile, 5,753 Cobh, Ireland, 221 St. Malo, France, 156 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 118 Yokohama, Japan, 4,015 Stavanger, Norway, 629 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 123 LIMETREE BAY, ST. CROIX, Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 440 LIANYUNGANG, CHINA VIRGIN ISLANDS Zeebrugge, Belgium, 186 Ports (34˚44'30"N., 119˚27'30"E.) to: (17˚40'39"N., 64˚44'12"W.) to:

LE VERDON, FRANCE Bergen, Norway, 204 Ports Junction Points* (45˚33'00"N., 1˚02'30"W.) Drammen, Norway, 471 Subtract 50 miles from Bordeaux Emden, Germany, 504 Dalian, China, 348 Bishop Rock, England, 3,352 distances. Hull, England, 427 Incheon, South Korea, 389 Panama, Panama, 1,060 Oslo, Norway, 481 Nagasaki, Japan, 558 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,720 LEGASPI PORT, Shanghai, China, 414 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,305 PHILIPPINES Straits of Florida, 1,126 (13˚09'00"N., 123˚45'30"E.) to:

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points LO-HSING-TA MAO-TI, CHINA 57

Ports LINGKAS, KALIMANTAN, Islands, 714 Ports INDONESIA Viana do Castello, Portugal, 210 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., (3˚17'00"N., 117˚35'00"E.) to: Vigo, Spain, 247 Alexandria, Egypt, 1,244 1,454 Villa do Porto, Azores, 771 Algiers, Algeria, 528 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 4,648 Junction Points* Villagarcia, Spain, 264 Alicante, Spain, 585 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., Anaba, Algeria, 431 1,216 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 830 Ancona, Italy, 946 Singapore, 1,286 LISBON, PORTUGAL Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, (38˚42'00"N., 9˚08'00"W.) See Banghazi, Libya, 841 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 1,191 U.S.A., 1,474 Lisboa. Banzart, Tunisia, 382 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 470 Barcelona, Spain, 386 Ports Willemstad, Curacao, 428 LITTLE CREEK, VIRGINIA, Bari, Italy, 739 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,437 Manila, Philippines, 785 U.S.A. (36˚56'00"N., 76˚10'40"W.) Brindisi, Italy, 681 LIMHAMN, SWEDEN Tjilatjap, Indonesia, 1,217 (55˚35'30"N., 12˚55'40"E.) to: Subtract 13 l/2 miles from Norfolk Cagliari, Sardinia, 304 distances. Cannes, France, 149 Junction Points* LISBOA, PORTUGAL Cartagena, Spain, 636 (38˚42'00"N., 9˚08'00"W.) to: LIVERPOOL, CANADA Catania, Sicily, 464 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East (44˚02'30"N., 64˚42'00"W.) to: Ceuta, Morocco, 868 Entrance), Germany, 159 Junction Points* Civitavecchia, Italy, 120 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 159 Ports Gaeta, Italy, 228 Bishop Rock, England, 710 Gibraltar, 869 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Ports Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Haifa, Israel, 1,433 5,152 325 Iraklion, Kriti, 920 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 666 Oslo, Norway, 279 Colon, Panama, 2,244 Istanbul, Turkey (south of Inishtrahull, Ireland, 1,093 Stockholm, Sweden, 427 Kingston, Jamaica, 1,752 Greece), 1,220 Montreal, Canada, 3,032 Swinoujscie, Poland, 128 New York, New York, U.S.A., 536 Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth Pentland Firth, Scotland, 1,341 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 715 Canal), 1,178 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,398 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Izmir, Turkey (south of Greece), LIMON, COSTA RICA Strait of Gibraltar, 286 (9˚59'30"N., 83˚01'00"W.) to: U.S.A., 686 1,066 Straits of Florida, 3,823 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,540 Izmir, Turkey (via Corinth Canal), Junction Points* St. John, Canada, 212 1,024 Ports Sydney, Canada, 293 Malaga, Spain, 817 Panama, Panama, 234 Marseille, France, 236 Yucatan Channel, 732 Argentia, Canada, (via Cape Messina, Sicily, 414 Race), 2,101 LIVERPOOL, ENGLAND (53˚27'00"N., 3˚01'00"W.) to: Napoli, Italy, 267 Ports Banjul, Gambia, 1,632 Nice, France, 134 Belem, Brazil, 3,251 Junction Points* Odessa, Ukraine (south of Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. (via Bordeaux, France, 733 Greece), 1,568 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Windward Passage and Crooked Bishop Rock, England, 297 Odessa, Ukraine (via Corinth 2,817 Island Passage), 1,974 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 295 Canal), 1,527 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,339 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. (via Inishtrahull, Ireland (north of Isle Oran, Algeria, 691 Cadiz, Spain, 253 Windward Passage and Crooked of Man), 210 Palermo, Sicily, 359 Cape Town, South Africa, 5,134 Island Passage), 2,230 Pentland Firth, Scotland (south of Palma, Balearic Islands, 470 Casablanca, Morocco, 324 Brunswick, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,611 Isle of Man), 460 Piraievs, Greece (south of Charleston, South Carolina, Cartagena, Colombia, 447 Pentland Firth, Scotland (via The Greece), 906 U.S.A., 3,385 Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A. Minch), 451 Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth (via Windward Passage and Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Canal), 825 3,147 Crooked Island Passage), 1,637 Ports Rijeka, Croatia, 1,013 Colon, Panama, 190 Colon, Panama (via Mona Sete, France, 298 Passage), 4,152 Galveston, Texas, U.S.A., 1,394 Antwerp, Belgium, 698 Sibenik, Croatia, 887 Dakar, Senegal, 1,544 Georgetown, Guyana, 1,647 Ardrossan, Scotland, 180 Siracusa, Sicily, 486 El Ferrol del Caudillo, Spain, 356 Halifax, Canada, 2,368 Arkhangel’sk, Russia, 2,075 Split, Croatia, 872 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 2,023 Hamilton, Bermuda (via Windward Avonmouth, England, 282 Tarabulus, Libya, 754 Funchal, Madeira Island, 532 Passage), 1,715 Brest, France, 410 Taranto, Italy, 634 Georgetown, Guyana, 3,264 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., Cardiff, Wales, 267 Thessaloniki, Greece (south of Guantanamo, Cuba, 3,570 1,589 Cherbourg, France, 442 Greece), 1,114 Halifax, Canada, 2,484 Kingston, Jamaica, 605 Cobh, Ireland, 246 Thessaloniki, Greece (via Corinth Horta, Azores, 917 La Habana, Cuba, 1,170 Douglas, Isle of Man, 68 Canal), 1,073 Huelva, Spain, 235 Mobile, Alabama, U.S.A. (via Falmouth, England, 313 Toulon, France, 204 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., inside route), 1,292 Holyhead, Wales, 72 Trieste, Italy, 1,047 3,539 New York, New York, U.S.A. (via Kingston, Jamaica, 1,744 Tunis, Tunisia, 417 Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 3,765 Windward Passage and Crooked Le Havre, France, 510 Valencia, Spain, 539 Kingston, Jamaica, 3,725 Island Passage), 2,047 London, England, 659 Valletta, Malta, 519 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 712 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A. (via Londonderry, Northern Ireland, Venezia, Italy, 1,057 Marin, Spain, 255 Windward Passage and Crooked 215 Villefranche, France, 133 Monrovia, Liberia, 2,225 Island Passage), 1,852 Milford Haven, Wales, 197 Volos, Greece (south of Greece), New York, New York, U.S.A., Pensacola, Florida, U.S.A., 1,256 Murmansk, Russia, 1,703 1,056 2,980 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Newport, Wales, 284 Volos, Greece (via Corinth Canal), Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 3,129 (via Windward Passage and Port Talbot, Wales, 244 1,014 Oporto, Portugal, 176 Crooked Island Passage), 2,019 Southampton, England, 479 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1,313 Swansea, Wales, 236 LO-HSING-TA MAO-TI, U.S.A., 3,122 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 1,316 Waterford, Ireland, 189 CHINA Puerto Cortes, Honduras, 623 Ponta Delgada, Azores, 783 (25˚59'00"N., 119˚26'30"E.) to: San Juan, Puerto Rico (via Mona Port of Spain, Trinidad, 3,287 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 3,111 LIVORNO, ITALY Passage), 1,119 (43˚33'06"N., 10˚17'45"E.) to: Junction Points* Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A. (via Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, 1,555 Windward Passage), 1,636 Junction Points* Singapore, 1,817 Veracruz, Mexico, 1,338 Praia, Da Vitoria, Terceira, Azores, 850 Wilmington, North Carolina, Port Said, Egypt, 1,355 Ports Recife, Brazil, 3,156 U.S.A., 1,680 Strait of Gibraltar, 887 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,219 Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 3,185 Russia, 1,868 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Apra, Guam, 1,617

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 58 LOBITO, ANGOLA

Busan, South Korea, 762 Dartmouth, England, 292 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 4,179 Baie Taio-Hae, Marquesa Islands, Cebu, Philippines (via Balintang Dundee, Scotland, 420 2,858 Channel), 1,051 Dunkerque, France, 112 Ports Bangkok, Thailand (via Balintang Dagu, China (via Steep Island Egersund, Norway, 501 Channel), 7,775 Passage), 1,029 Emden, Germany, 318 Lagos, Nigeria, 463 Brisbane, Australia, 6,274 Dalian, China, 871 Esbjerg, Denmark, 403 Matadi, Congo, 731 Busan, South Korea, 5,229 Hakodate, Japan, 1,429 Falmouth, England, 351 Callao, Peru, 3,655 Hong Kong, China, 459 Farsund, Norway, 497 LONGYEARBYEN, Corinto, Nicaragua, 2,281 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 4,487 Fishguard, Wales, 523 SVALBARD Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Iloilo, Philippines (via Balintang Flekkefjorden, Norway, 479 (78˚14'30"N., 15˚34'00"E.) to: 2,382 Channel), 1,073 Grimstad, Norway, 542 Ensenada, Mexico, 151 Incheon, South Korea, 818 Hakonsvern, Norway, 616 Ports Guayaquil, Ecuador, 3,218 Kobe, Japan, 1,003 Hamburg, Germany, 425 Guaymas, Mexico, 1,158 Manila, Philippines, 787 Hirtshals, Denmark, 541 Arkhangel’sk, Russia, 1,051 Hakodate, Japan, 4,576 Mogpo, South Korea, 665 Holyhead, Wales, 594 Bergen, Norway, 1,124 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam (via San Nagasaki, Japan, 691 Hull, England, 240 Dikson, Russia, 1,148 Bernardino Strait), 7,403 Nampo, North Korea, 879 Kristiansand, Norway, 514 Inverness, Scotland, 1,340 Hong Kong, China, 6,380 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Kragero, Norway, 582 Kirkenes, Norway, 637 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,228 Russia, 2,481 Larvik, Norway, 604 Murmansk, Russia, 695 Kobe, Japan, 5,185 Qingdao, China (via Steep Island Le Havre, France, 205 Narvik, Norway, 659 Manila, Philippines (north of Passage), 715 Leith, Scotland, 417 Oslo, Norway, 1,482 Luzon), 6,530 Qinhuangdao, China, 977 Lillesand, Norway, 533 Pechenga, Russia, 638 Manila, Philippines (via San Shanghai, China, 440 Liverpool, England, 659 Reykjavik, Iceland (north of Bernardino Strait), 6,588 Shimonoseki, Japan, 799 Mandal, Norway, 503 Iceland), 1,160 Manzanillo, Mexico, 1,205 Vladivostok, Russia, 1,264 Methil, Scotland, 407 Reykjavik, Iceland (South of Mazatlan, Mexico, 1,011 Weihai, China (via Steep Island Middlesbrough, England, 293 Iceland), 1,310 Melbourne, Australia, 7,032 Passage), 801 Narvik, Norway, 1,215 Tromso, Norway, 556 Nagasaki, Japan, 5,572 Weonsan, North Korea, 1,068 Newcastle, England, 325 Trondheim, Norway, 943 Nampo, North Korea, 5,711 Xiamen, China, 200 Oostende, Belgium, 123 Vardo, Norway, 586 Newcastle, Australia, 6,456 Yantai, China, 835 Oslo, Norway, 650 Nome, Alaska, U.S.A., 2,968 Yokohama, Japan, 1,217 Plymouth, England, 321 LOOP TERMINAL, GULF OF Noumea, New Caledonia, 5,521 Portland, England, 247 MEXICO, U.S.A. Nukualofa, Tonga Islands, 4,633 LOBITO, ANGOLA Portsmouth, England, 197 (28˚52'11"N., 89˚55'16"W.) to: Ocean Island, 4,553 (12˚20'00"S., 13˚34'00"E.) to: Risor, Norway, 572 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 184 Junction Points* 4,163 Junction Points* Sandefjorden, Norway, 610 Papeete, French Polynesia, 3,571 Seaham Harbor, England, 318 Straits of Florida, 472 Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, U.S.A., Cape of Good Hope, South Shoreham By Sea, England, 161 Yucatan Channel, 503 2,233 Africa, 1,440 Skien, Norway, 609 Petropavlovsk Kamchatskiy, Ile d’Ouessant, France, 4,670 Southampton, England, 215 Ports Russia, 3,615 Stavanger, Norway, 539 Prince Rupert, Canada, 1,432 Ports Stockholm, Sweden, 1,251 Campeche, Mexico, 545 Puerto Armuelles, Panama, 2,645 Sunderland, England, 312 La Habana, Cuba, 547 Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 2,499 Accra, Ghana, 1,356 Tonsberg, Norway, 624 Tampico, Mexico, 602 Salina Cruz, Mexico, 1,803 Luanda, Angola, 237 Tvedestrand, Norway, 565 Veracruz, Mexico, 679 San Jose, Guatemala, 2,054 Pointe Noire, Congo, 473 Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 362 Santa Rosalia, Mexico, 1,192 Zeebrugge, Belgium, 131 LORIENT, FRANCE Seward, Alaska, U.S.A., 2,045 LOME, TOGO (47˚43'45"N., 3˚21'51"W.) to: Shanghai, China, 5,810 (6˚07'00"N., 1˚13'30"E.) to: LONDONDERRY, Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 1,640 NORTHERN IRELAND Junction Points* Surabaya, Indonesia (via Makassar Ports (55˚00'00"N., 7˚19'00"W.) to: Strait), 7,622 Bishop Rock, England, 202 Suva, Fiji Islands, 4,788 Malabo, Equatorial Guinea, 480 Junction Points* Ile d’Ouessant, France, 107 Sydney, Australia, 6,511 Monrovia, Liberia, 789 Valparaiso, Chile, 4,808 Pointe Noire, Congo, 910 Bishop Rock, England, 396 Ports Victoria, Canada, 1,091 Takoradi, Ghana, 200 Fastnet Rock, Ireland (west of Vladivostok, Russia, 4,981 Ireland), 371 Bilbao, Spain, 274 Wellington, New Zealand, 5,857 LONDON, ENGLAND Pentland Firth, Scotland, 310 Weonsan, North Korea, 5,181 (51˚30'00"N., 0˚01'00"E.) to: LOS ANGELES, Yokohama, Japan, 4,839 Ports CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. Junction Points* (33˚45'00"N., 118˚16'15"W.) to: LOTA, CHILE Avonmouth, England, 384 (37˚05'40"S., 73˚09'40"W.) to: Bishop Rock, England, 413 Belfast, Northern Ireland (via Junction Points* Ile d’Ouessant, France, 397 Rathlin Sound), 102 Junction Points* Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Cardiff, Wales, 369 Panama, Panama, 2,913 Entrance), Germany, 439 Cobh, Ireland, 340 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,871 Panama, Panama, 2,825 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 536 Dublin, Ireland, 189 Singapore (via San Bernardino Punta Arenas, Chile, 1,191 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 554 Glasgow, Scotland, 145 Strait), 7,867 Liverpool, England, 215 Selat Sunda, Indonesia (via Ports Ports Makassar Strait), 7,976 LONG BEACH, CALIFORNIA, Wilson Promontory, Australia, Acapulco, Mexico, 3,573 Aberdeen, Scotland, 429 U.S.A. 6,879 Antofagasta, Chile, 828 Alesund, Norway, 733 (33˚46'12"N., 118˚13'18"W.) Arica, Chile, 1,134 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 208 Use Los Angeles distances. Ports Caldera, Chile, 628 Antwerp, Belgium, 193 Callao, Peru, 1,530 Arendal, Norway, 551 LONGJI, CAMEROON Acapulco, Mexico, 1,501 Coquimbo, Chile, 455 Arkhangel’sk, Russia, 2,061 (3˚05'00"N., 9˚57'20"E.) to: Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Corinto, Nicaragua, 3,081 Barrow in Furness, England, 665 Russia, 4,687 Esmeraldas, Ecuador, 2,388 Bergen, Norway, 613 Junction Points* Antofagasta, Chile, 4,430 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 2,155 Blyth, England, 318 Apia, Samoa, 4,181 Guaymas, Mexico, 4,442 Bremerhaven, Germany, 375 Cape of Good Hope, South Arica, Chile, 4,219 Iquique, Chile, 1,033 Cardiff, Wales, 526 Africa, 2,359 Auckland, New Zealand, 5,658 Avarua, Cook Islands, 4,064

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points MAKASSAR, SULAWESI 59

Monterey, California, U.S.A., Inaderslev, Denmark, 137 MAASSLUIS, Victoria. 1,202 Kobenhavn, Denmark, 148 NETHERLANDS (51˚55'45"N., 4˚15'12"E.) Pisco, Peru, 1,432 Middlefart, Denmark, 149 MAHON, BALEARIC Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 2,899 Naestved, Denmark, 136 Subtract 8 l/2 miles from Rotterdam ISLANDS Salina Cruz, Mexico, 3,430 Stockholm, Sweden, 491 distances. (39˚52'02"N., 4˚18'45"E.) to: San Diego, California, U.S.A., Vejle, Denmark, 173 4,881 MACEIO, BRAZIL Junction Points* San Francisco, California, U.S.A., LUCINDA, AUSTRALIA (9˚41'00"S., 35˚44'00"W.) to: 5,282 (18˚31'15"S., 146˚20'00"E.) to: Port Said, Egypt, 1,472 San Jose, Guatemala, 3,220 Junction Points* Strait of Gibraltar, 542 Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A., Junction Points* 5,018 Punta Arenas, Chile, 3,138 Ports Talcahuano, Chile, 50 Torres Strait, Australia, 634 Valparaiso, Chile, 268 Wilson Promontory, Australia, Ports Alexandria, Egypt, 1,349 1,621 Banghazi, Libya, 896 Belem, Brazil, 1,211 LOWESTOFT, ENGLAND Ceuta, Morocco, 388 (52˚29'41"N., 1˚47'06"E.) to: Ports Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 972 Genova, Italy, 340 Salvador, Brazil, 285 Malaga, Spain, 517 Junction Points* Brisbane, Australia, 804 Trieste, Italy, 1,314 Wellington, New Zealand, 2,102 MACKAY, AUSTRALIA Tunis, Tunisia, 372 Bishop Rock, England, 418 (21˚09'15"S., 149˚14'00"E.) to: Ile d’Ouessant, France, 404 LULEA, SWEDEN MAIZURU, JAPAN Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East (65˚34'30"N., 22˚l0'00"E.) to: Junction Points* (35˚31'00"N., 135˚20'00"E.) to: Entrance), Germany, 350 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 424 Junction Points* Torres Strait, Australia, 864 Ports Skagens Odde, Denmark, 452 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Ports Akita, Japan, 352 Ports Entrance), Germany, 875 Bohang, South Korea, 313 Skagens Odde, Denmark (via Store Brisbane, Australia, 512 Busan, South Korea, 333 Aberdeen, Scotland, 320 Baelt), 1,067 Noumea, New Caledonia, 1,253 Changjon, North Korea, 411 Bremerhaven, Germany, 279 Skagens Odde, Denmark (via The Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, Chongjin, North Korea, 463 Calais, France, 90 Sound), 941 1,168 Hakodate, Japan, 460 Emden, Germany, 221 Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 1,871 Kimchaek, North Korea, 431 London, England, 110 Ports Nanao, Japan, 213 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 108 MACKENZIE, GUYANA Niigata, Japan, 256 Trondheim, Norway, 776 Bergen, Norway (via The Sound), (6˚00'00"N., 58˚17'00"W.) Add Sakata, Japan, 314 Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 263 1,247 66 miles to Georgetown distances. Shanghai, China, 800 Zeebrugge, Belgium, 94 Oslo, Norway (via Store Baelt), Shimonoseki, Japan, 302 1,195 MADRAS, INDIA Ulsan, South Korea, 315 LUANDA, ANGOLA Oslo, Norway (via The Sound), (13˚06'00"N., 80˚18'00"E.) to: Unggi, North Korea, 474 (8˚47'00"S., 13˚15'00"E.) to: 1,062 Vladivostok, Russia, 485 Stavanger, Norway (via The Junction Points* Wakamatsu, Japan, 299 Junction Points* Sound, 1,172 Trondheim, Norway (via The Cape of Good Hope, South Africa MAJUNGA, MADAGASCAR Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Sound), 1,543 (via east of Madagascar), 4,790 (15˚44'00"S., 46˚18'00"E.) to: 1,627 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 3,480 LYSEKIL, SWEDEN Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 2,559 Junction Points* Ports (58˚16'00"N., 11˚26'00"E.) to: Port Said, Egypt, 4,037 Singapore, 1,583 Port Said, Egypt, 3,471 Boma, Congo, 190 Junction Points* Singapore, 3,845 Cape Town, South Africa, 1,601 Ports Georgetown, Ascension Island, Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Ports 1,657 Entrance), Germany (via Store Aden, Yemen, 2,650 Lobito, Angola, 237 Baelt), 267. Belawan, Indonesia, 1,252 Beira, Mozambique, 732 New York, New York, U.S.A., Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Bombay, India, 1,482 Belawan, Indonesia, 3,512 5,670 Entrance), Germany (via The Calcutta, India, 769 Fremantle, Australia, 4,132 Pointe Noire, Congo, 266 Sound), 340 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 611 Malacca, Malaysia, 3,710 Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 941 Fremantle, Australia, 3,389 Maputo, Mozambique, 1,034 Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Ports Kakinada, India, 276 Penang, Malaysia, 3,557 2,778 Karachi, Pakistan, 1,908 Port Darwin, Australia, 5,069 Bergen, Norway, 330 Malacca, Malaysia, 1,470 Sabang, Indonesia, 3,246 LUBECK, GERMANY Flensburg, Germany, 270 Moulmein, Burma, 1,043 Tulear, Madagascar, 625 (53˚52'44"N., 10˚41'27"E.) to: Fredericia, Denmark, 191 Penang, Malaysia, 1,285 Oslo, Norway, 114 Port Blair, Andaman Islands, 758 MAKASSAR, SULAWESI Junction Points* Port Darwin, Australia, 3,483 (5˚08'00"S., 119˚24'00"E.) to: LYTTELTON, NEW Port Dickson, Malaysia, 143 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East ZEALAND Port Swettenham, Malaysia, 1,384 Junction Points* Entrance), Germany, 98 (43˚36'25"S., 172˚43'00"E.) to: Rangoon, Burma, 1,003 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 263 Sabang, Indonesia, 994 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 339 Junction Points* Trincomalee, Sri Lanka, 288 Panama, Panama (via Selat Salajar Ports Vishakhapatnam, India, 332 and Selat Sagewin), 9,855 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 2,792 Singapore (via Selat Riouw), 1,070 Aalborg, Denmark (via Store Torres Strait, Australia, 2,849 MAGADAN, RUSSIA Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 861 Baelt), 248 (59˚33'00"N., 150˚45'00"E.) See Selat Wetar, Indonesia, 614 Abenra, Denmark, 131 Ports Bukhta Nagayeve. Assens, Denmark, 127 Ports Faborg, Denmark, 102 Melbourne, Australia, 1,518 MAGALLANES, CHILE Flensburg, Germany, 131 Port Augusta, Australia, 2,082 (53˚10'00"S., 70˚54'00"W.) See Bandjermasin, Kalimantan, Fredericia, Denmark, 155 Sydney, Australia, 1,419 Punta Arenas. Indonesia, 399 Frederikshavn, Denmark, 155 Wellington, New Zealand, 174 Belawan, Indonesia, 1,439 Davao, Philippines, 929 Gdynia, Poland, 328 MAHE, SEYCHELLES Grena, Denmark, 169 (4˚36'40"S., 55˚29'00"E.) See Kompong Som, Cambodia, 1,584

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 60 MALABO, EQUATORIAL GUINEA

Manila, Philippines (via Mindoro Strait of Gibraltar, 78 MALDOGADO, URUGUAY Strait of Gibraltar, 2,547 Strait and Sibutu Passage), (3˚56'00"S., 55˚00'00"W.) to: 1,232 Ports Ports Mogpo, South Korea, 2,483 Junction Points* Semarang, Indonesia, 596 Alexandria, Egypt, 1,752 Churchill, Canada, 1,341 Sorido, Indonesia, 1,180 Algiers, Algeria, 368 Panama, Panama, 5,352 Reykjavik, Iceland, 1,146 Sorong, Indonesia, 872 Alicante, Spain, 248 Punta Arenas, Chile, 1,321 St. John’s, Canada, 1,075 Tandjung Uban, Indonesia, 1,075 Ancona, Italy, 1,510 Ports Tjirebon, Indonesia, 156 Annaba, Algeria, 607 MANILA, PHILIPPINES Tso-ying, Taiwan, 1,757 Banghazi, Libya, 1,286 (14˚35'00"N., 120˚58'00"E.) to: Banzart, Tunisia, 699 Santos, Brazil, 1,172 MALABO, EQUATORIAL Barcelona, Spain, 464 Junction Points* GUINEA Bari, Italy, 1,303 MALMO, SWEDEN (3˚45'30"N., 8˚46'30"E.) to: Beirut, Lebanon, 1,964 (55˚37'00"N., 13˚00'00"E.) to: Selat Lombok, Indonesia (via Brindisi, Italy, 1,245 Sibutu Passage), 1,514 Ports Cartagena, Spain, 189 Junction Points* Panama, Panama (north of Catania, Sicily, 1,012 Luzon), 9,347 Boma, Congo, 689 Derince, Turkey, 1,785 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Panama, Panama (via San Georgetown, Ascension Island, Genova, Italy, 798 Entrance), Germany (via Store Bernardino Strait), 9,370 1,561 Ghazaouet, Algeria, 158 Baelt), 205 Singapore, 1,330 Kribi, Cameroon, 106 Haifa, Israel, 1,961 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 155 Selat Sunda, Indonesia (via Lagos, Nigeria, 384 Iraklion, Kriti, 1,446 Palawan Passage and Selat Lome, Togo, 480 Istanbul, Turkey, 1,752 Ports Gaspar), 1,578 St. Helena Island, 1,472 Izmir, Turkey, 1,597 Torres Strait, Australia (via Basilan La Spezia, Italy, 821 Oslo, Norway, 278 Strait), 2,193 MALACCA, MALAYSIA Livorno, Italy, 817 Stockholm, Sweden (via Drogen (2˚10'00"N., 102˚14'00"E.) to: Marseille, France, 641 Channel), 435 Ports Melilla, Morocco, 116 Stockholm, Sweden (via Flint Junction Points* Mers el Kebir, Algeria, 194 Channel), 422 Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Messina, Sicily, 979 Russia, 2,507 Cape of Good Hope, South Napoli, Italy, 932 MALTEPE, TURKEY Ambon, Indonesia, 1,260 Africa, 5,464 Odessa, Ukraine, 2,100 (40˚54'00"N., 29˚08'00"E.) Add Apra, Guam (north of Luzon), Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 1,091 Oran, Algeria, 195 5 miles to Istanbul distances for 1,742 Port Said, Egypt, 4,906 Palermo, Sicily, 870 Ports outside of the Black Sea and Apra, Guam (via San Bernardino Singapore, 117 Palma, Balearic Islands, 401 Sea of Marmara. Strait), 1,499 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 619 Piraievs, Greece (south of Balikpapan, Kalimantan, Indonesia Torres Strait, Australia, 2,588 Greece), 1,438 MANAUS, BRAZIL (via Sibutu Passage), 1,057 Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth (3˚08'00"S., 60˚01'00"W.) Add Bangkok, Thailand, 1,435 Ports Canal), 1,381 920 miles to Belem distances. Busan, South Korea, 1,402 Rijeka, Croatia, 1,578 Cebu, Philippines, 404 Aden, Yemen, 3,517 Savona, Italy, 783 MANCHESTER, ENGLAND Chimu Wan, Ryukyu Islands, 947 Al Basrah, Iraq, 3,771 Sibenik, Croatia, 1,452 (53˚29'00"N., 2˚14'00"W.) Add Da Nang, Vietnam, 758 Al Manamah, Bahrain, 3,534 Siracusa, Sicily, 985 39 miles to Liverpool distances. Dagu, China (east of Taiwan), Albany, Australia, 2,602 Split, Croatia, 1,436 1,722 Beira, Mozambique, 4,405 Tarabulus, Libya, 1,024 MANDAL, NORWAY Dagu, China (via Formosa Strait), Belawan, Indonesia, 253 Taranto, Italy, 1,198 (58˚01'30"N., 7˚27'20"E.) to: 1,732 Berbera, Somalia, 3,531 Tarragona, Spain, 431 Dalian, China (east of Taiwan), Bombay, India, 2,327 Thessaloniki, Greece, 1,646 Junction Points* 1,561 Bushehr, Iran, 3,590 Toulon, France, 652 Dalian, China (via Formosa Calcutta, India, 1,523 Trieste, Italy, 1,611 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 351 Strait), 1,571 Calicut, India, 1,827 Valencia, Spain, 334 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 110 Davao, Philippines, 831 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1,458 Valletta, Malta, 928 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 3,927 Venezia, Italy, 1,621 Ports (north of Luzon), 4,233 Diego Garcia, Chagos Villa Sanjurjo, Morocco, 93 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 9,615 Archipelago, 2,078 Volos, Greece, 1,587 Bergen, Norway, 201 Haiphong, Vietnam (South of Hai- Durban, South Africa, 4,757 London, England, 503 nan Tao), 936 East London, South Africa, 4,967 MALAKAL, PALAU ISLANDS Oslo, Norway, 177 Hakodate, Japan, 2,066 Fort Dauphin, Madagascar, 3,860 (7˚20'00"N., 134˚26'30"E.) to: Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 907 Jakarta, Indonesia, 613 Hong Kong, China, 631 MANFREDONIA, ITALY Kakinada, India, 1,478 Junction Points* (41˚37'15"N., 15˚55'30"E.) to: Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. (north of Karachi, Pakistan, 2,768 Luzon), 4,869 Madras, India, 1,470 Panama, Panama, 8,674 Junction Points* Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. (via San Majunga, Madagascar, 3,730 Singapore (via Basilan Strait), Bernardino Strait), 4,767 Maputo, Mozambique, 4,654 2,006 Port Said, Egypt, 1,045 Hua-Lien Kang, Taiwan, 648 Mocambique, Mozambique, 3,965 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,419 Iloilo, Philippines (via Verde Mombasa, Kenya, 3,872 Ports Island Passage and Jintotolo Mosselbaai, South Africa, 5,269 Ports Channel), 361 Penang, Malaysia, 252 Apia, Samoa, 3,446 Incheon, South Korea, 1,498 Port Louis, Mauritius, 3,215 Apra, Guam, 706 Ancona, Italy, 195 Jakarta, Indonesia (via Palawan Rangoon, Burma, 986 Brisbane, Australia, 2,642 Dubrovnik, Croatia, 117 Passage), 1,559 Sabang, Indonesia, 486 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 1,801 Durres, Albania, 161 Jolo, Philippines, 550 Surabaya, Indonesia, 881 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,997 Kiska, Alaska, U.S.A., 3,664 Tamatave, Madagascar, 3,560 Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 4,579 Kobe, Japan (via Balintang Victoria, Seychelles, 2,952 MANGALORE, INDIA Manila, Philippines (via Verde (12˚55'32"N., 74˚48'00"E.) See Channel), 1,563 Zanzibar, Tanzania, 3,945 Island Passage and San New Mangalore. Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 4,823 Bernardino strait), 1,044 Lo hsing-ta Mao-ti, China, 787 MALAGA, SPAIN Noumea, New Caledonia, 2,612 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. (3˚42'44"N., 4˚27'00"W.) to: Ponape, Caroline Islands, 1,418 MANIITSOQ, GREENLAND (via north of Luzon), 6,530 (65˚24'36"N., 52˚54'12"W.) to: Surabaya, Indonesia, 1,656 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. Junction Points* Suva, Fiji Islands, 3,041 Junction Points* (via San Bernardino Strait), Yokohama, Japan, 1,731 6,588 Port Said, Egypt, 1,873 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 1,700 Makassar, Sulawesi (via Sibutu

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points MARSEILLE, FRANCE 61

Passage), 1,232 Yokohama, Japan (via Balintang Santos, Brazil, 1,363 MARMAGAO, INDIA Malakal, Palau Islands (via San Channel), 1,758 (15˚25'00"N., 73˚47'30"E.) to: Bernardino Strait), 1,044 Zamboanga, Philippines, 532 MARACAIBO, VENEZUELA Midway Island (north of Luzon), (10˚38'00"N., 71˚37'00"W.) to: Junction Points* 3,752 MANZANILLO, CUBA Midway Island (via San (20˚21'00"N., 77˚09'00"W.) to: Junction Points* Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Bernardino Strait), 3,685 4,447 Mogpo, South Korea, 1,338 Junction Points* Montreal, Canada, 2,931 Port Said, Egypt, 3,078 Moji, Japan, 1,436 Panama, Panama, 737 Singapore, 2,217 Nagasaki, Japan, 1,298 Panama, Panama, 732 Straits of Florida (via Windward Nakagusuku, Ryukyu Islands, 935 Yucatan Channel, 482 Passage), 1,205 Ports Nampo, North Korea, 1,559 Yucatan Channel, 1,096 Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam, 706 Ports Bombay, India, 235 Nome, Alaska, U.S.A., 4,379 Ports Colombo, Sri Lanka, 671 Noumea, New Caledonia, 3,616 Charleston, South Carolina, Karachi, Pakistan, 690 Pago Pago, American Samoa (via U.S.A., 1,105 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. (via Okha, India, 533 San Bernardino Strait), 4,519 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 266 Windward Passage), 1,804 Trincomalee, Sri Lanka, 968 Papeete, French Polynesia, 5,728 Colon, Panama, 689 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Peng-hu Kang, Taiwan, 606 Guantanamo, Cuba, 206 2,001 MARSA AL BURAYQAH, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Hamilton, Bermuda, 1,187 Cartagena, Colombia, 465 LIBYA Russia (via Chetvertyy Kuril’sky Kingston, Jamaica, 283 Charleston, South Carolina, (30˚28'15"N., 19˚32'45"E.) to: Proliv and La Perouse Strait), Port au Prince, Haiti, 372 U.S.A., 1,467 3,117 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 738 Colon, Panama, 693 Junction Points* Port Darwin, Australia (via Basilan Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 168 Galveston, Texas, U.S.A., 1,810 Strait and Selat Manipa), 1,834 Santo Domingo, Dominican La Habana, Cuba, 1,173 Port Said, Egypt, 782 Portland, Oregon, U.S.A., 6,024 Republic, 558 Las Piedras, Venezuela, 126 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,408 Prince Rupert, Canada (north of Willemstad, Curacao, 746 New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A. Luzon and south of Aleutian (via South Pass), 1,629 Ports Islands), 5,546 New York, New York, U.S.A., MANZANILLO, MEXICO Alexandria, Egypt, 640 Prince Rupert, Canada (via (19˚03'30"N., 104˚19'50"W.) to: 1,890 alternate route, north of Aleutian Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 1,682 Barcelona, Spain, 1,056 Islands), 5,493 Ports Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Beirut, Lebanon, 903 Pulupandan, Philippines, 363 (via Windward Passage), 1,849 Genova, Italy, 986 Qingdao, China, 1,422 Acapulco, Mexico, 295 Portland, Maine, U.S.A., 2,042 Haifa, Israel, 881 Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 2,281 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Puerto Padre, Cuba, 834 Messina, Sicily, 503 San Diego, California, U.S.A., 1,205 Santo Domingo, Dominican Palma, Balearic Islands, 1,009 6,604 Mazatlan, Mexico, 297 Republic, 496 Venezia, Italy, 1,014 San Fernando, Philippines, 207 San Diego, California, U.S.A., Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,466 Volvos, Greece, 655 San Francisco, California (via San 1,136 Willemstad, Curacao, 222 Bernardino Strait), 6,299 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., MARSAXLOKK, MALTA (35˚48'54"N., 14˚33'06"E.) to: San Francisco, California, U.S.A. 1,538 MARCUS HOOK, (via Balintang Channel), 6,221 San Jose, Guatemala, 840 PENNSYLVANIA, U.S.A. Sanya Gang, China, 714 (39˚48'12"N., 75˚25'12"W.) Junction Points* Sasebo, Japan, 1,349 Subtract 18 miles from MAPUTO, MOZAMBIQUE Port Said, Egypt, 942 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (north (25˚58'30"S., 32˚34'00"E.) to: Philadelphia distances. of Luzon), 5,959 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,017 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via Junction Points* MARE ISLAND, San Bernardino Strait), 6,077 CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. Ports Seward, Alaska, U.S.A. (north of Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, (38˚36'0"N., 122˚16'00"W.) Add Luzon and south of Aleutian 1,057 22 miles to San Francisco Messina, Sicily, 164 Islands), 5,046 Port Said, Egypt, 4,348 distances. Tarabulus, Libya, 191 Shanghai, China (east of Taiwan), Singapore, 4,769 Tunis, Tunisia, 246 1,156 MARIEL, CUBA Shanghai, China (via Formosa Ports (23˚00'00"N., 82˚45'15"W.) to: MARSEILLE, FRANCE Strait), 1,166 (43˚l9'10"N., 5˚21'17"E.) to: Shimonoseki, Japan, 1,424 Aden, Yemen, 2,973 Junction Points* Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A. (north of Beira, Mozambique, 476 Junction Points* Aleutian Islands), 5,302 Belawan, Indonesia, 4,436 Straits of Florida, 86 Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A. (south of Durban, South Africa, 307 Yucatan Channel, 164 Port Said, Egypt, 1,518 Aleutian Islands), 5,370 Fremantle, Australia, 4,283 Strait of Gibraltar, 711 Su-ao Kang, Taiwan, 684 Majunga, Madagascar, 1,034 Ports Surabaya, Indonesia, 1,540 Malacca, Malaysia, 4,654 Ports Suva, Fiji Islands, 4,048 Mombasa, Kenya, 1,508 Kingston, Jamaica, 716 Tandjung Uban, Indonesia, 1,328 Penang, Malaysia, 4,481 Nuevitas, Cuba, 366 Ajaccio, Corsica, 188 Tarakan, Indonesia, 785 Port Darwin, Australia, 5,539 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 999 Alexandria, Egypt, 1,407 Truk, Caroline Islands, 1,994 Port Louis, Mauritius, 1,448 Swan Island, Honduras, 437 Algiers, Algeria, 410 Tso-Ying, Taiwan, 552 Sabang, Indonesia, 4,170 Alicante, Spain, 406 Ancona, Italy, 1,109 Valparaiso, Chile (via San Tamatave, Madagascar, 1,242 MARIN, PONTE VEDRA BAY, Bernardino Strait), 9,710 Zanzibar, Tanzania, 1,388 SPAIN Annaba, Algeria, 409 Vinh Cam Ranh, Vietnam, 710 (42˚24'00"N., 8˚43'00"W.) to: Banghazi, Libya, 1,004 Vladivostok, Russia, 1,912 Baniyas, Syria, 1,610 MAR DEL PLATA, Banzart, Tunisia, 428 Wake Island, Pacific, 2,772 ARGENTINA Junction Points* Weihai, China (east of Taiwan), (38˚02'00"S., 57˚31'00"W.) to: Barcelona, Spain, 189 1,498 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 437 Bari, Italy, 902 Weihai, China (via Formosa Junction Points* Strait of Gibraltar, 517 Bat’umi, Georgia (south of Strait), 1,508 Greece), 1,970 Weonsan, North Korea, 1,708 Panama, Panama, 5,543 Ports Bat’umi, Georgia (via Corinth Wotje Island, Marshall Islands, Punta Arenas, Chile, 1,112 Canal), 1,929 3,027 Bilbao, Spain, 387 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,600 Xiamen, China, 662 Ports Horta, Azores, 944 Bonifacio, Corsica, 213 Yantai, China (east of Formosa), Lisboa, Portugal, 255 Brindisi, Italy, 844 1,532 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 276 Cagliari, Sardinia, 360 Yap, Caroline Islands, 1,154 Cartagena, Spain, 460

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 62 MASAN, SOUTH KOREA

Catania, Sicily, 627 Ports Ports MAYAQUEZ, PUERTO RICO Ceuta, Morocco, 692 (18˚13'21"N., 67˚11'50"W.) to: Civitavecchia, Italy, 316 Cebu, Philippines, 183 Belize, Belize, 957 Famagusta, Cyprus, 1,558 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 1,065 Tampico, Mexico, 380 Junction Points* Genova, Italy, 204 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. (via San Tuxpan, Mexico, 445 Gibraltar, 693 Bernardino Strait), 4,492 Veracruz, Mexico, 549 Bishop Rock, England, 3,504 Haifa, Israel, 1,596 Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia (via Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, 5,823 Iraklion, Kriti, 1,083 Balabac Strait), 684 MATANZAS, CUBA Istanbul, Turkey (south of Sandakan, Sabah, 584 (23˚03'30"N., 81˚33'30"W.) to: Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 3,409 Greece), 1,383 Zamboanga, Philippines, 406 Grand Banks South, 1,752 Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth Junction Points* Ile d’Ouessant, France, 3,536 Panama, Panama, 910 Canal), 1,342 MASNEDSUND, DENMARK Izmir, Turkey (south of Greece), (55˚59'48"N., 11˚52'36"E.) to: Straits of Florida, 119 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,991 1,229 Yucatan Channel, 241 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,471 Izmir, Turkey (via Corinth Canal), Junction Points* Straits of Florida, 968 1,187 Ports La Spezia, Italy, 231 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Ports Livorno, Italy, 236 Entrance), Germany, 149 Antilla, Cuba, 407 Mahon, Balearic Islands, 219 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 122 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 526 Abraham Bay, Bahamas, 411 Malaga, Spain, 641 Guantanamo, Cuba, 553 Belem, Brazil, 1,688 Messina, Sicily, 577 Ports Hamilton, Bermuda, 1,131 Dakar, Senegal, 2,960 Napoli, Italy, 456 Kingston, Jamaica, 717 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 3,293 Odessa, Ukraine (south of Gdynia, Poland, 330 New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A., Georgetown, Guyana, 938 Greece), 1,731 Stockholm, Sweden, 531 641 Halifax, Canada, 1,628 Odessa, Ukraine (via Corinth Swinoujscie, Poland, 193 New York, New York, U.S.A., Horta, Azores, 2,419 Canal), 1,690 1,167 New York, New York, U.S.A., 1,527 Oran, Algeria, 536 MASSAWA, ETHIOPIA Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Palermo, Sicily, 495 (15˚36'45"N., 39˚28'30"E.) to: U.S.A., 1,147 Portland, Maine, U.S.A., 1,535 Palma, Balearic Islands, 300 Port au Prince, Haiti, 617 Piraievs, Greece (south of Junction Points* Puerto Padre, Cuba, 330 MAYPORT, FLORIDA, U.S.A. Greece), 1,069 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 931 (30˚23'42"N., 81˚25'54"W.) Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth Cape of Good Hope, South Santo Domingo, Dominican Subtract 18 miles from Jacksonville Canal), 988 Africa, 4,341 Republic, 901 distances. Port Vendres, France, 109 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 5,345 Tampa, Florida, U.S.A. (via Porto Vecchio di Piombino, Italy, Port Said, Egypt, 1,041 Northwest Channel), 325 MAZATLAN, MEXICO 247 Singapore, 4,020 Tampico, Mexico, 914 (23˚10'15"N., 106˚26'30"W.) to: Rijeka, Croatia, 1,176 Torres Strait, Australia (via Eight Savona, Italy, 189 Degree Channel), 6,420 MATARANI, PERU Junction Points* Sayda, Lebanon, 1,596 (16˚59'36"S., 72˚07'12"W.) to: Sibenik, Croatia, 1,050 Ports Panama, Panama, 2,006 Siracusa, Sicily, 649 Junction Points* Skikda, Algeria, 398 Aden, Yemen, 400 Ports Split, Croatia, 1,035 Al Aqabah, Jordan, 897 Panama, Panama, 1,790 Tarabulus, Lebanon, 1,613 Al Basrah, Iraq, 2,372 Punta Arenas, Chile, 2,380 Acapulco, Mexico, 595 Tarabulus, Libya, 745 Bombay, India, 2,050 Torres Strait, Australia, 8,324 Amapala, Honduras, 1,350 Taranto, Italy, 797 Calcutta, India, 3,695 Wilson Promontory, Australia (via Champerico, Guatemala, 1,078 Thessaloniki, Greece (south of Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2,481 30˚S.), 7,398 Guaymas, Mexico, 388 Greece), 1,278 Jiddah, Saudi Arabia, 364 Wilson Promontory, Australia (via Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Thessaloniki, Greece (via Corinth Karachi, Pakistan, 1,865 40˚S.), 7,154 1,011 Canal), 1,236 Mombasa, Kenya, 2,006 Manzanillo, Mexico, 297 Trieste, Italy, 1,210 Port Darwin, Australia (via One Ports San Diego, California, U.S.A., 939 Tunis, Tunisia, 476 and Half Degree Channel), San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Valencia, Spain, 347 5,749 Antofagasta, Chile, 423 1,337 Valletta, Malta, 637 Port Sudan, Sudan, 306 Callao, Peru, 462 San Jose, Guatemala, 1,149 Venezia, Italy, 1,220 Rangoon, Burma, 3,705 Yokohama, Japan, 5,782 Viareggio, Italy, 238 MATHEW TOWN, GREAT Volos, Greece (south of Greece), MATADI, CONGO INAGUA ISLAND MEGARA, GREECE 1,219 (5˚49'00"S., 13˚27'00"E.) to: (20˚57'30"N., 73˚40'40"W.) to: (37˚58'37"N., 23˚21'33"E.) to: Volos, Greece (via Corinth Canal), 1,177 Ports Junction Points* Junction Points*

MASAN, SOUTH KOREA Bata, Equatorial Guinea, 663 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 3,467 Port Said, Egypt, 617 (35˚11'00"N., 128˚35'00"E.) to: Calabar, Nigeria, 818 Strait of Gibraltar (south of Cape Town, South Africa, 1,827 Ports Greece), 1,541 Ports Longji, Cameroon, 731 Mayumba, Gabon, 282 Belize, Belize, 902 Ports Dalian, China, 546 Port Nolloth, South Africa, 1,559 New York, New York, U.S.A. (via Incheon, South Korea, 403 Swakopmund, South Africa, 1,144 Crooked Island Passage), 1,205 Algiers, Algeria, 1,077 Shimonoseki, Japan, 146 Victoria, Cameroon, 770 Alicante, Spain, 1,240 Tsuruga, Japan, 385 MATRUH, EGYPT Arzew, Algeria, 1,253 Vladivostok, Russia, 542 MATAGORDA BAY, TEXAS, (31˚22'30"N., 27˚14'30"E.) to: Barcelona, Spain, 1,162 U.S.A. Cagliari, Sardinia, 814 MASBATE, PHILIPPINES (28˚20'00"N., 96˚23'00"W.) to: Junction Points* Kerch, Ukraine, 801 (12˚22'47"N., 123˚36'50"E.) to: La Spezia, Italy, 942 Junction Points* Port Said, Egypt, 281 Navarino Bay, Greece, 194 Junction Points* Strait of Gibraltar, 1,695 Split, Croatia, 684 Panama, Panama, 1,558 Tangier, Morocco, 1,511 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 1,479 Straits of Florida, 754 Ports Toulon, France, 1,036 Panama, Panama, 9,223 Yucatan Channel, 729 Tubruq, Libya, 368 Punta Arenas, Chile, 9,067 Banghazi, Libya, 267 Singapore, 1,492 Haifa, Israel, 410 MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 1,755 Iraklion, Kriti, 308 (37˚49'15"S., 144˚56'00"E.) to:

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points MIDWAY ISLAND, NORTH PACIFIC 63

Junction Points* Junction Points* As Sukhayrah, Tunisia, 406 Ports Banghazi, Libya, 430 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 1,497 Port Said, Egypt, 1,714 Banzart, Tunisia, 364 London, England, 407 Panama, Panama (via Foveaux Strait of Gibraltar, 252 Barcelona, Spain, 681 Strait), 7,928 Bari, Italy, 329 MIAMI, FLORIDA, U.S.A. Wilson Promontory, Australia, 154 Ports Beirut, Lebanon, 1,027 (25˚47'00"N., 80˚11'00"W.) to: Brindisi, Italy, 270 Ports Alicante, Spain, 160 Cagliari, Sardinia, 328 Junction Points* Malaga, Spain, 194 Cartagena, Spain, 806 Adelaide, Australia, 512 Melilla, Morocco, 119 Catania, Sicily, 53 Bishop Rock, England, 3,634 Albany, Australia, 1,363 Ceuta, Morocco, 1,029 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Apia, Samoa, 2,834 MERSA AL HAMRA, EGYPT Civitavecchia, Italy, 308 6,685 Apra, Guam, 3,631 (30˚58'42"N., 28˚52'12"E.) to: Crotone, Italy, 367 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 3,578 Auckland, New Zealand, 1,649 Gaeta, Italy, 209 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 3,618 Avarua, Cook Islands, 3,090 Junction Points* Genova, Italy, 492 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 3,856 Bluff Harbor, New Zealand, 1,211 Gibraltar, 1,031 Straits of Florida, 217 Burnie Harbor, Australia, 223 Port Said, Egypt, 211 Haifa, Israel, 1,023 Yucatan Channel, 387 Dunedin, New Zealand, 1,309 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,778 Iraklion, Kriti, 510 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Istanbul, Turkey (south of Ports 6,321 Ports Greece), 810 Hobart, Tasmania, 472 Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth Belize, Belize, 734 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 4,942 Ajaccio, Corsica, 1,197 Canal), 768 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Jaluit, Marshall Islands, 3,181 Algiers, Algeria, 1,347 Izmir, Turkey (south of Greece), 991 Launceston, Tasmania, 246 Alicante, Spain, 1,510 655 Cienfuegos, Cuba (via Windward Levuka, Fiji Islands, 2,274 Argostolion, Greece, 603 Izmir, Turkey (via Corinth Canal), Passage), 947 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Bari, Italy, 849 614 Cienfuegos, Cuba (via Yucatan 7,032 Bat’umi, Georgia, 1,298 Kalamai, Greece, 355 Channel), 671 Lyttelton, New Zealand, 1,518 Es Sider, Libya, 612 La Spezia, Italy, 450 Colon, Panama (via Windward Loumea, New Caledonia, 1,595 Haifa, Israel, 346 Licata, Sicily, 173 Passage), 1,249 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Izmir, Turkey, 524 Livorno, Italy, 414 Colon, Panama (via Yucatan 2,851 Malaga, Spain, 1,708 Malaga, Spain, 979 Channel), 1,214 Papeete, French Polynesia, 3,691 Palma, Balearic Islands, 1,383 Marsaxlokk, Malta, 164 Elizabeth Harbor, Bahamas, 354 Penang, Malaysia, 4,181 Tuapse, Russia, 1,203 Marseille, France, 577 Georgetown, Guyana, 1,788 Ponape, Caroline Islands, 3,078 Tunis, Tunisia, 1,004 Napoli, Italy, 175 Guantanamo, Cuba, 582 Port Lincoln, Australia, 588 Volos, Greece, 605 Nice, France, 515 Halifax, Canada, 1,413 Port Pirie, Australia, 689 Odessa, Ukraine (south of Hamilton, Bermuda, 956 Portland, Australia, 206 MERSIN, TURKEY Greece), 1,158 Kingston, Jamaica, 746 Pabaul, Papua New Guinea, 2,408 (36˚47'26"N., 34˚38'07"E.) to: Odessa, Ukraine (via Corinth La Habana, Cuba, 216 Rapid Bay, Australia, 458 Canal), 1,116 Nassau, Bahamas, 191 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Junction Points* Oran, Algeria, 818 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 1,247 6,970 Palermo, Sicily, 120 Port au Prince, Haiti, 643 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 7,332 Port Said, Egypt, 358 Palma, Balearic Islands, 639 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1,482 Whyalla, Australia, 665 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,996 Piraievs Greece (south of Greece), Port Castries, St. Lucia, 1,352 496 Recife, Brazil, 3,500 MELILLA, MOROCCO Ports Piraievs Greece (via Corinth San Juan, Puerto Rico, 960 (35˚17'30"N., 2˚56'00"W.) to: Canal), 414 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 630 Al Latakia, Syria, 94 Pozzuoli, Italy, 177 Santo Domingo, Dominican Junction Points* Beirut, Lebanon, 179 Preveza, Greece, 274 Republic, 930 Constanta, Romania, 986 Rethimnon, Kriti, 479 Port Said, Egypt, 1,821 Istanbul, Turkey, 789 Rijeka, Croatia, 603 MIDDLEFART, DENMARK Strait of Gibraltar, 153 Izmir, Turkey, 594 Salerno, Italy, 158 (55˚30'30"N., 9˚44'14"E.) to: Kerch, Ukraine, 1,214 Savona, Italy, 496 Ports Larnaca, Cyprus, 149 Sete, France, 636 Junction Points* Nice, France, 1,495 Sibenik, Croatia, 477 Alicante, Spain, 224 Patrai, Greece (south of Greece), Siracusa, Sicily, 75 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Arzew, Algeria, 145 789 Soudha, Kriti, 473 Entrance), Germany, 84 Ceuta, Morocco, 131 Patrai, Greece (via Corinth Canal), Split, Croatia, 462 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 186 Malaga, Spain, 116 690 Tarabulus, Libya, 344 Mers el Kebir, Algeria, 154 Piraievs, Greece, 598 Taranto, Italy, 223 Ports Mostaganem, Algeria, 119 Pula, Croatia (south of Greece), Thessaloniki, Greece (south of Oran, Algeria, 120 1,260 Greece), 704 Gdynia, Poland, 396 Villa Sanjurjo, Morocco, 64 Pula, Croatia (via Corinth Canal), Thessaloniki, Greece (via Corinth Goteborg, Sweden, 173 1,244 Canal), 663 Lubeck, Germany, 149 MENTON, FRANCE Rostov-na-Donu, Russia, 1,426 Toulon, France, 546 (43˚46'30"N., 7˚30'40"E.) to: Tarabulus, Libya, 1,109 Trapani, Sicily, 177 MIDDLESBROUGH, Thessaloniki, Greece, 726 Trieste, Italy, 637 ENGLAND Junction Points* Tunis, Tunisia, 302 (54˚34'45"N., 1˚13'00"W.) to: MESSINA, SICILY, ITALY Valencia, Spain, 764 Port Said, Egypt, 1,449 (38˚11'28"N., 15˚33'44"E.) to: Valletta, Malta, 156 Junction Points* Strait of Gibraltar, 791 Venezia, Italy, 647 Junction Points* Volos Greece (south of Greece), Bishop Rock, England, 591 Ports 645 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 326 Port Said, Egypt, 945 Volos Greece (via Corinth Canal), Barcelona, Spain, 285 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,049 604 Ports Civitavecchia, Italy, 180 Palma, Balearic Islands, 382 Ports METHIL, SCOTLAND Leith, Scotland, 133 (56˚11'00"N., 3˚00'00"W.) to: London, England, 293 MERS EL KEBIR, ALGERIA Alexandria, Egypt, 834 (35˚44'00"N., 0˚42'00"W.) to: Algiers, Algeria, 621 Junction Points* MIDWAY ISLAND, NORTH Alicante, Spain, 776 PACIFIC Ancona, Italy, 536 Bishop Rock, England, 698 (28˚13'00"N., 177˚22'00"W.) to: Annaba, Algeria, 401 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 246

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 64 MIIKE, JAPAN

Junction Points* MILAZZO, SICILY, ITALY Ports Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 5,418 (38˚13'00"N., 15˚15'00"E.) to: Port Said, Egypt, 3,264 Panama, Panama, 5,707 Aden, Yemen, 1,894 Singapore, 3,803 Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,382 Junction Points* Bombay, India, 1,514 Singapore (via Surigao Strait), Ports Port Said, Egypt, 973 4,828 MINA AL AHMADI, KUWAIT Strait of Gibraltar, 1,025 (29˚04'00"N., 48˚10'00"E.) to: Aden, Yemen, 1,873 Ports Bombay, India, 1,495 Ports Junction Points* Apia, Samoa, 2,546 MINA SULMAN, BAHRAYN Apra, Guam, 2,301 Napoli, Italy, 54 Cape of Good Hope, South (26˚17'00"N., 50˚32'30"E.) See Auckland, New Zealand, 3,937 Palermo, Sicily, 97 Africa, 5,104 Al Manamah. Avarua, Cook Islands, 3,140 Taranto, Italy, 316 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 5,440 Brisbane, Australia, 3,757 Port Said, Egypt, 3,286 MINATITLAN, MEXICO Callao, Peru, 6,280 MILFORD HAVEN, WALES Singapore, 3,825 (18˚00'00"N., 94˚32'00"W.) Add Christmas Island, Line Islands, (51˚42'00"N., 5˚02'00"W.) to: 18 miles to Coatzacoalcos 1,949 Ports distances. Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Junction Points* 1,651 Abadan, Iraq, 110 Bishop Rock, England, 129 MIRAGOANE, HAITI Funafuti, Tuvalu, 2,220 Al Basrah, Iraq, 140 (18˚27'30"N., 73˚06'00"W.) to: Guayaquil, Ecuador, 5,944 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 178 Bandar Abbas, Iraq, 497 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 286 Hakodate, Japan, 2,198 Bandar Mahshahr, Iraq, 128 Ports Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 4,421 Bombay, India, 1,517 Ports Hobart, Tasmania, 4,740 Cochin, India, 1,993 Kingston, Jamaica, 243 Hong Kong, China, 3,728 Ras Bahregan, Iraq, 116 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 526 Belfast, Northern Ireland, 222 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 1,149 Santo Domingo, Dominican Horta, Azores, 1,266 Jaluit, Marshall Islands, 1,534 MINA RAYSUT, OMAN Republic, 407 Johnston Island, 821 Liverpool, England, 197 (16˚56'58"N., 54˚02'00"E.) to: Kahului, Hawaii, U.S.A., 1,266 MISUMI, JAPAN Kaunakakai, Hawaii, U.S.A., MILLER ANCHORAGE, Junction Points* (32˚36'00"N., 130˚28'00"E.) to: 1,220 ELEUTHERA ISLAND, BAHAMA ISLANDS Kiska, Alaska, U.S.A., 1,453 Cape of Good Hope, South Ports Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 2,088 (24˚39'15"N., 76˚11'30"W.) to: Africa, 3,991 Koniya, Ryukyu Islands, 2,799 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 4,791 Junction Points* Chi-lung, Taiwan, 654 Levuka, Fiji Islands, 2,833 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 4,049 Hakata, Japan, 161 Manila, Philippines (north of Port Said, Egypt, 1,979 Panama, Panama, 1,115 Incheon, South Korea, 478 Luzon), 3,752 Singapore, 3,178 Straits of Florida, 495 Kagoshima, Japan, 184 Manila, Philippines (via San Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 3,409 Shanghai, China, 490 Bernardino Strait), 3,685 Torres Strait, Australia, 5,627 Nagasaki, Japan, 2,830 Ports Noumea, New Caledonia, 3,207 MITILINI, GREECE Ports (39˚06'13"N., 26˚33'23"E.) to: Pago Pago, American Samoa, Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., 507 Nuevitas, Cuba, 363 2,593 Aden, Yemen, 601 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 714 Junction Points* Papeete, French Polynesia, 3,190 Al Bashrah, Iraq, 1,460 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Bombay, India, 1,081 Port Said, Egypt, 592 Russia, 1,831 MILNER BAY, AUSTRALIA Calcutta, India, 2,566 (13˚56'30"S., 136˚25'00"E.) to: Strait of Gibraltar (south of Ponape, Caroline Islands, 1,882 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1,628 Greece), 1,528 Port Darwin, Australia (via Selat Fremantle, Australia, 4,767 Junction Points* Strait of Gibraltar (via Corinth Sele), 4,188 Penang, Malaysia, 2,878 Canal), 1,631 Qingdao, China, 3,303 Rangoon, Burma, 2,794 Cape of Good Hope, South Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 2,688 Ports San Diego, California, U.S.A., Africa, 6,656 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 2,557 MINA SAQR, UNITED ARAB 3,097 EMIRATES Honshu, Japan, 3,295 Iraklion, Greece, 229 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., (26˚00'08"N., 56˚01'54"E.) to: Iskenderun, Turkey, 612 2,792 Port Said, Egypt (via South of Java), 7,269 Izmir, Turkey, 84 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 2,817 Junction Points* Mersin, Turkey, 551 Shanghai, China, 3,184 Torres Strait, Australia, 375 Tetar Passage, Indonesia, 728 Piraievs, Greece, 191 Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 2,473 Cape of Good Hope, South Thessaloniki, Greece, 232 Surabaya, Indonesia (via Makassar Africa, 4,766 Strait), 4,632 Ports Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 4,933 Suva, Fiji Islands, 2,872 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 4,176 MOA, CUBA (20˚40'00"N., 74˚54'00"W.) to: Sydney, Australia, 4,138 Belawan, Indonesia, 2,736 Port Said, Egypt, 2,568 Geraldton, Australia, 2,220 Truk, Caroline Islands, 2,146 Singapore, 3,380 Junction Points* Valparaiso, Chile, 7,042 Hong Kong, China (via Basilan Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 3,559 Vladivostok, Russia, 2,612 Strait), 2,656 Torres Strait, Australia, 5,764 Manila, Philippines (via San Panama, Panama, 853 Wake Island, Pacific, 1,034 Straits of Florida, 510 Yokohama, Japan, 2,250 Bernardino Strait), 2,310 Ports Port Darwin, Australia, 683 Ports Tjilatjap, Indonesia, 1,838 Aden, Yemen, 1,531 MIIKE, JAPAN Zamboanga, Philippines (via North (33˚00'40"N., 130˚25'05"E.) to: Belawan, Indonesia, 3,114 of Celebes), 1,602 Kingston, Jamaica, 301 Bombay, India, 1,069 Nuevitas, Cuba, 154 Ports Fremantle, Australia, 4,937 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 533 MINA ABD ALLAH, KUWAIT Penang, Malaysia, 3,150 Hakodate, Japan, 864 (29˚01'00"N., 48˚12'00"E.) to: Kobe, Japan, 462 MOBILE, ALABAMA, U.S.A. MINA SAUD, KUWAIT (30˚42'30"N., 88˚02'30"W.) to: Nagasaki, Japan, 82 Junction Points* (28˚45'00"N., 48˚24'00"E.) to: Shimonoseki, Japan, 222 Junction Points* Yokohama, Japan (via Bungo Cape of Good Hope, South Junction Points* Suido), 766 Africa, 5,101 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 5,437 Straits of Florida, 471 Yokohama, Japan (via Osumi Cape of Good Hope, South Yucatan Channel, 558 Kaikyo), 725 Port Said, Egypt, 3,283 Africa, 5,082 Singapore, 3,822

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points MONROVIA, LIBERIA 65

Ports MOGPO, SOUTH KOREA MOI RANA, NORWAY Rangoon, Burma, 3,714 (34˚46'45"N., 126˚23'00"E.) to: (66˚18'31"N., 14˚06'57"E.) to: Sabang, Indonesia, 3,388 Belize, Belize, 845 Tanga, Tanzania, 69 Bocas del Toro, Panama, 1,340 Junction Points* Junction Points* Campeche, Mexico, 674 MON FALCONE, ITALY Carmen, Mexico, 749 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 2,725 Bishop Rock, England (via Dover (46˚45'56"N., 13˚33'45"E.) See Cartagena, Colombia, 1,450 Singapore, 2,407 Strait), 1,382 Trieste. Coatzacoalcos, Mexico, 834 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 2,760 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 1,367 Colon, Panama, 1,371 Selat Wetar, Indonesia (via Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Molucca Passage), 2,632 Entrance), Germany, 971 MONACO, MONACO La Habana, Cuba, 553 (43˚44'00"N., 7˚26'00"E.) to: Limon, Costa Rica, 1,292 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 685 Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, 950 Ports Skagens Odde, Denmark, 776 Junction Points* Puerto Cortes, Honduras, 915 Tampico, Mexico, 750 Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Ports Port Said, Egypt, 1,450 Tuxpan, Mexico, 776 Russia, 1,330 Strait of Gibraltar, 792 Veracruz, Mexico, 825 Balikpapan, Kalimantan, Bergen, Norway, 474 Indonesia, 2,308 Brevik, Norway, 762 Ports Bangkok, Thailand, 2,438 Hammerfest, Norway, 433 MOCAMBIQUE, MOZAMBIQUE Busan, South Korea, 225 Hull, England, 908 Barcelona, Spain, 280 (15˚01'00"S., 40˚43'00"E.) to: Dagu, China (south of Kasa Do), Oslo, Norway, 824 Napoli, Italy, 363 536 Reykjavik, Iceland, 1,0l0 Palma, Balearic Islands, 377 Junction Points* Dalian, China (south of Kasa Do), Zeebrugge, Belgium, 1,018 377 Hakodate, Japan, 897 MONI ANCHORAGE, Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, MOJI, JAPAN CYPRUS 1,807 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 1,904 (33˚6'30"N., 130˚57'30"E.) to: (34˚41'44"N., 33˚11'11"E.) to: Port Said, Egypt, 3,522 Hong Kong, China, 1,049 Singapore, 4,080 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 4,146 Ports Junction Points* Incheon, South Korea (south of Ka Ports Do), 236 Busan, South Korea, 123 Port Said, Egypt, 219 Incheon, South Korea (via Myondo Dalian, China, 633 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,931 Beira, Mozambique, 476 Do), 189 Incheon, South Korea, 485 Belawan, Indonesia, 3,747 Jakarta, Indonesia, 2,741 Manila, Philippines, 1,436 Ports Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 533 Lo hsing-ta Mao-ti, China, 665 Nagasaki, Japan, 152 Fremantle, Australia (north of Makassar, Sulawesi, 2,483 Tianjin, China, 840 Alexandria, Egypt, 274 Madagascar), 4,367 Manila, Philippines (east of Uglegorsk, Russia, 1,100 Algiers, Algeria, 1,482 Malacca, Malaysia, 3,965 Taiwan), 1,338 Yantai, China, 600 Banghazi, Libya, 692 Mtwara, Tanzania, 327 Nagasaki, Japan, 261 Barcelona, Spain, 1,567 Penang, Malaysia, 3,792 Nampo, North Korea (south of MOKPO, SOUTH KOREA Bari, Italy, 946 Port Darwin, Australia (via 20 Kasa Do), 320 (34˚46'45"N., 126˚23'00"E.) See Brindisi, Italy, 890 miles north of Scott Reef), Nampo, North Korea (via Myondo Mogpo. Cartagena, Spain, 1,675 5,304 Sudo), 288 Derince, Turkey, 731 Sabang, Indonesia, 3,481 Osaka, Japan, 544 MOLDE, NORWAY Izmir, Turkey, 510 Tulear, Madagascar, 532 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, (62˚44'06"N., 7˚10'00"E.) to: Marseille, France, 1,480 Victoria, Seychelles, 1,085 Russia (via La Perouse Strait), Tangier, Morocco, 1,917 1,943 Junction Points* Tunis, Tunisia, 1,140 MOCAMEDES, ANGOLA Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Yumurtalik, Turkey, 186 (15˚11'20"S., 12˚08'15"E.) to: Russia (via Myongyangdo), Pentland Firth, Scotland, 412 1,923 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 492 MONOPOLI, ITALY Junction Points* Port Darwin, Australia, 2,916 (40˚67'20"N., 17˚18'30"E.) to: Qingdao, China, 336 Ports Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Qinhuangdao China (south of Kasa Junction Points* 1,239 Do), 484 Bergen, Norway, 201 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 4,697 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Reykjavik, Iceland, 875 Port Said, Egypt, 953 5,125 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,346 Shanghai, China (via South Ports MOMBASA, KENYA Channel), 369 (4˚03'30"S., 39˚41'15"E.) to: Ports Lagos, Nigeria, 1,399 Tongyeong, South Korea, 189 Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Vladivostok, Russia, 726 Junction Points* Ancona, Italy, 239 2,939 Weihai, China (south of Kasa Do), Durres, Albania, 100 Walvisbaai, Namibia, 518 308 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Split, Croatia, 173 Weonsan, North Korea, 530 2,472 MOENGO, SURINAME Xiamen, China, 790 Port Said, Egypt, 3,006 Yantai, China (south of Kasa Do), MONROVIA, LIBERIA (5˚37'42"N., 54˚24'39"W.) Add Singapore, 3,987 (6˚20'00"N., 10˚49'00"W.) to: 88 l/2 miles to Paramaribo 342 distances. Yeosu, South Korea, 151 Ports Ports Yokohama, Japan, 838 MOGADISHU, SOMALIA Aden, Yemen, 1,619 Anecho, Togo, 850 (2˚01'21"N., 45˚21'02"E.) to: MOHAMMEDIA, MOROCCO Beira, Mozambique, 1,146 Cotonou, Benin, 893 (33˚42'52"N., 7˚23'52"W.) to: Belawan, Indonesia, 3,654 Dakar, Senegal, 693 Junction Points* Bombay, India, 2,404 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 264 Junction Points* Calcutta, India (via One and Half Guantanamo, Cuba, 3,828 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Degree Channel), 3,703 Lisboa, Portugal, 2,225 2,855 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2,555 Lome, Togo, 789 Port Said, Egypt, 2,493 4,951 Durban, South Africa, 1,718 Natal, Brazil, 1,629 Singapore, 3,611 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 944 Fremantle, Australia, 4,564 New York, New York, U.S.A., Karachi, Pakistan, 2,361 3,965 Ports Ports Malacca, Malaysia, 3,872 Pointe Noire, Congo, 1,525 Maputo, Mozambique, 1,508 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 3,045 Aden, Yemen, 1,106 Dakar, Senegal, 1,338 Massawa, Ethiopia, 2,006 Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Mombasa, Kenya, 502 Tangier, Morocco, 158 Mogadishu, Somalia, 502 1,069 Penang, Malaysia, 3,699 Sekondi, Ghana, 599 Port Darwin, Australia, 5,434 Takoradi, Ghana, 597

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 66 MONTEGO BAY, JAMAICA

MONTEGO BAY, JAMAICA Fastnet Rock, Ireland (via Strait of Strait), 2,901 MORMUGAO, INDIA (18˚29'15"N., 77˚57'30"W.) to: Belle Isle), 2,539 Port Castries, St. Lucia (via Strait (15˚25'00"N., 73˚47'30"E.) See Grand Banks South, 1,335 of Canso), 2,642 Marmagao, India. Junction Points* Ile d’Ouessant, France (via Strait Portland, Maine, U.S.A., 1,206 of Belle Isle), 2,901 Punta Arenas, Chile (via Cabot MORRO REDONDO, Straits of Florida, 642 Inishtrahull, Ireland (via Strait of Strait), 7,527 MEXICO Yucatan Channel, 450 Belle Isle), 2,545 Qaqortog (Julianehaab), Greenland (28˚03'20"N., 115˚10'16"W.) to: Panama, Panama (via Crooked (via Strait of Belle Isle), 1,470 Ports Island Passage and Windward Recife, Brazil (via Cabot Strait), Junction Points* Passage), 3,204 4,283 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 262 Pentland Firth, Scotland (via Strait Reykjavik, Iceland (via Strait of Honshu, Japan, 5,088 Santa Cruz del Sur, Cuba, 134 of Belle Isle), 2,641 Belle Isle), 2,130 Panama, Panama, 2,593 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 154 Straits of Florida (via Cabot Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 5,342 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,505 Strait), 2,531 Salvador, Brazil, 4,656 Torres Strait, Australia, 6,543 MONTEVIDEO, URUGUAY Straits of Florida (via Strait of San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua (via Tsugaru-Kaikyo, Japan, 4,883 (34˚54'30"S., 56˚13'30"W.) to: Canso), 2,467 Strait of Canso and Crooked Wilson Promontory, Australia, Island Passage), 3,220 6,812 Junction Points* Ports Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, 3,011 Ports Bishop Rock, England, 5,834 Argentia, Canada, 943 Santo Domingo, Dominican Cape of Good Hope, South Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Republic (via Cabot Strait), Amapala, Honduras, 1,952 Africa, 3,591 1,820 2,579 Ensenada, Mexico, 241 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 5,802 Belem Brazil (via Cabot Strait), Santos, Brazil, 5,544 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,351 Montreal, Canada, 6,344 3,680 Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 2,078 Monterey, California, U.S.A., 635 Panama, Panama, 5,379 Belize Belize (via Straits of Shelburne, Canada, 1,050 Talara, Peru, 2,831 Punta Arenas, Chile, 1,300 Florida), 3,034 St. John’s, Canada (via Cape Valparaiso, Chile, 4,515 Strait of Gibraltar, 5,178 Bordeaux, France (via Cape Race), 1,038 Straits of Florida, 5,598 Race), 3,171 Vigo, Spain (via Cape Race), MOSJOEN, NORWAY Yucatan Channel, 5,609 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 2,873 (65˚51'18"N., 13˚11'05"E.) to: 1,309 Willemstad, Curacao (via Cabot Ports Brunswick, Georgia, U.S.A., 2,074 Strait), 2,866 Junction Points* Buenos Aires, Argentina (via Angra dos Reis, Brazil, 1,031 Cabot Strait), 6,455 MONTROSE, SCOTLAND Pentland Firth, Scotland, 651 Bahia Blanca, Argentina, 466 Cadiz, Spain, 3,110 (56˚42'15"N., 2˚25'40"W.) to: Skagens Odde, Denmark, 732 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Cape Town, South Africa (via 5,831 Cabot Strait), 7,118 Junction Points* Ports Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A. 5,728 (via Strait of Canso), 2,000 Bishop Rock, England, 706 Bergen, Norway, 473 Bridgetown, Barbados, 4,096 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands Ile d’Ouessant, France, 698 Reykjavik, Iceland, 1,023 Brunswick, Georgia, U.S.A., 5,731 (via Strait of Canso), 2,405 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Cape Town, South Africa, 3,608 Charlottetown, Canada, 698 Entrance), Germany, 489 MOSKAL’VO, RUSSIA Charleston, South Carolina, Colon, Panama (via Strait of Pentland Firth, Scotland, 152 (53˚34'00"N., 142˚29'00"E.) to: U.S.A., 5,708 Canso), 3,126 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 433 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Dakar, Senegal, 3,562 Ports 4,530 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 4,019 Ports Charlottetown, Canada, 5,717 Funchal, Madeira Island, 2,877 Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Colon, Panama, 5,267 Georgetown, Guyana, 3,108 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 372 Russia, 230 Georgetown, Ascension Island, Halifax, Canada (via Cabot Strait), Antwerp, Belgium, 457 Bukhta, Russia, 472 2,824 958 Bremerhaven, Germany, 431 Yokohama, Japan, 1,453 Georgetown, Guyana, 3,840 Hamilton, Bermuda (via Strait of Dundee, Scotland, 30 Guantanamo, Cuba, 5,167 Canso), 1,621 Oostende, Belgium, 393 MOSS, NORWAY Halifax, Canada, 5,617 Horta, Azores (via Cabot Strait), Rotterdam, Netherlands, 385 (59˚26'18"N., 10˚39'30"E.) Hamilton, Bermuda, 5,097 2,145 Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 423 Subtract 19 miles from Oslo Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., Ivittuut, Greenland (via Strait of Zeebrugge, Belgium, 398 distances. 5,727 Belle Isle), 1,472 New York, New York, U.S.A., Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A. (via MOREHEAD CITY, NORTH MOSSELBAAI, SOUTH 5,749 Cabot Strait), 2,199 CAROLINA, U.S.A. AFRICA Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 5,710 Key West, Florida, U.S.A. (via (34˚39'10"N., 76˚40'33"W.) to: (34˚l0'00"S., 22˚09'00"E.) to: Paranagua, Brazil, 797 Straits of Florida), 2,468 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, La Guaira, Venezuela (via Strait of Junction Points* Junction Points* U.S.A., 5,804 Canso), 2,941 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 4,261 La Habana, Cuba (via Straits of Cape of Good Hope, South Cape of Good Hope, South Portland, Maine, U.S.A., 5,759 Florida), 2,528 Africa, 6,763 Africa, 206 Porto Alegre, Brazil, 482 Lisboa, Portugal (via Cape Race), Grand Banks South, 1,335 Singapore, 5,384 Recife, Brazil, 2,067 2,941 Montreal, Canada, 1,861 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1,037 Maracaibo, Venezuela (via Mona Panama, Panama, 1,670 Ports Rio Grande, Brazil, 313 Passage), 2,995 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,864 Salvador, Brazil, 1,735 Montevideo, Uruguay, 6,344 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,392 Belawan, Indonesia, 5,051 Santos, Brazil, 893 Murmansk, Russia, 3,870 Straits of Florida, 793 Fremantle, Australia, 4,525 Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 5,740 New York, New York, U.S.A., Malacca, Malaysia, 5,269 St. Helena Island, 2,936 1,516 Ports Penang, Malaysia, 5,096 Valparaiso, Chile, 2,740 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A. (via Port Darwin, Australia, 5,929 Wilmington, North Carolina, Cabot Strait), 1,697 Cape Town, South Africa, 6,752 Sabang, Indonesia, 4,785 U.S.A., 5,691 Paamiut (Frederikshaab), Georgetown, Guyana, 2,121 Greenland, 1,901 Halifax, Canada, 885 MOSSELBAY, SOUTH MONTREAL, CANADA* Panama, Panama (via Crooked Hamilton, Bermuda, 611 AFRICA (45˚30'10"N., 73˚33'00"W.) to: Island Passage), 3,204 Limon, Costa Rica, 1,730 (34˚l0'00"S., 22˚09'00"E.) See Paramaribo, Suriname, 3,184 Monrovia, Liberia, 4,028 Mosselbaai. Junction Points* Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1,966 (via Cabot Strait), 1,665 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,123 MOSTAGANEM, ALGERIA Bishop Rock, England (via Strait Ponta Delgada, Azores, 2,283 (35˚56'12"N., 0˚04'22"E.) to: of Belle Isle), 2,681 Port of Spain, Trinidad (via Cabot

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points NAKHODKA, RUSSIA 67

Junction Points* New York, New York, U.S.A. NAGASAKI, JAPAN Sele), 2,785 (south of Iceland), 3,948 (32˚44'30"N., 129˚52'15"E.) to: Qinhuangdao China, 702 Port Said, Egypt, 1,678 Nuuk (Godthab), Greenland, 2,598 Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 2,612 Strait of Gibraltar, 283 Oslo, Norway, 1,450 Junction Points* San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, (via Osumi Strait), 5,151 Ports U.S.A., 4,042 Panama, Panama (east of Honshu), San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Portland, Maine, U.S.A., 3,677 8,299 (via Tsugaru Strait), 5,030 Algiers, Algeria, 172 Reykjavik, Iceland (north of Panama, Panama (west of Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via Alicante, Spain, 148 Iceland), 1,501 Honshu), 8,200 Tsugaru Strait and north of Melilla, Morocco, 154 Reykjavik, Iceland (south of Punta Arenas, Chile, 9,567 Aleutian Islands), 4,705 Iceland), 1,529 Singapore (east of Taiwan), 2,413 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via Singapore (via Formosa Strait), MOURILYAN, AUSTRALIA Seydhisfjordhur, Iceland, 1,173 Tsugaru Strait and south of (17˚36'08"S., 146˚07'59"E.) See Stavanger, Norway, 1,199 2,427 Aleutian Islands), 4,765 Innisfail. Qaanaaq (Thule), Greenland, 3,462 Shanghai, China, 463 Trondheim, Norway, 875 Ports Shimonoseki, Japan, 159 Sydney, Australia, 4,439 MTWARA, TANZANIA Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, (10˚15'30"S., 40˚13'04"E.) to: MURORAN, JAPAN Valparaiso, Chile, 9,806 (42˚19'20"N., 140˚58'40"E.) to: Russia, 1,253 Vladivostok, Russia, 657 Junction Points* Apia, Samoa, 4,414 Weihai, China, 526 Ports Apra, Guam, 1,445 Weonsan, North Korea, 452 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Auckland, New Zealand (via Xiamen, China, 810 2,111 Bukhta Shelikhova, Kuril Islands, Koshiki Kaikyo and Yantai, China, 560 Port Said, Egypt, 3,265 Russia, 859 Tanegashima Kaikyo), 4,930 Yokohama, Japan (via Osumi Singapore, 4,042 Hachinohe, Japan, 123 Auckland, New Zealand (via Kaikyo), 691 Hakodate, Japan, 64 Tokara Kaikyo), 4,963 Avarua, Cook Islands, 5,219 Ports Kastka, Japan, 401 NAGOYA, JAPAN Kawasaki, Japan, 551 Busan, South Korea, 163 (35˚05'00"N., 136˚53'00"E.) to: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 230 Matsuga-hana, Japan, 310 Cebu, Philippines (via San Mocambique, Mozambique, 327 Moji, Japan (via Shimonoseki Bernardino Strait), 1,406 Ports Strait), 736 Dagu, China, 754 Osaka, Japan, 834 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A. Apra, Guam, 1,378 MUBARRAZ ISLAND, (south of Kyushu), 3,181 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Sasebo, Japan (via Korean Strait), Hachinohe, Japan, 577 (24˚26'55"N., 53˚32'00"E.) to: 831 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A. (via Hirohata, Japan, 259 Shimonoseki, Japan, 736 Tsugaru-Kaikyo), 3,011 Imabari, Japan, 341 Junction Points* Tokyo, Japan, 557 Hakata, Japan, 121 Kawasaki, Japan, 218 Tomari, Japan, 295 Hakodate, Japan, 801 Kobe, Japan, 245 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Hirohata, Japan, 373 Kure, Japan, 412 Hiroshima, Japan (via Kudako 5,078 MUTRAH, OMAN Moji, Japan, 433 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 5,170 (23˚38'13"N., 58˚34'50"E.) to: Suido), 285 Nagasaki, Japan (via Osumi Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 4,372 Hiroshima, Japan (via Moroshima Strait), 577 Port Said, Egypt, 2,969 Junction Points* Suido), 275 Shimizu, Honshu, Japan, 143 Singapore, 3,549 Hiroshima, Japan (via Nuwashima Shimonoseki, Japan, 434 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 3,774 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Suido), 277 Ube, Japan, 419 Torres Strait, Australia, 5,994 4,487 Hiroshima, Japan (via Obatake Yokohama, Japan, 214 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 4,760 Seto and north of Kasasa Jima), 264 Ports Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 3,982 NAHA, OKINAWA JIMA, Port Said, Egypt, 2,289 Hong Kong, China, 1,069 RYUKYU ISLANDS Aden, Yemen, 1,743 Singapore, 3,207 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,986 (26˚12'20"N., 127˚40'11"E.) to: Al Basrah, Iraq, 474 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 3,364 Iloilo, Philippines, 1,428 Belawan, Indonesia, 3,257 Torres Strait, Australia, 5,590 Incheon, South Korea, 453 Ports Bombay, India, 1,226 Jakarta, Indonesia, 2,712 Calcutta, India, 2,957 Ports Jaluit, Marshall Islands, 2,808 Apra, Guam, 1,236 Fremantle, Australia, 5,086 Kagoshima, Japan, 168 Busan, South Korea, 550 Penang, Malaysia, 3,250 Aden, Yemen, 1,254 Kamaishi, Japan, 972 Chi-lung, Taiwan, 337 Port Darwin, Australia, 5,333 Al Basrah, Iraq, 847 Kobe, Japan, 400 Hachinohe, Japan, 1,239 Belawan, Indonesia, 2,866 Kochi, Japan, 363 Shanghai, China, 479 Levuka, Fiji Islands (via MURMANSK, RUSSIA Karachi, Pakistan, 496 Shimonoseki, Japan, 530 (68˚58'30"N., 33˚03'00"E.) to: Malacca, Malaysia, 3,068 Tanegashima Kaikyo), 4,260 Penang, Malaysia, 2,902 Lianyungang, China, 558 NAJKIN, NORTH KOREA Junction Points* Lo hsing-ta Mao-ti, China, 691 (42˚14'00"N., 130˚18'00"E.) to: Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., MYRTLE GROVE, Montreal, Canada, 3,870 LOUISIANA, U.S.A. 5,572 Ports (29˚38'32"N., 89˚56'50"W.) Manila, Philippines, 1,298 Ports Subtract 34 miles from New Midway Island, 2,830 Kobe, Japan, 754 Orleans distances. Miike, Japan, 82 Tongyeong, South Korea, 501 Akureyri, Iceland, 1,256 Mogpo, South Korea, 261 Ulsan, South Korea, 418 Moji, Japan, 152 Bergen, Norway, 1,105 NAESTVED, DENMARK Yeosu, South Korea, 535 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., (55˚13'33"N., 11˚45'24"E.) to: Noumea, New Caledonia (via Bougainville Strait), 3,967 3,719 NAKAGUSUKU, OKINAWA Dikson, Russia, 1,025 Junction Points* Pago Pago, American Samoa, JIMA, RYUKYU ISLANDS Gronnedal, Greenland, 2,395 4,489 (26˚17'00"N., 127˚53'00"E.) to: Halifax, Canada, 3,368 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Papeete, French Polynesia, 5,572 Hvalfjordhur, Iceland, 1,531 Entrance), Germany, 74 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Ports Ivittuut, Greenland (direct), 2,201 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 212 Russia (via La Perouse Strait), Ivittuut, Greenland (via 75 miles 1,845 Apra, Guam, 1,216 off Kap Farvel), 2,310 Ports Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Dagu, China, 1,026 Keflavik, Iceland, 1,503 Russia (via Osumi Kaikyo), Manila, Philippines, 935 Liverpool, England, 1,703 Gdynia, Poland, 383 2,039 Shanghai, China, 515 Longyearbyen, Svalbard, 695 Goteborg, Sweden, 1396 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Yokohama, Japan, 839 Mys Chelyuskin, Russia, 1,390 Lubeck, Germany, 136 Russia (via Tsugaru Strait), New York, New York, U.S.A. 1,858 NAKHODKA, RUSSIA (north of Iceland), 3,844 Ponape, Caroline Islands, 2,256 (42˚49'07"N., 132˚53'52"E.) to: Port Darwin, Australia (via Selat

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 68 NAKNEK, ALASKA, U.S.A.

Ports Yantai, China, 205 Ports Porto di Milazzo, Sicily, 54 Yokohama, Japan, 1,109 Porto Vecchio di Piombino, Italy, Busan, South Korea, 508 Apia, Samoa, 1,710 227 Hakodate, Japan, 62 NAMSOS, NORWAY Auckland, New Zealand (via Vitia Reggio Di Calabria, Sicily, 179 Shanghai, China, 991 (64˚28'00"N., 11˚29'25"E.) to: and Surigao Straits), 4,532 Rijeka, Croatia, 775 Shimonoseki, Japan, 552 Callao, Peru, 5,660 Savona, Italy, 350 Junction Points* Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Sete, France, 515 NAKNEK, ALASKA, U.S.A. 5,684 Sibenik, Croatia, 648 (58˚42'00"N., 157˚15'00"W.) to: Pentland Firth, Scotland, 615 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Siracusa, Sicily, 247 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 696 5,731 Split, Croatia, 633 Junction Points* Suva, Fiji Islands, 1,341 Tarabulus, Libya, 516 Ports Sydney, Australia (via Cook Taranto, Italy, 395 Panama, Panama, 5,604 Strait), 1,436 Thessaloniki, Greece (south of Bergen, Norway, 384 Yokohama, Japan (via Greece), 876 Ports Bougainville Strait), 5,086 Thessaloniki, Greece (via Corinth NAN-CHING, CHINA Canal), 834 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,404 (32˚06'00"N., 118˚44'00"E.) See NAPLES, ITALY Toulon, France, 424 Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 881 Nanjing, China. (40˚50'19"N., 14˚16'20"E.) See Trapani, Italy, 198 San Diego, California, U.S.A., Napoli. Trieste, Italy, 808 2,788 NANAIMO, CANADA Tunis, Tunisia, 313 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 2,020 (49˚10'00"N., 123˚55'45"W.) to: NAPOLI, ITALY Valencia, Spain, 690 (40˚50'19"N., 14˚16'20"E.) to: Valletta, Malta, 327 NAKSKOV, DENMARK Ports Venezia, Italy, 818 (54˚50'00"N., 11˚07'30"E.) to: Junction Points* Villa San Giovanni, Italy, 173 Bellingham, Washington, U.S.A., Villefranche, France, 369 Junction Points* 76 Port Said, Egypt, 1,116 Volos, Greece (south of Greece), New Westminster, Canada, 47 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,001 817 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Port Angeles, Washington, Volos, Greece (via Corinth Canal), Entrance), Germany, 46 U.S.A., 98 Ports 775 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 213 Prince Rupert, Canada, 453 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 132 Al Latakia, Syria, 1,191 NARSARSUAQ, Ports Vancouver, Canada, 35 Alexandria, Egypt, 1,005 GREENLAND Victoria, Canada, 86 Algiers, Algeria, 582 (61˚09'45"N., 45˚27'45"W.) to: Gdynia, Poland, 335 Alicante, Spain, 723 Junction Points* Goteborg, Sweden, 201 NANAO, JAPAN Ancona, Italy, 707 Swinoujscie, Poland, 190 (37˚03'40"N., 136˚58'00"E.) to: Annaba, Algeria, 388 Banghazi, Libya, 602 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 1,384 NAMPO, NORTH KOREA Ports Banzart, Tunisia, 300 Strait of Gibraltar, 2,257 (38˚43'00"N., 125˚25'00"E.) to: Barcelona, Spain, 559 Busan, South Korea, 476 Bari, Italy, 500 Ports Junction Points* Hakodate, Japan, 337 Basti, Corsica, 258 Maizuru, Japan, 213 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,198 Churchill, Canada, 1,513 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 2,946 Shimonoseki, Japan, 453 Brindisi, Italy, 442 Reykjavik, Iceland, 830 Singapore, 2,621 Vladivostok, Russia, 460 Cagliari, Sardinia, 272 St. John’s, Canada, 916 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 2,974 Cannes, France, 381 Selat Wetar, Indonesia (via Selat NANCHITAL, MEXICO Cartagena, Spain, 756 NARVIK, NORWAY Manipa), 2,861 (18˚00'00"N., 94˚27'00"W.) Add Catania, Sicily, 225 (68˚25'30"N., 17˚25'00"E.) to: 3 miles to Coatzacoalcos distances. Ceuta, Morocco, 982 Ports Civitavecchia, Italy, 152 Junction Points* Genova, Italy, 338 NANJING, CHINA Bishop Rock, England (via English Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, (32˚06'00"N., 118˚44'00"E.) Add Gibraltar, 983 Channel), 1,505 Russia, 1,601 177 miles to Shanghai distances. Haifa, Israel, 1,194 Bangkok, Thailand (outer bar), Iraklion, Kriti, 681 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 1,498 2,652 Istanbul, Turkey (south of Busan, South Korea (via Maenggol NANORTALIK, GREENLAND Greece), 981 Ports (60˚08'30"N., 45˚14'35"W.) to: Sudo), 496 Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth Aberdeen, England, 869 Dagu, China, 369 Junction Points* Canal), 940 Dalian, China, 180 Izmir, Turkey (south of Greece), Antwerp, Belgium, 1,211 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2,118 827 Bergen, Norway, 824 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 1,291 Bremerhaven, Germany, 1,058 Hong Kong, China, 1,263 Strait of Gibraltar, 2,138 Izmir, Turkey (via Corinth Canal), Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 4,417 785 Dundee, England, 920 Le Havre, France, 1,304 Incheon, South Korea, 216 Ports La Spezia, Italy, 302 Jakarta, Indonesia, 2,955 Livorno, Italy, 267 Leith, England, 948 London, England, 1,215 Lo hsing-ta Mao-ti, China, 879 Churchill, Canada, 1,511 Malaga, Spain, 932 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Marseille, France, 456 Longyearbyen, Svalbard, 659 Reykjavik, Iceland, 737 Oslo, Norway, 993 5,711 St. John’s, Canada, 821 Messina, Sicily, 175 Manila, Philippines, 1,559 Monaco, Monaco, 363 Pechenga, Russia, 500 Mogpo, South Korea (south of Nice, France, 369 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Kasa Do), 320 NANTES, FRANCE Odessa, Ukraine (south of U.S.A., 3,911 (47˚11'42"N., 1˚35'15"W.) Add Mogpo, South Korea (via Myondo Greece), 1,329 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 1,139 29 miles to St. Nazaire distances. Sudo), 288 Odessa, Ukraine (via Corinth Stavanger, Norway, 713 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Canal), 1,288 Stockholm, Sweden, 1,612 Russia, 2,214 NAPIEIR, NEW ZEALAND Olbia, Sardinia, 222 Teesport, England, 993 Qingdao, China, 309 (39˚28'00"S., 176˚57'21"E.) to: Oran, Algeria, 775 Trondheim, Norway, 408 Qinhuangdao China, 307 Palermo, Sicily, 170 Junction Points* Shanghai, China, 561 Palma, Balearic Islands, 582 NASIPIT, PHILIPPINES Shantou, China, 1,113 Patrai, Greece, 485 (8˚59'27"N., 125˚20'03"E.) to: Panama, Panama, 6,441 Vladivostok, Russia, 997 Piraievs, Greece (south of Punta Arenas, Chile, 4,490 Weihai, China, 172 Greece), 667 Junction Points* Torres Strait, Australia (via Cook Weonsan, North Korea (via Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth Strait), 2,827 Maenggol Sudo), 801 Canal), 586 Honshu, Japan, 1,770 Wilson Promontory, Australia (via Xiamen, China, 1,004 Port Vendres, France, 521 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 1,332 Cook Strait), 1,547

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points NEW YORK, NEW YORK, U.S.A. 69

Panama, Panama, 9,376 New York, New York, U.S.A., Hakodate, Japan, 389 Junction Points* Punta Arenas, Chile, 8,880 3,532 Korsakov, Sakhalin, Russia, 115 Singapore, 1,410 Paramaribo, Suriname, 1,476 Niigata, Japan, 549 Panama, Panama (via South Pass), Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 1,655 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1,228 Otaru, Japan, 213 1,433 Torres Strait, Australia, 1,783 St. John’s, Canada, 3,341 Straits of Florida (via South Pass), NEW AMSTERDAM, 524 Ports NAVARINO BAY, GREECE GUYANA Yucatan Channel, 577 (36˚54'12"N., 21˚40'43"E.) to: (6˚25'00"N., 57˚28'36"W.) to: Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Ports Russia, 2,706 Junction Points* Junction Points* Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 1,166 Barranquilla, Colombia, 1,458 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 4,471 Port Said, Egypt, 655 Panama, Panama, 1,581 Belize, Belize (via South Pass), Manila, Philippines, 633 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,337 Yucatan Channel, 1,907 850 Tarakan, Indonesia, 1,070 Bocas del Toro, Panama (via South Vladivostok, Russia, 2,124 Ports Ports Pass and inside route), 1,353 Weonsan, Korea, 1,976 Campeche, Mexico (via Southwest Alexandria, Egypt, 539 Belem, Brazil, 859 Pass), 650 NASSAU, BAHAMA ISLANDS Algiers, Algeria, 902 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Carmen, Mexico, 723 (25˚05'10"N., 77˚19'50"W.) to: Alicante, Spain, 1,065 903 Cartagena, Colombia, 1,468 Ashdod, Israel, 719 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 437 Coatzacoalcos, Mexico, 801 Junction Points* Bari, Italy, 350 Colon, Panama, 1,389 Beirut, Lebanon, 715 NEW HAVEN, La Habana, Cuba (via South Pass), Panama, Panama (via Windward Cannes, France, 1,210 CONNECTICUT, U.S.A. 602 Passage), 1,210 Dhekelia, Cyprus, 635 (41˚17'24"N., 75˚54'30"W.) to: Maracaibo, Venezuela (via South Straits of Florida, 393 Es Sider, Libya, 413 Pass), 1,629 Yucatan Channel, 556 Iskenderun, Turkey, 501 Junction Points* Matanzas, Cuba, 641 Limassol, Cyprus, 598 Progreso, Mexico, 556 Ports Moni Anchorage, Cyprus, 603 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 2,867 Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, 961 Tangier, Morocco, 1,336 Panama, Panama, 2,106 Puerto Cortes, Honduras (via Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., 880 Tarabulus, Lebanon, 728 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,161 South Pass), 916 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua, Ports 1,173 NAVLAKHI, INDIA 1,262 Bridgetown, Barbados, 1,284 (22˚57'52"N., 70˚26'32"E.) Tampico, Mexico (via Southwest Charleston, South Carolina, Subtract 90 miles from Okha Halifax, Canada, 540 Pass), 711 U.S.A., 507 distances. La Habana, Cuba, 1,280 Tela, Honduras, 915 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 868 Tuxpan, Mexico (via Southwest Colon, Panama, 1,178 NAVPLION, GREECE NEW LONDON, Pass), 739 Fernandina, Florida, U.S.A., 450 (37˚33'45"N., 22˚47'00"E.) to: CONNECTICUT, U.S.A. Veracruz, Mexico (via Southwest Guantanamo, Cuba, 503 (41˚21'30"N., 72˚05'30"W.) to: Pass), 789 Hamilton, Bermuda, 829 Junction Points* Junction Points* Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A. (via NEW PLYMOUTH, NEW Northeast Providence Channel), Port Said, Egypt, 617 ZEALAND Bishop Rock, England, 2,849 456 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,484 (39˚02'08"S., 174˚02'30"E.) to: Kingston, Jamaica, 667 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 2,727 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 2,831 La Habana, Cuba, 390 Ports Junction Points* Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 191 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 3,041 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,106 New York, New York, U.S.A., 962 Iraklion, Kriti, 237 Panama, Panama, 6,712 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 758 Izmir, Turkey, 258 Punta Arenas, Chile (via 50˚S), Ports Nuevitas, Cuba, 454 Piraievs, Greece, 142 4,690 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Torres Strait, Australia, 2,502 U.S.A., 930 Bordeaux, France, 3,153 Wilson Promontory, Australia, NEGAPPATTINAM, INDIA Hamilton, Bermuda, 667 Port au Prince, Haiti, 564 (10˚46'00"N., 79˚55'00"E.) to: 1,282 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 799 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 566 Junction Points* NEW MANGALORE, INDIA Ports Santo Domingo, Dominican (12˚5'32"N., 74˚48'00"E.) to: Republic, 851 Singapore, 1,568 Hobart, Tasmania, 1,213 Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 503 Junction Points* Kobe, Japan (via Bougainville Wilmington, North Carolina, Ports Strait), 4,946 U.S.A., 561 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Melbourne, Australia (via west of 4,523 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 476 Timor), 1,410 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 3,695 NATAL, BRAZIL Suva, Fiji Islands, 1,317 (5˚45'00"S., 35˚11'00"W.) to: Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 2,939 Sydney, Australia, 1,124 NELSON, NEW ZEALAND Port Said, Egypt, 3,091 Yokohama, Japan (via (41˚14'00"S., 173˚15'00"E.) to: Junction Points* Singapore, 2,124 Bougainville Strait), 4,881 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 2,308 Junction Points* Ile d’Ouessant, France, 3,619 Torres Strait, Australia, 4,549 NEW WESTMINSTER, Punta Arenas, Chile, 3,400 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 2,794 CANADA Ports Strait of Gibraltar, 3,003 Torres Strait, Australia, 2,646 (49˚12'00"N., 122˚54'30"W.) to: Al Basrah, Iraq, 1,907 Ports Ports Ports Bombay, India, 402 Calcutta, India, 1,487 Nanaimo, Canada, 47 Belem, Brazil, 954 Auckland, New Zealand, 633 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 495 Port Angeles, Washington, U.S.A., Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, 1,604 Brisbane, Australia, 1,380 Okha, India, 659 90 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2,329 Sydney, Australia, 1,166 Dakar, Senegal, 1,620 Trincomalee, Sri Lanka, 703 Prince Rupert, Canada, 492 El Ferrol del Caudillo, Spain, Victoria, Seychelles, 1,562 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 126 NEVELS’K, RUSSIA 3,312 (46˚40'00"N., 141˚51'00"E.) to: Freetown, Sierra Leone, 1,569 NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, NEW YORK, NEW YORK, Galway, Ireland, 3,786 Ports U.S.A. U.S.A. Georgetown, Guyana, 1,630 (29˚57'00"N., 90˚03'30"W.) to: (40˚42'00"N., 74˚01'00"W.) to: Lagos, Nigeria, 2,425 Akita, Japan, 450 Monrovia, Liberia, 1,629

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 70 NEWARK, NEW JERSEY, U.S.A.

Junction Points* Grand Turk, Grand Turk Island, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,770 Ports 1,167 Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico, Bishop Rock, England, 2,937 Guantanamo, Cuba (via Crooked 1,429 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 286 Cape of Good Hope, South Island Passage), 1,312 Salvador, Brazil, 4,089 Antwerp, Belgium, 351 Africa, 6,814 Halifax, Canada, 600 San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua (via Bergen, Norway, 403 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 2,815 Hamilton, Bermuda, 697 Crooked Island Passage), 2,032 Bremerhaven, Germany, 374 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 2,919 Horta, Fayal, Azores, 2,098 San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua (via Dunkerque, France, 307 Montreal, Canada, 1,516 Isabel Segunda, Isla de Vieques, Straits of Florida, southbound), Egersund, Norway, 329 Panama, Panama (via Windward 1,430 2,047 Emden, Germany, 329 Passage), 2,016 Ivittuut, Greenland, 1,933 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,399 Esbjerg, Denmark, 349 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 3,120 Jacmel, Haiti, 1,489 Santa Barbara de Samana, Hamburg, Germany, 424 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,916 Kingston, Jamaica (via Crooked Dominican Republic, 1,334 Hull, England, 143 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,180 Island Passage), 1,474 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Kristiansand, Norway, 376 Straits of Florida, 1,237 Kingstown, St. Vincent, 1,791 Islands, 2,936 Le Havre, France, 411 Yucatan Channel, 1,366 La Ceiba, Honduras, 1,743 Santa Marta, Colombia (via London, England, 325 La Guaira, Venezuela (via Mona Crooked Island Passage), 1,783 Oostende, Belgium, 291 Ports Passage), 1,848 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba (via Oslo, Norway, 528 La Habana, Cuba, 1,186 Crooked Island Passage), 1,362 Plymouth, England, 524 Abraham Bay, Bahamas, 1,115 Lagos, Nigeria, 4,883 Santo Domingo, Dominican Portland, England, 453 Antilla, Cuba, 1,226 Las Cayes, Haiti, 1,447 Republic, 1,489 Portsmouth, England, 403 Argentia, Canada, 1,009 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 2,965 Santos, Brazil, 4,957 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 285 Arkhangel’sk, Russia (Clear of Las Piedras, Venezuela, 1,796 Sint Nicolaashaven, Aruba (via Southampton, England, 421 general maximum winter solid Limon, Costa Rica (via Crooked Mona Passage), 1,761 Stavanger, Norway, 349 pack ice in the vicinity of Island Passage), 2,047 Sint Nicolaashaven, Aruba (via Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 367 Iceland), 4,320 Lisboa, Portugal, 2,980 Windward Passage), 1,805 Zeebrugge, Belgium, 289 Arkhangel’sk, Russia, 4,216 Liverpool, Canada, 536 St. John, Canada (via Vineyard Bahia de Samana, Dominican Luanda, Angola, 5,670 Sound and Long Island Sound), NEWPORT, RHODE ISLAND, Republic, 1,328 Luderitz Bay, Namibia, 6,393 486 U.S.A. Bahia Blanca, Argentina, 6,154 Maracaibo, Venezuela, 1,890 St. John, Canada (Nantucket Light (41˚29'50"N., 71˚19'50"W.) Bahia Honda, Cuba (outside), Matanzas, Cuba, 1,167 Buoy), 545 Subtract 20 miles from Providence 1,226 Mathew Town, Great Inagua Island St. John’s, Canada, 1,093 distances. Banes, Cuba (via Crooked Island (via Crooked Island Passage), St. John’s, Antigua (via Anegada Passage), 1,216 1,205 Channel), 1,572 NEWPORT, WALES Baracoa, Cuba, 1,226 Monrovia, Liberia, 3,965 St. Pierre, Martinique (via (51˚33'20"N., 2˚58'00"W.) to: Barranquilla, Colombia, 1,801 Montecristi, Dominican Republic, Anegada Channel), 1,705 Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe (via 1,265 Sydney, Canada, 808 Junction Points* Anegada Channel), 1,624 Montevideo, Uruguay, 5,753 Vigo, Spain, 2,914 Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Murmansk, Russia (north of Villa do Porto, Azores, 2,279 Bishop Rock, England, 177 1,531 Iceland), 3,844 Vitoria, Brazil, 4,507 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 258 Belem, Brazil, 3,015 Murmansk, Russia (south of Walvisbaai, Namibia, 6,228 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 371 Bilbao, Spain, 3,160 Iceland), 3,948 Willemstad, Curacao, 1,771 Bocas del Toro, Panama (via Nassau, Bahamas (via Northwest Yarmouth, Canada (Nantucket Ports Crooked Island Passage), 2,048 Providence Channel), 962 Light Buoy), 464 Boma, Congo, 5,591 Natal, Brazil, 3,541 Yarmouth, Canada (via Pollok Rip Cardiff, Wales, 16 Bordeaux, France, 3,241 Nuevitas, Cuba (via Crooked Channel), 440 Cobh, Ireland, 210 Brest, France, 3,022 Island Passage), 1,274 Cork, Ireland, 220 Bridgetown, Barbados, 1,829 Oporto, Portugal, 2,953 NEWARK, NEW JERSEY, Dover, England, 439 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,871 Paamiut (Frederikshaab), U.S.A. Dublin, Ireland, 219 Cadiz, Spain, 3,155 Greenland, 1,959 (40˚42'00"N., 74˚09'00"W.) See Falmouth, England, 191 Cap-Haitien, Haiti, 1,283 Paramaribo, Suriname, 2,334 Port Newark. Limerick, Ireland, 418 Cape Town, South Africa, 6,786 Parrsboro, Canada, 591 Liverpool, England, 284 Cartagena, Colombia (via Crooked Plymouth, Montserrat, 1,574 NEWCASTLE, AUSTRALIA Manchester, England, 324 Island Passage), 1,853 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 1,652 (32˚55'30"S., 151˚47'00"E.) to: Plymouth, England, 224 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Ponce, Puerto Rico (via Mona Portsmouth, England, 341 1,434 Passage), 1,462 Junction Points* Southampton, England, 339 Charlottetown, Canada (via Strait Ponta Delgada, Azores, 2,246 Waterford, Ireland, 170 of Canso), 832 Porlamar, Venezuela (via Virgin Panama, Panama, 7,654 Christiansted, Virgin Islands (via Passage), 1,879 NEWPORT NEWS, VIRGINIA, Virgin Passage), 1,465 Port au Prince, Haiti (via Crooked Ports U.S.A. Cienfuegos, Cuba (via Crooked Island Passage), 1,372 (36˚58'00"N., 76˚26'00"W.) Island Passage), 1,682 Port of Spain, Trinidad (via Virgin Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Subtract 3 miles from Norfolk Colon, Panama (via Crooked Passage), 1,939 6,456 distances. Island Passage), 1,974 Port Antonio, Jamaica (via Portland, Oregon, U.S.A., 6,833 Colon, Panama (via Yucatan Crooked Island Passage), 1,423 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., NHA BE, VIETNAM Channel), 2,176 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 1,747 6,467 (10˚42'00"N., 106˚45'00"E.) Corunna, Spain, 2,917 Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Subtract 9 miles from Ho Chi Minh Dakar, Senegal, 3,335 2,913 NEWCASTLE, CANADA distances. Elizabeth Harbor, Bahamas, 1,048 Praia Da Vitoria, Terceira, Azores, (47˚00'04"N., 65˚34'00"W.) Add Fernando de Noronha, 3,517 2,173 4 miles to Chatham distances. NHA TRANG BAY, VIETNAM Fort de France, Martinique (via Progreso, Mexico, 1,609 (12˚15'00"N., 109˚13'00"E.) to: Anegada Channel), 1,717 Puerto Barrios, Guatemala (via NEWCASTLE, ENGLAND Fort Liberte, Haiti, 1,283 Straits of Florida, southbound), (54˚58'00"N., 1˚35'00"W.) to: Junction Points* Fortaleza, Brazil, 3,304 1,804 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 3,757 Puerto Cortes, Honduras (via Junction Points* Singapore, 769 Funchal, Madeira Island, 2,761 Straits of Florida, southbound), Georgetown, Ascension Island, 1,764 Bishop Rock, England, 616 Ports 4,395 Puerto Manati, Cuba, 1,244 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 604 Georgetown, Guyana, 2,317 Qaqortoq (Julianehaab), Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 264 Gibara, Cuba (via Crooked Island Greenland, 1,911 Entrance), Germany, 439 Hong Kong, China, 678 Passage), 1,216 Recife, Brazil, 3,698 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 265 Kao-hsiung Kang, Taiwan, 895 Gonaives, Haiti, 1,328 Reykjavik, Iceland, 2,495 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 445 Manila, Philippines, 706

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points NORFOLK, VIRGINIA, U.S.A. 71

NICE, FRANCE Manzanillo, Mexico, 3,351 Junction Points* Rauma, Finland, 678 (43˚41'40"N., 7˚17'07"E.) to: Mollendo, Peru, 6,213 Riga, Latvia, 555 Quepos, Costa Rica, 4,665 Bishop Rock, England, 727 Ronne, Denmark, 175 Junction Points* Victoria, Canada, 1,311 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 716 Rostock, Germany, 92 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 565 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 323 Port Said, Egypt, 1,456 NIKOLAYEVSK-NA-AMURE, Skagens Odde, Denmark, 224 Ruch’i, Russia, 766 Strait of Gibraltar, 788 RUSSIA Sankt-Peterburg, Russia, 779 (53˚07'30"N., 140˚43'00"E.) to: Ports Sonderborg, Denmark, 46 Ports Southampton, England, 533 Junction Points* Aalborg, Denmark, 207 Stockholm, Sweden, 503 Ajaccio, Corsica, 138 Aarhus, Denmark, 131 Stralsund, Germany, 104 Almeria, Spain, 627 Panama, Panama (via Unimak Abenra, Denmark, 66 Sundsvall, Sweden, 684 Cagliari, Sardinia, 354 Pass), 7,296 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 291 Swinoujscie, Poland, 186 Civitavecchia, Italy, 220 Antwerp, Belgium, 398 Szczecin, Poland, 222 Constanta, Romania (south of Ports Assens, Denmark, 65 Tallinn, Estonia, 603 Greece), 1,518 Baltiysk, Russia, 353 Travemunde, Germany, 88 Constanta, Romania (via Corinth Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Bremerhaven, Germany, 129 Trelleborg, Sweden, 141 Canal), 1,476 Russia (via South Channel), 162 Calais, France, 408 Turku, Finland, 576 Genova, Italy, 89 Bukhta Shelikhova, Kuril Islands, Cherbourg, France, 554 Umea, Sweden, 751 Iraklion, Kriti, 1,012 Russia (north of Sakhalin), 677 Den Helder, Netherlands, 263 Uusikaupunki, Finland, 624 Iskenderun, Turkey, 1,553 Dagu, China, 1,961 Dover, England, 410 Vaa, Finland, 744 Istanbul, Turkey (south of Hong Kong, China (via South Dundee, Scotland, 501 Vejle, Denmark, 106 Greece), 1,321 Channel), 2,394 Dunkerque, France, 386 Ventspils, Latvia, 434 Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth Matsuga-hana, Japan, 741 Emden, Germany, 197 Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 126 Canal), 1,279 Pago Pago, American Samoa (via Esbjerg, Denmark, 372 Wismar, Germany, 84 Izmir, Turkey, 1,160 Nemuro Strait and La Perouse Faborg, Denmark, 53 Zeebrugge, Belgium, 354 Kerch, Ukraine (south of Greece), Strait), 4,913 Fecamp, France, 482 1,756 Qingdao, China, 1,750 Flensburg, Germany, 52 NORDENHAM, GERMANY Kerch, Ukraine (via Corinth San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Fredericia, Denmark, 85 (53˚29'00"N., 8˚29'40"E.) Add 5 Canal), 1,714 (via Unimak Pass), 4,099 Frederikshavn, Denmark, 200 1/2 miles to Bremerhaven Larnaca, Cyprus, 1,457 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via Gavle, Sweden, 615 distances. Livorno, Italy, 134 Unimak Pass), 3,748 Gdansk, Poland, 344 Marsaxlokk, Malta, 596 Shanghai, China, 1,742 Gdynia, Poland, 339 Mersin, Turkey, 1,495 NORFOLK, VIRGINIA, U.S.A. Sovetskaya Gavan, Russia (via Goteborg, Sweden, 230 (36˚51'00"N., 76˚18'00"W.) to: Messina, Sicily, 515 South Channel), 276 Grena, Denmark, 140 Milos, Greece, 970 Tomari, Japan, 694 Haderslev, Denmark, 72 Junction Points* Napoli, Italy, 369 Xiamen, China (via South Halmsted, Sweden, 188 Patrai, Greece, 825 Channel), 2,138 Hamburg, Germany, 91 Bishop Rock, England, 3,101 Sant Antioco Ponti, Sardinia, 310 Zaliv Urkt, Russia (north of Hamina, Finland, 747 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Thessaloniki, Greece, 1,210 Sakhalin), 209 Hango, Finland, 564 6,802 Valletta, Malta, 592 Helsingborg, Sweden, 176 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 2,979 NOME, ALASKA, U.S.A. Helsingor, Denmark, 175 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 3,083 NIIGATA, JAPAN (64˚29'00"N., 165˚25'00"W.) to: Helsinki, Finland, 625 Montreal, Canada (via Cabot (37˚58'00"N., 139˚04'00"E.) to: Horsens, Denmark, 131 Strait), 1,700 Junction Points* Kalmar, Sweden, 289 Panama, Panama (via Windward Junction Points* Kalundborg, Denmark, 111 Passage), 1,825 Panama, Panama, 5,834 Karlskrona, Sweden, 235 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 3,280 Panama, Panama, (via Tsugaru- Klaipeda, Lithuania, 400 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,900 Kaikyo), 7,648 Ports Kobenhavn, Denmark (via Store Strait of Gibraltar, 3,335 Punta Arenas, Chile (via Tsugaru Baelt), 202 Straits of Florida (via outer route), Kaikyo), 9,687 Apra, Guam, 3,686 Kobenhavn, Denmark (via The 980 Singapore, 2,976 Auckland, New Zealand, 6,159 Sound), 162 Yucatan Channel, 1,l65 Callao, Peru, 6,578 Koge, Denmark, 153 Ports Cordova, Alaska, U.S.A., 1,409 Kolding, Denmark, 86 Ports Hakodate, Japan, 2,347 Korsor, Denmark, 73 Busan, South Korea, 516 Hong Kong, China, 4,145 Kotka, Finland, 694 Argentia, Canada, 1,189 Hakodate, Japan, 247 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. (via Kyndbyvaerkets, Denmark, 164 Arkhangel’sk, Russia, 4,399 Incheon, South Korea, 894 Unimak Pass), 2,674 Landskrona, Sweden, 167 Banes, Cuba (via Crooked Island Kawasaki, Japan (via Balintang Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Le Havre, France, 522 Passage), 1,018 Channel), 762 2,968 Limhamn, Sweden, 159 Belem, Brazil, 2,832 Maizuru, Japan, 256 Manila, Philippines, 4,379 London, England, 439 Belize, Belize, 1,503 Muroran, Japan (via Balintang Pago Pago, American Samoa, Lubeck, Germany, 99 Bocas del Toro, Panama (via Channel), 293 4,748 Lulea, Sweden, 875 Crooked Island Passage), 1,853 Nagoya, Japan (via Balintang Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Malmo, Sweden, 205 Bordeaux, France, 3,405 Channel), 906 Russia, 1,317 Masnedsund, Denmark, 149 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,786 Nevel’sk, Russia, 549 Pevek, Russia, 700 Middlefart, Denmark, 84 Cadiz, Spain, 3,303 Osaka, Japan (via Shimonoseki Prince Rupert, Canada, 1,846 Musko Island, Sweden, 473 Cape Town, South Africa, 6,790 Strait), 743 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Naestved, Denmark, 94 Cartagena, Colombia (via Crooked Shimonoseki, Japan, 492 2,636 Nakskov, Denmark, 46 Island Passage), 1,658 Vladivostok, Russia, 453 Sasebo, Japan (via Osumi Newcastle, England, 439 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Kaikyo), 3,373 Norrkoping, Sweden, 459 1,296 NIKISKI, ALASKA, U.S.A. Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via Odense, Denmark, 117 Cienfuegos, Cuba (via Windward (60˚40'30"N., 151˚24'30"W.) to: Juan de Fuca Strait), 2,288 Oostende, Belgium, 364 Passage), 1,482 Sydney, Australia, 6,280 Ornskolosvik, Sweden, 733 Coatzacoalcos, Mexico, 1,736 Junction Points* Valparaiso, Chile, 7,728 Oulu, Finland, 918 Colon, Panama (via Crooked Vancouver, Canada, 2,304 Oxelosund, Sweden, 420 Island Passage), 1,779 Panama, Panama, 5,055 Yokohama, Japan, 2,696 Peenemunde, Germany, 155 Dakar, Senegal, 3,408 Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,947 Pitea, Sweden, 864 Elizabeth Harbor, Bahamas, 848 NORD-OSTSEE-KANAL Plymouth, England, 639 Fort de France, Martinique, 1,597 Ports (EAST ENTRANCE), Porkkala, Finland, 647 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 3,821 GERMANY* Portland, England, 565 Funchal, Madeira Island, 2,907 Antofagasta, Chile, 6,572 (54˚22'00"N., 10˚09'00"E.) to: Portsmouth, England, 515 Georgetown, Guyana, 2,090 Callao, Peru, 5,794 Randers, Denmark, 188

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 72 NORRKOPING, SWEDEN

Guantanamo, Cuba, 1,117 Junction Points* Torres Strait, Australia (via Raine Junction Points* Halifax, Canada, 790 Island entrance), 1,622 Hamilton, Bermuda, 683 Bishop Rock, England, 1,812 Port Said, Egypt, 1,260 Ivittuut, Greenland, 2,116 Cape of Good Hope, South Ports Strait of Gibraltar (south of Kingston, Jamaica (via Crooked Africa, 4,379 Greece), 2,277 Island Passage), 1,279 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 1,865 Apia, Samoa, 1,371 Strait of Gibraltar (via Corinth La Guaira, Venezuela, 1,687 Grand Banks South, 2,104 Apra, Guam, 2,528 Canal), 2,260 La Habana, Cuba (southbound, Ile d’Ouessant, France, 1,770 Auckland, New Zealand, 998 outside), 985 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 2,133 Avarua, Cook Islands, 1,887 Ports Lagos, Nigeria, 4,941 Panama, Panama, 3,697 Baie Taio-Hae, Marquesa Islands, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 3,130 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 2,437 3,183 Bat’umi, Georgia, 255 Limon, Costa Rica (via Crooked Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,296 Baker Island, 1,707 Constanta, Romania, 403 Island Passage), 1,852 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,160 Bowen, Australia, 1,342 Istanbul, Turkey, 460 Lisboa, Portugal, 3,129 Straits of Florida, 3,667 Brisbane, Australia, 807 Odessa, Ukraine, 369 Liverpool, Canada, 724 Yucatan Channel, 3,985 Cairns Harbor, Australia, 1,250 Thessaloniki, Greece, 794 Livingston, Guatemala, 1,595 Callao, Peru, 6,541 Maracaibo, Venezuela, 1,682 Ports Dagu, China, 4,667 NUEVA GERONA, CUBA Montevideo, Uruguay, 5,710 Dunedin, New Zealand, 1,552 (21˚55'00"N., 82˚48'00"W.) Nassau, Bahamas, 758 Accra, Ghana, 1,756 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Subtract 82 miles from Surgidero Nuevitas, Cuba, 1,076 Boma, Congo, 2,666 4,857 de Batabano distances. Parrsboro, Canada, 784 Casablanca, Morocco, 936 Funafuti, Tuvalu, 1,132 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 1,527 Dakar, Senegal, 373 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 6,686 NUEVA PALMIRA, URUGUAY Ponta Delgada, Azores, 2,401 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 850 Hakodate, Japan (via Canal (33˚52'54"S., 58˚25'28"W.) Add Port au Prince, Haiti, 1,178 Galway, Ireland, 1,979 Woodin and Canal de la 155 miles to Montevideo distances. Port Antonio, Jamaica (via Greenville, Liberia, 1,166 Havannah), 4,176 Crooked Island Passage), 1,228 Lisboa, Portugal, 1,149 Hobart, Tasmania, 1,604 NUEVITAS, CUBA Port Castries, St. Lucia, 1,720 Monrovia, Liberia, 1,061 Hong Kong, China, 4,107 (21˚32'40"N., 77˚12'40"W.) to: Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1,799 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 2,634 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,371 Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Tangier, Morocco, 1,085 Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 5,281 Junction Points* 2,971 Vigo, Spain, 1,352 Lae, Papua New Guinea, 1,519 Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, 1,603 Lele, Caroline Islands, 1,722 Straits of Florida, 386 Puerto Cortes, Honduras (via NOUAKCHOTT, Levuka, Fiji Islands, 776 Yucatan Channel, 528 Straits of Florida), 1,568 MAURITANIA Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Recife, Brazil, 3,651 (18˚02'02"N., 16˚02'02"W.) to: 5,521 Ports Reykjavik, Iceland, 2,677 Mackay, Australia, 1,253 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,723 Junction Points* Malakal, Palau Islands, 2,612 Abraham Bay, Bahamas, 243 Salvador, Brazil, 4,042 Manila, Philippines, 3,616 Bahia de Samana, Dominican San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua (via Bishop Rock, England, 2,044 Melbourne, Australia, 1,595 Republic, 510 Straits of Florida), 1,846 Cape of Good Hope, South Midway Island, 3,207 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. (via San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua (via Africa, 4,248 Nagasaki, Japan (via Bougainville Florida Strait), 1,187 Windward Passage), 1,837 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 2,068 Strait), 3,967 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,252 Grand Banks South, 2,275 Nukualofa, Tonga Islands, 1,059 1,447 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Ile d’Ouessant, France, 1,971 Pago Pago, American Samoa (via Caibarien, Cuba, 181 Islands, 3,057 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 2,335 Kandavu Passage), 1,416 Casilda, Cuba (via Windward Santa Marta, Colombia (via Panama, Panama, 3,752 Papeete, French Polynesia, 2,497 Passage), 610 Crooked Island Passage), 1,588 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 2,637 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Charleston, South Carolina, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 1,167 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,164 Russia, 4,587 U.S.A., 750 Santo Domingo, Dominican Strait of Gibraltar, 1,329 Ponape, Caroline Islands, 1,892 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 649 Republic, 1,329 Straits of Florida, 3,777 Port Augusta, Australia, 2,179 Fort de France, Martinique, 1,035 Santos, Brazil, 4,910 Yucatan Channel, 4,052 Qingdao, China, 4,416 Fort Liberte, Haiti, 339 Sint Nicolaashaven, Aruba (via Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 1,383 Gibara, Cuba, 82 Mona Passage), 1,600 Ports Raoul, Kermadec Islands, 957 Guantanamo, Cuba, 284 Sint Nicolaashaven, Aruba (via Rockhampton, Australia, 902 Hamilton, Bermuda, 988 Windward Passage), 1,611 Accra, Ghana, 1,605 Rotoava, Iles Tuamotu, 2,737 Hopetown, Bahamas, 452 St. John, Canada, 731 Boma, Congo, 4,250 San Diego, California, U.S.A., Isabel de Sagua, Cuba, 212 St. John’s, Canada, 1,277 Cape Town, South Africa, 5,547 5,491 Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 331 Sydney, Canada, 996 Casablanca, Morocco, 1,114 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Kingston, Jamaica, 448 Takoradi, Ghana, 4,620 Dakar, Senegal, 217 5,410 La Habana, Cuba, 344 Vigo, Spain, 3,099 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 699 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 5,760 Manzanillo, Cuba (via Windward Willemstad, Curacao, 1,611 Galway, Ireland, 2,167 Shanghai, China, 4,185 Passage), 531 Yarmouth, Canada, 656 Lagos, Nigeria, 1,823 Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 5,613 Mariel, Cuba, 366 New York, New York, U.S.A., Suva, Fiji Islands, 734 Miller Anchorage, Bahamas, 363 NORRKOPING, SWEDEN 3,256 Sydney, Australia, 1,069 Nassau, Bahamas, 454 (58˚36'00"N., 16˚12'54"E.) to: Port of Spain, Trinidad, 2,674 Talomako, Vanuatu, 524 New York, New York, U.S.A. (via Qua Iboe, Nigeria, 2,078 Townsville, Australia, 1,155 Florida Strait), 1,264 Junction Points* Recife, Brazil, 1,252 Truk, Caroline Islands, 2,068 Nicaro, Cuba, 132 Sassandra, Ivory Coast, 1,250 Valparaiso, Chile, 6,115 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A. (via Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Vigo, Spain, 1,530 Vladivostok, Russia, 4,590 Florida Strait), 1,064 Entrance), Germany, 459 Villa Cisneros, Western Sahara, Wake Island, Pacific, 2,551 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Skagens Odde, Denmark, 520 367 Wallaroo, Australia, 2,099 (via Florida Strait), 1,235 Wotje Island, Marshall Islands, Port au Prince, Haiti, 348 Ports NOUMEA, NEWCALEDONIA 1,972 Port Antonio, Jamaica, 398 (22˚16'30"S., 166˚27'00"E.) to: Xiamen, China, 4,031 Puerto Cayo Mao, Cuba, 154 Helsinki, Finland, 307 Yap Island, Caroline Islands, 2,568 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 663 Riga, Latvia, 300 Junction Points* Yokohama, Japan (via Santa Lucia, Cuba, 447 Stockholm, Sweden, 143 Bougainville Strait), 3,837 Santo Domingo, Dominican Panama, Panama, 6,982 Republic, 632 NOUADHIBOU, Punta Arenas, Chile (composite NOVOROSSIYSK, RUSSIA St. Marc, Haiti, 306 MAURITANIA sailing with 49˚S. the limiting (44˚43'00"N., 037˚47'00"E.) to: (20˚52'40"N., 17˚00'12"W.) to: latitude), 5,745 Punta Arenas, Chile (via great NUKUALOFA, TONGA ISLANDS circle), 5,527 (21˚07'30"S., 175˚12'00"W.) to:

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points OOSTENDE, BELGIUM 73

Junction Points* Ports Greece), 1,792 Ports Palma, Balearic Islands (via Panama, Panama, 5,953 Gdynia, Poland, 438 Corinth Canal), 1,751 Bombay, India, 341 Stockholm, Sweden, 609 Piraievs, Greece, 712 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1,183 Ports Swinoujscie, Poland, 293 Rijeka, Croatia (south of Greece), Karachi, Pakistan, 194 1,476 Garmgao, India, 533 Apia, Samoa, 509 ODESSA, UKRAINE Rijeka, Croatia (via Corinth Apra, Guam, 3,202 (46˚29'47"N., 30˚44'40"E.) to: Canal), 1,377 OKHA, SAKHALIN, RUSSIA Auckland, New Zealand, 1,099 Savona, Italy (south of Greece), (53˚34'00"N., 143˚05'00"E.) to: Brisbane, Australia, 1,827 Junction Points* 1,650 Burnie Harbor, Australia, 2,318 Savona, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Ports Fremantle, Australia (via Bass Port Said, Egypt, 1,152 1,608 Strait), 3,970 Strait of Gibraltar, 2,169 Sibenik, Croatia (south of Bukhta, Nagayeva, Russia, 441 Geelong, Australia, 2,420 Greece), 1,349 Nikolayevsk-Na-Amure, Russia Hobart, Tasmania, 2,328 Ports Sibenik, Croatia (via Corinth (north of Sakhalin), 209 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,749 Canal), 1,250 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Alexandria, Egypt, 1,090 Siracusa, Sicily (south of Greece), OLBIA, SARDINIA 4,633 Algiers, Algeria, 1,741 1,146 (40˚55'18"N., 9˚31'24"E.) to: Noumea, New Caledonia, 1,059 Alicante, Spain, 1,908 Siracusa, Sicily (via Corinth Pago Pago, American Samoa, 490 Ancona, Italy (south of Greece), Canal), 1,120 Junction Points* Papeete, French Polynesia, 1,468 1,407 Split, Croatia (south of Greece), Ponape, Caroline Islands, 2,341 Ancona, Italy (via Corinth Canal), 1,334 Port Said, Egypt, 1,278 Port Kembla, Australia, 1,981 1,310 Split, Croatia (via Corinth Canal), Strait of Gibraltar, 828 Suva, Fiji islands, 416 Annaba, Algeria, 1,516 1,235 Banghazi, Libya, 1,064 Tarabulus, Libya, 1,301 Ports NUUK (GODTHAB), Banzart, Tunisia, 1,411 Taranto, Italy (south of Greece), GREENLAND Barcelona, Spain (south of 1,154 Banzart, Tunisia, 236 (64˚10'45"N., 51˚45'15"W.) to: Greece), 1,737 Taranto, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Genova, Italy, 221 Barcelona, Spain (via Corinth 1,065 Napoli, Italy, 222 Junction Points* Canal), 1,793 Thessaloniki, Greece, 686 Bari, Italy (south of Greece), 1,200 Toulon, France (south of Greece), OLONGAPO, PHILIPPINES Pentland Firth, Scotland, 1,630 Bari, Italy (via Corinth Canal), 1,699 (14˚49'00"N., 120˚16'30"E.) to: Strait of Gibraltar, 2,477 1,103 Toulon, France (via Corinth Bat’umi, Georgia, 569 Canal), 1,658 Junction Points* Ports Beirut, Lebanon, 1,194 Trieste, Italy (south of Greece), Brindisi, Italy, 1,142 1,510 Singapore, 1,335 Churchill, Canada, 1,331 Cartagena, Spain, 1,932 Trieste, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Reykjavik, Iceland, 1,076 Ceuta, Morocco, 2,150 1,411 Ports St. John’s, Canada, 1,005 Civitavecchia, Italy (south of Tunis, Tunisia, 1,399 Greece), 1,456 Valencia, Spain (south of Greece), Apra, Guam (north of Luzon), NYKOBING, DENMARK Civitavecchia, Italy (via Corinth 1,906 1,663 (55˚54'48"N., 11˚40'42"E.) Add Canal), 1,414 Valencia, Spain (via Corinth Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 872 12 miles to Masnedsund distances. Constanta, Romania, 186 Canal), 1,876 Hong Kong, China, 580 Genova, Italy (south of Greece), Valletta, Malta, 1,185 Kuching, Sarawak, 992 OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA, 1,639 Venezia, Italy (south of Greece), Pago Pago, American Samoa (via U.S.A. Genova, Italy (via Corinth Canal), 1,518 San Bernardino Strait), 4,622 (37˚48'12"N., 122˚19'30"W.) 1,598 Venezia, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Add 3 miles to San Francisco Gibraltar (south of Greece), 2,152 1,421 OLYMPIA, WASHINGTON, distances. Gibraltar (via Corinth Canal), Volos, Greece, 677 U.S.A. 2,135 (47˚03'06"N., 122˚54'18"W.) OCEAN ISLAND, PACIFIC Haifa, Israel, 1,197 OITA, JAPAN Add 44 miles to Seattle distances. (0˚52'30"S., 169˚35'00"E.) to: Iraklion, Kriti, 793 (33˚17'00"N., 131˚40'00"E.) to: Istanbul, Turkey, 352 ONEGA, RUSSIA Junction Points* Izmir, Turkey, 640 Junction Points* (63˚54'00"N., 38˚06'00"E.) Add La Spezia, Italy (south of Greece), 102 miles to Arkhangel’sk Panama, Panama, 6,724 1,604 Selat Lombok, Indonesia (via distances. La Spezia, Italy (via Corinth south of Mindanao), 2,843 Canal), 1,562 Panama, Panama (via east of Ports OOSTENDE, BELGIUM Livorno, Italy (south of Greece), Honshu), 8,101 (51˚14'00"N., 2˚55'00"E.) to: Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,480 1,568 Punta Arenas, Chile, 9,485 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Livorno, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Singapore (east of Kyushu), 2,556 Junction Points* 4,553 1,527 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Malga, Spain, 2,100 Ports Bishop Rock, England, 400 1,409 Marseille, France (south of Ile d’Ouessant, France, 365 Papeete, French Polynesia, 2,609 Greece), 1,731 Aomori, Japan, 773 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Marseille, France (via Corinth Hiroshima, Japan, 92 Entrance), Germany, 364 4,406 Canal), 1,690 Kobe, Japan, 214 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 509 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 4,611 Messina, Sicily (south of Greece), Kokura, Japan, 86 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 489 Suva, Fiji Islands, 1,207 1,158 Nagoya, Japan, 381 Yokohama, Japan, 2,761 Messina, Sicily (via Corinth Shimonoseki, Japan, 81 Ports Canal), 1,116 Ube, Japan, 69 ODENSE, DENMARK Napoli, Italy (south of Greece), Yokohama, Japan, 489 Aberdeen, Scotland, 406 (55˚24'40"N., 10˚23'00"E.) to: 1,329 Yokoshima, Japan, 116 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 117 Napoli, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Yokosuka, Japan, 483 Antwerp, Belgium, 79 Junction Points* 1,288 Bergen, Norway, 563 Novorossiysk, Russia, 369 OKHA, INDIA Bremerhaven, Germany, 299 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Oran, Algeria, 1,938 (22˚28'30"N., 69˚05'15"E.) to: Cherbourg, France, 203 Entrance), Germany, 117 Palermo, Sicily (south of Greece), Dundee, Scotland, 398 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 126 1,274 Junction Points* Egersund, Norway, 447 Palermo, Sicily (via Corinth Emden, Germany, 242 Canal), 1,232 Port Said, Egypt, 2,887 Esbjerg, Denmark, 328 Palma, Balearic Islands (south of Hartlepool, England, 265

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 74 OPORTO, PORTUGAL

Hull, England, 207 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,803 Ports Baltiysk, Russia (via The Sound), Inverness, Scotland, 510 Brindisi, Italy, 1,084 551 Kristiansand, Norway, 453 Cagliari, Sardinia, 525 Guantanamo, Cuba, 771 Bergen, Norway, 378 Le Havre, France, 168 Cannes, France, 594 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 432 Bodo, Norway, 885 Leith, Scotland, 396 Cartagena, Spain, 115 Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua, 1,195 Bremerhaven, Germany, 427 London, England, 123 Ceuta, Morocco, 232 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 195 Calais, France, 634 Newcastle, England, 291 Civitavecchia, Italy, 703 Cherbourg, France, 784 Oslo, Norway, 596 Genova, Italy, 686 ORMOS NAVARINOU, Dover, England, 640 Plymouth, England, 288 Gibraltar, 237 GREECE Dunkerque, France, 617 Portland, England, 214 Haifa, Israel, 1,800 (36˚54'12"N., 21˚40'43"E.) See Egersund, Norway, 238 Portsmouth, England, 174 Iraklion, Kriti, 1,284 Navarino Bay. Emden, Germany, 451 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 86 Istanbul, Turkey (south of Esbjerg, Denmark, 341 Southampton, England, 192 Greece), 1,590 ORMOS SOUDHAS, KRITI Farsund, Norway, 198 Stavanger, Norway, 488 Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth (35˚29'30"N., 24˚04'45"E.) See Flekkefjorden, Norway, 219 Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 286 Canal), 1,573 Soudha. Fredrikstad, Norway, 57 Izmir, Turkey (south of Greece), Gdansk, Poland (via Store Baelt), OPORTO, PORTUGAL 1,436 ORNSKOLDSVIK, SWEDEN 657 (41˚08'30"N., 8˚41'00"W.) to: Izmir, Turkey (via Corinth Canal), (63˚16'37"N., 18˚44'20"E.) to: Gdansk, Poland (via The Sound), 1,418 540 Junction Points* La Spezia, Italy, 701 Junction Points* Goteborg, Sweden, 159 Livorno, Italy, 691 Hakonsvern, Norway, 371 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 494 Malaga, Spain, 195 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Halmstad, Sweden, 225 Strait of Gibraltar, 432 Marseille, France, 536 Entrance), Germany, 733 Hamburg, Germany, 461 Melilla, Morocco, 120 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 798 Hammerfest, Norway, 1,187 Ports Messina, Sicily, 818 Helsingborg, Sweden, 250 Napoli, Italy, 775 Ports Helsingor, Denmark, 249 Cadiz, Spain, 399 Odessa, Ukraine, 1,939 Hirtshals, Denmark, 145 Dakar, Senegal, 1,682 Palermo, Sicily, 709 Helsinki, Finland, 403 Hull, England, 559 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 2,161 Palma, Balearic Islands, 281 Riga, Latvia, 461 Kalmar, Sweden (via Store Baelt), Funchal, Madeira Island, 650 Piraievs, Greece (south of Stockholm, Sweden, 274 596 Lisboa, Portugal, 176 Greece), 1,276 Kalmar, Sweden (via The Sound), New York, New York, U.S.A., Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth OSAKA, JAPAN 464 2,923 Canal), 1,219 (34˚38'00"N., 135˚26'00"E.) to: Klaipeda, Lithuania (via Store Ponta Delgada, Azores, 815 Rijeka, Croatia, 1,417 Baelt and south of Bornholm), Puerto de Pasajes, Spain, 473 Savona, Italy, 672 Junction Points* 716 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Sibenik, Croatia, 1,290 Klaipeda, Lithuania (via The Islands, 849 Siracusa, Sicily, 823 Panama, Panama, 7,969 Sound), 584 Vigo, Spain, 74 Skikda, Algeria, 398 Kobenhavn, Denmark, 272 Split, Croatia, 1,275 Ports Kragero, Norway, 95 OPUA, NEW ZEALAND Tarabulus, Libya, 862 Kristiansand, Norway, 163 (35˚18'50"S., 174˚07'25"E.) to: Taranto, Italy, 1,037 Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Kristiansund, Norway, 539 Tarragona, Spain, 336 Russia, 1,394 Landskrona, Sweden, 26l Junction Points* Thessaloniki, Greece, 1,484 Incheon, South Korea, 721 Larvik, Norway, 72 Toulon, France, 545 Komatsushima, Japan, 58 Le Havre, France, 752 Panama, Panama, 6,675 Trieste, Italy, 1,450 Mogpo, South Korea, 544 Leith, Scotland, 76 Punta Arenas, Chile (via 50˚S), Tunis, Tunisia, 589 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Lillesand, Norway, 144 4,760 Valencia, Spain, 238 4,307 Limhamn, Sweden, 279 Torres Strait, Australia, 2,472 Valletta, Malta, 774 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, London, England, 650 Wilson Promontory, Australia, Venezia, Italy, 1,460 Russia, 1,709 Longyearbyen, Svalbard, 1,482 1,419 Volos, Greece (south of Greece), Shimotsui, Japan, 116 Lulea, Sweden (via Store Baelt), 1,426 Vladivostok, Russia, 815 1,192 Ports Volos, Greece (via Corinth Canal), Weonsan, North Korea, 627 Lulea, Sweden (via The Sound), 1,408 Yokkaichi, Japan, 236 1,063 Auckland, New Zealand, 115 Yokohama, Japan (via Kii Suido), Malmo, Sweden, 278 Chimbote, Peru, 5,911 ORANGE, TEXAS, U.S.A. 359 Mandal, Norway, 177 Hobart, Tasmania, 1,431 (30˚05'20"N., 93˚44'00"W.) Add Murmansk, Russia, 1,469 Narvik, Norway, 988 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,753 20 miles to Port Arthur distances. OSLO, NORWAY Los Angeles, California, 5,625 (59˚54'20"N., 10˚44'00"E.) to: Newcastle, England, 528 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 6,218 ORANJESTAD, ARUBA Oostende, Belgium, 596 Yokohama, Japan, 4,742 (12˚31'15"N., 70˚02'45"W.) to: Junction Points* Plymouth, England, 869 Portland, England, 795 ORAN, ALGERIA Junction Points* Bishop Rock, England, 947 Portsmouth, England, 745 (35˚42'52"N., 0˚38'00"W.) to: Ile d’Ouessant, France, 946 Reykjavik, Iceland, 1,173 Panama, Panama, 661 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Riga, Latvia (via Store Baelt), 871 Junction Points* Yucatan Channel, 1,024 Entrance), Germany (via Store Riga, Latvia (via The Sound), 739 Baelt), 368 Risor, Norway, 106 Port Said, Egypt, 1,711 Ports Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Ronne, Denmark (via Store Baelt), Strait of Gibraltar, 282 Entrance), Germany (via The 491 Barranquilla, Colombia, 506 Sound), 441 Rosyth, Scotland, 550 Ports Kingston, Jamaica, 223 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 524 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 554 La Guaira, Venezuela, 207 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 131 Sankt-Peterburg, Russia (via Store Alcudia, Balearic Islands, 281 Baelt), 1,095 Alexandria, Egypt, 1,590 ORANJESTAD, ST. Ports Sankt-Peterburg, Russia (via The Algeciras, Spain, 229 EUSTATIUS Sound), 963 Algiers, Algeria, 205 (17˚29'00"N., 62˚59'00"W.) to: Aarhus, Denmark, 255 Southampton, England, 763 Alicante, Spain, 159 Aberdeen, Scotland, 490 Stavanger, Norway, 294 Ancona, Italy, 1,349 Junction Points* Amsterdam, Netherlands, 522 Stockholm, Sweden (via Annaba, Algeria, 444 Antwerp, Belgium, 630 Huvudskar), 683 Banghazi, Libya, 1,124 Straits of Florida, 1,207 Arendal, Norway, 120 Stockholm, Sweden (via Banzart, Tunisia, 538 Baltiysk, Russia (via Store Baelt), Sandhamnsleden), 689 Barcelona, Spain, 365 668 Stockholm, Sweden (via Store Bari, Italy, 1,142 Baelt), 819

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points PALM BEACH, FLORIDA, U.S.A. 75

Swinoujscie, Poland (via Store Skagens Odde, Denmark, 481 Nagasaki, Japan, 4,489 Brindisi, Italy, 387 Baelt), 503 Nikolayevsk-Na-Amure, Russia Cagliari, Sardinia, 221 Swinoujscie, Poland (via The Ports (via Nemuro Strait and La Cartagena, Spain, 697 Sound), 397 Perouse Strait), 4,913 Catania, Sicily, 170 Szczecin, Poland (via The Sound), Gdynia, Poland, 266 Nome, Alaska, U.S.A., 4,748 Ceuta, Morocco, 921 431 Helsinki, Finland, 268 Noumea, New Caledonia (via Civitavecchia, Italy, 253 Travemunde, Germany (via Store Klaipeda, Lithuania, 232 Kandavu Passage), 1,416 Genova, Italy, 431 Baelt), 389 Nukualofa, Tonga Islands, 490 Gibraltar, 922 Travemunde, Germany (via The PAAMIUT Ocean Island, 1,409 Haifa, Israel, 1,139 Sound), 410 (FREDERIKSHAAB), Olongapo, Philippines (via San Iraklion, Kriti, 626 Trelleborg, Sweden (via Store GREENLAND Bernardino Strait), 4,622 Istanbul, Turkey (south of Baelt), 465 (61˚59'00"N., 49˚43'00"W.) to: Osaka, Japan, 4,307 Greece), 926 Trelleborg, Sweden (via The Papeete, French Polynesia, 1,236 Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth Sound), 314 Junction Points* Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Canal), 884 Tromso, Norway, 1,069 Russia, 4,350 Izmir, Turkey (south of Greece), Trondheim, Norway, 688 Montreal, Canada, 1,901 Ponape, Caroline Islands, 2,266 772 Turku, Finland (via Store Baelt), Panama, Panama, 3,558 Portland, Oregon, U.S.A., 4,525 Izmir, Turkey (via Corinth Canal), 892 Prince Rupert, Canada, 4,652 730 Turku, Finland (via The Sound), Ports Qingdao, China, 4,969 La Spezia, Italy, 395 764 Salina Cruz, Mexico, 4,839 Livorno, Italy, 359 Tvedestrand, Norway, 121 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., San Diego, California, U.S.A., Malaga, Spain, 870 Uusikaupunki, Finland (via Store 2,261 4,176 Marseille, France, 495 Baelt), 939 Halifax, Canada, 1,406 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Messina, Sicily, 120 Uusikaupunki, Finland (via The New York, New York, U.S.A., 4,130 Napoli, Italy, 170 Sound), 808 1,959 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 4,611 Odessa, Ukraine (south of Vysotsk, Russia (via Store Baelt), Seward, Alaska, U.S.A., 4,589 Greece), 1,274 1,047 PADANG, INDONESIA Shanghai, China (via Tokara Odessa, Ukraine (via Corinth Vysotsk, Russia (via The Sound), (1˚00'00"S., 100˚22'00"E.) See Kaikyo), 4,794 Canal), 1,232 92. Telukbayur. Shimonoseki, Japan, 4,440 Oran, Algeria, 709 Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 421 Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 4,635 Palma, Balearic Islands, 531 Zeebrugge, Belgium, 586 PAGO PAGO, AMERICAN Suva, Fiji Islands, 688 Piraievs, Greece (south of SAMOA Sydney, Australia, 2,377 Greece), 612 OSTRICA, LOUISIANA,U.S.A. (14˚16'30"S., 170˚41'00"W.) to: Truk, Caroline Islands, 2,603 Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth (29˚21'49"N., 89˚31'16"W.) Valparaiso, Chile, 5,378 Canal), 531 Subtract 62 miles from New Junction Points* Vancouver, Canada, 4,637 Porto di Milazzo, Sicily, 97 Orleans distances. Victoria, Canada, 4,563 Reggio Di Calabria, Sicily, 124 Panama, Panama, 5,656 Vladivostok, Russia, 4,739 Rijeka, Croatia, 719 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,181 OTAGO HARBOR, NEW Wake Island, 2,436 Salerno, Italy, 167 ZEALAND Torres Strait, Australia (via Raine Wellington, New Zealand, 1,847 Savona, Italy, 434 (45˚44'47"S., 170˚43'28"E.) See Island entrance), 2,848 Weonsan, North Korea, 4,816 Sibenik, Croatia, 593 Port Chalmers. Wilson Promontory, Australia, Wotje Island, Marshall Islands, Siracusa, Sicily, 192 2,707 1,856 Split, Croatia, 578 OTARU, JAPAN China, 4,819 Tarabulus, Libya, 460 (43˚12'00"N., 141˚01'00"E.) to: Ports Xiamen, Marshall Islands, 1,700 Taranto, Italy, 339 Yokohama, Japan, 4,135 Terracina, Italy, 191 Ports Acapulco, Mexico, 4,595 Thessaloniki, Greece (south of Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, PALEMBANG, INDONESIA Greece), 820 Bukhta Shelikhova, Kuril Islands, Russia (via Nemuro Strait and (3˚00'00"S., 104˚45'00"E.) to: Thessaloniki, Greece (via Corinth Russia, 784 La Perouse Strait), 4,765 Canal), 779 Matsuga-hana, Japan, 435 Antofagasta, Chile, 5,604 Junction Points* Toulon, France, 464 Nevel’sk, Russia, 213 Aomori, Japan, 4,358 Trieste, Italy, 753 Rumoi, Japan, 57 Apia, Samoa, 80 Singapore, 304 Tunis, Tunisia, 193 Shanghai, China, 1,233 Apra, Guam, 3,156 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 362 Valencia, Spain, 656 Tomari, Japan, 387 Auckland, New Zealand, 1,565 Valletta, Malta, 242 Unggi, Korea, 188 Avarua, Cook Islands, 750 Ports Venezia, Italy, 763 Brisbane, Australia, 2,221 Villa San Giovanni, Italy, 118 Busan, South Korea (via Bungo Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 869 Volos, Greece (south of Greece), OUESSANT, ILE DE FRANCE Suido), 4,561 (48˚40'00"N., 5˚30'00"W.) See Jakarta, Indonesia, 358 761 Canton, Phoenix Islands, 711 Ile d’Ouessant. Surabaya, Indonesia, 638 Volos, Greece (via Corinth Canal), Chimbote, Peru, 5,389 720 Christmas Island, Line Islands, PALERMO, SICILY, ITALY OULU, FINLAND 1,256 (65˚02'00"N., 25˚23'00"E.) to: (38˚07'43"N., 13˚22'12"E.) to: PALM BEACH, FLORIDA, Dagu, China, 5,194 U.S.A. Dalian, China, 5,035 Junction Points* Junction Points* (26˚46'18"N., 80˚01'32"W.) to: Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., 4,132 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Port Said, Egypt, 1,061 Junction Points* Guayaquil, Ecuador, 5,450 Entrance), Germany, 918 Strait of Gibraltar, 940 Hakodate, Japan, 4,326 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 979 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 5,216 Ports 6,771 Hobart, Tasmania, 2,783 Ports Grand Banks South, 1,743 Hong Kong, China, 4,948 Alexandria, Egypt, 950 Montreal, Canada, 2,360 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,276 Helsinki, Finland, 598 Algeciras, Spain, 924 Panama, Panama, 1,312 Howland Island, 989 Jakobstad, Finland, 133 Algiers, Algeria, 513 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,920 Jailut, Marshall Islands, 1,700 Stockholm, Sweden, 456 Alicante, Spain, 667 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,824 Jarvis Island, 1,050 Ancona, Italy, 652 Straits of Florida, 300 Kobe, Japan, 4,308 Annaba, Algeria, 292 OXELOSUND, SWEDEN Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 4,441 Ports (58˚39'52"N., 17˚06'32"E.) to: Augusta, Sicily, 187 Levuka, Fiji Islands, 643 Banghazi, Libya, 547 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Accra, Ghana, 4,937 Junction Points* Banzart, Tunisia, 192 4,163 Barcelona, Spain, 574 Casablanca, Morocco, 3,709 Manila, Philippines, 4,519 Dakar, Senegal, 3,585 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Bari, Italy, 445 Melbourne, Australia, 2,851 Halifax, Canada, 1,336 Entrance), Germany, 420 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,143 Midway Island, Pacific, 2,593 Hamilton, Bermuda, 862

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 76 PALMA, BALEARIC ISLANDS

Kingston, Jamaica, 836 PALUA, VENEZUELA Caibarien, Cuba, 1,138 Kingston, Jamaica, 594 La Habana, Cuba, 302 (8˚21'45"N., 62˚41'30"W.) Caldera, Chile, 2,302 Kobe, Japan, 7,964 Nassau, Bahamas, 328 Subtract 2 miles from Puerto Ordaz Caleta Olivia, Argentina, 6,204 Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 4,907 distances. Callao, Peru, 1,350 La Ceiba, Honduras, 709 PALMA, BALEARIC Campeche, Mexico, 1,210 La Guaira, Venezuela, 884 ISLANDS PANAMA, PANAMA* Cap-Haitien, Haiti, 860 La Libertad, Ecuador, 674 (39˚33'52"N., 2˚38'17"E.) to: (8˚53'00"N., 79˚31'00"W.) to: Cape Town, South Africa, 6,508 La Libertad, El Salvador, 806 Carmen, Mexico, 1,289 La Palma, Panama, 104 Junction Points* Junction Points* Cartagena, Colombia, 324 La Romana, Dominican Republic, Casilda, Cuba, 792 889 Port Said, Egypt, 1,555 Bishop Rock, England (via Mona Catia la Mar, Venezuela, 873 La Union, El Salvador, 748 Strait of Gibraltar, 471 Passage), 4,388 Champerico, Guatemala, 954 Les Cayes, Haiti, 688 Cape of Good Hope, South Charleston, South Carolina, Levuka, Fuji Islands, 6,288 Ports Africa, 6,466 U.S.A., 1,607 Limon, Costa Rica, 234 Fastnet Rock, Ireland (via Mona Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Alexandria, Egypt, 1,435 Passage), 4,247 1,072 2,913 Alicante, Spain, 173 Grand Banks South, 2,555 Charlottetown, Canada, 2,578 Lota, Chile, 2,825 Almeria, Spain, 308 Honshu, Japan, 7,614 Chimbote, Peru, 1,158 Lucea, Jamaica, 579 Ancona, Italy, 1,170 Ile d’Ouessant, France (via Mona Christmas Island, Line Islands, Makassar, Sulawesi (via Selat Annaba, Algeria, 307 Passage), 4,374 4,751 Sagewin and Selat Salajar), Banghazi, Libya, 970 Montreal, Canada, 3,204 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 815 9,855 Banzart, Tunisia, 384 Punta Arenas, Chile, 3,932 Coatzacoalcos, Mexico, 1,420 Malakal, Palau Islands, 8,674 Barcelona, Spain, 140 Singapore (via San Bernardino Colon, Panama, 44 Manila, Philippines (via Balintang Bari, Italy, 963 Strait), 10,505 Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina, Channel), 9,347 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,648 Strait of Gibraltar (via Anegada 6,185 Manila, Philippines (via San Bejaia, Algeria, 212 Channel), 4,351 Coquimbo, Chile, 2,448 Bernardino Strait), 9,370 Brindisi, Italy, 905 Torres Strait, Australia (via Raine Corinto, Nicaragua, 683 Manzanillo, Cuba, 732 Cannes, France, 357 Island entrance), 8,451 Covenas, Colombia, 308 Mar del Plata, Argentina, 5,543 Cartagena, Spain, 222 Tsugaru-Kaikyo, Japan, 8,004 Dagu, China (via Osumi Kaikyo), Maracaibo, Venezuela, 737 Ceuta, Morocco, 452 Wilson Promontory, Australia (via 9,002 Matagorda Bay, Texas, U.S.A., Genova, Italy, 448 Cook Strait), 7,842 Dagu, China (via Tsugaru- 1,558 Gibraltar, 453 Wilson Promontory, Australia (via Kaikyo), 8,786 Matarani, Peru, 1,790 Haifa, Israel, 1,645 Foveaux Strait), 7,770 Dakar, Senegal, 3,738 Mazatlan, Mexico, 2,006 Iraklion, Kriti, 1,130 Yucatan Channel, 855 Dalian, China (via Osumi Melbourne, Australia (via Foveaux Istanbul, Turkey (south of Kaikyo), 8,843 Strait), 7,928 Greece), 1,446 Ports Dalian, China (via Tsugaru- Midway Island, 5,707 Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth Kaikyo), 8,627 Miller Anchorage, Bahamas, 1,115 Canal), Izmir, Turkey (south of Abraham Bay, Bahamas, 922 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Montecristi, Dominican Republic, Greece), 1,290 Acajutla, El Salvador, 833 5,246 881 Izmir, Turkey (via Corinth Canal), Acapulco, Mexico, 1,426 Enderbury Island, Phoenix Monterey, California, U.S.A., 1,248 Almirante, Panama, 198 Islands, 5,599 3,165 La Spezia, Italy, 474 Amapala, Honduras, 745 Eniwetak, Marshall Islands, 7,086 Montevideo, Uruguay, 5,379 Livorno, Italy, 470 Amuay, Venezuela, 678 Ensenada, Mexico, 2,791 Nagasaki, Japan (east of Honshu), Malaga, Spain, 401 Angra dos Reis, Brazil, 4,557 Esmeraldas, Ecuador, 472 8,200 Marseille, France, 300 Antilla, Cuba, 887 Fanning Island, 4,805 Nagasaki, Japan (west of Honshu), Menton, France, 382 Antofagasta, Chile, 2,140 Fort de France, Martinique, 1,202 8,299 Messina, Sicily, 639 Apia, Samoa, 5,710 Fort Liberte, Haiti, 881 Naknek, Alaska, U.S.A., 5,604 Monaco, Monaco, 377 Apra, Guam, 7,988 Funafuti, Tuvalu, 6,217 Nassau, Bahamas (via Windward Napoli, Italy, 582 Arica, Chile, 1,921 Galveston, Texas, U.S.A., 1,536 Passage), 1,210 Odessa, Ukraine (south of Auckland, New Zealand, 6,516 Georgetown, Guyana, 1,558 New Amsterdam, Guyana, 1,581 Greece), 1,792 Avarua, Cook Islands, 5,092 Golfito, Costa Rica, 334 New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A., Odessa, Ukraine (via Corinth Bahia de Samana, Dominican Gonaives, Haiti, 805 2,106 Canal), 1,751 Republic, 1,015 Guantanamo, Cuba, 732 New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A. Oran, Algeria, 281 Bahia Blanca, Argentina, 5,776 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 824 (northbound via South Pass), Palermo, Sicily, 531 Bahia de las Calderas, Dominican Guaymas, Mexico, 2,370 1,444 Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth Republic, 810 Guiria, Venezuela, 1,200 New York, New York, U.S.A. (via Canal), 1,049 Baie Taio-Hae, Marquesa Islands, Gulfport, Mississippi, U.S.A. Windward Passage and Crooked Piraievs (south of Greece), 1,131 3,826 (northbound), 1,431 Island Passage), 2,018 Rijeka, Croatia, 1,238 Moa, Cuba, 853 Hakodate, Japan, 7,417 Newcastle, Australia, 7,654 Sant Antioco Ponti, Sardinia, 298 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. (via Halifax, Canada, 2,338 Nicaro, Cuba, 881 Savona, Italy, 433 Windward Passage and Crooked Hamilton, Bermuda, 1,702 Nikolayevsk-Na-Amure, Russia Sibenik, Croatia, 1,112 Island Passage), 1,944 Hilo, Hawaii, U.S.A., 4,527 (south of Aleutian Islands), Siracusa, Sicily, 668 Barahona, Dominican Republic, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 10,017 7,293 Split, Croatia, 1,096 796 Hobart, Tasmania, 7,630 Nikolayevsk-Na-Amure, Russia St. Raphael, France, 347 Barbers Point, Hawaii, U.S.A., Hong Kong, China, 9,195 (via Unimak Passage), 7,296 Tarabulus, Libya, 708 4,694 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 4,685 Nome, Alaska, U.S.A., 5,834 Taranto, Italy, 858 Barcelona, Venezuela, 1,014 Iloilo, Philippines, 9,235 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A. (via Tarragona, Spain, 131 Belize, Belize, 859 Incheon, South Korea, 8,474 Windward Passage and Crooked Thessaloniki, Greece (south of Bikini, Marshall Islands, 4,915 Iquique, Chile, 1,987 Island Passage), 1,822 Greece), 1,339 Boca de Tanamo, Cuba, 869 Isabel Segunda, Isla de Vieques, Noumea, New Caledonia, 6,982 Thessaloniki, Greece (via Corinth Bocas del Toro, Panama, 187 1,060 Nukualofa, Tonga Islands, 5,953 Canal), 1,297 Bordeaux, France (via Mona Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., Ocean Island, 6,724 Toulon, France, 308 Passage), 4,641 1,559 Omura, Japan, 7,766 Trieste, Italy, 1,271 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. (via Jaluit, Marshall Islands, 6,666 Oranjestad, Aruba, 661 Tunis, Tunisia, 435 Crooked Island Passage), 2,200 Jarvis Island, 1,173 Osaka, Japan, 7,969 Valencia, Spain, 146 Bridgeport, Connecticut, U.S.A., Johnston Island, 5,359 Paamiut (Frederikshaab), Valletta, Malta, 619 2,118 Kahului, Hawaii, U.S.A., 4,605 Greenland, 3,558 Venezia, Italy, 1,281 Bridgetown, Barbados, 1,280 Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, U.S.A., Pago Pago, American Samoa, Volos, Greece (south of Greece), Brisbane, Australia, 7,687 4,686 5,656 1,280 Brunswick, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,581 Kaunakakai, Hawaii, U.S.A., Papeete, French Polynesia, 4,493 Volos, Greece (via Corinth Canal), Buenaventura, Colombia, 352 4,633 Paramaribo, Suriname, 1,691 1,238 Cabedelo, Brazil, 3,149 Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 1,108 Paranagua, Brazil, 4,607

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points PARANAGUA, BRAZIL 77

Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, U.S.A., Island Passage), 1,606 Strait), 1,096 Truk, Caroline Islands, 3,788 4,692 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 4,020 Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia (via Valparaiso, Chile, 4,254 Pedregal, Panama, 308 Seward, Alaska, U.S.A., 4,916 Gaspar Strait), 1,063 Vladivostok, Russia, 5,663 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Shanghai, China (via Osumi Masbate, Philippines (via Gaspar Wake Island, 3,401 Russia, 6,492 Kaikyo), 8,648 Strait), 1,738 Wellington, New Zealand, 2,348 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Shanghai, China (via Tsugaru- Sandakan, Sabah (via Balabac and Xiamen, China, 6,001 (via Windward Passage and Kaikyo), 8,566 Gaspar Straits), 1,363 Yap Island, Caroline Islands, 4,585 Crooked island Passage.), 1,989 Shimonoseki, Japan (east of Tawau, Malaysia (via Makasar), Yokohama, Japan, 5,140 Pisco, Peru, 1,458 Honshu), 8,153 345 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 1,211 Shimonoseki, Japan (west of PARADIP, INDIA Ponape, Caroline Islands, 7,321 Honshu), 8,081 PANSIO, FINLAND (20˚15'10"N., 86˚42'00"E.) to: Ponce, Puerto Rico, 976 Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 4,524 (60˚26'12"N., 22˚08'54"E.) Use Port au Prince, Haiti, 817 Skagway, Alaska, U.S.A., 4,739 Turku distances. Junction Points* Port Antonio, Jamaica, 625 St. Gorges, Grenada, 1,161 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 1,203 St. John, Canada, 2,361 PAPEETE, TAHITI, FRENCH Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Port Hueneme, California, U.S.A., St. John’s, Canada, 2,742 POLYNESIA 5,352 2,958 St. Marc, Haiti, 796 (17˚32'00"S., 149˚34'00"W.) to: Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 3,667 Port Limon, Costa Rica, 218 Suva, Fiji Islands, 6,325 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 2,707 Port Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A., Swan Island, Honduras, 605 Junction Points* Port Said, Egypt, 4,241 2,021 Sweeper Cove, Alaska, U.S.A., Singapore, 1,529 Port Pirie, Australia, 8,467 5,586 Panama, Panama, 4,493 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 2,084 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1,202 Sydney, Australia, 7,674 Punta Arenas, Chile, 4,233 Torres Strait, Australia, 4,297 Portland, Maine, U.S.A. (via Talara, Peru, 826 Torres Strait, Australia, 4,053 Crooked Island Passage), 2,241 Talcahuano, Chile, 2,805 Wilson Promontory, Australia, Ports Portland, Oregon, U.S.A., 3,869 Taltal, Chile, 2,225 3,546 Porto Alegre, Brazil, 5,148 Tampico, Mexico, 1,528 Aden, Yemen, 2,789 Prince Rupert, Canada, 4,303 Tela, Honduras, 749 Ports Akyab, Burma, 349 Progreso, Mexico, 1,069 Tocopilla, Chile, 2,068 Bombay, India, 1,727 Puerto de Hierro, Venezuela, 1,192 Truk, Caroline Islands, 7,685 Acapulco, Mexico, 3,595 Calcutta, India, 186 Puerto la Cruz, Venezuela, 1,016 Turbo, Colombia, 311 Apia, Samoa, 1,301 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 969 Puerto Armuelles, Panama, 306 Turiamo, Venezuela, 858 Apra, Guam, 4,335 Port Darwin, Australia, 3,634 Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, 823 Tuxpan, Mexico, 1,498 Auckland, New Zealand, 2,216 Rangoon, Burma, 724 Puerto Bolivar, 774 Unalakleet, Alaska, U.S.A., 5,967 Avarua, Cook Islands, 618 Tuticorin, India, 883 Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, 845 Valparaiso, Chile, 2,616 Baie Taio-Hae, Marquesa Islands, Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua, 390 Vancouver, Canada, 4,032 761 PARAMARIBO, SURINAME Puerto Cortez, Honduras, 776 Veracruz, Mexico, 1,463 Brisbane, Australia, 3,234 (5˚49'20"N., 55˚09'00"W.) to: Puerto Deseado, Argentina, 6,222 Victoria, Canada, 3,962 Callao, Peru, 4,192 Puerto Madryn, Argentina, 6,012 Vladivostok, Russia (north of Chimbote, Peru, 4,157 Junction Points* Puerto Manati, Cuba, 959 Aleutian Islands, and La Perouse Christmas Island, Line Islands, Puerto Montt, Chile, 3,177 Strait), 7,757 1,266 Bishop Rock, England, 3,602 Puerto Padre, Cuba, 948 Vladivostok, Russia (south of Dagu, China, 6,281 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 3,554 Puerto Sandino, Nicaragua, 649 Aleutian Islands, and La Perouse Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Ile d’Ouessant, France, 3,613 Puerto Sucre, Venezuela, 1,035 Strait), 7,739 4,400 Montreal, Canada (via Strait of Puerto Vita, Cuba, 915 Vladivostok, Russia (via Tsugaru- Funafuti, Tuvalu, 1,910 Canso), 3,150 Punta Cardon, Venezuela, 674 Kaikyo), 7,833 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 4,237 Panama, Panama, 1,691 Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 471 Vladivostok, Russia, 8,340 Hakodate, Japan, 5,249 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,275 Quepos, Costa Rica, 415 Wake Island, 6,673 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 6,443 Straits of Florida (via Mona Qingdao, China, 8,575 Washington, D.C., U.S.A., 1,957 Hobart, Tasmania, 3,563 Passage), 2,014 Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 7,807 Wellington, New Zealand, 6,505 Hong Kong, China, 6,132 Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands, Whittier, Alaska, U.S.A., 4,958 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,381 Ports 6,125 Willemstad, Curacao, 742 Johnston Island, 2,371 Rio Gallegos, Argentina, 6,455 Wilmington, North Carolina, Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 4,532 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Rio Haina, Dominican Republic, U.S.A., 1,656 Levuka, Fiji Islands, 1,831 2,321 845 Weonsan, North Korea, 8,038 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Belem, Brazil, 747 Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico, Wotho, Marshall Islands, 4,882 3,671 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 1,054 Xiamen, China (via Osumi Manila, Philippines, 5,728 2,380 Rotoava, Iles Tuamotu, 4,256 Kaikyo), 8,943 Melbourne, Australia, 3,691 Bridgetown, Barbados, 496 Salaverry, Peru, 1,109 Xiamen, China (via Tsugaru- Midway Island, 3,190 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 3,813 Salina Cruz, Mexico, 1,170 Kaikyo), 8,959 Nagasaki, Japan, 5,572 Dakar, Senegal, 2,315 Salvador, Brazil, 3,741 Yokohama, Japan, 7,682 Noumea, New Caledonia, 2,497 Georgetown, Guyana, 215 San Antonio, Chile, 2,644 Zamboanga, Philippines, 9,431 Nukualofa, Tonga Islands, 1,468 Hamilton, Bermuda, 1,694 San Diego, California, U.S.A., Ocean Island, 2,609 La Guaira, Venezuela, 832 2,843 PANAMBURU, INDIA Pago Pago, American Samoa, Natal, Brazil, 1,476 San Felix, Venezuela, 1,535 (12˚57'00"N., 74˚48'20"E.) See 1,236 New York, New York, U.S.A., San Francisco, California, U.S.A., New Mangalore. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, 2,334 3,245 Russia, 5,009 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, San Jose, Guatemala, 886 PANJANG, INDONESIA Ponape, Caroline Islands, 3,430 U.S.A., 2,327 San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua, 590 (6˚28'22"S., 105˚18'58"E.) to: Qingdao, China, 6,046 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 737 San Juan, Peru, 1,590 Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 3,527 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 546 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,036 Junction Points* Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands, Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, 887 San Lorenzo, Honduras, 762 1,706 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2,713 Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A., Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 1,829 Rotoava, Iles Tuamotu, 244 St. Georges, Grenada, 560 2,980 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 718 San Diego, California, U.S.A., St. John’s, Canada, 2,518 Santa Cruz del Sur, Cuba, 731 Singapore, 574 3,554 Willemstad, Curacao, 955 Santa Maria, Cuba, 814 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 51 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Wilmington, North Carolina, Santa Rosalia, Mexico, 2,390 Torres Strait, Australia, 2,259 3,663 U.S.A., 2,148 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 726 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 4,296 Santo Domingo, Dominican Ports Seward, Alaska, U.S.A., 4,661 PARANAGUA, BRAZIL Republic, 846 Shanghai, China, 5,907 (25˚30'00"S., 48˚31'00"W.) to: Santos, Brazil, 4,609 Cebu, Philippines (via Balabac Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 4,537 Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A. (via Strait), 1,654 Suva, Fiji Islands, 1,838 Windward Passage and Crooked Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam (via Gaspar Sydney, Australia, 3,308

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 78 PARANAM, SURINAME

Junction Points* Kerch, Ukraine (south of Greece), Madagascar), 4,232 Villa Cisneros, Western Sahara, 1,049 Berbera, Somalia (South of 2,274 Cape of Good Hope, South Kerch, Ukraine (via Corinth Socotra), 3,358 Africa, 3,496 Canal), 890 Bombay, India, 2,154 PENSACOLA, FLORIDA, Panama, Panama, 4,607 Kerkira, Greece, 138 Bushehr, Iran, 3,417 U.S.A. Punta Arenas, Chile, 2,001 Larnaca, Cyprus (south of Calcutta, India, 1,294 (30˚24'00"N., 87˚13'00"W.) to: Greece), 750 Calicut, India, 1,654 Ports Larnaca, Cyprus (via Corinth Chalna, Bangladesh, 1,228 Junction Points* Canal), 658 Chittagong, Bangladesh, 1,167 Montevideo, Uruguay, 797 Mersin, Turkey (south of Greece), Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1,285 Straits of Florida, 431 Santos, Brazil, 163 789 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 3,754 Yucatan Channel, 531 Mersin, Turkey (via Corinth Diego Garcia, Chagos PARANAM, SURINAME Canal), 690 Archipelago, 1,905 Ports (5˚36'30"N., 55˚05'12"W.) Add Napoli, Italy, 485 Durban, South Africa, 4,584 21 miles to Paramaribo distances. Nice, France, 825 East London, South Africa, 4,794 Belize, Belize, 826 Pula, Croatia, 555 Fort Dauphin, Madagascar, 3,687 Campeche, Mexico, 670 Carmen, Mexico, 745 PARRSBORO, CANADA Kakinada, India, 1,273 (45˚22'00"N., 64˚18'00"W.) to: PAULILLAC, FRANCE Karachi, Pakistan, 2,595 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 825 (45˚12'00"N., 0˚43'45"W.) Madras, India, 1,283 Coatzacoalcos, Mexico, 836 Ports Subtract 24 l/2 miles from Majunga, Madagascar, 3,557 Colon, Panama, 1,344 Bordeaux distances. Malacca, Malaysia, 252 La Habana, Cuba, 515 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Maputo, Mozambique (South of Limon, Costa Rica, 1,265 Tampico, Mexico, 759 349 PEARL HARBOR, HAWAII, Madagascar), 4,481 Halifax, Canada, 330 U.S.A. Melbourne, Australia, 4,181 Tuxpan, Mexico, 785 New York, New York, U.S.A., 591 (21˚20'00"N., 157˚58'20"W.) to: Mocambique, Mozambique, 3,792 Veracruz, Mexico, 831 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 784 Mombasa, Kenya, 3,699 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Junction Points* Mosselbaai, South Africa, 5,096 PENTLAND FIRTH, U.S.A., 743 Phuket, Thailand, 187 SCOTLAND* St. John, Canada, 80 Panama, Panama, 4,692 Port Elizabeth, South Africa, 4,921 (58˚42'00"N., 3˚20'00"W.) to: Sydney, Canada, 545 Port Louis, Mauritius, 3,042 Ports Port Swettenham, Malaysia, 172 Junction Points* Rangoon, Burma, 757 PASADENA, TEXAS, U.S.A. Bishop Rock, England, 636 (29˚43'00"N., 95˚13'00"W.) Amapala, Honduras, 4,045 Sabang, Indonesia, 313 Cape of Good Hope, South Subtract 5 miles from Houston Christmas Island, Line Islands, Tamatave, Madagascar, 3,387 Africa, 6,389 distances. 1,157 Tanga, Tanzania (north of Pemba Eniwetak, Marshall Islands, 2,347 Island), 3,749 Fastnet Rock, Ireland (east of Jaluit, Marshall Islands, 2,101 Telukbayur, Indonesia, 931 Ireland), 625 PASAJES DE SAN JUAN, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Victoria, Seychelles, 2,779 Fastnet Rock, Ireland (west of SPAIN Ireland), 578 (43˚19'30"N., 1˚55'00"W.) See 2,233 Zanzibar, Tanzania, 3,772 Grand Banks South, 1,998 Puerto de Pasajes. San Diego, California, U.S.A., 2,285 PENARTH, WALES Ile d’Ouessant, France, 872 (51˚26'45"N., 3˚10'00"W.) Inishtrahull, Ireland, 272 PASCAGOULA, MISSISSIPPI, Montreal, Canada (via Strait of PECHENGA, RUSSIA Subtract 1 mile from Cardiff U.S.A. Belle Isle), 2,614 (30˚21'00"N., 88˚34'00"W.) to: (69˚35'00"N., 31˚17'00"E.) to: distances. Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Entrance), Germany, 565 Junction Points* Junction Points* PENNINGTON TERMINAL, NIGERIA Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,563 Straits of Florida, 469 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 1,325 (4˚14'40"N., 5˚36'45"E.) to: Skagens Odde, Denmark, 450 Yucatan Channel, 554 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,598 Ports Junction Points* Straits of Florida, 4,012 Ports Kirkens, Norway, 53 Bishop Rock, England, 4,092 Ports Campeche, Mexico, 676 Longyearbyen, Svalbard, 638 Cape of Good Hope, South Coatzacoalcos, Mexico, 860 Narvik, Norway, 500 Africa, 2,434 Aasiaat (Egedesminde), Tampico, Mexico, 780 Reykjavik, Iceland, 1,460 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 3,998 Greenland, 1,925 Grand Banks South, 4,065 Akureyri, Iceland, 702 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 481 PEI-HAI, CHINA Ile d’Ouessant, France, 3,929 PATRAI, GREECE Antwerp, Belgium, 553 (38˚15'08"N., 21˚43'53"E.) to: (20˚29'00"N., 109˚02'00"E.) See Inishtrahull, Ireland, 4,262 Beihai, China. Panama, Panama, 5,153 Ardrossan, Scotland, 282 Junction Points* Pentland Firth, Scotland, 4,821 Arendal, Norway, 452 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,214 Argentia, Canada, 2,012 PEMBA, MOZAMBIQUE Arkhangel’sk, Russia, 1,663 Port Said, Egypt (south of (12˚58'14"S., 40˚29'23"E.) See Strait of Gibraltar, 3,676 Avonmouth, England, 624 Greece), 762 Porto Amelia. Straits of Florida, 5,325 Port Said, Egypt (via Corinth Yucatan Channel, 5,474 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., 3,365 Canal), 690 PENANG, MALAYSIA Strait of Gibraltar, 1,350 Ports Barrow in Furness, England, 427 (5˚25'00"N., 100˚21'00"E.) to: Belem, Brazil, 4,219 Belfast, Northern Ireland, 341 Ports Junction Points* Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 585 Accra, Ghana, 356 Bergen, Norway, 296 Berlevag, Norway, 1,150 Civitavecchia, Italy, 612 Cape of Good Hope, South Boma, Congo, 762 Blyth, England, 290 Constanta, Romania (via Corinth Africa, 5,291 Cape Town, South Africa, 2,405 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Canal), 653 Port Said, Egypt, 4,733 Dakar, Senegal, 1,712 2,900 Constanta, Romania (south of Singapore, 367 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 1,250 Greece), 811 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., Bremerhaven, Germany, 507 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 6,491 Derince, Turkey (south of Ports 5,246 Greece), 648 Lisboa, Portugal, 3,235 Cairn Ryan, Scotland, 340 Camp Lloyd, Greenland, 1,828 Derince, Turkey (via Corinth Aden, Yemen, 3,344 Monrovia, Liberia, 1,030 Cardiff, Wales, 609 Canal), 489 Akyab, Burma, 1,215 New York, New York, U.S.A., Charleston, South Carolina, Iskenderun, Turkey (south of Al Basrah, Iraq, 3,598 4,974 U.S.A., 3,506 Greece), 846 Al Manamah, Bahrain, 3,361 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 4,023 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Iskenderun, Turkey (via Corinth Bassein, Burma, 786 Recife, Brazil, 2,533 3,616 Canal), 748 Beira, Mozambique (north of Tangier, Morocco, 3,171 Churchill, Canada (via 75 miles off

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points PETROPAVLOVSK- KAMCHATSKIY, RUSSIA 79

Kap Farvel), 2,820 Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A., Ports and via Balintang Channel), Cienfuegos, Cuba, 4,229 2,979 4,530 Cobh, Ireland, 578 Qaanaaq (Thule), Greenland, 2,456 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Jakarta, Indonesia (via La Perouse Colon, Panama (via Mona Qasigiannguit, Greenland, 1,963 1,215 Strait), 4,555 Passage), 4,594 Recife, Brazil, 4,319 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 771 Jaluit, Marshall Islands, 2,883 Dakar, Senegal, 2,794 Reykjavik, Iceland, 687 Valdez, Alaska, U.S.A., 539 Kiska, Alaska, U.S.A., 724 Den Helder, Netherlands, 447 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 5,391 Victoria, Canada, 719 Kobe, Japan, 1,705 Douglas, Isle of Man, 397 Risor, Norway, 429 Levuka, Fiji Islands, 4,518 Dublin, Ireland, 427 Rosyth, Scotland, 263 PETROPAVLOVSK- Lo hsing-ta Mao-ti, China (via Dundee, Scotland, 179 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 495 KAMCHATSKIY, RUSSIA Chetvertyy Kuril’skiy Proliv and Dunkerque, France, 525 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 3,645 (53˚00'00"N., 158˚38'00"E.) to: La Perouse Strait), 2,481 Egersund, Norway, 298 Sandefjorden, Norway, 518 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Emden, Germany, 484 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Junction Points* 3,615 Esbjerg, Denmark, 443 Islands, 1,952 Manila, Philippines (east of Japan Farsund, Norway, 332 Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 3,594 Panama, Panama (via Unimak and via Balintang Channel), Fishguard, Wales, 497 Seaham Harbor, England, 259 Pass), 6,492 3,112 Fleetwood, England, 437 Seydhisfjordhur, Iceland, 500 Singapore (east of Japan and via Manila, Philippines (via Flekkefjorden, Norway, 325 Shoreham By Sea, England, 633 Balintang Channel), 4,241 Chetvertyy Kuril’skiy Proliv and Fredrikstad, Norway, 531 Sisimiut, Greenland, 1,802 Singapore (east of Japan and via La Perouse Strait), 3,117 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 3,272 Skien, Norway, 466 Osumi Kaikyo and Formosa Manila, Philippines (via San Funchal, Madeira Island, 1,714 Stornoway, Scotland, 54 Strait), 4,293 Bernardino Strait), 3,256 Georgetown, Guyana, 4,001 Sunderland, England, 304 Singapore (via Pervyy Kurliskiy Manila, Philippines (via Tsugaru- Glasgow, Scotland (via The Swansea, Wales, 578 Proliv and La Perouse Strait), Kaikyo), 3,124 Minch), 384 Tonsberg, Norway, 532 4,194 Matsuga-hana, Japan, 765 Guantanamo, Cuba, 3,864 Torshavn, Faroe Islands, 224 Singapore (via Tsugaru-Kaikyo Midway Island, Pacific, 1,831 Hakonsvern, Norway, 287 Tvedestrand, Norway, 421 and Formosa Strait), 4,227 Mogpo, South Korea (via La Halifax, Canada, 2,580 Upernavik, Greenland, 2,164 Selat Sunda, Indonesia (via Soya Perouse Strait and Changjuk Hamburg, Germany, 555 Vardo, Norway, 1,253 Strait), 4,574 Sudo), 1,943 Hamilton, Bermuda, 2,921 Washington, D.C., U.S.A., 3,379 Selat Wetar, Australia (via Mogpo, South Korea (via Hirtshals, Denmark, 429 Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 501 Dampier Strait and Selat Myongyangdo), 1,923 Holyhead, Wales, 422 Wilmington, North Carolina, Manipa), 4,106 Nagasaki, Japan (via La Perouse Horta, Azores, 1,575 U.S.A., 3,450 Strait), 1,845 Hvalfjordhur, Iceland, 660 Zeebrugge, Belgium, 505 Ports Nagasaki, Japan (via Osumi Ilulissat (Jakobshavn), Greenland, Kaikyo), 2,039 1,972 PEPEL, SIERRA LEONE Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Nagasaki, Japan (via Tsugaru- Ivittuut, Greenland (direct), 1,440 (8˚34'58"N., 13˚04'00"W.) to: Russia (via Chetvertyy Kaikyo), 1,858 Ivittuut, Greenland (via 75 miles Kuril’skiy Proliv and La Perouse Nampo, North Korea, 2,214 off Kap Farvel), 1,510 Junction Points* Strait), 1,158 Nome, Alaska, U.S.A., 1,317 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., Apia, Samoa, 4,292 Noumea, New Caledonia, 4,587 3,677 Bishop Rock, England, 2,688 Apra, Guam, 2,475 Osaka, Japan (via Kii Suido), Kangerluarsoruseq, Greenland, Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Auckland, New Zealand, 5,466 1,709 1,597 3,594 Avarua, Cook Islands, 4,951 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Keflavik, Iceland, 671 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 2,753 Bangkok, Thailand, outer bar (via 4,350 Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 3,952 Grand Banks South, 2,828 La Perouse Strait), 4,252 Papeete, French Polynesia, 5,009 Kingston, Jamaica, 4,027 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 2,648 Bukhta Nagayeva, Russia, 864 Ponape, Caroline Islands, 2,762 Kragero, Norway, 441 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 3,053 Busan, South Korea (via Prince Rupert, Canada (via Kristiansand, Norway, 371 Panama, Panama, 3,977 Chetvertyy Kuril’skiy Proliv and Unimak Pass), 2,504 La Habana, Cuba, 4,018 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 3,383 La Perouse Strait), 1,731 Qingdao, China (via Chetvertyy Larvik, Norway, 461 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,042 Cebu, Philippines, 3,101 Kuril’skiy Proliv and La Perouse Lillesand, Norway, 390 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,991 Dagu, China (via La Perouse Strait), 2,215 Limerick, Ireland, 538 Straits of Florida, 4,118 Strait), 2,419 Qinhuangdao, China (via Lisboa, Portugal, 1,341 Yucatan Channel, 4,257 Dagu, China (via Tsugaru- Chetvertyy Kuril’skiy Proliv, La Liverpool, England (north of Isle Kaikyo), 2,444 Perouse Strait, and Maenggol of Man), 451 Ports Dalian, China (via La Perouse Sudo), 2,360 Liverpool, England (south of Isle Strait), 2,260 Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 3,555 of Man), 460 Accra, Ghana, 924 Dalian, China (via Tsugaru- San Diego, California, U.S.A., London, England, 536 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Kaikyo), 2,285 3,707 Londonderry, Northern Ireland, 3,681 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., San Francisco, California, U.S.A. 310 Cristobal, Panama, 3,991 1,249 (via Unimak Pass), 3,292 Mandal, Norway, 351 Dakar, Senegal, 479 Hakodate, Japan, 1,075 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via Maniitsoq, Greenland, 1,700 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 11 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam (via Unimak Pass), 2,939 Methil, Scotland, 246 Galway, Ireland, 2,937 Chetvertyy Kuril’skiy Proliv, La Seward, Alaska, U.S.A. (via Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 3,821 Lagos, Nigeria, 1,142 Perouse Strait and Korea Strait), Unimak Pass), 2,065 Middlesbrough, England, 326 Lisboa, Portugal, 2,002 3,718 Shanghai, China (via La Perouse Molde, Norway, 412 Lome, Togo, 1,019 Hong Kong, China (via Osumi Strait), 2,200 Mosjoen, Norway, 651 Natal, Brazil, 1,580 Kaikyo), 2,938 Shanghai, China (via Tsugaru- Namsos, Norway, 615 New York, New York, U.S.A., Hong Kong, China (via Chetvertyy Kaikyo), 2,224 Nanortalik, Greenland, 1,291 3,752 Kuril’skiy Proliv and La Perouse Shimonoseki, Japan (via Tsugaru- Narsarsuaq, Greenland, 1,384 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 2,866 Strait), 2,863 Kaikyo), 1,739 New London, Connecticut, U.S.A., Takoradi, Ghana, 818 Hong Kong, China (via Tsugaru- Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 2,314 2,990 Kaikyo), 2,870 Suva, Fiji Islands, 4,460 New York, New York, U.S.A., PERTH, AUSTRALIA Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,762 Tomari, Japan, 822 3,071 (31˚57'30"S., 115˚51'00"E.) Add Iloilo, Philippines, 3,123 Vladivostok, Russia (via Newcastle, England, 265 12 miles to Fremantle distances. Incheon, South Korea (via La Chetvertyy Kuril’skiy Proliv and Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 3,244 Perouse Strait and Maenggol La Perouse Strait), 1,348 Sudo), 2,120 Nuuk (Godthab), Greenland, 1,630 PETERSBURG, ALASKA, Weihai, China (via Maenggol Oostende, Belgium, 509 U.S.A. Incheon, South Korea (via Sudo), 2,192 Oslo, Norway, 524 (56˚58'56"N., 132˚57'50"W.) to: Chetvertyy Kuril’skiy Proliv and Weihai, China (via Chetvertyy Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, La Perouse Strait), 2,114 Kuril’skiy Proliv and La Perouse U.S.A., 3,224 Incheon, South Korea (via Strait), 2,215 Port au Prince, Haiti, 3,898 Tsugaru-Kaikyo), 2,138 Weonsan, North Korea, 1,609 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 3,913 Jakarta, Indonesia (east of Japan, Xiamen, China (via La Perouse Port Castries, St. Lucia, 3,704 Strait), 2,596

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 80 PEVEK, RUSSIA

Xiamen, China (via Osumi Halifax, Canada, 746 Yarmouth, Canada, 616 Greece), 1,172 Kaikyo), 2,684 Hamilton, Bermuda, 746 Barcelona, Spain (via Corinth Xiamen, China (via Tsugaru- Ivittuut, Greenland, 2,086 PHNOM PENH, CAMBODIA Canal), 1,091 Kaikyo), 2,617 Jacmel, Haiti, 1,461 (11˚36'00"N., 104˚54'00"E.) Via Bari, Italy (south of Greece), 538 Yantai, China (via Maenggol Kingston, Jamaica (via Crooked Vung Tau pilot station Bari, Italy (via Corinth Canal), 402 Sudo), 2,226 Island Passage), 1,446 (10˚20’30’’N, 107˚04’00’’E ) Add Beirut, Lebanon, 647 Yantai, China (via Chetvertyy La Guaira, Venezuela, 1,838 157 1/2 miles to Ho Chi Minh Brindisi, Italy (south of Greece), Kuril’skiy Proliv and La Perouse La Habana, Cuba, 1,156 distances. 480 Strait), 2,249 Lagos, Nigeria, 4,985 Brindisi, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Yantai, China (via Tsugaru- Las Piedras, Venezuela, 1,786 PHUKET, THAILAND 343 Kaikyo), 2,263 Les Cayes, Haiti, 1,419 (7˚50'00"N., 98˚26'00"E.) to: Cagliari, Sardinia (south of Yokohama, Japan, 1,422 Limon, Costa Rica (via Crooked Greece), 820 Island Passage), 2,019 Junction Points* Cagliari, Sardinia (via Corinth PEVEK, RUSSIA Lisboa, Portugal, 3,112 Canal), 738 (69˚43'40"N., 170˚28'00"E.) to: Liverpool, Canada, 686 Port Said, Egypt, 4,629 Cannes, France (south of Greece), Maracaibo, Venezuela (via Singapore, 538 1,023 Ports Windward Passage), 1,849 Cannes, France (via Corinth Matanzas, Cuba, 1,147 Ports Canal), 942 Ambarchik, Russia, 201 Montecristi, Dominican Republic, Cartagena, Spain (south of Nome, Alaska, U.S.A., 700 1,250 Calcutta, India, 1,124 Greece), 1,271 Provideniya, Russia, 719 Montevideo, Uruguay, 5,804 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1,192 Cartagena, Spain (via Corinth Tiksi, Russia., 854 Murmansk, Russia, 4,042 Penang, Malaysia, 187 Canal), 1,214 Narvik, Norway, 3,880 Ceuta, Morocco (south of Greece), PHILADELPHIA, Nassau, Bahamas, 930 PIMENTEL, PERU 1,488 PENNSYLVANIA, U.S.A. Nuevitas, Cuba, 1,243 (6˚50'00"S., 79˚58'00"W.) to: Ceuta, Morocco (via Corinth (39˚57'00"N., 75˚08'00"W.) to: Paramaribo, Suriname, 2,327 Canal), 1,431 Parrsboro, Canada, 743 Ports Durres, Albania, 339 Junction Points* Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 1,658 Ermoupolis, Greece, 84 Ponce, Puerto Rico, 1,454 Callao, Peru, 363 Famagusta, Cyprus, 604 Bishop Rock, England, 3,092 Ponta Delgada, Azores, 2,388 Salaverry, Peru, 104 Fethiye, Turkey, 305 Cape of Good Hope, South Porlamar, Venezuela (via Virgin Talara, Peru, 182 Genova, Italy (south of Greece), Africa, 6,874 Passage), 1,878 978 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 2,985 Port au Prince, Haiti (via Crooked Genova, Italy (via Corinth Canal), PINA, PANAMA Inishtrahull, Ireland, 3,083 Island Passage), 1,343 (9˚20'00"N., 80˚05'00"W.) to: 896 Montreal, Canada (via Cabot Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1,938 Gibraltar (south of Greece), 1,490 Strait), 1,671 Port Antonio, Jamaica (via Junction Points* Gibraltar (via Corinth Canal), Panama, Panama, 1,989 Crooked Island Passage), 1,395 1,433 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 3,263 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 1,753 Yucatan Channel, 816 Haifa, Israel, 650 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,994 Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Iraklion, Kriti, 175 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,320 3,011 Ports Iskenderun, Turkey, 656 Straits of Florida, 1,150 Puerto la Cruz, Venezuela, 1,900 Istanbul, Turkey, 364 Yucatan Channel (outside route), Puerto Barrios, Guatemala (via Cienfuegos, Cuba, 777 Izmir, Turkey, 210 1,336 Straits of Florida, southbound), Kingston, Jamaica, 558 Kavala, Greece, 249 1,774 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,219 La Spezia, Italy (south of Greece), Ports Puerto Cabello, Venezuela (via 942 Mona Passage), 1,845 La Spezia, Italy (via Corinth PIRAIEVS, GREECE Antilla, Cuba, 1,197 Puerto Cortes, Honduras, 1,739 (37˚56'26"N., 23˚38'08"E.) to: Canal), 860 Argentia, Canada, 1,159 Puerto Sucre, Venezuela, 1,907 Larnaca, Cyprus, 566 Arkhangel’sk, Russia, 4,369 Recife, Brazil, 3,745 Junction Points* Livorno, Italy (south of Greece), Bahia Blanca, Argentina, 6,201 Reykjavik, Iceland, 2,648 906 Banes, Cuba (via Crooked Island Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,817 Port Said, Egypt, 599 Livorno, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Passage), 1,188 Salvador, Brazil, 4,136 Strait of Gibraltar (south of 825 Baracoa, Cuba, 1,198 San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua (via Greece), 1,508 Malaga, Spain (south of Greece), Belem, Brazil, 2,950 Crooked Island Passage), 2,004 Strait of Gibraltar (via Corinth 1,438 Bocas del Toro, Panama, 2,020 San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua (via Canal), 1,451 Malaga, Spain (via Corinth Bordeaux, France, 3,406 Straits of Florida, southbound), Canal), 1,381 Brest, France, 3,183 2,017 Ports Marseille, France (south of Bridgetown, Barbados, 1,839 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,395 Greece), 1,069 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,918 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Alexandria, Egypt, 515 Marseille, France (via Corinth Cadiz, Spain, 3,286 Islands, 3,062 Algiers, Algeria (south of Greece), Canal), 988 Cap-Haitien, Haiti, 1,245 Santa Marta, Colombia (via 1,079 Mersin, Turkey, 598 Cape Town, South Africa, 6,861 Crooked Island Passage and Algiers, Algeria (via Corinth Messina, Sicily (south of Greece), Cardenas, Cuba, 1,124 Windward Passage), 1,755 Canal), 1,022 496 Cartagena, Colombia (via Crooked Santander, Spain, 3,272 Alicante, Spain (south of Greece), Messina, Sicily (via Corinth Island Passage), 1,825 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba (via 1,246 Canal), 414 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Crooked Island Passage), 1,334 Alicante, Spain (via Corinth Mitilini, Greece, 191 1,434 Santo Domingo, Dominican Canal), 1,186 Napoli, Italy (south of Greece), Charlottetown, Canada, 982 Republic, 1,480 Ancona, Italy (south of Greece), 667 Cienfuegos, Cuba (via Crooked Santos, Brazil, 5,004 745 Napoli, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Island Passage), 1,654 Sint Nicolaashaven, Aruba, 1,732 Ancona, Italy (via Corinth Canal), 586 Colon, Panama (via Crooked St. Georges, Grenada, 1,848 608 Navplion, Greece, 142 Island Passage), 1,946 St. Helena Island, 5,169 Annaba, Algeria (south of Odessa, Ukraine, 712 Dakar, Senegal, 3,441 St. John, Canada (via Nantucket Greece), 854 Oran, Algeria (south of Greece), Elizabeth Harbor, Bahamas, 1,018 Light Buoy), 698 Annaba, Algeria (via Corinth 1,276 Fort de France, Martinique (via St. John, Canada (via Vineyard Canal), 797 Oran, Algeria (via Corinth Canal), Anegada Channel), 1,724 Sound), 673 Antalya, Turkey, 383 1,219 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 3,862 St. John’s, Canada, 1,254 Banghazi, Libya, 404 Palermo, Sicily (south of Greece), Funchal, Madeira Island, 2,901 Sydney, Canada, 958 Banzart, Tunisia (south of 612 Georgetown, Ascension Island, Vigo, Spain, 3,066 Greece), 749 Palermo, Sicily (via Corinth 4,469 Vitoria, Brazil, 4,554 Banzart, Tunisia (via Corinth Canal), 531 Georgetown, Guyana, 2,223 Walvisbaai, Namibia, 6,318 Canal), 692 Palma, Balearic Islands (south of Guantanamo, Cuba, 1,284 Willemstad, Curacao, 1,762 Barcelona, Spain (south of Greece), 1,131

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points PONAPE, CAROLINE ISLANDS 81

Palma, Balearic Islands (via Arica, Chile, 492 Hamburg, Germany, 628 Gulfport, Mississippi, U.S.A. (via Corinth Canal), 1,049 Caldera, Chile, 880 Hartlepool, England, 502 Virgin Passage), 1,822 Preveza, Greece, 197 Callao, Peru, 128 Hull, England, 442 Key West, Florida, U.S.A. (via Rethimnon, Kriti, 151 Coquimbo, Chile, 1,036 Kristiansand, Norway, 717 Mona Passage), 1,297 Rhodes, Greece, 261 Corinto, Nicaragua, 1,718 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 1,432 Key West, Florida, U.S.A. (via Rijeka, Croatia (south of Greece), Esmeraldas, Ecuador, 1,021 Le Havre, France, 177 Virgin Passage), 1,296 814 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 788 Leith, Scotland, 619 Kingston, Jamaica, 910 Rijeka, Croatia (via Corinth Guaymas, Mexico, 3,227 London, England, 321 La Guaira, Venezuela, 467 Canal), 675 Iquique, Chile, 560 Newcastle, England, 524 La Habana, Cuba (via Virgin Sarande, Albania, 253 Lota, Chile, 1,432 Oostende, Belgium, 288 Passage), 1,308 Savona, Italy (south of Greece), Monterey, California, U.S.A., Oslo, Norway, 869 Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 1,247 988 4,017 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 367 New York, New York, U.S.A., Savona, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 1,533 Shoreham By Sea, England, 162 1,652 906 Salina Cruz, Mexico, 2,117 Southampton, England, 134 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 1,527 Sibenik, Croatia (south of San Diego, California, U.S.A., Stavanger, Norway, 746 Paramaribo, Suriname, 737 Greece), 687 3,695 Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 557 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Sibenik, Croatia (via Corinth San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Zeebrugge, Belgium, 303 U.S.A., 1,658 Canal), 548 4,097 Plymouth, Montserrat, 84 Siracusa, Sicily (south of Greece), San Jose, Guatemala, 1,875 PLYMOUTH, MONTSERRAT Port au Prince, Haiti (south of 484 Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A., (16˚42'10"N., 62˚13'30"W.) to: Hispaniola), 945 Siracusa, Sicily (via Corinth 3,832 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 358 Canal), 418 Talcahuano, Chile, 1,411 Ports Port Castries, St. Lucia, 141 Soudha, Kriti, 159 Valparaiso, Chile, 1,207 Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, 520 Split, Croatia (south of Greece), Hamilton, Bermuda, 966 Roseau, Dominica, 60 672 PITEA, SWEDEN New York, New York, U.S.A., San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua, Split, Croatia (via Corinth Canal), (65˚17'40"N., 21˚28'20"E.) to: 1,574 1,345 533 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 84 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 333 Tarabulus, Libya, 640 Junction Points* Santo Domingo, Dominican Taranto, Italy (south of Greece), POHANG, SOUTH KOREA Republic, 520 493 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East (36˚02'42"N., 129˚23'30"E.) See Sint Nicolaashaven, Aruba, 550 Taranto, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Entrance), Germany, 864 Bohang, South Korea. St. John’s, Antigua (east of 363 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 925 Guadeloupe), 107 Thessaloniki, Greece, 259 POINT COMFORT, TEXAS, St. John’s, Antigua (west of Toulon, France (south of Greece), Ports U.S.A. Guadeloupe), 110 1,038 (28˚35'44"N., 96˚33'51"W.) to: Tuxpan, Mexico, 2,094 Toulon, France (via Corinth Gdynia, Poland, 678 Willemstad, Curacao, 517 Canal), 956 Sankt-Peterburg, Russia, 678 Junction Points* Trieste, Italy (south of Greece), Stockholm, Sweden, 402 POINTE NOIRE, CONGO 848 Straits of Florida, 797 (4˚47'00"S., 11˚50'00"E.) to: Trieste, Italy (via Corinth Canal), PLOCE, CROATIA Yucatan Channel, 761 709 (43˚03'00"N., 17˚25'42"E.) to: Ports Tubruq, Libya, 359 Ports Tunis, Tunisia (south of Greece), Junction Points* Accra, Ghana, 952 737 Campeche, Mexico, 601 Banjul, Gambia, 2,175 Tunis, Tunisia (via Corinth Canal), Port Said, Egypt, 1,132 Coatzacoalcos, Mexico, 650 Boma, Congo, 140 680 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,487 Douala, Cameroon, 613 Valencia, Spain (south of Greece), POINTE A PITRE, Freetown, Sierra Leone, 1,788 1,244 Ports GUADELOUPE Lagos, Nigeria, 851 Valencia, Spain (via Corinth (16˚14'00"N., 61˚32'30"W.) to: Libreville, Gabon, 399 Canal), 1,174 Ancona, Italy, 167 Lobito, Angola, 473 Valletta, Malta, 524 Durres, Albania, 214 Junction Points* Lome, Togo, 910 Venezia, Italy (south of Greece), Rijeka, Croatia, 230 Luanda, Angola, 266 856 Panama, Panama, 1,211 Monrovia, Liberia, 1,525 Venezia, Italy (via Corinth Canal), PLYMOUTH, ENGLAND Straits of Florida (via Mona Port Gentil, Gabon, 341 719 (50˚21'40"N., 4˚09'10"W.) to: Passage), 1,348 Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 677 Vlores, Albania, 295 Straits of Florida (via Virgin Rio Grande, Brazil, 3,938 Volos, Greece, 200 Junction Points* Passage), 1,347 Sao Tome, Sao Tome, Gulf of Yucatan Channel (south of Guinea, 436 PISAGUA, CHILE Bishop Rock, England, 106 Hispaniola), 1,410 Sekondi, Ghana, 997 (19˚34'30"S., 70˚14'00"W.) to: Ile d’Ouessant, France, 117 Takoradi, Ghana, 1,001 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Ports Junction Points* Entrance), Germany, 639 POLYARNYY, RUSSIA Skagens Odde, Denmark, 756 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., (69˚12'10"N., 33˚29'36"E.) Panama, Panama, 1,962 1,653 Subtract 19 miles from Murmansk Ports Barranquilla, Colombia, 857 distances. Ports Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, 31 Aberdeen, Scotland, 638 Belize, Belize, 1,578 PONAPE, CAROLINE San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Amsterdam, Netherlands, 390 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., ISLANDS 4,593 Antwerp, Belgium, 366 1,742 (6˚59'15"N., 159˚13'30"E.) to: Bergen, Norway, 819 Campeche, Mexico, 1,806 PISCO, PERU Bremerhaven, Germany, 573 Cap-Haitien, Haiti (via Virgin Junction Points* (13˚43'30"S., 76˚14'30"W.) to: Calais, France, 244 Passage), 702 Dieppe, France, 206 Carmen, Mexico, 1,885 Panama, Panama, 7,321 Junction Points* Dover, England, 229 Cartagena, Colombia, 941 Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,260 Dundee, Scotland, 621 Charleston, South Carolina, Panama, Panama, 1,458 Dunkerque, France, 264 U.S.A., 1,443 Ports Punta Arenas, Chile, 2,578 Egersund, Nor way, 706 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Emden, Germany, 513 267 Apia, Samoa, 2,189 Ports Esbjerg, Denmark, 599 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 1,204 Apra, Guam, 901 Fecamp, France, 183 Colon, Panama, 1,168 Auckland, New Zealand, 2,813 Acapulco, Mexico, 2,309 Funchal, Madeira Island, 1,234 Fort de France, Martinique, 108 Avarua, Cook Islands, 3,001 Antofagasta, Chile, 713 Granville, France, 149 Georgetown, Guyana, 606 Brisbane, Australia, 2,108 Guantanamo, Cuba, 879

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 82 PONCE, PUERTO RICO

Callao, Peru, 7,515 Ports PORLAMAR, MARGARITA, Junction Points* Hakodate, Japan, 2,298 VENEZUELA Hobart, Tasmania, 3,130 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., (10˚56'00"N., 63˚50'00"W.) to: Cape of Good Hope, South Hong Kong, China, 2,710 2,529 Africa, 2,078 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,685 Banjul, Gambia, 1,551 Junction Points* Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 4,546 Jaluit, Marshall Islands, 698 Belem, Brazil, 2,678 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 4,442 Levuka, Fiji Islands, 2,024 Bordeaux, France, 1,256 Straits of Florida (via Mona Port Said, Egypt, 3,558 Malakal, Palau Islands, 1,418 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Passage), 1,454 Singapore, 4,099 Melbourne, Australia, 3,078 2,088 Yucatan Channel, 1,407 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 3,887 Midway Island, Pacific, 1,882 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 4,975 Torres Strait, Australia, 5,976 Nagasaki, Japan, 2,256 Cadiz, Spain, 931 Ports Nonouti, Gilbert Islands, 1,082 Cap-Haitien, Haiti, 2,646 Ports Noumea, New Caledonia, 1,892 Cape Town, South Africa, 5,040 Cartagena, Colombia, 785 Nukualofa, Tonga Islands, 2,341 Casablanca, Morocco, 915 Colon, Panama, 1,012 Antsirana, Madagascar, 572 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Charleston, South Carolina, Guantanamo, Cuba, 884 Belawan, Indonesia, 3,777 2,266 U.S.A., 2,644 New York, New York, U.S.A. (via Manakara, Madagascar, 1,230 Papeete, French Polynesia, 3,430 Colon, Panama, 3,379 Virgin Passage), 1,879 Port Darwin, Australia, 5,341 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Dakar, Senegal, 1,459 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Sabang, Indonesia, 3,459 Russia, 2,762 El Ferrol del Caudillo, Spain, 870 (via Virgin Passage), 1,878 Tulear, Madagascar, 651 Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 853 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 1,941 Santa Barbara de Samana, Victoria, Seychelles, 1,018 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Funchal, Madeira Island, 550 Dominican Republic, 610 4,641 Halifax, Canada, 1,774 PORT ANGELES, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 4,696 Horta, Azores, 153 PORT ADELAIDE, WASHINGTON, U.S.A. Shanghai, China, 2,545 Huelva, Spain, 914 AUSTRALIA (48˚08'00"N., 123˚27'00"W.) to: Sydney, Australia, 2,514 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 774 (34˚50'30"S., 138˚30'00"E.) to: For ocean distances, subtract 60 Truk, Caroline Islands, 383 Lisboa, Portugal, 783 miles from Seattle distances. Valparaiso, Chile, 7,631 New York, New York, U.S.A., Junction Points* Yokohama, Japan, 1,998 2,247 Ports Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 2,398 Cape of Good Hope, South Oporto, Portugal, 815 Africa, 5,754 Nanaimo, Canada, 98 PONCE, PUERTO RICO Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 1,165 (17˚58'30"N., 66˚37'00"W.) to: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2,388 New Westminster, Canada, 90 Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 2,980 Vancouver, Canada, 93 Wilson Promontory, Australia, 537 Junction Points* 1,253 Victoria, Canada, 20 Recife, Brazil, 2,803 Ports Panama, Panama, 976 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3,875 PORT ANTONIO, JAMAICA Straits of Florida, 1,020 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 2,412 (18˚11'35"N., 76˚27'00"W.) to: Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Albany, Australia, 1,024 Botany Bay, Australia, 957 Ports Islands, 740 Junction Points* Santo Domingo, Dominican Bunbury, Australia, 1,260 Dampier, Australia, 2,182 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Republic, 2,620 Panama, Panama, 625 Durban, South Africa, 5,160 1,427 St. John’s, Canada, 1,326 Straits of Florida, 751 Fremantle, Australia, 1,343 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Vigo, Spain, 828 Yucatan Channel, 536 Geelong, Australia, 518 1,563 Hobart, Tasmania, 756 Charleston, South Carolina, Ports POOLE, ENGLAND Melbourne, Australia, 512 U.S.A., 1,168 (50˚43'00"N., 1˚59'33"W.) to: Newcastle, Australia, 1,028 Fort de France, Martinique, 381 Antilla, Cuba, 288 Port Darwin, Australia, 3,136 Guantanamo, Cuba (north of Junction Points* Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. (via Port Kembla, Australia, 928 Hispaniola and via Mona Windward Passage and Crooked Port Pirie, Australia, 274 Passage), 540 Bishop Rock, England, 204 Island Passage), 1,350 Strahan, Australia, 593 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., Ile d’Ouessant, France, 190 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. (via Whyalla, Australia, 256 1,146 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Windward Passage and Crooked Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 969 Entrance), Germany, 550 Island Passage), 1,606 La Habana, Cuba (via Old Bahama Pentland Firth, Scotland, 686 PORT ALICE, CANADA Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A. Channel and Mona Passage), Skagens Odde, Denmark, 690 (50˚22'56"N., 127˚27'12"W.) to: (via Windward Passage and 981 Crooked Island Passage), 1,013 New York, New York, U.S.A., Ports Junction Points* Gibara, Cuba, 323 1,462 New York, New York, U.S.A., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Aberdeen, Scotland (via The Panama, Panama, 4,057 1,423 U.S.A., 1,454 Sound), 549 Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,017 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A. (via Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3,659 Caen, France, 113 Singapore (via Balintang Windward Passage and Crooked Santiago de Cuba, Cuba (north of Dover, England, 134 Channel), 6,989 Island Passage), 1,228 Hispaniola, and via Windward Hull, England, 338 Torres Strait, Australia, 6,076 Nuevitas, Cuba, 398 Passage), 587 Leith, Scotland, 525 Wilson Promontory, Australia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Santiago de Cuba, Cuba (south of Oostende, Belgium, 193 7,074 (via Crooked Island Passage), Hispaniola), 599 Southampton, England, 34 1,395 Santo Domingo, Dominican Ports Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A. (via Republic, 196 Windward Passage and Crooked PORKKALA, FINLAND Anchorage, Alaska, 1,160 Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,180 (59˚59'06"N., 24˚28'06"E.) to: Island Passage), 1,012 Willemstad, Curacao, 399 Callao, Peru, 4,800 Guaymas, Mexico, 2,304 Junction Points* Honolulu, Hawaii, 2,281 PORT ARTHUR, TEXAS, U.S.A. PONTA DELGADA, AZORES Los Angeles, California, 1,185 (37˚44'00"N., 25˚40'00"W.) to: Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East (29˚52'00"N., 93˚56'00"W.) to: Manila, Philippines (via Balintang Entrance), Germany, 647 Channel), 5,684 Junction Points* Skagens Odde, Denmark, 697 Junction Points* Mollendo, Peru, 5,216 Yokohama, Japan, 3,988 Bishop Rock, England, 1,103 Ports Straits of Florida, 677 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 1,101 Yucatan Channel, 681 Montreal, Canada, 2,331 Gdynia, Poland, 412 PORT AMELIA, Strait of Gibraltar, 964 Riga, Latvia, 284 MOZAMBIQUE Ports (12˚58'14"S., 40˚29'23"E.) to: Straits of Florida, 3,052 Stockholm, Sweden, 216 Cienfuegos, Cuba (via Yucatan Peninsula), 976 Coatzacoalcos, Mexico, 708

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points PORT DARWIN, AUSTRALIA 83

Colon, Panama, 1,485 Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, 769 Colon, Panama, 1,160 Junction Points* La Habana, Cuba, 749 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,221 Dakar, Senegal, 2,543 Nuevitas, Cuba, 1,055 San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua, Elizabeth Harbor, Bahamas, 1,049 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba (via 840 Fort de France, Martinique, 37 6,100 Yucatan Peninsula), 1,231 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 552 Georgetown, Guyana, 482 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 1,978 Tampico, Mexico, 522 San Pedro de Macoris, Dominican Guantanamo, Cuba, 922 Selat Lombok, Indonesia (south of Tuxpan, Mexico, 572 Republic, 473 Halifax, Canada, 1,850 Pulau Roti), 926 Veracruz, Mexico, 659 Santo Domingo, Dominican Hamilton, Bermuda, 1,149 Port Said, Egypt (via south of Republic, 449 Horta, Azores, 2,265 Java), 6,743 PORT AU PRINCE, HAITI Tuxpan, Mexico, 1,428 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., Selat Sunda, Indonesia (via south (18˚33'30"N., 72˚21'30"W.) to: Willemstad, Curacao, 647 1,520 of Java), 1,623 Key West, Florida, U.S.A. (via Torres Strait, Australia (via Junction Points* PORT AUGUSTA, Mona Passage), 1,358 Clarence Strait and Dundas AUSTRALIA Kingston, Jamaica, 950 Strait), 735 Bishop Rock, England, 3,725 (32˚29'40"S., 137˚45'30"E.) to: Kingstown, St. Vincent, 60 Selat Wetar, Indonesia (via west of Fastnet Rock, Ireland (via La Guaira, Venezuela, 405 Bathurst Island), 326 Windward Passage), 3,622 Junction Points* La Habana, Cuba (via Mona Inishtrahull, Ireland (via Windward Passage), 1,370 Ports Passage), 3,750 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 1,237 Limon, Costa Rica, 1,316 Panama, Panama, 817 Singapore, 3,580 Lisboa, Portugal, 3,111 Aden, Yemen (via south of Java), Pentland Firth, Scotland, 3,903 Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 1,352 5,356 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,757 Ports Montevideo, Uruguay, 4,261 Al Basrah, Iraq, 5,650 Straits of Florida, 701 New York, New York, U.S.A., Al Manamah, Bahrain, 5,390 Yucatan Channel, 741 Hobart, Tasmania, 947 1,747 Albany, Australia, 2,152 Lyttelton, New Zealand, 2,082 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 1,620 Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Ports Noumea, New Caledonia, 2,179 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Russia, 4,041 Sydney, Australia, 1,164 U.S.A., 1,753 Ambon, Indonesia, 579 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 141 Apra, Guam (via Selat Sele), 1,925 1,301 PORT BLAIR, ANDAMAN Port au Prince, Haiti, 950 Beira, Mozambique, 5,553 Barranquilla, Colombia, 592 ISLANDS Port of Spain, Trinidad (east of Berbera, Somalia, 5,384 Belem, Brazil, 2,258 (11˚40'00"N., 92˚46'00"E.) to: Grenadine Islands), 231 Bombay, India, 4,193 Belize, Belize (north of Jamaica), Port of Spain, Trinidad (west of Bunbury, Australia, 1,906 933 Junction Points* Grenadine Islands), 230 Busan, South Korea, 2,937 Belize, Belize (south of Jamaica), Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Bushehr, Iran, 5,446 953 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, U.S.A., 1,822 Calicut, India, 3,683 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 5,075 Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, 465 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 3,320 1,557 Port Said, Egypt, 4,353 Puerto Cortes, Honduras, 1,578 Dagu, China, 3,363 Bridgetown, Barbados, 1,070 Singapore, 929 Recife, Brazil, 2,202 Dalian, China, 3,204 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,322 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3,274 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 5,428 Campeche, Mexico, 1,140 Ports Salvador, Brazil, 2,593 Diego Garcia, Chagos Cap-Haitien, Haiti, 195 San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua, Archipelago, 3,483 Cardenas, Cuba, 603 Calcutta, India, 775 1,344 Durban, South Africa, 5,561 Carmen, Mexico, 1,219 Madras, India, 758 San Juan, Puerto Rico (west of Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Cartagena, Colombia, 639 Saint Croix and Virgin 5,332 Charleston, South Carolina, PORT CASTRIES, ST. LUCIA Passage), 418 East London, South Africa, 5,673 U.S.A., 961 (14˚01'00"N., 61˚00'00"W.) to: Santo Domingo, Dominican El Ferrol del Caudillo, Spain, Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Republic, 578 1,843 628 Junction Points* Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,548 Fort Dauphin, Madagascar, 4,775 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 534 Sint Nicolaashaven, Aruba, 532 Fremantle, Australia, 1,847 Gonaives, Haiti, 70 Bishop Rock, England, 3,405 St. John’s, Antigua, 204 Geraldton, Australia, 1,638 Guantanamo, Cuba, 179 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 3,499 St. Pierre, Martinique, 46 Hakodate, Japan (via Selat Sele), Gulfport, Mississippi, U.S.A. (via Montreal, Canada, 2,642 Sydney, Canada, 1,967 3,422 Windward Passage), 1,176 Panama, Panama, 1,203 Tuxpan, Mexico, 2,136 Hong Kong, China, 2,363 Halifax, Canada, 1,671 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 3,704 Willemstad, Curacao, 489 Incheon, South Korea (via Hamilton, Bermuda, 1,016 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,451 Molucca Passage), 3,072 Jacmel, Haiti, 271 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,236 PORT CHALMERS, NEW Jakarta, Indonesia, 1,706 Key West, Florida, U.S.A. (via Old Straits of Florida (via Mona ZEALAND Karachi, Pakistan, 4,653 Bahama Channel), 650 Passage), 1,409 (45˚48'47"S., 170˚37'43"E.) to: Kobe, Japan (via Selat Sele), 2,901 Kingston, Jamaica, 277 Yucatan Channel, 1,452 Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 5,859 La Guaira, Venezuela, 801 Junction Points* Madras, India, 3,483 La Habana, Cuba, 662 Ports Majunga, Madagascar, 5,069 Les Cayes, Haiti, 202 Panama, Panama, 6,659 Manila, Philippines, 1,834 Manzanillo, Cuba, 372 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Punta Arenas, Chile, 4,548 Maputo, Mozambique, 5,539 Matanzas, Cuba, 617 1,741 Torres Strait, Australia, 2,815 Massawa, Ethiopia (via south of Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 643 Belem, Brazil, 1,265 Torres Strait, Australia (via Cook Java), 5,747 Nassau, Bahamas, 564 Belize, Belize, 1,609 Strait), 2,942 Midway Island, 4,188 New York, New York, U.S.A., Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Wilson Promontory, Australia, Mocambique, Mozambique, 5,304 1,372 1,812 1,201 Mogpo, South Korea, 2,916 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 1,178 Bridgetown, Barbados (north of St. Mombasa, Kenya, 5,434 Nuevitas, Cuba, 348 Lucia), 110 Ports Mosselbaai, South Africa, 5,929 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Bridgetown, Barbados (south of St. Nagasaki, Japan (via Selat Sele), (via Crooked Island Passage), Lucia), 115 Auckland, New Zealand (via east 2,785 1,343 Brunswick, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,529 of New Zealand), 840 Port Elizabeth, South Africa, 5,767 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe (south Buenos Aires, Argentina, 4,375 Hobart, Tasmania, 1,061 Port Louis, Mauritius (north of of Hispaniola), 945 Campeche, Mexico, 1,848 Melbourne, Australia (via Banks Scott Reef), 4,252 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe (via Cap-Haitien, Haiti, 767 Strait), 1,339 Port Louis, Mauritius (south of Windward Passage and Mona Carmen, Mexico, 1,927 Noumea, New Caledonia (via Scott Reef), 4,246 Passage), 889 Cartagena, Colombia, 933 Cook Strait), 1,545 Qingdao, China, 3,062 Port Castries, St. Lucia (via Charleston, South Carolina, San Diego, California, U.S.A., Windward Passage and Mona U.S.A., 1,532 PORT DARWIN, AUSTRALIA 7,297 Passage), 950 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, (12˚28'30"S., 130˚50'00"E.) to: San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1,053 346 6,984 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 1,246 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 6,892

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 84 PORT DES GALETS, REUNION ISLAND

Shanghai, China, 2,804 Horta, Azores, 3,391 Villa Cisneros, Western Sahara, Fort Dauphin, Madagascar, 654 Shimonoseki, Japan (via Selat Lagos, Nigeria, 318 892 Fremantle, Australia (north of Sele), 2,883 Luanda, Angola, 941 Mauritius), 3,202 Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 6,338 Pointe Noire, Congo, 677 PORT KELANG, MALAYSIA Fremantle, Australia (south of Tamatave, Madagascar, 4,702 (3˚00'00"N., 101˚24'00"E.) to: Mauritius), 3,217 Tanga, Tanzania, 5,466 PORT HEDLAND, Malacca, Malaysia, 3,215 Tjilatjap, Indonesia, 1,321 AUSTRALIA Junction Points* Maputo, Mozambique, 1,448 Truk, Caroline Islands (via Selat (20˚17'45"S., 118˚34'50"E.) to: Penang, Malaysia, 3,042 Sele), 2,142 Cape of Good Hope, South Port Adelaide, Australia, 4,323 Victoria, Seychelles, 4,494 Junction Points* Africa, 5,369 Port Darwin, Australia (north of Vinh Cam Ranh, Vietnam, 2,169 Port Said, Egypt, 4,817 Scott Reef), 4,252 Vladivostok, Russia (via Higashi Cape of Good Hope, South Singapore, 220 Port Darwin, Australia (south of Suido), 3,426 Africa, 5,225 Scott Reef), 4,246 Vladivostok, Russia (via Selat Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 1,104 Ports Sabang, Indonesia, 2,731 Sele), 3,445 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 715 Tamatave, Madagascar, 474 Wake Island, 3,187 Port Said, Egypt, 6,187 Aden, Yemen, 3,430 Victoria, Seychelles, 943 Weonsan, North Korea, 3,242 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 1,208 Akyab, Sittwe Harbor, Burma, Wellington, New Zealand, 5,900 Wyndham, Australia, 274 Torres Strait, Australia, 1,637 Bombay, India, 2,238 Zanzibar, Tanzania, 1,388 Xiamen, China, 2,411 Chittagong, Bangladesh, 1,311 Yampi Sound, Australia, 1,457 Ports Rangoon, Burma, 911 PORT MORESBY, PAPUA Yokohama, Japan (via Selat Sele), Trincomalee, Sri Lanka, 1,253 NEW GUINEA 2,989 Aden, Yemen, 4,800 (9˚28'45"S., 147˚08'40"E.) to: Zamboanga, Philippines, 1,303 Bombay, India, 3,702 PORT KEMBLA, AUSTRALIA Zanzibar, Tanzania, 5,452 Busan, South Korea (via west of (34˚28'30"S., 150˚53'00"E.) to: Junction Points* Timor and Korea Strait), 3,484 PORT DES GALETS, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2,833 Junction Points* Panama, Panama, 8,292 REUNION ISLAND Fremantle, Australia, 972 Punta Arenas, Chile (via 50˚S.), (20˚55'15"S., 55˚17'30"E.) to: Geraldton, Australia, 769 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 3,388 6,897 San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Torres Strait, Australia, 1,817 Torres Strait, Australia, 339 Junction Points* (via west of Timor), 7,646 Wilson Promontory, Australia, Ports 2,287 Cape of Good Hope, South PORT HUENEME, Africa, 2,120 CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. Hobart, Tasmania, 593 Ports Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 3,241 (34˚09'00"N., 119˚12'24"W.) to: Nukualofa, Tonga Islands, 1,987 Port Said, Egypt, 3,747 Wellington, New Zealand, 1,229 Gladstone Harbor, Australia, 1,389 Singapore, 3,450 Junction Points* Koniya, Ryukyu Islands, 3,063 PORT LAVACA, TEXAS, Lae, Papua New Guinea, 1,044 Ports Panama, Panama, 2,958 U.S.A. Mackay, Australia, 1,168 (28˚35'44"N., 96˚33'51"W.) See Port Pirie, Australia, 2,754 Durban, South Africa, 1,418 Ports Point Comfort. Townsville, Australia, 595 Ensenada, Mexico, 194 PORT ETIENNE, PORT LEGASPI, PORT NADOR, MOROCCO MAURITANIA Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,170 PHILIPPINES (35˚17'00"N., 2˚56'00"W.) See (20˚40'00"N., 17˚04'12"W.) to: Sweeper Cove, Alaska, U.S.A., (13˚09'00"N., 123˚45'30"E.) See Melilla. 2,686 Legaspi Port. Junction Points* Vancouver, Canada, 1,102 PORT NECHES, TEXAS, PORT LINCOLN, U.S.A. Cape of Good Hope, South PORT KAMSAR, GUINEA AUSTRALIA (29˚59'35"N., 93˚56'20"W.) Add Africa, 4,018 (10˚39'00"N., 14˚37'00"W.) to: (34˚43'00"S., 135˚52'00"E.) to: 13 miles to Port Arthur distances. Ile d’Ouessant, France, 1,826 Junction Points* Junction Points* PORT NEWARK, NEW Ports JERSEY, U.S.A. Bishop Rock, England, 2,560 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 1,100 (40˚42'00"N., 74˚09'00"W.) For Casablanca, Morocco, 1,032 Cape of Good Hope, South Torres Strait, Australia, 2,811 ocean distances, add 4 1/2 miles to Dakar, Senegal, 394 Africa, 3,294 New York distances. Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 2,625 Ports PORT EVERGLADES, Grand Banks South, 2,701 PORT OF SPAIN, TRINIDAD FLORIDA, U.S.A. Ile d’Ouessant, France, 2,520 Albany, Australia, 953 (10˚38'45"N., 61˚31'00"W.) to: (26˚05'36"N., 80˚04'48"W.) See Inishtrahull, Ireland, 2,925 Hobart, Tasmania, 830 Fort Lauderdale. Panama, Panama, 3,863 Melbourne, Australia, 588 Junction Points* Pentland Firth, Scotland, 3,256 PORT GENTIL, GABON Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,098 PORT LOUIS, MAURITIUS Bishop Rock, England, 3,603 (0˚43'00"S., 8˚47'30"E.) to: Strait of Gibraltar, 1,867 (20˚09'15"S., 57˚29'45"E.) to: Cape of Good Hope, South Straits of Florida, 3,984 Africa, 5,393 Ports Yucatan Channel, 4,143 Junction Points* Inishtrahull, Ireland, 3,706 Montreal, Canada (via Cabot Boma, Congo, 470 Ports Cape of Good Hope, South Strait), 2,901 Cabinda, Cabinda, 393 Africa, 2,266 Panama, Panama, 1,202 Douala, Cameroon, 29 Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 834 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 3,165 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 3,913 Kribi, Cameroon, 231 Agadir, Morocco, 1,422 Singapore, 3,333 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,430 Pointe Noire, Congo, 341 Belem, Brazil, 2,171 Torres Strait, Australia, 4,933 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,403 Bordeaux, France, 2,493 Straits of Florida (via Mona PORT HARCOURT, NIGERIA Buenos Aires, Argentina, 3,747 Ports Passage), 1,533 (4˚46'15"N., 7˚00'12"E.) to: Cape Town, South Africa, 3,274 Yucatan Channel, 1,517 Dakar, Senegal, 330 Aden, Yemen, 2,341 Junction Points* Freetown, Sierra Leone, 153 Albany, Australia, 3,340 Ports Galway, Ireland, 2,692 Beira, Mozambique, 1,448 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 3,974 Libreville, Gabon, 1,652 Belawan, Indonesia, 2,997 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Monrovia, Liberia, 372 Bombay, India, 2,517 1,918 Ports New York, New York, U.S.A., Calcutta, India, 3,212 Barcelona, Venezuela, 218 3,634 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2,098 Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Freetown, Sierra Leone, 1,397 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 3,018 Durban, South Africa, 1,560 419 Tangier, Morocco, 1,788

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points PORT SAID, EGYPT 85

Belem, Brazil, 1,212 St. John, Canada, 2,113 Aden, Yemen, 1,400 Kalamai, Greece, 644 Belize, Belize, 1,637 St. John’s, Canada, 2,288 Ajaccio, Corsica, 1,355 Karachi, Pakistan, 2,865 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., St. John’s, Antigua, 411 Akyab, Burma, 4,672 Kavala, Greece, 714 2,022 Sydney, Canada, 2,189 Al Aqabah, Jordan, 380 Kerch, Ukraine, 1,238 Bridgetown, Barbados (via Boca Takoradi, Ghana, 3,632 Al Basrah, Iraq, 3,371 Kerkira, Greece (south of Greece), Grande), 211 Turiamo, Venezuela, 384 Al Latakia, Syria, 310 848 Brunswick, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,694 Tuxpan, Mexico, 2,201 Al Manamah, Bahrain, 3,132 Kerkira, Greece (via Corinth Campeche, Mexico, 1,913 Veracruz, Mexico, 2,182 Alcudia, Balearic Islands, 1,536 Canal), 826 Cap-Haitien, Haiti, 888 Willemstad, Curacao, 456 Alexandria, Egypt, 164 Khalkis, Greece, 630 Cape Town, South Africa, 5,387 Wilmington, North Carolina Alexandroupolis, Greece, 699 Kyrenia, Cyprus, 297 Carmen, Mexico, 1,992 U.S.A., 1,703 Algeciras, Spain, 1,927 La Spezia, Italy, 1,391 Cartagena, Colombia, 932 Algiers, Algeria, 1,514 Larnaca, Cyprus, 231 Carupano, Venezuela, 109 PORT PIRIE, AUSTRALIA Alicante, Spain, 1,680 Licata, Sicily, 993 Catia la Mar, Venezuela, 335 (33˚10'20"S., 138˚00'45"E.) to: Almeria, Spain, 1,780 Limassol, Cyprus, 208 Charleston, South Carolina, Ancona, Italy, 1,206 Livorno, Italy, 1,355 U.S.A., 1,682 Junction Points* Annaba, Algeria, 1,289 Madras, India (north of Socotra), Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Antalya, Turkey, 346 4,037 518 Panama, Panama, 8,467 Arzew, Algeria, 1,692 Mahon, Balearic Islands, 1,484 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 1,310 Singapore, 3,564 As Sukhayrah, Tunisia, 1,156 Majunga, Madagascar, 3,471 Coatzacoalcos, Mexico, 2,137 Ashdod, Israel, 126 Malacca, Malaysia, 4,891 Colon, Panama, 1,159 Ports Assab, Ethiopia, 1,258 Malaga, Spain, 1,873 Covenas, Colombia, 968 Augusta, Sicily, 932 Manfredonia, Italy, 1,045 Dakar, Senegal, 2,628 Melbourne, Australia, 689 Bandar Abbas, Iran, 2,842 Maputo, Mozambique, 4,348 Elizabeth Harbor, Bahamas, 1,170 Port Adelaide, Australia, 246 Bandar Khomeini, Iran, 3,322 Marmagao, India, 3,078 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 2,896 Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, Banghazi, Libya, 673 Marsaxlokk, Malta, 942 Funchal, Madeira Island, 2,819 2,754 Baniyas, Syria, 299 Marseille, France, 1,518 Georgetown, Guyana (via Serpents Banzart, Tunisia, 1,184 Massawa, Ethiopia, 1,041 Mouth), 376 PORT RAYSUT, OMAN Barcelona, Spain, 1,600 Matruh, Egypt, 281 Guantanamo, Cuba, 987 (16˚56'58"N., 54˚02'00"E.) See Bari, Italy, 999 Melilla, Morocco, 1,821 Halifax, Canada, 2,059 Mina Raysut. Barletta, Italy, 1,023 Menton, France, 791 Hamilton, Bermuda, 1,346 Bassein, Burma, 4,638 Mers el Kebir, Algeria, 1,714 Horta, Azores, 2,461 PORT REFUGE, COCOS Bastia, Corsica, 1,337 Mersin, Turkey, 359 Isabel Segunda, Isla de Vieques, ISLANDS Bat’umi, Georgia, 1,391 Messina, Sicily, 945 531 (12˚05'20"S., 96˚51'54"E.) to: Beaulieu, France, 1,453 Mina al Ahmadi, Kuwait, 3,286 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., Beira, Mozambique, 3,990 Mina Abd Allah, Kuwait, 3,283 1,685 Junction Points* Beirut, Lebanon, 230 Mina Az Zawr, Kuwait, 3,264 Key West, Florida, U.S.A. (via Bejaia, Algeria, 1,423 Mocambique, Mozambique, 3,522 Mona Passage and Old Bahama Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Belawan, Indonesia, 4,668 Mogadishu, Somalia, 2,493 Channel), 1,484 4,428 Bombay, India, 3,046 Mombasa, Kenya, 3,006 Kingston, Jamaica, 1,003 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 1,678 Bonifacio, Corsica, 1,307 Monaco, Monaco, 1,450 La Guaira, Venezuela (south of Isla Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 1,132 Brindisi, Italy, 941 Monopoli, Italy, 953 de Margarita), 329 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 647 Bunbury, Australia, 6,343 Mostaganem, Algeria, 1,678 La Habana, Cuba (via Old Bahama Bur Safaga, Egypt, 310 Mtwara, Tanzania, 3,265 Channel and Mona Passage), Ports Cagliari, Sardinia, 1,255 Napoli, Italy, 1,116 1,494 Calcutta, India, 4,691 Navplion, Greece, 613 Lagos, Nigeria, 3,950 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1,539 Cannes, France, 1,472 Nice, France, 1,456 Limon, Costa Rica, 1,313 Cartagena, Spain, 1,705 Novorossiysk, Russia, 1,260 Lisboa, Portugal, 3,287 PORT ROYAL, JAMAICA Catania, Sicily, 942 Odessa, Ukraine, 1,152 Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 1,482 (17˚56'00"N., 76˚51'00"W.) Ceuta, Morocco, 1,923 Okha, India, 2,887 Monrovia, Liberia, 3,045 Subtract 5 miles from Kingston Chalna, Bangladesh, 4,705 Olbia, Sardinia, 1,278 New Amsterdam, Guyana, 437 distances. Chioggia, Italy, 1,307 Oran, Algeria, 1,711 New York, New York, U.S.A. (via Chittagong, Bangladesh, 4,739 Palermo, Sicily, 1,061 Virgin Passage), 1,939 Civitavecchia, Italy, 1,243 Palma, Balearic Islands, 1,555 PORT SAN CARLOS, Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 1,799 FALKLAND ISLANDS Cochin, India, 3,237 Patrai, Greece (via south of Oranjestad, St. Eustatius, 432 (51˚30'00"S., 59˚00'00"W.) See Colombo, Sri Lanka, 3,481 Greece), 762 Paramaribo, Suriname, 546 Stanley, Falkland Islands. Constanta, Romania, 1,000 Patrai, Greece (via Corinth Canal), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 3,238 690 (via Virgin Passage), 1,938 Darnah, Libya, 514 Penang, Malaysia, 4,733 PORT SAID, EGYPT* Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 358 (31˚16'00"N., 32˚19'00"E.) to: Derince, Turkey, 837 Phuket, Thailand, 4,629 Port au Prince, Haiti, 1,053 Djibouti, Djibouti, 1,374 Piraievs, Greece, 599 Port Castries, St. Lucia (east of Junction Points* Dubrovnik, Croatia, 1,038 Ploce, Croatia, 1,132 Grenadine Islands), 231 Dumai, Indonesia, 4,943 Port des Galets, Reunion Islands, Port Castries, St. Lucia (west of Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Durban, South Africa, 4,567 3,747 Grenadine Islands), 230 5,340 Durres, Albania, 951 Port Blair, Andaman Islands, 4,353 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 6,389 East London, South Africa, 4,830 Port Darwin, Australia (via Eight U.S.A., 2,024 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 5,892 Ermoupolis, Greece, 535 Degree Channel), 6,764 Puerto la Cruz, Venezuela, 214 Singapore, 5,035 Famagusta, Cyprus, 257 Port St. Louis du Rhone, France, Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, 395 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,943 Fethiye, Turkey, 375 1,535 Puerto Cortes, Honduras, 1,599 Selat Sunda, Indonesia (via Eight Fort Dauphin, Madagascar, 4,035 Port Sudan, Sudan, 788 Puerto Sucre, Venezuela, 200 Degree Channel), 5,224 Fremantle, Australia, 6,310 Port Swettenham, Malaysia, 4,817 Punta Cardon, Venezuela, 574 Selat Sunda, Indonesia (via One Gaeta, Italy, 1,150 Port Vendres, France, 1,583 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3,271 and Half Degree Channel), Genova, Italy, 1,426 Porto Empedocle, Sicily, 1,017 Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico, 525 5,335 Ghazaouet, Algeria, 1,784 Porto Vecchio di Piombino, Italy, San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua, Torres Strait, Australia (via Eight Gibraltar, 1,925 1,315 1,342 Degree Channel), 7,423 Golfe-Juan, France, 1,462 Pozzuoli, Italy, 1,118 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 574 Torres Strait, Australia (via One Haifa, Israel, 171 Preveza, Greece, 806 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary and Half Degree Channel), Hyeres, Greece, 1,474 Pula, Croatia (south of Greece), Islands, 2,804 7,409 Iraklion, Kriti, 455 1,256 Santo Domingo, Dominican Iskenderun, Turkey, 381 Pula, Croatia (via Corinth Canal), Republic, 681 Ports Istanbul, Turkey, 804 1,244 Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,714 Izmir, Turkey, 608 Qabis, Tunisia, 1,149 Sint Nicolaashaven, Aruba, 515 Ad Damman, Saudi Arabia, 3,142 Jakarta, Indonesia, 5,293 Rangoon, Burma, 4,696 St. Georges, Grenada, 102 Jiddah, Saudi Arabia, 722 Ras as Sidr, Egypt, 112

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 86 PORT ST. LOUIS DU RHONE, FRANCE

Ras Gharib, Egypt, 187 Ports PORT-VENDRES, FRANCE Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,873 Ras Tannurah, Saudi Arabia, 3,162 (42˚31'30"N., 3˚07'00"E.) to: Cape Town, South Africa, 6,709 Reggio Di Calabria, Sicily, 939 Aden, Yemen, 668 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Rethimnon, Kriti, 489 Assab, Ethiopia, 524 Junction Points* 1,557 Rhodes, Greece, 376 Bur Safaga, Egypt, 508 Charlottetown, Canada (via Strait Rijeka, Croatia (south of Greece), Jiddah, Saudi Arabia, 161 Port Said, Egypt, 1,583 of Canso), 579 1,276 Massawa, Ethiopia, 306 Strait of Gibraltar, 633 Colon, Panama, 2,198 Rijeka, Croatia (via Corinth Halifax, Canada, 338 Ports Canal), 1,263 PORT SULPHUR, Kingston, Jamaica, 1,679 Rostov-na-Donu, Russia, 1,440 LOUISIANA, U.S.A. Maracaibo, Venezuela, 2,042 Sabang, Indonesia, 4,422 (29˚28'36"N., 89˚41'09"W.) Barcelona, Spain, 108 Montevideo, Uruguay, 5,759 Salamis, Greece, 614 Subtract 50 miles from New Marseille, France, 109 Murmansk, Russia, 3,677 Salerno, Italy, 1,098 Orleans distances. Napoli, Italy, 521 Recife, Brazil, 3,700 Sant Antioco Ponti, Sardinia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,772 1,282 PORT SWETTENHAM, PORTLAND, AUSTRALIA Salvador, Brazil, 4,091 Sarande, Albania, 863 MALAYA, MALAYSIA (38˚20'30"S., 141˚37'00"E.) to: San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,531 Savona, Italy, 1,437 (3˚00'00"N., 101˚23'00"E.) to: Santos, Brazil, 4,959 Sayda, Lebanon, 205 Junction Points* St. John, Canada, 215 Sete, France, 1,577 Junction Points* Sydney, Canada, 556 Sevastopol’, Ukraine, 1,105 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 1,304 Willemstad, Curacao, 1,921 Sfax, Tunisia, 1,131 Port Said, Egypt, 4,817 Torres Strait, Australia, 2,429 Yarmouth, Canada, 185 Shengjin, Albania, 988 Singapore, 210 Sibenik, Croatia (south of Ports PORTLAND, OREGON, U.S.A. Greece), 1,148 Ports (45˚33'00"N., 122˚41'45"W.) to: Sibenik, Croatia (via Corinth Hobart, Tasmania, 540 Canal), 1,136 Calcutta, India, 1,444 Melbourne, Australia, 206 Junction Points* Simons Bay, South Africa, 5,315 Madras, India, 1,384 Port Adelaide, Australia, 321 Siracusa, Sicily, 924 Penang, Malaysia, 172 Panama, Panama, 3,869 Skikda, Algeria, 1,337 PORTLAND, ENGLAND Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,813 Soudha, Kriti, 507 PORT TALBOT, WALES (50˚35'00"N., 2˚26'00"W.) to: Singapore, 7,142 Sousse, Tunisia, 1,133 (51˚35'25"N., 3˚47'24"W.) to: Wilson Promontory, Australia, Split, Croatia, 1,133 Junction Points* 7,121 St. Raphael, France, 1,475 Junction Points* Suakin, Sudan, 813 Bishop Rock, England, 181 Ports Tamatave, Madagascar, 3,584 Bishop Rock, England, 149 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Tanga, Tanzania, 3,068 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 331 Entrance), Germany, 565 Antofagasta, Chile, 5,383 Tarabulus, Lebanon, 268 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 682 Auckland, New Zealand, 6,075 Tarabulus, Libya, 998 Ports Brisbane, Australia, 6,421 Taranto, Italy, 954 Ports Brito, Nicaragua, 3,333 Tarragona, Spain, 1,634 Dublin, Ireland, 179 Callao, Peru, 4,611 Terracina, Italy, 1,162 Liverpool, England, 244 Aberdeen, Scotland, 564 Cebu, Philippines, 6,001 Thessaloniki, Greece, 741 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 316 Dalian, China, 5,240 Toulon, France, 1,486 PORT TAMPA, FLORIDA, Antwerp, Belgium, 292 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 4,169 Trapani, Sicily, 1,100 U.S.A. Bergen, Norway, 745 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,332 Trieste, Italy, 1,310 (21˚51'40"N., 82˚33'20"W.) Bremerhaven, Germany, 499 Jakarta, Indonesia (via Balintang Tubruq, Libya, 445 Subtract 5 miles from Tampa Calais, France, 170 Channel and composite), 7,415 Tulear, Madagascar, 3,966 distances. Dover, England, 155 Kobe, Japan, 4,590 Tunis, Tunisia, 1,172 Dundee, Scotland, 547 Manila, Philippines (via Babuyan Umm Said, Qatar, 3,091 PORT TARANAKI, NEW Dunkerque, France, 190 Channel), 6,024 Valencia, Spain, 1,679 ZEALAND Egersund, Norway, 632 Newcastle, Australia, 6,833 Valletta, Malta, 946 (39˚02'08"S., 174˚02'30"E.) See Emden, Germany, 439 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Venezia, Italy, 1,317 New Plymouth. Esbjerg, Denmark, 525 4,525 Viareggio, Italy, 1,716 Hamburg, Germany, 554 Sydney, Australia, 6,737 Villa San Giovanni, Italy, 944 PORT TOWNSEND, Hartlepool, England, 428 Valparaiso, Chile, 5,764 Villa Sanjurjo, Morocco, 1,868 WASHINGTON, U.S.A. Hull, England, 368 Vancouver, Canada, 371 Villefranche, France, 1,455 (48˚06'30"N., 122˚45'00"W.) Kristiansand, Norway, 643 Vladivostok, Russia (north of the Vlores, Albania, 973 Subtract 36 miles from Seattle Leith, Scotland, 545 Aleutian Islands), 4,278 Volos, Greece, 683 distances. London, England, 247 Wellington, New Zealand, 6,327 Yumurtalik, Turkey, 372 Newcastle, England, 453 Yokohama, Japan, 4,323 Zadar, Croatia, 1,214 PORT WALCOT, Oostende, Belgium, 214 AUSTRALIA Oslo, Norway, 795 PORTO ALEGRE, BRAZIL PORT ST. LOUIS DU RHONE, (20˚31'58"S., 117˚14'00"E.) to: Rotterdam, Netherlands, 293 (30˚02'00"S., 51˚14'00"W.) to: FRANCE Southampton, England, 57 (43˚23'00"N., 4˚48'00"E.) to: Junction Points* Stavanger, Norway, 672 Junction Points* Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 483 Junction Points* Cape of Good Hope, South Zeebrugge, Belgium, 229 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, 5,137 Africa, 3,625 Port Said, Egypt, 1,535 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 1,005 PORTLAND, MAINE, U.S.A. Panama, Panama, 5,148 Strait of Gibraltar, 703 Port Said, Egypt, 6,170 (43˚39'30"N., 70˚14'45"W.) to: Punta Arenas, Chile, 1,686 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 707 Ports Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 3,346 Junction Points* Ports Selat Wetar, Indonesia, 942 Annaba, Algeria, 419 Torres Strait, Australia, 1,662 Montreal, Canada, 1,206 Montevideo, Uruguay, 482 Barcelona, Spain, 178 Panama, Panama (via Crooked Santos, Brazil, 758 Genova, Italy, 221 Ports Island Passage), 2,241 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 2,910 PORTO DI BARLETTA, PORT SUDAN, SUDAN Al Basrah, Iraq, 5,133 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,949 ITALY (19˚37'00"N., 37˚13'45"E.) to: Fremantle, Australia, 873 Straits of Florida, 1,450 (41˚20'00"N., 16˚17'30"E.) to: Geraldton, Australia, 671 Junction Points* Mombasa, Kenya, 4,624 Ports Junction Points* Port Darwin, Australia, 953 Port Said, Egypt, 788 Victoria, Seychelles, 3,730 Belize, Belize, 1,967 Port Said, Egypt, 1,023 Zanzibar, Tanzania, 4,796

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points PRIMORSK, RUSSIA 87

Strait of Gibraltar, 1,398 U.S.A., 3,057 Yucatan Channel, 1,612 Junction Points*

Ports PORTO VECCHIO DI Ports Selat Lombok, Indonesia (via PIOMBINO, ITALY Makassar Strait), 7,218 Ancona, Italy, 199 (42˚56'00"N., 10˚33'00"E.) to: Argentia, Canada, 779 Panama, Panama, 4,107 Dubrovnik, Croatia, 113 Arkhangel’sk, Russia, 3,992 Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,067 Taranto, Italy, 232 Junction Points* Belem, Brazil, 2,959 Singapore (via Balintang Cartagena, Colombia, 2,053 Channel), 7,281 PORTO DI BRINDISI, ITALY Port Said, Egypt, 1,315 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Selat Sunda, Indonesia (via (40˚38'38"N., 17˚57'03"E.) See Strait of Gibraltar, 897 1,534 Balintang Channel), 7,645 Brindisi. Colon, Panama, 2,174 Ports Dakar, Senegal, 3,219 Ports PORTO EMPEDOCLE, Elizabeth Harbor, Bahamas, 1,252 SICILY, ITALY Genova, Italy, 116 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 3,654 Anchorage, Alaska, U.S.A. (via (37˚16'30"N., 13˚32'00"E.) to: Marseille, France, 247 Georgetown, Guyana, 2,284 Queen Charlotte Sound), 1,278 Napoli, Italy, 227 Guantanamo, Cuba (via Crooked Auckland, New Zealand, 6,244 Junction Points* Island Passage), 1,512 Brisbane, Australia, 6,543 PORTOVESME, ITALY Halifax, Canada, 359 Chimbote, Peru, 4,642 Port Said, Egypt, 1,017 (39˚11'31"N., 8˚22'29"E.) to: Hamilton, Bermuda, 723 Guaymas, Mexico, 2,333 Strait of Gibraltar, 937 Ivittuut, Greenland, 1,709 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,476 Junction Points* Kingston, Jamaica, 1,655 Sydney, Australia, 6,879 Ports Port Castries, St. Lucia, 1,822 Tokyo, Japan (via Queen Charlotte Port Said, Egypt, 1,298 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 2,024 Sound), 4,123 Tarabulus, Libya, 263 Strait of Gibraltar, 701 Reykjavik, Iceland, 2,271 Tunis, Tunisia, 167 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,507 POZZUOLI, ITALY Valletta, Malta, 97 Ports St. John, Canada, 248 (40˚49'30"N., 14˚07'00"E.) to: Sydney, Canada, 576 PORTO GRANDE, SAO Alexandria, Egypt, 1,160 Junction Points* VICENTE, CAPE VERDE Barcelona, Spain, 311 PORVOO, FINLAND ISLANDS Beirut, Lebanon, 1,387 (60˚18'00"N., 25˚33'00"E.) to: Port Said, Egypt, Strait of (16˚53'00"N., 25˚00'20"W.) to: Istanbul, Turkey, 1,336 Gibraltar, 995 Marseille, France, 282 Junction Points* Junction Points* Trieste, Italy, 2,700 Ports Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Bishop Rock, England, 2,165 PORTSMOUTH, ENGLAND Entrance), Germany, 660 Civitavecchia, Italy, 147 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, (50˚48'00"N., 1˚06'40"W.) to: Skagens Odde, Denmark (via The Messina, Sicily, 177 3,958 Sound), 722 Tunis, Tunisia, 308 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 2,137 Junction Points* Strait of Gibraltar, 1,539 Ports PRAIA DA VITORIA, Straits of Florida, 3,308 Bishop Rock, England (via TERCEIRA, AZORES Needles Channel), 225 Halmstad, Sweden (via The (38˚43'45"N., 27˚03'10"W.) to: Ports Ile d’Ouessant, France, 227 Sound), 644 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Hamina, Finland, 83 Junction Points* Accra, Ghana, 1,760 Entrance), Germany, 515 Helsinki, Finland, 56 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Skagens Odde, Denmark, 632 Kobenhavn, Denmark (via The Bishop Rock, England, 1,128 3,095 Sound), 582 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,034 Banjul, Gambia, 553 Ports Kokkola, Finland, 525 Straits of Florida, 3,017 Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, 651 Lulea, Sweden, 584 Cadiz, Spain, 1,547 Aberdeen, Scotland, 514 Varberg, Sweden (via The Sound), Ports Casablanca, Morocco, 1,387 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 266 666 Colon, Panama, 3,246 Antwerp, Belgium, 242 Lisboa, Portugal, 850 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 871 Bergen, Norway, 695 POTI, GEORGIA New York, New York, U.S.A., Funchal, Madeira Island, 1,043 Bremerhaven, Germany, 446 (42˚09'51"N., 41˚38'35"E.) to: 2,173 Guantanamo, Cuba, 2,853 Dover, England, 105 Horta, Azores, 1,316 Dundee, Scotland, 497 Junction Points* PRAIA, SAO TIAGO, CAPE Huelva, Spain, 1,561 Dunkerque, France, 150 VERDE ISLANDS Lagos, Nigeria, 1,991 Egersund, Norway, 582 Port Said, Egypt, 1,399 (14˚54'15"N., 23˚30'30"W.) to: Lisboa, Portugal, 1,555 Emden, Germany, 389 Strait of Gibraltar (via Corinth Luanda, Angola, 2,778 Esbjerg, Denmark, 475 Canal), 4,266 Ports Mocamedes, Angola, 2,939 Hamburg, Germany, 504 Strait of Gibraltar (south of Monrovia, Liberia, 1,069 Hartlepool, England, 378 Greece), 4,326 Funchal, Madeira Island, 1,128 New York, New York, U.S.A., Hull, England, 318 2,913 Kristiansand, Norway, 593 Ports PREVEZA, GREECE Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 2,971 Leith, Scotland, 495 (38˚57'15"N., 20˚45'20"E.) to: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, London, England, 197 Alexandria, Egypt, 1,337 U.S.A., 3,011 Newcastle, England, 403 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,448 Junction Points* Ponta Delgada, Azores, 1,253 Oostende, Belgium, 174 Constanta, Romania, 581 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2,687 Oslo, Norway, 745 Haifa, Israel, 1,450 Port Said, Egypt, 806 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Rotterdam, Netherlands, 243 Iraklion, Kriti, 1,049 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,319 Islands, 849 Stavanger, Norway, 622 Istanbul, Turkey, 591 Sao Tome, Sao Tome, Gulf of Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 433 Napoli, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Ports Guinea, 2,208 Zeebrugge, Belgium, 179 1,530 Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 3,169 Napoli, Italy (south of Greece), Durres, Albania, 181 Sidi Ifni, Morocco, 1,117 PORTSMOUTH, NEW 1,593 Messina, Sicily, 274 St. Louis, Senegal, 496 HAMPSHIRE, U.S.A. Valencia, Spain (via Corinth Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth Sydney, Canada, 2,503 (43˚04'40"N., 70˚44'30"W.) to: Canal), 2,125 Canal), 197 Takoradi, Ghana, 1,673 Valencia, Spain (south of Greece), Tangier, Morocco, 1,536 Junction Points* 2,185 PRIMORSK, RUSSIA Vigo, Spain, 1,737 (60˚21'30"N., 28˚36'00"E.) Via Villa Cisneros, Western Sahara, Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, POWELL RIVER, CANADA Ostrov Rondo pilot station. 650 6,732 (49˚52'00"N., 124˚34'00"W.) to: Subtract 1 mile from Vysotsk Wilmington, North Carolina, Straits of Florida, 1,461 distances.

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 88 PRINCE RUPERT, CANADA

PRINCE RUPERT, CANADA Pentland Firth, Scotland, 3,047 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, PUERTO DE HIERRO, (54˚19'00"N., 130˚20'00"W.) to: Strait of Gibraltar, 3,122 506 VENEZUELA Cienfuegos, Cuba, 1,015 (10˚37'00"N., 62˚05'30"W.) to: Junction Points* Ports Colon, Panama, 802 Galveston, Texas, U.S.A., 1,899 Junction Points* Panama, Panama, 4,303 Bordeaux, France, 3,145 Key West, Florida, U.S.A. (via Old Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,247 Bahama Channel and Windward Panama, Panama, 1,192 Singapore, 6,683 Straits of Florida, 2,086 PROVIDENIYA, RUSSIA Passage), 1,248 (64˚22'00"N., 173˚17'30"W.) to: Kingston, Jamaica, 697 Ports La Habana, Cuba (via Old Bahama Ports Ports Channel and Windward Apra, Guam, 4,586 Passage), 1,260 Barranquilla, Colombia, 838 Auckland, New Zealand, 6,209 Anadyrskiy Zaliv, Russia, 254 Paramaribo, Suriname, 887 Belem, Brazil, 1,215 Callao, Peru, 5,047 Pevek, Russia, 719 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Tiksi, Russia, 1,500 (via Mona Passage), 1,845 PUERTO DE LA LUZ, 1,274 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 520 CANARY ISLANDS Hakodate, Japan (alternate route, Port au Prince, Haiti, 769 (28˚08'30"N., 15˚25'00"W.) See PUERTO ARMUELLES, Las Palmas. north of Aleutian Islands), 3,487 PANAMA Port Castries, St. Lucia, 465 Hakodate, Japan (south of Aleutian (8˚16'15"N., 82˚51'30"W.) to: Port of Spain, Trinidad, 395 Islands), 3,525 Santo Domingo, Dominican PUERTO DE PASAJES, SPAIN Hong Kong, China (alternate route, Junction Points* Republic, 492 (43˚19'30"N., 1˚55'00"W.) to: north of Aleutian Islands), 5,286 Tuxpan, Mexico, 1,883 Hong Kong, China (south of Panama, Panama, 306 Veracruz, Mexico, 1,848 Junction Points* Aleutian Islands), 5,323 Willemstad, Curacao, 116 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,393 Ports Ile d’Ouessant, France, 340 Juneau, Alaska, U.S.A., 322 Strait of Gibraltar, 894 PUERTO CABEZAS, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Corinto, Nicaragua, 409 NICARAGUA 1,432 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., (14˚01'00"N., 83˚22'30"W.) to: Ports Manila, Philippines (south of 2,645 Aleutian Islands, and north of San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Junction Points* Bordeaux, France, 178 Luzon), 5,510 2,973 El Ferrol del Caudillo, Spain, 300 Nanaimo, Canada, 453 Panama, Panama, 390 Horta, Azores, 1,260 New Westminster, Canada, 492 PUERTO BARRIOS, Nome, Alaska, U.S.A., 1,846 GUATEMALA Ports PUERTO DESEADO, Pago Pago, American Samoa, (15˚43'00"N., 88˚37'00"W.) to: ARGENTINA 4,652 Kingston, Jamaica, 451 (47˚45'20"S., 65˚55'05"W.) to: Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy Junction Points* La Ceiba, Honduras, 316 Russia (via Unimak Pass), 2,504 Oranjestad, St. Eustatius, 1,195 Junction Points* San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Panama, Panama, 823 Panama, Panama, 6,222 1,090 Yucatan Channel, 439 PUERTO CORTES, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 577 HONDURAS Punta Arenas, Chile, 440 Seward, Alaska, U.S.A., 734 Ports (15˚50'00"N., 87˚57'20"W.) to: Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 285 Ports Sydney, Australia, 6,671 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Junction Points* Valparaiso, Chile, 6,199 1,725 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 965 Vancouver, Canada, 477 Cartagena, Colombia, 901 Panama, Panama, 776 Victoria, Canada, 531 Colon, Panama, 780 Yucatan Channel, 399 PUERTO LA CRUZ, Yokohama, Japan (alternate route, Galveston, Texas, U.S.A., 1,041 VENEZUELA north of Aleutian Islands), 3,810 Kingston, Jamaica, 715 Ports (10˚14'50"N., 64˚35'57"W.) to: Yokohama, Japan (south of La Habana, Cuba, 608 Aleutian Islands), 3,827 Mobile, Alabama, U.S.A., 950 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Junction Points* New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A. 1,690 Panama, Panama, 1,016 PROGRESO, MEXICO (via South Pass), 955 Barranquilla, Colombia, 873 (21˚21'00"N., 89˚40'00"W.) to: New York, New York, U.S.A., Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,909 Yucatan Channel, 1,381 1,804 Cartagena, Colombia, 854 Junction Points* Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 1,603 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Ports Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1,343 Panama, Panama, 1,069 U.S.A., 1,774 Colon, Panama, 733 La Guaira, Venezuela, 145 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 792 Dakar, Senegal, 4,077 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Ports Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,224 Galveston, Texas, U.S.A., 1,001 U.S.A., 1,900 Veracruz, Mexico, 985 Georgetown, Guyana, 1,933 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 214 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Guantanamo, Cuba, 770 1,530 PUERTO CABELLO, Kingston, Jamaica, 671 PUERTO MADRYN, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., VENEZUELA La Guaira, Venezuela, 1,294 ARGENTINA 1,838 (10˚29'15"N., 68˚00'30"W.) to: Limon, Costa Rica, 623 (42˚45'45"S., 65˚01'35"W.) to: Colon, Panama, 1,026 Mobile, Alabama, U.S.A., 915 La Habana, Cuba, 430 Junction Points* New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A. Junction Points* New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A., (via South Pass), 916 556 Panama, Panama, 845 New York, New York, U.S.A., Panama, Panama, 6,012 New York, New York, U.S.A., Straits of Florida (via Windward 1,764 Punta Arenas, Chile, 760 1,609 Passage), 1,299 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 1,568 Tampico, Mexico, 469 Yucatan Channel, 1,203 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Ports Veracruz, Mexico, 401 U.S.A., 1,739 Ports Port Castries, St. Lucia, 1,578 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 748 PROVIDENCE, RHODE Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1,599 ISLAND, U.S.A. Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Recife, Brazil, 3,737 PUERTO MANATI, CUBA (41˚48'30"N., 71˚24'00"W.) to: 1,818 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,813 (21˚21'40"N., 76˚49'20"W.) to: Belize, Belize, 1,289 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,284 Junction Points* Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. (via Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,189 Junction Points* Mona Passage), 1,976 St. John’s, Antigua, 1,511 Bishop Rock, England, 2,841 Campeche, Mexico, 1,595 Swan Island, Honduras, 254 Panama, Panama, 959 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 2,719 Cap-Haitien, Haiti, 752 Tampico, Mexico, 993 Straits of Florida, 397 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 2,823 Veracruz, Mexico, 948

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points PUNTA ARENAS, CHILE 89

Ports Ports Larnaca, Cyprus, 1,245 Cape Town, South Africa, 4,279 Mersin, Turkey, 1,260 Charleston, South Carolina, La Habana, Cuba, 353 Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Patrai, Greece, 555 U.S.A., 6,868 New York, New York, U.S.A., Russia, 2,800 Rostov-na-Donu, Russia (south of Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, 1,244 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 836 Greece), 1,745 5,714 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 639 Manila, Philippines, 364 Rostov-na-Donu, Russia (via Charlottetown, Canada, 6,907 Shanghai, China, 1,622 Corinth Canal), 1,646 Chimbote, Peru, 2,843 PUERTO MIRANDA, Vladivostok, Russia, 2,217 Sete, France, 1,216 Colon, Panama, 6,451 VENEZUELA Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina, (10˚45'30"N., 71˚33'15"W.) PUERTO SANDINO, PULUPANDAN, PHILIPPINES 585 Subtract 8 1/2 miles from NICARAGUA (10˚31'00"N., 122˚47'30"E.) to: Coquimbo, Chile, 1,623 Maracaibo distances. (12˚09'00"N., 86˚49'30"W.) to: Corinto, Nicaragua, 4,180 Junction Points* Dagu, China (north of Marshall PUERTO MONTT, CHILE Junction Points* Islands), 10,843 (41˚29'00"S., 72˚57'00"W.) to: Singapore, 1,504 Dakar, Senegal, 4,928 Panama, Panama, 649 Torres Strait, Australia, 1,962 Dalian, China, 10,687 Junction Points* Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Ports Ports 8,063 Panama, Panama, 3,177 Esmeraldas, Ecuador, 3,486 Punta Arenas, Chile, 992 Acapulco, Mexico, 825 Cebu, Philippines, 225 Fortaleza, Brazil, 3,654 Callao, Peru, 1,608 Manila, Philippines, 363 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 4,731 Ports Zamboanga, Philippines, 237 Funchal, Madeira Island, 5,894 PUERTO SUCRE, Georgetown, Guyana, 5,030 Islas Juan Fernandez, 616 VENEZUELA PUNTA ARENAS, CHILE* Guayaquil, Ecuador, 3,307 Valparaiso, Chile, 623 (10˚27'45"N., 64˚11'43"W.) to: (53˚10'00"S., 70˚54'00"W.) to: Guaymas, Mexico, 5,401 Hakodate, Japan (via 30˚S.), 9,672 Junction Points* PUERTO ORDAZ, Junction Points* Halifax, Canada, 6,799 VENEZUELA Hamilton, Bermuda, 6,273 (8˚21'00"N., 62˚43'00"W.) Add 4 Panama, Panama, 1,035 Bishop Rock, England, 7,019 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. (via miles to San Felix distances. Yucatan Channel, 1,399 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, 30˚S.), 6,414 4,262 Iquique, Chile, 2,201 Ports PUERTO PADRE, CUBA Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 7,051 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., (21˚13'00"N., 76˚34'00"W.) to: Grand Banks South, 6,440 6,879 La Guaira, Venezuela, 205 Honshu, Japan, 9,286 Jaluit, Marshall Islands, 6,815 Junction Points* Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Ile d’Ouessant, France, 6,986 Kobe, Japan (via 30˚S.), 9,872 U.S.A., 1,907 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 7,315 La Habana, Cuba (via Old Bahama Panama, Panama, 948 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 200 Montreal, Canada, 7,515 Channel and east of South Straits of Florida, 409 Panama, Panama, 3,932 America), 6,742 PUERTO TANAMO, CUBA Pentland Firth, Scotland, 7,563 La Libertad, Ecuador, 3,258 Ports (20˚42'00"N., 75˚20'00"W.) See Strait of Gibraltar, 6,352 Levuka, Fiji Islands, 5,342 Boca de Tanamo, Cuba. Straits of Florida, 6,783 Lisboa, Portugal, 6,398 Maracaibo, Venezuela, 834 Torres Strait, Australia (via 30˚S. Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Matanzas, Cuba, 330 PUERTO VITA, CUBA and Raine Island entrance), 5,871 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 625 (21˚04'45"N., 75˚57'08"W.) to: 7,217 Lota, Chile, 1,191 Tsugaru-Kaikyo, Japan, 9,449 Maceio, Brazil, 3,137 PUERTO PLATA, Junction Points* Wilson Promontory, Australia (via Mar del Plata, Argentina, 1,112 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Foveaux Strait and 49˚S.), 5,820 Matarani, Peru, 2,380 (19˚49'00"N., 70˚41'30"W.) to: Straits of Florida, 455 Wilson Promontory, Australia (via Midway Island, 7,382 30˚S. and Cook Strait), 7,460 Monterey, California, U.S.A., Junction Points* Ports Wilson Promontory, Australia (via 6,113 60˚S.), 5,305 Montevideo, Uruguay (via west of Panama, Panama, 942 Charleston, South Carolina, Yucatan Channel, 6,794 English Bank), 1,300 Straits of Florida, 764 U.S.A., 814 Nagasaki, Japan (via 30˚S.), New York, New York, U.S.A., Ports 10,126 Ports 1,224 Natal, Brazil, 3,400 Nuevitas, Cuba, 90 Acapulco, Mexico, 4,582 New York, New York, U.S.A., Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Port Antonia, Jamaica, 315 Angra dos Reis, Brazil, 2,212 6,934 1,215 Antofagasta, Chile, 1,996 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 6,880 Guantanamo, Cuba (via Windward PULA, CROATIA Apia, Samoa, 5,207 Noumea, New Caledonia, 5,527 Passage), 262 (44˚52'08"N., 13˚50'07"E.) to: Apra, Guam, 8,071 Pago Pago, American Samoa, New York, New York, U.S.A., Arica, Chile, 2,301 5,181 1,270 Junction Points* Auckland, New Zealand (via Papeete, French Polynesia, 4,233 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 30˚S.), 6,132 Paranagua, Brazil, 2,001 U.S.A., 1,250 Port Said, Egypt, 1,256 Auckland, New Zealand (via Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 311 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,628 49˚S.), 4,814 U.S.A., 6,978 Santo Domingo, Dominican Avarua, Cook Islands, 4,429 Pisco, Peru, 2,578 Republic, 295 Ports Bahia Blanca, Argentina, 1,004 Ponape, Caroline Islands, 7,260 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Port Castries, St. Lucia, 5,451 PUERTO PRINCESA, Catania, Sicily, 594 7,002 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 5,350 PHILIPPINES Constanta, Romania (south of Belem, Brazil, 4,363 Portland, Maine, U.S.A., 6,939 (9˚44'31"N., 118˚43'26"E.) to: Greece), 1,305 Bordeaux, France, 7,074 Portland, Oregon, U.S.A., 6,813 Constanta, Romania (via Corinth Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Porto Alegre, Brazil, 1,686 Junction Points* Canal), 1,206 6,910 Porto Concepcion, Argentina, 624 Iskenderun, Turkey (south of Brisbane, Australia (via 30˚S.), Prince Rupert, Canada, 7,247 Honshu, Japan, 2,044 Greece), 1,341 7,369 Puerto Deseado, Argentina, 440 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 1,168 Iskenderun, Turkey (via Corinth Brisbane, Australia (via 49˚S.), Puerto Madryn, Argentina, 760 Panama, Panama, 9,742 Canal), 1,301 6,063 Puerto Montt, Chile, 992 Punta Arenas, Chile, 9,346 Istanbul, Turkey, 1,124 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1,394 Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 4,010 Singapore, 1,060 Kerch, Ukraine (south of Greece), Cabedelo, Cuba, 3,327 Quequen, Argentina, 1,053 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 1,373 1,543 Caldera, Chile, 1,795 Rabaul, Papua New Guinea (via Torres Strait, Australia, 1,906 Kerch, Ukraine (via Corinth Caleta Olivia, Argentina, 570 30˚S.), 7,980 Canal), 1,444 Callao, Peru, 2,671 Recife, Brazil, 3,252 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2,238

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 90 PUNTA CARDON, VENEZUELA

Rio Gallegos, Argentina, 202 Callao, Peru, 1,421 Junction Points* Truk, Caroline Islands, 2,459 Rio Grande, Argentina, 220 Coquimbo, Chile, 2,526 Valparaiso, Chile, 10,274 Salina Cruz, Mexico, 4,478 Corinto, Nicaragua, 262 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 1,963 Vladivostok, Russia, 998 Salvador, Brazil, 2,920 Esmeraldas, Ecuador, 614 Strait of Gibraltar, 2,679 Wake Island, 2,614 San Antonio, Chile, 1,410 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 878 Weihai, China, 205 San Diego, California, U.S.A., Guaymas, Mexico, 1,956 Ports Weonsan, South Korea, 802 5,801 Iquique, Chile, 2,062 Yantai, China, 239 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., La Libertad, El Salvador, 383 Churchill, Canada, 1,523 Yokohama, Japan, 1,160 6,188 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Reykjavik, Iceland, 1,278 Yongjia, China, 623 San Jose, Guatemala, 4,296 2,499 St. John’s, Canada, 1,333 San Juan, Peru, 1,660 Lota, Chile, 2,899 QINHUANGDAO, CHINA Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A., Monterey, California, U.S.A., QEQERTARSUAQ (39˚55'00"N., 119˚36'30"E.) to: 5,938 2,751 (GODHAVN), GREENLAND Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Pisco, Peru, 1,533 (69˚14'00"N., 53˚32'00"W.) to: Ports Islands, 5,690 San Diego, California, U.S.A., Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 6,898 2,429 Junction Points* Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 6,964 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Russia, 1,755 Seward, Alaska, U.S.A., 7,859 2,831 Inishtrahull, Ireland (via 75 miles Busan, South Korea, 650 Shanghai, China (via 30˚S.), San Jose, Guatemala, 465 off Kap Farvel), 1,953 Dagu, China, 131 10,465 San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua, 171 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 1,901 Dalian, China, 145 Shimonoseki, Japan (via 30˚S.), Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A., Incheon, South Korea, 406 10,038 2,566 Ports Lo hsing-ta Mao-ti, China (via Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 7,455 Talcahuano, Chile, 2,879 Steep Island Pass), 977 St. John’s, Canada, 6,735 Valparaiso, Chile, 2,690 Ivittuut, Greenland, 560 Mogpo, South Korea (south of Suva, Fiji Islands, 5,444 Reykjavik, Iceland (via 75 miles Kasa Do), 484 Sydney, Australia (via 30˚S. and PUSAN, SOUTH KOREA off Kap Farvel), 1,483 Nagasaki, Japan, 702 north of New Zealand), 7,301 (35˚06'00"N., 129˚03'00"E.) See Reykjavik, Iceland, 1,396 Nampo, North Korea, 307 Sydney, Australia (via 60˚S.), Busan, South Korea. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, 5,398 QINGDAO, CHINA Russia, 2,368 Talcahuano, Chile, 1,269 QAANAAQ (THULE), (36˚05'30"N., 120˚19'00"E.) to: Qingdao, China, 381 Tocopilla, Chile, 2,177 GREENLAND Shanghai, China, 668 Valparaiso, Chile, 1,432 (76˚32'52"N., 68˚62'30"W.) to: Junction Points* Vladivostok, Russia (via Maenggol Vancouver, Canada, 6,978 Sudo), 1,l51 Wellington, New Zealand (via Junction Points* Panama, Panama, 8,575 Weihai, China, 191 30˚S.), 6,141 Singapore, 2,466 Weonsan, South Korea, 995 Wellington, New Zealand (via Pentland Firth, Scotland, 2,456 Xiamen, China, 1,114 50˚S.), 4,634 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,299 Ports Yantai, China, 168 Wilmington, North Carolina, U.S.A., 6,853 Ports Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, QUA IBOE, NIGERIA Xiamen, China, 10,537 Russia, 1,602 (4˚21'40"N., 8˚00'00"E.) to: Yokohama, Japan (via 30˚S.), Churchill, Canada, 1,909 Apra, Guam, 1,900 9,642 Reykjavik, Iceland, 1,898 Auckland, New Zealand, 5,378 Junction Points* St. John’s, Canada, 1,800 Busan, South Korea, 497 PUNTA CARDON, Dagu, China, 436 Bishop Rock, England, 4,258 VENEZUELA QABIS, TUNISIA Dalian, China, 277 Cape of Good Hope, South (11˚37'30"N., 70˚14'30"W.) to: (33˚53'64"N., 10˚07'30"E.) to: Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Africa, 2,658 3,385 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 4,164 Junction Points* Junction Points* Guayaquil, Ecuador, 8,880 Grand Banks South, 4,315 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 1,969 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 4,095 Panama, Panama, 674 Port Said, Egypt, 1,149 Hong Kong, China, 1,120 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 4,427 Yucatan Channel, 1,055 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,073 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 4,456 Panama, Panama, 5,319 Hua-lien Kang, Taiwan, 792 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 4,987 Ports Ports Incheon, South Korea, 333 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,316 Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 3,975 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,502 Cartagena, Colombia, 397 Tarabulus, Libya, 174 Lo hsing-ta Mao-ti, China, 715 Straits of Florida, 5,490 Kingston, Jamaica, 530 Tunis, Tunisia, 302 Manila, Philippines, 1,422 Yucatan Channel, 5,640 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 574 Valletta, Malta, 232 Midway Island, 3,303 Mogpo, South Korea, 336 Ports PUNTA DE PIEDRAS, QAQORTOQ (JULIANEHAB), Nampo, North Korea, 309 VENEZUELA GREENLAND Nikolayevsk-Na-Amure, Russia, Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 725 (11˚42'12"N., 70˚13'30"W.) Add (60˚43'00"N., 46˚02'30"W.) to: 1,750 Accra, Ghana, 504 2 miles to Amuay distances. Noumea, New Caledonia, 4,416 Cape Town, South Africa, 2,384 Junction Points* Pago Pago, American Samoa, Cotonou, Dahomey, 377 PUNTA PALMAS DEL SUR, 4,969 Lagos, Nigeria, 334 VENEZUELA Montreal, Canada (via Strait of Papeete, French Polynesia, 6,046 Libreville, Gabon, 254 (10˚24'28"N., 71˚33'18"W.) Add Belle Isle), 1,470 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, New York, New York, U.S.A., 15 miles to Maracaibo distances. Russia, 2,215 5,121 Ports Port Darwin, Australia, 3,062 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, PUNTARENAS, COSTA RICA Qinhuangdao, China, 381 U.S.A., 7,399 (9˚68'00"N., 84˚50'00"W.) to: New York, New York, U.S.A., Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 3,043 Sao Tome, Sao Tome, 246 1,911 San Diego, California, U.S.A., Takoradi, Ghana, 587 Junction Points* Reykjavik, Iceland (direct), 795 5,805 Reykjavik, Iceland (via 75 miles San Francisco, California, U.S.A., QUEPOS, COSTA RICA Panama, Panama, 471 off Kap Farvel), 892 5,403 (9˚25'00"N., 84˚10'00"W.) to: Punta Arenas, Chile, 4,010 St. John’s, Canada, 827 Sanmen Wen, China, 528 Shanghai, China, 401 Junction Points* Ports QASIGIANNGUIT, Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 4,454 GREENLAND Su-ao Kang, Taiwan, 756 Panama, Panama, 415 Acapulco, Mexico, 1,011 (68˚49'00"N., 51˚11'30"W.) to: Surabaya, Indonesia, 2,864 Amapala, Honduras, 329 Suva, Fiji Islands, 4,662 Ports Antofagasta, Chile, 2,215 Sydney, Australia, 4,871 Arica, Chile, 1,996 Tai-tung Kang, Taiwan, 870 Acapulco, Mexico, 1,043

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points RAS AL KETHIB, YEMEN 91

Callao, Peru, 1,387 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 5,414 Punta Arenas, Chile (via 49˚S.), Ports Port Said, Egypt, 3,260 7,036 QUEQUEN, ARGENTINA Singapore, 3,799 Gdynia, Poland, 403 (38˚35'00"S., 58˚41'30"W.) to: Ports Stockholm, Sweden, 604 Ports Swinoujscie, Poland, 266 Junction Points* Apia, Samoa, 2,232 Aden, Yemen, 1,871 Apra, Guam, 1,187 RANGOON, BURMA Panama, Panama, 5,202 Bombay, India, 1,491 Auckland, New Zealand, 2,345 (16˚46'00"N., 96˚l0'00"E.) to: Punta Arenas, Chile, 1,053 Avarua, Cook Islands, 2,993 RA’S AS SIDR, EGYPT Brisbane, Australia, 1,434 Junction Points* Ports (29˚34'36"N., 32˚42'00"E.) to: Callao, Peru, 7,713 Dagu, China, 3,294 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa Buenos Aires, Argentina, 350 Junction Points* Hakodate, Japan, 2,894 (east of Madagascar), 5,443 Santos, Brazil, 1,437 Hong Kong, China, 2,764 Cape Leeuwin, Australia (west of Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,355 Sumatra), 3,359 QUI NHON, VIETNAM 5,189 Lae, Papua New Guinea, 448 Port Said, Egypt, 4,696 (13˚45'00"N., 109˚15'00"E.) to: Port Said, Egypt, 112 Levuka, Fiji Islands, 1,836 Singapore, 1,109 Singapore, 4,902 Mackay, Australia, 1,871 Junction Points* Manila, Philippines, 2,281 Ports Ports Melbourne, Australia, 2,408 Singapore, 856 Midway Island, 2,688 Aden, Yemen, 3,309 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 1,241 Aden, Yemen, 1,282 Nagasaki, Japan, 2,612 Al Basrah, Iraq, 3,603 Noumea, New Caledonia, 1,383 Al Manamah, Bahrain, 3,329 Ports RA’S GHARIB, EGYPT Papeete, French Polynesia, 3,527 Belawan, Indonesia, 803 (28˚20'30"N., 33˚07'00"E.) to: Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Bombay, India, 2,139 Haiphong, Vietnam, 469 Russia, 3,555 Bushehr, Iran, 3,425 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 361 Junction Points* Ponape, Caroline Islands, 853 Calcutta, India, 787 Hong Kong, China, 592 Qingdao, China, 3,043 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1,268 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Rotoava, Iles Tuamotu, 3,743 Fremantle, Australia (west of QUINFUGUENA, ANGOLA 5,114 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Sumatra), 3,248 (6˚19'28"S., 12˚14'20"E.) to: Port Said, Egypt, 187 5,396 Karachi, Pakistan, 2,561 Singapore, 4,827 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 5,509 Madras, India, 1,003 Junction Points* Sorong, New Guinea, 1,304 Malacca, Malaysia, 986 Ports Sydney, Australia, 1,844 Massawa, Ethiopia, 3,701 Bishop Rock, England, 4,518 Talomako, Vanuatu, 1,104 Mombasa, Kenya, 3,714 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Aden, Yemen, 1,207 Valparaiso, Chile, 7,461 Penang, Malaysia, 757 1,777 Wallaroo Australia, 2,911 Sabang, Indonesia, 664 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 4,534 RA’S SHUKHAYR, EGYPT Whyalla, Australia, 2,957 Zanzibar, Tanzania, 3,787 Grand Banks South, 4,669 (28˚07'04"N., 33˚19'04"E.) to: Xiamen, China, 2,659 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 4,465 Yap Islands, Caroline Islands, RAOUL ISLAND, Inishtrahull, Ireland, 4,798 Junction Points* 1,196 KERMADEC ISLANDS Panama, Panama, 5,672 Yokohama, Japan, 2,526 (29˚16'00"S., 177˚57'00"W.) to: Pentland Firth, Scotland, 5,357 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Punta Arenas, Chile, 4,985 5,200 RABIGH, SAUDI ARABIA Junction Points* Strait of Gibraltar, 4,213 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 6,094 (22˚43'58"N., 38˚58'05"E.) to: Straits of Florida, 5,844 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 5,557 Panama, Panama, 6,125 Yucatan Channel, 5,994 Port Said, Egypt, 203 Junction Points* Singapore, 4,848 Ports Ports Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 5,057 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Torres Strait, Australia, 7,226 4,932 Apia, Samoa, 1,008 Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 1,197 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 5,732 Apra, Guam, 3,369 Boma, Congo, 56 Ports Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 5,194 Auckland, New Zealand, 597 Cape Town, South Africa, 1,727 Port Said, Egypt, 650 Brisbane, Australia (via Howe Dakar, Senegal, 2,261 Aden, Yemen, 1,191 Singapore, 4,374 Channel and Main Channel), Freetown, Sierra Leone, 1,799 Assab, Ethiopia, 1,055 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 4,568 1,566 Georgetown, Ascension Island, Calcutta, India, 4,488 Torres Strait, Australia, 6,788 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,246 1,590 Kharg Island, Iran, 2,993 Noumea, New Caledonia, 957 Lisboa, Portugal, 3,784 Massawa, Ethiopia, 857 Ports Papeete, French Polynesia, 1,706 Moni Matadi, Congo, 78 Suva, Fiji Islands, 701 New York, New York, U.S.A., RA’S TANNURAH, SAUDI Aden, Yemen, 754 Sydney, Australia, 1,600 5,528 ARABIA Al Jubayl, Saudi Arabia, 2,679 Pointe Noire, Congo, 97 (26˚39'00"N., 50˚10'00"E.) to: Assab, Ethiopia, 633 RAPID BAY, AUSTRALIA Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 745 Bombay, India, 2,403 (35˚31'30"S., 138˚11'30"E.) to: Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Junction Points* Massawa, Ethiopia, 428 2,630 Port Darwin, Australia, 6,119 Junction Points* Tangier, Morocco, 3,720 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Penang, Malaysia, 4,077 Vigo, Spain, 3,988 4,980 Port Sudan, 212 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 1,131 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 5,316 Rangoon, Burma, 4,077 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 2,946 QUONSET POINT, RHODE Port Said, Egypt, 3,162 ISLAND, U.S.A. Singapore, 3,701 RADA DI VADO, ITALY Ports (41˚35'00"N., 71˚24'00"W.) (44˚16'00"N., 8˚27'00"E.) Use Subtract 13 miles from Providence Ports Savona distances. Albany, Australia, 990 distances. Hobart, Tasmania, 719 Al Basrah, Iraq, 295 RANDERS, DENMARK Melbourne, Australia, 458 RA’S AL KHAFJI, SAUDI (56˚27'48"N., 10˚03'48"E.) to: ARABIA RABAUL, PAPUA NEW RAS AL KETHIB, YEMEN (28˚24'00"N., 48˚33'00"E.) to: GUINEA Junction Points* (14˚55'58"N., 42˚53'50"E.) to: (4˚12'30"S., 152˚12'00"E.) to: Junction Points* Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Junction Points* Junction Points* Entrance), Germany, 188 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Skagens Odde, Denmark, 96 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, 5,078 Panama, Panama, 7,807 4,398

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 92 RAS AL MISHAB, SAUDI ARABIA

Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 5,198 Kherson, Ukraine, 1,542 REGGIO DI CALABRIA, Iceland), 1,501 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 4,660 Megara, Greece, 813 ITALY Murmansk, Russia (south of Port Said, Egypt, 1,149 Palma, Balearic Islands, 1,226 (38˚07'35"N., 15˚39'00"E.) to: Iceland), 1,529 Singapore, 3,840 Split, Croatia, 203 Namsos, Norway, 1,018 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 4,034 Tarabulus, Libya, 884 Junction Points* Nanortalik, Greenland, 737 Torres Strait, Australia, 6,254 Yumurtalik, Turkey, 1,336 Narsarsuaq, Greenland, 830 Port Said, Egypt, 939 New York, New York, U.S.A., Strait of Gibraltar, 1,052 Ports RECIFE, BRAZIL 2,495 (8˚03'00"S., 34˚52'00"W.) to: Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 2,677 Aden, Yemen, 220 Ports Nuuk (Godthab), Greenland, 1,076 Al Jubayl, Saudi Arabia, 2,145 Junction Points* Oslo, Norway, 1,173 Assab, Ethiopia, 116 Banghazi, Libya, 425 Pechenga, Russia, 1,460 Massawa, Ethiopia, 203 Bishop Rock, England, 3,775 Napoli, Italy, 179 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Cape of Good Hope, South Palermo, Sicily, 124 U.S.A., 2,648 RAS AL MISHAB, SAUDI Africa, 3,324 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, ARABIA Ile d’Ouessant, France, 3,743 RETHIMNON, KRITI U.S.A., 2,271 (28˚10'06"N., 48˚42'37"E.) See Inishtrahull, Ireland, 4,071 (35˚22'30"N., 24˚28'00"E.) to: Qaanaaq (Thule), Greenland, Bandar Al Mishab. Montreal, Canada (via Cabot 1,898 Strait), 4,283 Junction Points* Qaqortoq (Julianehaab), Greenland RAS AL UNUF, LIBYA Pentland Firth, Scotland, 4,319 (via 75 miles off Kap Farvel), (30˚31'45"N., 18˚34'30"E.) to: Punta Arenas, Chile, 3,252 Port Said, Egypt, 489 892 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,116 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,485 Qaqortoq (Julianehaab), Junction Points* Straits of Florida (via Mona Greenland, 795 Passage), 3,540 Ports Qasigiannguit, Greenland, 1,278 Port Said, Egypt, 807 Qeqertarsuaq (Godhavn), Strait of Gibraltar, 1,367 Ports Izmir, Turkey, 277 Greenland (via 75 miles off Kap Messina, Sicily, 479 Farvel), 1,483 Ports Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Piraievs, Greece, 151 Qeqertarsuaq (Godhavn), 3,772 Greenland, 1,396 Alexandria, Egypt, 656 Belem, Brazil, 1,084 REYKJAVIK, ICELAND Qutdligssat, Greenland, 1,552 Barcelona, Spain, 1,015 Bordeaux, France, 3,823 (64˚09'00"N., 21˚56'00"W.) to: Ritenbenk, Greenland, 1,581 Genova, Italy, 832 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Shelburne, Canada, 2,047 Iskenderun, Turkey, 970 3,669 Junction Points* Sisimiut, Greenland, 1,248 Kerkira, Greece, 549 Bridgetown, Barbados, 2,054 St. John’s, Canada, 1,416 Limassol, Cyprus, 808 Brunswick, Georgia, U.S.A., 3,672 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 729 Stornoway, Scotland, 647 Messina, Italy, 478 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2,181 Montreal, Canada (via Strait of Torshavn, Faroe Islands, 516 Tangier, Morocco, 1,364 Cadiz, Spain, 3,125 Belle Isle), 2,130 Trondheim, Norway, 969 Trieste, Italy, 990 Cape Town, South Africa, 3,318 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 687 Upernavik, Greenland, 1,610 Charleston, South Carolina, Strait of Gibraltar, 1,905 Straits of Florida, 3,487 RAS SILATA, LEBANON U.S.A., 3,624 RHODES, GREECE (34˚16'45"N., 35˚39'00"E.) See Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, (36˚27'00"N., 28˚13'54"E.) to: Shikka. 2,471 Ports Charlottetown, Canada, 3,658 Junction Points* Colon, Panama, 3,212 Aasiaat (Egedesminde), RASHIN, NORTH KOREA Greenland, 1,371 (42˚14'00"N., 130˚18'00"E.) See Dakar, Senegal, 1,717 Port Said, Egypt, 377 Alesund, Norway, 848 Najkin. Fernando de Noronha, 300 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,664 Fortaleza, Brazil, 425 Argentia, Canada, 1,584 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 1,632 Arkhangel’sk, Russia (north of Ports RAUMA, FINLAND Iceland), 1,874 (61˚07'30"N., 21˚26'15"E.) to: Georgetown, Ascension Island, 1,226 Arkhangel’sk, Russia (south of Algiers, Algeria, 1,224 Iceland), 1,901 Junction Points* Georgetown, Guyana, 1,781 Barcelona, Spain, 1,309 Guiria, Venezuela, 2,208 Bergen, Norway, 872 Beirut, Lebanon, 393 Halifax, Canada, 3,558 Bjornoya Island (north of Iceland), Brindisi, Italy, 626 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East 1,152 Entrance), Germany, 678 Hamilton, Bermuda, 3,038 Cannes, France, 1,163 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., Bjornoya Island, 1,234 Ceuta, Morocco, 1,631 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Ports 3,636 Haifa, Israel, 394 Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 3,488 2,293 Iraklion, Kriti, 171 La Habana, Cuba, 3,499 Brest, France, 1,193 Istanbul, Turkey, 445 Peenemunde, Germany, 555 Camp Lloyd, Greenland, 1,274 Stockholm, Sweden, 230 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 2,453 Izmir, Turkey, 256 Lisboa, Portugal, 3,156 Churchill, Canada (via 75 miles off Kerch, Georgia, 863 Turku, Finland, 98 Kap Farvel), 2,290 Vaasa, Finland, 160 Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 3,456 Messina, Sicily, Italy, 639 Montevideo, Uruguay, 2,067 Colon, Panama, 4,098 Piraievs, Greece, 261 New York, New York, U.S.A., Frederiksdal, Greenland, 714 Tarabulus, Libya, 780 RAVENNA, ITALY Glasgow, Scotland, 860 (44˚22'30"N., 12˚12'24"E.) to: 3,698 Thessaloniki, Greece, 388 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 3,651 Goose Bay, Canada, 1,332 Venezia, Italy, 1,008 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Guantanamo, Cuba, 3,434 Junction Points* Halifax, Canada, 1,941 U.S.A., 3,745 RIBADEO, SPAIN Ilulissat (Jakobshavn), Greenland, Port Said, Egypt, 1,287 Ponta Delgada, Azores, 2,803 (43˚33'25"N., 7˚01'50"W.) to: Port Castries, St. Lucia, 2,151 1,418 Strait of Gibraltar (via Strait of Iokan’ga, Russia, 1,646 Messina), 1,652 Portland, Maine, U.S.A., 3,700 Junction Points* Puerto Cortes, Honduras, 3,737 Ivittuut, Greenland (via 75 miles Strait of Gibraltar (via Strait of off Kap Farvel), 980 Sicily), 1,688 Salvador, Brazil, 399 Bishop Rock, England, 372 San Juan, Puerto Rico (outside all Ivittuut, Greenland, 887 Cape of Good Hope, South Kangerluarsoruseq, Greenland, Ports islands), 2,609 Africa, 6,031 Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 3,681 1,043 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 479 St. John’s, Canada, 3,491 Longyearbyen, Svalbard (north of Grand Banks South, 1,865 Ajaccio, Corsica, 1,005 Iceland), 1,160 Alexandria, Egypt, 1,159 Sydney, Canada, 3,553 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 313 Vigo, Spain, 3,346 Longyearbyen, Svalbard (south of Inishtrahull, Ireland, 764 Ancona, Italy, 71 Iceland), 1,310 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,335 Washington, D.C., U.S.A., 3,787 Montreal, Canada (via Strait of Maniitsoq, Greenland, 1,146 Belle Isle), 3,060 Ceuta, Morocco, 1,613 Molde, Norway, 875 Haifa, Israel, 1,331 Panama, Panama, 4,338 Mosjoen, Norway, 1,023 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 1,096 Izmir, Turkey, 967 Murmansk, Russia (north of

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points ROCKHAMPTON, AUSTRALIA 93

Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,788 RIJEKA, CROATIA Junction Points* St. John, Canada, 4,752 Strait of Gibraltar, 725 (45˚19'37"N., 14˚25'51"E.) to: St. John’s, Canada, 4,563 Bishop Rock, England, 4,846 Sydney, Canada, 4,648 Ports Junction Points* Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Vigo, Spain, 4,418 3,267 Wilmington, North Carolina, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Port Said, Egypt, 1,276 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 4,873 U.S.A., 4,704 3,215 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,648 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 4,815 Belem, Brazil, 3,519 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 5,143 RIO GALLEGOS, Cape Town, South Africa, 5,457 Ports Montreal, Canada (via Cabot ARGENTINA Casablanca, Morocco, 700 Strait), 5,215 (51˚36'40"S., 69˚12'10"W.) to: Charleston, South Carolina, Alexandria, Egypt, 1,166 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 5,391 U.S.A., 3,388 Algiers, Algeria, 1,220 Punta Arenas, Chile, 2,238 Junction Points* Cristobal, Panama, 4,275 Alicante, Spain, 1,375 Strait of Gibraltar, 4,180 Dakar, Senegal, 1,879 Ancona, Italy, 112 Straits of Florida (via Mona Panama, Panama, 6,455 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 2,354 Annaba, Algeria, 1,000 Passage), 4,612 Punta Arenas, Chile, 202 Lisboa, Portugal, 377 Banghazi, Libya, 868 Yucatan Channel, 4,622 New York, New York, U.S.A., Banzart, Tunisia, 910 Ports 5,125 Barcelona, Spain, 1,279 Ports Recife, Brazil, 3,486 Bari, Italy, 288 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1,231 Vigo, Spain, 178 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,345 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Brindisi, Italy, 342 4,844 RIO GRANDE, BRAZIL Cartagena, Spain, 1,405 RICHARDS BAY, SOUTH Belem, Brazil, 2,174 (32˚03'00"S., 52˚04'30"W.) to: AFRICA Ceuta, Morocco, 1,628 Bordeaux, France, 4,908 (28˚51'07"S., 32˚07'45"E.) to: Chioggia, Italy, 126 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Ports Dubrovnik, Croatia, 276 4,738 Junction Points* Genova, Italy, 1,085 Brest, France, 4,841 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 440 Gibraltar, 1,630 Bridgetown, Barbados, 3,157 Guiria, Venezuela, 3,984 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Haifa, Israel (south of Greece), Brunswick, Georgia, U.S.A., 4,744 Montevideo, Uruguay, 313 959 1,342 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1,151 Pointe Noire, Congo, 3,938 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 4,129 Haifa, Israel (via Corinth Canal), Cadiz, Spain, 4,192 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 750 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 4,811 1,315 Cape Town, South Africa, 3,273 Santos, Brazil, 602 Port Said, Egypt, 5,917 Iraklion, Kriti, 831 Charleston, South Carolina, Singapore, 4,837 Istanbul, Turkey (south of U.S.A., 4,696 RIO HAINA, DOMINICAN Sundra Strait, Indonesia, 4,370 Greece), 1,128 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, REPUBLIC Torres Strait, Australia, 6,259 Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth 3,542 (18˚25'20"N., 70˚00'20"W.) to: Canal), 1,029 Charlottetown, Canada, 4,730 Ports Izmir, Turkey (south of Greece), Cienfuegos, Cuba, 4,426 Junction Points* 974 Colon, Panama, 4,284 Albany, Australia, 5,031 Izmir, Turkey (via Corinth Canal), Dakar, Senegal, 2,763 Panama, Panama, 845 Bombay, India, 3,725 875 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 2,613 East London, South Africa, 336 La Spezia, Italy, 1,049 Funchal, Madeira Island, 3,722 Ports Fremantle, Australia, 4,210 Livorno, Italy, 1,013 Georgetown, Ascension Island, Karachi, Pakistan, 3,824 Malaga, Spain, 1,578 1,900 Barranquilla, Colombia, 536 Mombasa, Kenya, 1,644 Marseille, France, 1,176 Georgetown, Guyana, 2,853 Kingston, Jamaica, 417 Port Adelaide, Australia, 5,259 Messina, Sicily, 603 Guantanamo, Cuba, 4,106 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 249 Port Darwin, Australia, 5,505 Napoli, Italy, 774 Guiria, Venezuela, 3,284 Willemstad, Curacao, 394 Sabang, Indonesia, 4,208 Odessa, Ukraine (south of Halifax, Canada, 4,630 Zanzibar, Tanzania, 1,535 Greece), 1,476 Hamilton, Bermuda, 4,110 RISOR, NORWAY Odessa, Ukraine (via Corinth Horta, Azores, 3,897 (58˚43'12"N., 9˚14'40"E.) to: RICHMOND, CALIFORNIA, Canal), 1,377 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., U.S.A. Oran, Algeria, 1,417 4,707 Junction Points* (37˚54'12"N., 122˚21'48"W.) Palermo, Sicily, 719 Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 4,560 Add 9 miles to San Francisco Palma, Balearic Islands, 1,235 Kingston, Jamaica, 4,124 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 429 distances. Piraievs, Greece (south of La Habana, Cuba, 4,570 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 73 Greece), 814 Lisboa, Portugal, 4,219 RIGA, LATVIA Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth Maceio, Brazil, 972 Ports (56˚57'30"N., 24˚05'30"E.) to: Canal), 675 Montevideo, Uruguay, 1,037 Ploce, Croatia, 230 Natal, Brazil, 1,228 Bergen, Norway, 279 Junction Points* Savona, Italy, 1,095 New York, New York, U.S.A., London, England, 572 Sibenik, Croatia, 158 4,762 Oslo, Norway, 106 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Siracusa, Sicily, 624 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 4,723 Entrance), Germany, 555 Split, Croatia, 176 Paramaribo, Suriname, 2,713 ROAD HARBOR, TORTOLA, Skagens Odde, Denmark (via Store Tarabulus, Libya, 887 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS Baelt), 747 Taranto, Italy, 482 U.S.A., 4,817 (18˚25'00"N., 64˚37'00"W.) See Skagens Odde, Denmark (via The Thessaloniki, Greece (south of Ponce, Puerto Rico, 3,659 Port Purcell. Sound), 617 Greece), 1,023 Ponta Delgada, Azores, 3,875 Thessaloniki, Greece (via Corinth Port au Prince, Haiti, 4,157 ROCHEFORT, FRANCE Ports Canal), 924 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 3,274 (45˚56'12"N., 0˚57'15"W.) Add Toulon, France, 1,145 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 3,178 17 miles to La Pallice distances. Gavle, Sweden, 355 Trieste, Italy, 120 Portland, Maine, U.S.A., 4,772 Tunis, Tunisia, 897 Hamina, Finland, 384 Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, ROCHESTER, ENGLAND Kobenhavn, Denmark, 696 Valencia, Spain, 1,363 2,687 (51˚23'30"N., 0˚30'12"E.) Kotka, Finland, 296 Valletta, Malta, 701 Puerto Cortes, Honduras, 4,813 Subtract 19 miles from London Musko Island, Sweden, 250 Venezia, Italy, 132 Rio Grande, Brazil, 750 distances. Norrkoping, Sweden, 300 Volos, Greece (via south of Salvador, Brazil, 748 Ornskolosvik, Sweden, 461 Greece), 964 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 3,613 Volos, Greece (via Corinth Canal), ROCKHAMPTON, Oslo, Norway (via Store Baelt), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary AUSTRALIA 871 865 Islands, 3,518 (23˚23'00"S., 150˚32'00"E.) to: Oslo, Norway (via The Sound), Santo Domingo, Dominican 739 RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL Republic, 3,780 Junction Points* Porkkala, Finland, 284 (22˚53'30"S., 43˚11'00"W.) to: Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 4,726 Ruche’s, Russia, 403 St. Helena Island, 2,161 Torres Strait, Australia, 1,034

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 94 ROMANA, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

Wilson Promontory, Australia, Ports Ile d’Ouessant, France, 444 Junction Points* 1,213 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Klaipeda, Lithuania, 347 Entrance), Germany, 323 Cape of Good Hope, South Ports Kobenhavn, Denmark, 231 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 495 Africa, 4,980 Stockholm, Sweden, 456 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 447 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 2,711 Brisbane, Australia, 391 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 1,575 Noumea, New Caledonia, 902 ROSTOV-NA-DONU, RUSSIA Ports Port Said, Egypt, 4,422 Wellington, New Zealand, 1,685 (47˚11'30"N., 39˚40'10"E.) to: Singapore, 601 Aberdeen, Scotland, 391 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 1,103 ROMANA, DOMINICAN Junction Points* Amsterdam, Netherlands, 67 Torres Strait, Australia, 3,072 REPUBLIC Antwerp, Belgium (via (18˚25'00"N., 68˚57'10"W.) to: Port Said, Egypt, 1,440 Westkapelle), 117 Ports Strait of Gibraltar, 2,458 Bergen, Norway, 533 Ports Bremerhaven, Germany, 256 Aden, Yemen, 3,033 Ports Brest, France, 457 Al Basrah, Iraq, 3,287 San Pedro de Macoris, Dominican Cherbourg, France, 282 Al Manamah, Bahrain, 3,050 Republic, 21 Constanta, Romania, 572 Den Helder, Netherlands, 97 Beira, Mozambique, 3,921 Santo Domingo, Dominican Derince, Turkey, 685 Dover, England, 138 Belawan, Indonesia, 268 Republic, 61 Iskenderun, Turkey, 1,483 Dundee, Scotland, 383 Berbera, Somalia, 3,047 Istanbul, Turkey, 640 Egersund, Norway, 412 Bombay, India, 1,843 RONNE, BORNHOLM, Kerch, Georgia, 208 Emden, Germany, 199 Bushehr, Iran, 3,106 DENMARK Larnaca, Cyprus, 1,402 Esbjerg, Denmark, 287 Calcutta, India (via Duncan (55˚06'00"N., 14˚41'40"E.) to: Mersin, Turkey, 1,426 Fecamp, France, 228 Passage), 1,131 Pula, Croatia (south of Greece), Hamburg, Germany, 307 Calicut, India, 1,343 Junction Points* 1,745 Hartlepool, England, 269 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 3,443 Pula, Croatia (via Corinth Canal), Hull, England, 211 Diego Garcia, Chagos Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East 1,646 Inverness, Scotland, 496 Archipelago, 1,594 Entrance), Germany, 175 Sfax, Tunisia, 1,684 Kristiansand, Norway, 413 Durban, South Africa, 4,273 Skagens Odde, Denmark (via Store Le Havre, France, 250 Fort Dauphin, Madagascar, 3,376 Baelt), 367 ROSYTH, SCOTLAND Leith, Scotland, 381 Fremantle, Australia, 2,601 Skagens Odde, Denmark (via The (56˚01'15"N., 3˚27'00"W.) to: London, England, 184 Kakinada, India, 1,019 Sound), 244 Narvik, Norway, 1,139 Karachi, Pakistan, 2,284 Junction Points* Newcastle, England, 285 Madras, India, 994 Ports Oostende, Belgium, 86 Majunga, Madagascar, 3,246 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 263 Oslo, Norway, 554 Malacca, Malaysia, 486 Oslo, Norway (via Store Baelt), Skagens Odde, Denmark, 478 Plymouth, England, 367 Maputo, Mozambique, 3,481 491 Portland, England, 293 Mocambique, Mozambique, 3,481 Oslo, Norway (via The Sound), Ports Portsmouth, England, 243 Mombasa, Kenya, 3,388 366 Rosyth, Scotland, 393 Mosselbaai, South Africa, 4,785 Hull, England, 248 Seaham Harbor, England, 278 Penang, Malaysia, 313 ROOSEVELT ROADS, Oslo, Norway, 550 Southampton, England, 261 Port Elizabeth, South Africa, 4,610 PUERTO RICO Rotterdam, Netherlands, 393 Stavanger, Norway, 455 Port Louis, Mauritius, 2,731 (18˚l0'00"N., 65˚34'00"W.) to: Sunderland, England, 286 Rangoon, Burma, 664 Vardo, Norway, 1,513 Tamatave, Madagascar, 3,076 Junction Points* ROTA, SPAIN (36˚37'15"N., 6˚20'00"W.) to: Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 243 Victoria, Seychelles, 2,468 Zeebrugge, Belgium, 73 Zanzibar, Tanzania, 3,46l Panama, Panama, 1,054 Junction Points* Straits of Florida, 1,063 ROUEN, FRANCE SAFI, MOROCCO Ile d’Ouessant, France, 885 (49˚26'30"N., 1˚04'00"E.) Add (32˚18'35"N., 9˚15'15"W.) to: Ports Strait of Gibraltar, 70 69 miles to Le Havre distances. Junction Points* New York, New York, U.S.A., Ports 1,429 RUCH’I, RUSSIA (59˚45'30"N., 28˚25'00"E.) to: Cape of Good Hope, South Port of Spain, Trinidad, 525 Casablanca, Morocco, 202 Africa, 4,870 Willemstad, Curacao, 440 Horta, Azores, 1,096 Junction Points* Ile d’Ouessant, France, 1,023

ROSARIO, ARGENTINA ROTOAVA, ILES TUAMOTU Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Ports (32˚56'30"S., 60˚38'00"W.) Add (16˚02'30"S., 145˚37'00"W.) to: Entrance), Germany, 766 191 miles to Buenos Aires Skagens Odde, Denmark, 816 Casablanca, Morocco, 134 distances. Junction Points* Dakar, Senegal, 1,228 Ports ROSEAU, DOMINICA Panama, Panama, 4,256 SAIDA, LEBANON (15˚17'15"N., 61˚24'00"W.) to: Gdynia, Poland, 530 (33˚32'02"N., 35˚19'49"E.) See Ports Riga, Latvia, 403 Sayda. Ports Stockholm, Sweden, 344 Apia, Samoa, 1,520 SAIPAN, MARIANA ISLANDS Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, 48 Apra, Guam, 9,513 RUMOI, JAPAN (15˚13'40"N., 145˚44'00"E.) to: Fort de France, Martinique, 50 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,358 (43˚57'30"N., 141˚38'00"E.) to: Frederiksted, St. Croix, 252 Levuka, Fiji Islands, 2,060 Ports Hamilton, Bermuda, 1,061 Noumea, New Caledonia, 2,737 Ports Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 60 Papeete, French Polynesia, 244 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,230 Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 3,743 Busan, South Korea, 793 Jaluit, Marshall Islands, 1,545 ROSTOCK, GERMANY San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Hakodate, Japan, 248 Koniya, Ryukyu Islands, 730 (54˚05'52"N., 12˚09'00"E.) to: 3,503 Otaru, Japan, 57 Sydney, Australia, 3,077 Shimonoseki, Japan, 812 Truk, Caroline Islands, 610 Junction Points* ROTTERDAM, Vladivostok, Russia, 452 NETHERLANDS SAKAIDE, JAPAN Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East (51˚54'00"N., 4˚28'00"E.) to: SABANG, INDONESIA (34˚19'45"N., 133˚51'30"E.) to: Entrance), Germany, 92 (5˚53'30"N., 95˚19'15"E.) to: Skagens Odde, Denmark, 254 Junction Points* Ports

Bishop Rock, England, 454 Hirohata, Japan, 89

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. 95

Kobe, Japan, 107 Straits of Florida, 6,738 Junction Points* Grand Banks South, 1,846 Kure, Japan, 107 Yucatan Channel, 6,783 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 308 Shimonoseki, Japan, 169 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 4,134 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 749 Yokohama, Japan (via Kii Suido), Ports Montreal, Canada (via Cabot Panama, Panama, 4,288 449 Strait), 4,673 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 1,082 Accra, Ghana, 4,090 Panama, Panama, 3,741 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,769 SAKATA, JAPAN Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Punta Arenas, Chile, 2,920 Strait of Gibraltar, 706 (38˚55'30"N., 139˚48'00"E.) to: 6,846 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,516 Straits of Florida, 3,855 Cape Town, South Africa, 57 Straits of Florida, 3,931 Ports Cristobal, Panama, 6,392 Ports Galway, Ireland, 5,894 Ports Busan, South Korea, 577 Natal, Brazil, 3,374 Bilbao, Spain, 197 Hakodate, Japan, 189 New York, New York, U.S.A., Angra dos Reis, Brazil, 902 Bordeaux, France, 303 Maizuru, Japan, 314 6,729 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Shimonoseki, Japan, 554 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 5,265 4,163 4,746 Vladivostok, Russia, 442 Victoria, Cameroon, 2,302 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Cape Town, South Africa, 5,438 4,060 Casablanca, Morocco, 683 SALAMIS, GREECE SALEEF, YEMEN Bridgetown, Barbados, 2,476 Dakar, Senegal, 1,863 (37˚57'30"N., 23˚29'12"E.) to: (15˚18'00"N., 42˚40'00"E.) See Brunswick, Georgia, U.S.A., 4,063 Huelva, Spain, 573 As Salif. Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1,849 La Pallice, France, 303 Junction Points* Cabedelo, Brazil, 468 Lorient, France, 297 SALERNO, ITALY Charleston, South Carolina, Marin, Spain, 154 Port Said, Egypt, 614 (40˚40'15"N., 14˚45'00"E.) to: U.S.A., 4,040 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 5,230 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,520 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Setubal, Portugal, 397 Junction Points* 2,907 Villagarcia, Spain, 143 Ports Charlottetown, Canada, 4,049 Port Said, Egypt, 1,095 Colon, Panama, 3,608 SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA, Durres, Albania, 343 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,018 Georgetown, Guyana, 2,172 U.S.A. Iraklion, Kriti, 190 Halifax, Canada, 3,949 (32˚43'00"N., 117˚10'30"W.) to: Izmir, Turkey, 225 Ports Maceio, Brazil, 285 Montevideo, Uruguay, 1,735 Junction Points* SALAVERRY, PERU Civitavecchia, Italy, 204 New York, New York, U.S.A., (8˚14'30"S., 78˚58'00"W.) to: Messina, Sicily, 158 4,089 Panama, Panama, 2,843 Palermo, Sicily, 167 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 4,042 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,801 Junction Points* Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Singapore, 7,736 Wilson Promontory, Australia SALINA CRUZ, MEXICO U.S.A., 4,136 Panama, Panama, 1,109 (16˚10'00"N., 95˚12'00"W.) to: Port Castries, St. Lucia, 2,593 (south of Fiji Islands), 6,873 Portland, Maine, U.S.A., 4,091 Ports Junction Points* Recife, Brazil, 399 Ports Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 748 Callao, Peru, 266 Panama, Panama, 1,170 Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 4,072 Acapulco, Mexico, 1,431 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 440 Punta Arenas, Chile, 4,478 Sydney, Canada, 3,967 Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Pimentel, Peru, 104 Vitoria, Brazil, 477 Russia, 4,779 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Ports Wilmington, North Carolina, 4,023 Amapala, Honduras, 2,181 3,750 Antofagasta, Chile, 4,360 Acapulco, Mexico, 314 SAMBU, INDONESIA Apia, Samoa, 4,195 Apra, Guam, 5,379 SALAWATI, INDONESIA Antofagasta, Chile, 2,799 (1˚10'00"N., 103˚54'00"E.) Use (1˚21'00"S., 130˚59'00"E.) to: Apia, Samoa, 4,886 Singapore distances. Arica, Chile, 4,149 Arica, Chile, 2,579 Auckland, New Zealand, 5,655 Baie du Controleur, Marquesa Junction Points* Callao, Peru, 2,005 SAMSON POINT, Coquimbo, Chile, 3,091 AUSTRALIA Islands, 2,828 Honshu, Japan, 2,308 Corinto, Nicaragua, 525 (20˚31'58"S., 117˚14'00"E.) See Brisbane, Australia, 6,306 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 1,099 Esmeraldas, Ecuador, 1,290 Port Walcott. Brito, Nicaragua, 2,307 Panama, Panama, 9,134 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 1,495 Caldera, Chile, 4,492 Callao, Peru, 3,585 Singapore (via Karimata Strait), Guaymas, Mexico, 1,260 SAMSUN, TURKEY 2,047 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,580 (41˚19'36"N., 36˚22'00"E.) Add Canton, Phoenix Islands, 3,755 Torres Strait, Australia, 925 Iquique, Chile, 2,645 370 miles to Istanbul distances for Chimbote, Peru, 3,402 Selat Wetar, Indonesia, 495 La Libertad, El Salvador, 391 ports outside the Black Sea. Coquimbo, Chile, 4,605 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Corinto, Nicaragua, 2,211 Ports 1,803 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., SAN ANTONIO, CHILE 2,465 Lota, Chile, 3,430 (33˚35'00"S., 71˚39'00"W.) to: Davao, Philippines, 623 Monterey, California, U.S.A., Esmeraldas, Ecuador, 2,940 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 1,770 2,055 Junction Points* Guayaquil, Ecuador, 3,112 Manila, Philippines, 1,298 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Guaymas, Mexico, 1,088 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., 4,839 Panama, Panama, 2,644 Hilo, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,175 6,582 Pisco, Peru, 2,117 Punta Arenas, Chile, 1,410 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 7,267 Yokohama, Japan, 2,332 San Diego, California, U.S.A., Hong Kong, China (via Tsugaru- 1,733 Ports Kaikyo), 6,439 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,278 SALDANHA BAY, SOUTH San Francisco, California, U.S.A., AFRICA 2,132 Antofagasta, Chile, 600 Iquique, Chile, 4,218 (33˚05'25"S., 17˚52'20"E.) to: San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua, 619 Callao, Peru, 1,328 Jakarta, Indonesia, 7,985 Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A., Tocopilla, Chile, 692 Kobe, Japan, 5,204 Junction Points* 1,820 Kodiak, Alaska, 2,121 Talcahuano, Chile, 3,414 Lota, Chile, 4,881 SAN CIPRIAN, SPAIN Manila, Philippines (via Balintang Bishop Rock, England, 5,752 Valparaiso, Chile, 3,247 (43˚42'20"N., 07˚25'32"W.) to: Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 5,792 Channel), 6,604 Manzanillo, Mexico, 1,136 Grand Banks South, 5,880 SALINAS, ECUADOR Junction Points* Ile d’Ouessant, France, 5,709 (2˚12'00"S., 80˚59'00"W.) Use Mazatlan, Mexico, 939 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 6,065 La Libertad distances. Bishop Rock, England, 365 Midway Island, 3,097 Panama, Panama, 6,449 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Naknek, Alaska, U.S.A., 2,788 Punta Arenas, Chile, 4,255 6,011 Noumea, New Caledonia, 5,491 SALVADOR, BRAZIL Pago Pago, American Samoa, Strait of Gibraltar, 5,031 (12˚58'00"S., 38˚31'00"W.) to: Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 466 4,176

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 96 SAN FELIX, VENEZUELA

Papeete, French Polynesia, 3,554 Arica, Chile, 4,551 Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 5,396 Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A., Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, U.S.A., Attu Island, Alaska, U.S.A. (via Rotoava, Iles Tuamotu, 3,503 2,130 2,285 Amukta Pass), 2,765 Salaverry, Peru, 3,750 Talcahuano, Chile, 3,202 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Auckland, New Zealand, 5,680 Salina Cruz, Mexico, 2,135 Valparaiso, Chile, 3,024 Russia, 3,707 Avarua, Cook Islands, 4,124 San Jose, Guatemala, 2,395 Pisco, Peru, 3,695 Baie du Controleur, Marquesa Sasebo, Japan (via Osumi SAN JUAN, PERU Port Darwin, Australia (north of Islands, 2,986 Kaikyo), 5,185 (15˚20'36"S., 75˚09'36"W.) to: New Guinea), 7,297 Bai Taio-Hae, Marquesa Islands, Seward, Alaska, U.S.A., 1,701 Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 2,429 2,987 Shanghai, China (via Tsugaru Junction Points* Qingdao, China, 5,805 Barbers Point, Hawaii, U.S.A., Strait), 5,398 Salina Cruz, Mexico, 1,733 2,100 Shantou, China (via Osumi Panama, Panama, 1,590 San Jose, Guatemala, 1,993 Brisbane, Australia (west of Kaikyo), 5,900 Punta Arenas, Chile, 1,660 Shanghai, China (via Tsugaru- D’Entrecasteaux Reefs and Shimonoseki, Japan (via Tsugaru- Kaikyo), 5,793 south of Bellona Reefs), 6,193 Kaikyo), 4,910 Ports Sitka, Alaska, 1,725 Buenaventura, Colombia, 3,383 Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 1,302 Surabaya, Indonesia, 7,691 Busan, South Korea, 4,914 Surabaya, Indonesia, 7,343 Antofagasta, Chile, 575 Suva, Fiji Islands, 4,804 Caldera, Chile, 4,894 Suva, Fiji Islands, 4,749 Callao, Peru, 248 Sydney, Australia (north of Fiji Callao, Peru, 3,989 Sydney, Australia, 6,448 Islands), 6,530 Canton, Phoenix Islands, 3,663 Talara, Peru, 3,494 SAN JUAN, PUERTO RICO Talcahuano, Chile, 4,869 Chimbote, Peru, 3,804 Talcahuano, Chile, 5,270 (18˚27'50"N., 66˚06'40"W.) to: Truk, Caroline Islands, 5,216 Christmas Island, Line Islands, Taltal, Chile, 4,838 Unalakleet, Alaska, U.S.A., 2,791 2,895 Tocopilla, Chile, 4,699 Junction Points* Valdivostok, Russia, 5,062 Coquimbo, Chile, 5,007 Truk, Caroline Islands, 4,931 Valparaiso, Chile, 4,738 Corinto, Nicaragua, 2,613 Valparaiso, Chile, 5,140 Bishop Rock, England, 3,390 Wake Island, 4,112 Dagu, China (via Osumi Kaikyo), Vancouver, Canada (via Active Fastnet Rock, Ireland (via Mona Yokohama, Japan, 4,923 5,856 Pass), 812 Passage), 3,299 Dagu, China (via Tsugaru- Vancouver, Canada (via Haro Inishtrahull, Ireland, 3,436 SAN FELIX, VENEZUELA Kaikyo), 5,615 Strait), 823 Panama, Panama, 1,036 (8˚22'30"N., 62˚40'00"W.) to: Dalian, China (via Tsugaru Strait), Victoria, Canada, 745 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 3,638 5,456 Vladivostok, Russia (via La Strait of Gibraltar, 3,336 Junction Points* Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Perouse Strait and Proliv Straits of Florida, 1,017 2,051 Kruzenshterna), 4,563 Yucatan Channel, 1,111 Panama, Panama, 1,535 Eniwetak, Marshall Islands, 4,282 Vladivostok, Russia (via La Yucatan Channel, 1,861 Esmeraldas, Ecuador, 3,342 Perouse Strait, Chetvertyy Ports Funafuti, Tuvalu, 4,295 Kuril’skiy Proliv, and Unimak Ports Guaymas, Mexico, 1,490 Pass), 4,570 Abraham Bay, Bahamas, 476 Hakodate, Japan, 4,246 Wake Island, 3,821 Argentia, Canada, 1,840 Belem, Brazil, 1,222 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 6,878 Weihai, China (via Tsugaru- Arkhangel’sk, Russia, 5,001 La Guaira, Venezuela, 673 Hong Kong, China, 6,044 Kaikyo), 5,402 Moa, Cuba, 533 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,091 Wellington, New Zealand, 5,900 Bahia de las Calderas, Dominican SAN FERNANDO, Iloilo, Philippines, 6,168 Weonsan, North Korea, 4,866 Republic, 273 PHILIPPINES Iquique, Chile, 4,620 Xiamen, China (via Osumi Bahia de Samana, Dominican (16˚38'00"N., 120˚18'00"E.) to: Jakarta, Indonesia (via Balintang Kaikyo), 5,797 Republic, 185 Channel), 7,642 Xiamen, China (via Tsugaru- Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Junction Points* Jaluit, Marshall Islands, 4,150 Kaikyo), 5,788 1,374 Johnston Island, 2,779 Yokohama, Japan, 4,536 Barahona, Dominican Republic, Singapore, 1,379 Juneau, Alaska, U.S.A., 1,371 294 Kiska, Alaska, U.S.A., 2,629 SAN JOSE, GUATEMALA Barranquilla, Colombia, 705 Ports Kobe, Japan, 4,819 (13˚55'00"N., 90˚49'45"W.) to: Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, 314 Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 1,693 Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 927 La Union, El Salvador, 2,586 Junction Points* 214 Hong Kong, China, 489 Levuka, Fiji Islands, 4,705 Belem, Brazil, 1,692 Kao-hsiung Kang, Taiwan, 356 Lota, Chile, 5,282 Panama, Panama, 886 Boca de Tanamo, Cuba, 549 Manila, Philippines, 207 Manila, Philippines (via Balintang Punta Arenas, Chile, 4,296 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Channel), 6,221 1,486 SAN FRANCISCO, Manila, Philippines (via San Ports Bridgetown, Barbados (west of St. CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. Bernardino Strait), 6,299 Croix and via Virgin Passage), (37˚48'30"N., 122˚24'00"W.) to: Manzanillo, Mexico, 1,538 Acapulco, Mexico, 574 517 Mazatlan, Mexico, 1,337 Amapala, Honduras, 204 Brunswick, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,132 Junction Points* Melbourne, Australia (via South Antofagasta, Chile, 2,557 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 4,753 Channel), 6,970 Arica, Chile, 2,338 Cadiz, Spain, 3,312 Panama, Panama, 3,245 Midway Island, 2,792 Callao, Peru, 1,763 Cap-Haitien, Haiti, 372 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,188 Mogpo, South Korea, 5,125 Coquimbo, Chile, 2,864 Cape Town, South Africa, 5,772 Singapore (via Balintang Nagasaki, Japan, 5,029 Corinto, Nicaragua, 238 Cardenas, Cuba, 917 Channel), 7,353 Newcastle, Australia, 6,467 Esmeraldas, Ecuador, 1,016 Cartagena, Colombia, 782 Singapore (via Tawitawi Island), Nikolayevsk-Na-Amure, Russia Guayaquil, Ecuador, 1,242 Catia la Mar, Venezuela, 556 7,735 (via Unimak Pass), 4,099 Guaymas, Mexico, 1,520 Charleston, South Carolina, Torres Strait, Australia, 6,249 Nome, Alaska, U.S.A., 2,636 Hilo, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,690 U.S.A., 1,138 Wilson Promontory, Australia, Noumea, New Caledonia, 5,410 Iquique, Chile, 2,404 Christiansted, St. Croix, 104 6,817 Ocean Island, 4,406 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Cienfuegos, Cuba (north of Pago Pago, American Samoa, 2,054 Hispaniola), 903 Ports 4,150 Lota, Chile, 3,220 Cienfuegos, Cuba (south of Papeete, French Polynesia, 3,663 Manzanillo, Mexico, 840 Hispaniola), 930 Acajutla, El Salvador, 2,446 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Mazatlan, Mexico, 1,149 Colon, Panama, 993 Acapulco, Mexico, 1,833 Russia (via Unimak Pass), 3,292 Monterey, California, U.S.A., Corunna, Spain, 3,255 Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Pisco, Peru, 4,097 2,315 Dakar, Senegal, 2,812 Russia, 4,372 Ponape, Caroline Islands, 4,641 Pisco, Peru, 1,875 Elizabeth Harbor, Bahamas, 642 Amapala, Honduras, 2,586 Port Darwin, Australia, 6,984 Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 465 Fernandina, Florida, U.S.A., 1,115 Anchorage, Alaska, U.S.A., 1,872 Prince Rupert, Canada, 1,090 San Diego, California, U.S.A., Fort de France, Martinique, 385 Antofagasta, Chile, 4,762 Puerto Armuelles, Panama, 2,973 1,993 Fort Liberte, Haiti, 373 Apia, Samoa, 4,161 Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 2,831 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Freetown, Sierra Leone, 3,141 Apra, Guam, 5,053 Qingdao, China, 5,403 2,395 Funchal, Madeira Island, 2,773

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points SAINT ANTIOCO PONTI, SARDINIA 97

Georgetown, Guyana, 876 U.S.A., 1,153 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Sanya Gang, China. Guantanamo, Cuba (via north of Yarmouth, Canada, 1,525 2,735 Hispaniola), 537 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 3,413 SANDAKAN, SABAH Halifax, Canada, 1 ,580 SAN JUAN DEL SUR, Grand Banks South, 3,552 (5˚50'00"N., 118˚07'00"E.) to: Hamilton, Bermuda, 856 NICARAGUA Ile d’Ouessant, France, 3,344 Hopetown, Bahamas, 802 (11˚15'15"N., 85˚53'10"W.) to: Inishtrahull, Ireland, 3,677 Junction Points* Horta, Azores, 2,294 Panama, Panama, 4,555 Ivittuut, Greenland, 2,720 Junction Points* Pentland Firth, Scotland, 4,236 Selat Lombok, Indonesia (via Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., Punta Arenas, Chile, 4,811 Makassar Strait), 1,010 1,121 Panama, Panama, 590 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,091 Panama, Panama (via Surigao Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 966 Straits of Florida, 4,727 Strait), 9,618 Kingston, Jamaica (north of Ports Yucatan Channel, 4,876 Singapore (via Balabac Strait), Hispaniola), 685 1,130 Kingston, Jamaica (south of La Libertad, El Salvador, 239 Ports Selat Sunda, Indonesia (via Hispaniola), 643 Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 171 Balabac Strait), 1,368 La Guaira, Venezuela, 506 Salina Cruz, Mexico, 619 Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 157 Torres Strait, Australia, 1,853 La Habana, Cuba, 978 Accra, Ghana, 398 La Romana, Dominican Republic, SAN LORENZO, ARGENTINA Bordeaux, France, 3,160 Ports 191 (32˚44'00"S., 60˚43'32"W.) Add Cape Town, South Africa, 2,718 Limon, Costa Rica, 1,119 238 miles to Buenos Aires Dakar, Senegal, 994 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 5,044 Lisboa, Portugal, 3,185 distances or add 202 miles via the Freetown, Sierra Leone, 532 Jolo, Philippines, 180 Liverpool, Canada, 1,540 Miter Channel. Galway, Ireland, 3,356 Victoria, Sabah, 412 Manzanillo, Cuba, 738 Lagos, Nigeria, 616 Zamboanga Philippines, 251 Mariel, Cuba, 999 SAN LORENZO, HONDURAS Monrovia, Liberia, 312 Matanzas, Cuba, 931 (13˚25'00"N., 87˚25'00".) to: Natal, Brazil, 1,826 SANDEFJORDEN, NORWAY Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 960 New York, New York, U.S.A., (59˚07'25"N., 10˚13'50"E.) to: Miller Anchorage, Bahamas, 714 Junction Points* 4,284 Miragoane, Haiti, 526 Nouadhibou, Mauritania, 1,368 Junction Points* Nassau, Bahamas, 799 Panama, Panama, 762 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 3,302 New York, New York, U.S.A., Tangier, Morocco, 2,304 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 518 1,399 Ports Nicaro Lengua de Pajaro, Cuba, SAN PEDRO DE MACORIS, Ports 561 Acapulco, Mexico, 791 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 1,252 Callao, Peru, 1,701 (18˚26'45"N., 69˚18'20"W.) to: Bergen, Norway, 317 Nuevitas, Cuba, 663 Bremerhaven, Germany, 373 Oranjestad, St. Eustatius, 195 SAN LORENZO, Ports London, England, 610 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, VENEZUELA U.S.A., 1,395 (9˚47'00"N., 71˚05'30"W.) Add Kingston, Jamaica, 461 SANKT-PETERBURG, Pina, Panama, 1,219 95 miles to Maracaibo distances. Port au Prince, Haiti, 473 RUSSIA Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 333 Romana, Dominican Republic, 21 (59˚55'00"N., 30˚15'00"E.) to: Ponce, Puerto Rico, 157 SAN NICOLAS, ARGENTINA San Juan, Puerto Rico, 199 Ponta Delgada, Azores, 2,412 (33˚19'30"S., 60˚13'00"W.) Add Junction Points* Port au Prince, Haiti, 552 188 miles to Buenos Aires SAN SEBASTIAN, SPAIN Port Castries, St. Lucia (via Virgin distances. (43˚19'00"N., 1˚59'30"W.) to: Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Passage and west of St. Croix), Entrance), Germany, 779 418 Junction Points* Skagens Odde, Denmark (via Store SAN NICOLAS, PERU Port of Spain, Trinidad, 574 (15˚14'42"S., 75˚14'26"W.) to: Baelt), 971 Portland, Maine, U.S.A., 1,531 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 353 Skagens Odde, Denmark (via The Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Junction Points* Strait of Gibraltar, 892 Sound), 841 U.S.A., 1,507 Puerto Cortes, Honduras, 1,284 Panama, Panama, 1,573 Ports Ports Puerto Manati, Cuba, 639 Punta Arenas, Chile, 2,469 Puerto Padre, Cuba, 625 Torres Strait, Australia, 8,209 Bordeaux, France, 210 Hango, Finland, 233 Puerto Vita, Cuba, 592 Wilson Promontory, Australia (via El Ferrol del Caudillo, Spain, 302 Helsinki, Finland, 172 Recife, Brazil (via outside all 30˚S.), 8,119 Horta, Azores, 957 Karlskrona, Sweden, 563 islands), 2,609 Wilson Promontory, Australia (via Kobenhavn, Denmark, 917 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3,652 40˚S.), 7,099 SAN VICENTE, CHILE Oslo, Norway (via Store Baelt), Rio Haina, Dominican Republic, (36˚43'55"S., 73˚10'00"W.) to: 1,095 249 Ports Oslo, Norway (via The Sound), San Pedro de Macoris, Dominican Junction Points* 963 Republic, 199 Antofagasta, Chile, 571 Pitea, Sweden, 687 Santa Barbara de Samana, Arica, Chile, 350 Panama, Panama, 2,800 Stockholm, Sweden, 386 Dominican Republic, 190 Callao, Peru, 230 Punta Arenas, Chile, 1,210 Sundsvall, Sweden, 507 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Corinto, Nicaragua, 1,837 Wilson Promontory, Australia (via Tallinn, Estonia, 189 Islands, 2,820 Pisco, Peru, 135 Cook Strait), 6,485 Umea, Sweden, 574 Santa Lucia, Cuba, 1,079 Salina Cruz, Mexico, 902 Ventspils, Latvia, 374 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba (north of Supe Bay, Peru, 314 Ports Hispaniola and via Windward Talcahuano, Chile, 1,300 SANMEN WEN, CHINA Passage), 584 Valparaiso, Chile, 1,089 Antofagasta, Chile, 791 (29˚03'00"N., 121˚45'00"E.) to: Santiago de Cuba, Cuba (south of Arica, Chile, 1,104 Hispaniola), 637 Corinto, Nicaragua, 3,063 Ports SAN PEDRO, ARGENTINA Santo Domingo, Dominican (33˚42'00"S., 59˚39'00"W.) Add Kodiak, Alaska, 6,943 Republic, 232 151 miles to Buenos Aires Pisco, Peru, 1,428 Chi-lung, Taiwan, 248 Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,153 distances. Wellington, New Zealand, 4,878 Hong Kong, China, 650 St. John, Canada, 1,614 Yokohama, Japan, 9,248 Incheon, South Korea, 628 St. John’s, Antigua, 265 Nagoya, Japan, 143 St. Pierre, Martinique, 374 SAN PEDRO, IVORY COAST Qingdao, China, 528 (4˚44'00"N., 6˚36'24"W.) to: SAN-MEN WEN, CHINA Sydney, Canada, 1,728 (29˚03'00"N., 121˚45'00"E.) See Shanghai, China, 270 Tela, Honduras, 1,258 Junction Points* Sanmen Wen, China. Veracruz, Mexico, 1,780 SAINT ANTIOCO PONTI, Vigo, Spain, 3,228 Bishop Rock, England, 3,397 SAN-YA CHIANG, CHINA SARDINIA Willemstad, Curacao, 485 (18˚14'00"N., 109˚26'00"E.) See (39˚03'12"N., 8˚28'12"E.) to: Wilmington, North Carolina,

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 98 SANTA BARBARA, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A.

Junction Points* Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 3,057 Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A. Junction Points* Oporto, Portugal, 849 (via Windward Passage and Port Said, Egypt, 1,282 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Crooked Island Passage), 1,373 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 323 Strait of Gibraltar, 715 U.S.A., 3,062 Colon, Panama, 365 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 2,804 Galveston, Texas, U.S.A., 1,588 Ports Ports Porto Grande, Sao Vincente, Cape New York, New York, U.S.A. (via Verde Islands, 849 Windward Passage and Crooked Barranquilla, Colombia, 753 Banzart, Tunisia, 132 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3,518 Island Passage), 1,783 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 149 Nice, France, 310 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 2,820 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A. (via Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 300 Palma, Balearic Islands, 298 St. John’s, Canada, 2,053 Windward Passage and, Takoradi, Ghana, 2,119 Crooked Island Passage), 1,588 SANTIAGO DE CUBA, CUBA SANTA BARBARA, Vigo, Spain, 909 (20˚01'00"N., 75˚50'15"W.) to: CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. SANTA ROSALIA, MEXICO (34˚24'00"N., 119˚41'00"W.) to: SANTA CRUZ DEL SUR, (27˚20'00"N., 112˚16'00"W.) to: Junction Points* CUBA Junction Points* (20˚40'00"N., 77˚59'00"W.) to: Junction Points* Panama, Panama, 726 Straits of Florida (via Windward Panama, Panama, 2,980 Junction Points* Panama, Panama, 2,390 Passage), 676 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,938 Yucatan Channel, 548 Panama, Panama, 731 Ports Ports Yucatan Channel, 416 Ports Acapulco, Mexico, 976 Acapulco, Mexico, 1,568 Ports Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Amuay, Venezuela, 600 Antofagasta, Chile, 4,497 1,192 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Arica, Chile, 4,286 Guantanamo, Cuba, 222 1,289 Callao, Peru, 3,722 La Habana, Cuba, 542 SANTAN TERMINAL, Barcelona, Venezuela, 936 Coquimbo, Chile, 4,742 Montego Bay, Jamaica, 134 INDONESIA Barranquilla, Colombia, 549 Corinto, Nicaragua, 2,348 (0˚06'00"S., 117˚32'00"E.) to: Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. (via Esmeraldas, Ecuador, 3,077 SANTA FE, ARGENTINA Nantucket Light Buoy), 1,545 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 3,249 (31˚39'00"S., 60˚42'00"W.) Add Junction Points* Brunswick, Georgia, U.S.A., 926 Guaymas, Mexico, 1,225 258 miles to Buenos Aires Casilda, Cuba, 288 Iquique, Chile, 4,355 distances. Honshu, Japan, 2,543 Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A. Lota, Chile, 5,018 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 586 (via Crooked Island Passage), Pisco, Peru, 3,832 SANTA LUCIA, CUBA Singapore (via Makassar and 952 Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 2,566 (22˚42'00"N., 83˚58'30"W.) to: Karimata Straits), 1,387 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 334 Salina Cruz, Mexico, 1,870 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 1,008 Colon, Panama, 683 San Jose, Guatemala, 2,130. Junction Points* Selat Wetar, Indonesia, 914 Fort de France, Martinique, 951 Talcahuano, Chile, 5,006 Guanica, Puerto Rico (via north of Valparaiso, Chile, 4,875 Straits of Florida, 120 Ports Hispaniola), 572 Yucatan Channel, 99 Guanica, Puerto Rico (via south of SANTA CRUZ DE TENERIFE, Davao, Philippines, 741 Hispaniola), 584 CANARY ISLANDS Ports Hong Kong, China, 1,502 Halifax, Canada, 1,683 (28˚38'00"N., 16˚14'00"W.) to: Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 5,112 Hamilton, Bermuda, 1,031 Kingston, Jamaica, 651 Makasar, Celebes, 422 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A. (via Junction Points* Nuevitas, Cuba, 447 Manila, Philippines, 952 Windward Passage), 904 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,079 Sorong, New Guinea, 953 Key West, Florida, U.S.A. (via Bishop Rock, England, 1,356 Windward Passage), 637 Cape of Good Hope, South SANTA MARIA, CUBA SANTANA, BRAZIL Kingston, Jamaica, 176 Africa, 4,453 (21˚17'00"N., 78˚34'00"W.) to: (0˚04'09"S., 51˚06'44"W.) to: La Habana, Cuba, 650 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 1,320 Manzanillo, Cuba, 168 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 1,704 Junction Points* Junction Points* Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 630 Montreal, Canada, 3,009 Montego Bay, Jamaica, 154 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 1,952 Panama, Panama, 814 Bishop Rock, England, 3,782 Nassau, Bahamas, 566 Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,690 Yucatan Channel, 381 Cape of Good Hope, South New York, New York, U.S.A., Strait of Gibraltar, 697 Africa, 4,546 1,362 Straits of Florida, 3,614 Ports Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 3,754 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 1,167 Grand Banks South, 2,595 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Ports Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Ile d’Ouessant, France, 3,776 (via Crooked Island Passage), (via Windward Passage and Inishtrahull, Ireland, 3,980 1,334 Belem, Brazil, 2,599 Crooked Island Passage), 1,755 Montreal, Canada, 3,648 Ponce, Puerto Rico, 587 Bordeaux, France, 1,406 Santo Domingo, Dominican Panama, Panama, 2,253 Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, 792 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Republic, 504 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 4,228 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 584 2,777 Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A. (via Punta Arenas, Chile, 4,545 Santa Maria, Cuba, 300 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 4,619 Windward Passage and Crooked Strait of Gibraltar, 3,226 Santo Domingo, Dominican Cadiz, Spain, 702 Island Passage), 1,372 Straits of Florida, 2,710 Republic, 429 Cape Town, South Africa, 4,435 Veracruz, Mexico, 1,537 Yucatan Channel, 2,722 Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A. (via Casablanca, Morocco, 548 Crooked Island Passage), 951 Charleston, South Carolina, SANTA MARTA, COLOMBIA Ports Willemstad, Curacao, 627 U.S.A., 3,275 (11˚15'00"N., 74˚13'00"W.) to: Wilmington, North Carolina, Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Bordeaux, France, 3,874 U.S.A., 1,003 2,764 Junction Points* Buenos Aires, Argentina, 3,534 Colon, Panama, 3,776 Dakar, Senegal, 2,039 SANTO DOMINGO, Dakar, Senegal, 846 Yucatan Channel, 892 Halifax, Canada, 2,831 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Freetown, Sierra Leone, 1,342 Kingston, Jamaica, 2,091 (18˚28'00"N., 69˚52'30"W.) to: Funchal, Madeira Island, 258 Ports Lisboa, Portugal, 2,527 Guantanamo, Cuba, 3,265 Natal, Brazil, 1,220 Junction Points* Halifax, Canada, 2,478 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. (via New York, New York, U.S.A., Horta, Azores, 881 Windward Passage and Crooked 2,924 Bishop Rock, England, 3,585 Huelva, Spain, 715 Island Passage), 1,710 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 3,491 Lisboa, Portugal, 714 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. (via SANTANDER, SPAIN Inishtrahull, Ireland (via Mona Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 3,427 Windward Passage and Crooked (43˚27'30"N., 3˚48'00"W.) to: Passage), 3,641 New York, New York, U.S.A., Island Passage), 1,966 Montreal, Canada (via Mona 2,936

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points SAVONA, ITALY 99

Passage), 2,579 SANTO TOMAS DE Monrovia, Liberia, 3,096 (via Osumi Kaikyo), 5,185 Panama, Panama, 846 CASTILLA, GUATEMALA New York, New York, U.S.A., Valparaiso, Chile (via Osumi Pentland Firth, Scotland, 3,820 (15˚42'30"N., 88˚37'00"W.) Add 5,205 Kaikyo), 9,836 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,549 2 miles to Puerto Barrios. Rio Grande, Brazil, 483 Wakamatsu, Japan, 136 Straits of Florida (via Mona Passage), 1,036 SANTOS, BRAZIL SAO SEBASTIAO, BRAZIL SAVANNAH, GEORGIA,U.S.A. Straits of Florida (via Windward (23˚56'00"S., 46˚19'00"W.) to: (23˚48'18"S., 45˚22'11"W.) to: (32˚05'00"N., 81˚06'00"W.) to: Passage), 986 Yucatan Channel, 929 Junction Points* Junction Points* Junction Points*

Ports Ile d’Ouessant, France, 5,002 Bishop Rock, England, 5,027 Montreal, Canada, 2,078 Montreal, Canada, 5,544 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Panama, Panama, 1,606 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Panama, Panama, 4,609 3,349 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 3,613 1,451 Strait of Gibraltar, 4,378 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 5,051 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,930 Barranquilla, Colombia, 538 Straits of Florida, 4,799 Grand Banks South, 4,441 Straits of Florida, 603 Belem, Brazil, 1,866 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 4,994 Belize, Belize, 1,088 Ports Inishtrahull, Ireland, 5,326 Ports Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Panama, Panama, 4,582 1,599 Bahia Blanca, Argentina, 1,292 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 5,597 Banes, Cuba (via Crooked Island Brunswick, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,179 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Punta Arenas, Chile, 2,112 Passage), 801 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 4,929 5,031 Strait of Gibraltar, 4,371 Bocas del Toro, Panama (via Campeche, Mexico, 1,364 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Straits of Florida, 4,836 Crooked Island Passage), 1,637 Cap-Haitien, Haiti, 392 4,928 Yucatan Channel, 4,869 Bridgetown, Barbados, 1,646 Cape Town, South Africa, 5,948 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1,006 Buenos Aires, Argentina (via north Cardenas, Cuba, 887 Cape Town, South Africa, 3,409 Ports of English Bank), 5,854 Carmen, Mexico, 1,437 Charleston, South Carolina, Cape Town, South Africa, 6,864 Cartagena, Colombia, 610 U.S.A., 4,908 Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 3,015 Cartagena, Colombia (via Crooked Charleston, South Carolina, Colon, Panama, 4,476 Bahia Blanca, Argentina, 1,371 Island Passage), 1,442 U.S.A., 1,190 Fernando de Noronha, 1,560 Cape Town, South Africa, 3,355 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Guiria, Venezuela, 3,467 Colon, Panama, 4,590 1,210 300 Mar del Plata, Argentina, 1,363 Dakar, Senegal, 7,380 Charlottetown, Canada, 1,386 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 716 Montevideo, Uruguay, 893 Maldonado, Uruguay, 5,269 Colon, Panama, 1,563 Colon, Panama, 802 New York, New York, U.S.A., New York, New York, U.S.A., Halifax, Canada, 1,164 Dakar, Senegal, 3,036 4,957 5,044 Kingston, Jamaica (via Crooked Guantanamo, Cuba, 397 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 4,910 Recife, Brazil, 1,250 Island Passage), 1,063 Halifax, Canada, 1,709 Paranagua, Brazil, 163 San Julian, Argentina, 1,861 La Guaira, Venezuela (via Mona Hamilton, Bermuda, 992 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Passage), 1,575 U.S.A., 5,004 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., SAO TOME, SAO TOME, La Habana, Cuba, 606 1,166 Portland, Maine, U.S.A., 4,959 GULF OF GUINEA Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 3,409 Key West, Florida, U.S.A. (via Old Porto Alegre, Brazil, 758 (0˚21'00"N., 6˚45'00"E.) to: Limon, Costa Rica (via Crooked Bahama Channel and Windward Quequen, Argentina, 1,437 Island Passage), 1,636 Passage), 936 Rio Grande, Brazil, 586 Ports Maracaibo, Venezuela, 1,466 Kingston, Jamaica, 430 Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 4,940 Montevideo, Uruguay, 5,740 La Guaira, Venezuela, 502 Boma, Congo, 563 Nassau, Bahamas, 503 La Habana, Cuba (via Windward SANYA GANG, CHINA Douala, Cameroon, 285 Ponce, Puerto Rico, 1,180 Passage), 946 (18˚14'00"N., 109˚26'00"E.) to: Lagos, Nigeria, 422 Port Antonio, Jamaica (via Manzanillo, Cuba, 558 Pointe Noire, Congo, 436 Crooked Island Passage), 1,012 Maracaibo, Venezuela, 496 Ports Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Port Castries, St. Lucia, 1,548 Matanzas, Cuba, 901 2,208 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1,714 Miami, Florida, 930 Haiphong, Vietnam, 253 Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Miragoane, Haiti, 407 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 624 SARANDE, ALBANIA 3,169 Nassau, Bahamas, 851 Hong Kong, China, 391 (39˚52'00"N., 20˚00'30"E.) to: Puerto Barrios, Guatemala (via New York, New York, U.S.A., Kao-hsiung Kang, Taiwan, 682 Straits of Florida), 1,224 1,489 Manila, Philippines, 714 Junction Points* Puerto Cortes, Honduras (via Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 1,329 Straits of Florida), 1,189 Nuevitas, Cuba, 632 SAO FRANCISCO DO SUL, Port Said, Egypt, 863 Recife, Brazil, 3,681 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. BRAZIL Strait of Gibraltar, 1,311 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,753 (via Mona Passage), 1,480 (26˚13'32"S., 48˚38'22"W.) to: Salvador, Brazil, 4,072 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 520 Ports San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,153 Ponce, Puerto Rico, 196 Junction Points* Santa Marta, Colombia (via Ponta Delgada, Azores, 2,620 Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth Crooked Island Passage), 1,372 Port au Prince, Haiti, 453 Bishop Rock, England, 5,210 Canal), 253 Santiago de Cuba (via Crooked Port Castries, St. Lucia, 578 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Split, Croatia, 293 Island Passage), 951 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 681 3,445 Taranto, Italy, 154 Santo Domingo, Dominican Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, 492 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 5,236 Republic, 1,204 Grand Banks South, 4,613 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3,829 SASEBO, JAPAN Santos, Brazil, 4,940 Romana, Dominican Republic, 61 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 5,177 (33˚09'00"N., 129˚43'00"E.) to: St. John, Canada (via Nantucket San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua, Inishtrahull, Ireland, 5,514 Light Buoy), 1,113 924 Panama, Panama, 4,681 Ports Tampico, Mexico, 1,432 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 232 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 5,799 Willemstad, Curacao, 1,444 Santa Marta, Colombia, 504 Punta Arenas, Chile, 1,984 Acapulco, Mexico (via Osumi Strait of Gibraltar, 4,559 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 429 Kaikyo), 6,918 SAVONA, ITALY Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,204 Straits of Florida, 5,066 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A. (via (44˚18'44"N., 8˚29'29"E.) to: St. John, Canada, 1,733 Yucatan Channel, 5,073 Osumi Kaikyo), 3,207 Sydney, Canada, 1,867 Gunsan, South Korea, 343 Junction Points* Tuxpan, Mexico, 1,624 Ports Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. (via Veracruz, Mexico, 1,596 Osumi Kaikyo), 4,009 Port Said, Egypt, 1,437 Willemstad, Curacao, 397 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 950 Itozakicho, Japan, 271 Strait of Gibraltar, 852 Wilmington, North Carolina, Cape Town, South Africa, 6,671 Manila, Philippines, 1,349 U.S.A., 1,210 Charleston, South Carolina, Nome, Alaska, U.S.A. (via Osumi Ports U.S.A., 5,103 Kaikyo), 3,373 Colon, Panama, 4,671 San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Alexandria, Egypt, 1,326 Maldonado, Uruguay, 709

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 100 SAYDA, LEBANON

Algiers, Algeria, 518 Junction Points* Canton, Phoenix Islands, 4,049 Kaikyo and composite sailing), Alicante, Spain, 549 Cordova, Alaska, U.S.A., 1,216 4,366 Ancona, Italy, 1,028 Bishop Rock, England, 640 Dagu, China (via La Perouse Strait Wake Island, 3,820 Annaba, Algeria, 451 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 632 and north of Aleutian Islands), Weihai, China (via La Perouse Banghazi, Libya, 922 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East 5,285 Strait, north of Aleutian Islands Banzart, Tunisia, 440 Entrance), Germany, 569 Dalian, China (via La Perouse and via Unimak Pass), 5,054 Barcelona, Spain, 341 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 16 Strait and north of Aleutian Weihai, China (via Tsugaru- Bari, Italy, 820 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 454 Islands), 5,127 Kaikyo and north of Aleutian Beirut, Lebanon, 1,519 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Islands), 5,059 Brindisi, Italy, 762 Ports 1,707 Weihai, China (via Tsugaru- Cagliari, Sardinia, 362 Enderbury Island, Phoenix Kaikyo and south of Aleutian Cartagena, Spain, 601 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 485 Islands, 4,047 Islands), 5,089 Ceuta, Morocco, 834 Antwerp, Belgium, 573 Funafuti, Tuvalu, 4,640 Wellington, New Zealand, 6,433 Gibraltar, 835 Bergen, Norway, 286 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 4,326 Whittier, Alaska, U.S.A., 1,241 Haifa, Israel, 1,515 Calais, France, 526 Hakodate, Japan, 3,941 Wrangell, Alaska, U.S.A., 713 Iraklion, Kriti, 1,002 Emden, Germany, 490 Jaluit, Marshall Islands, 4,296 Xiamen, China (via La Perouse Istanbul, Turkey (south of Oslo, Norway, 532 Johnston Island, 3,018 Strait and north of Aleutian Greece), 1,301 Juneau, Alaska, U.S.A., 873 Islands), 5,463 Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth SEAHAM HARBOR, Kahului, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,364 Xiamen, China (via Osumi Kaikyo Canal), 1,260 ENGLAND Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, U.S.A., and south of Aleutian Islands), Izmir, Turkey (south of Greece), (54˚50'14"N., 1˚19'10"W.) to: 2,388 5,515 1,147 Kaunakakai, Hawaii, U.S.A., Xiamen, China (via Tsugaru- Izmir, Turkey (via Corinth Canal), Junction Points* 2,398 Kaikyo and north of Aleutian 1,106 Ketchikan, Alaska, U.S.A., 634 Islands), 5,464 Malaga, Spain, 783 Bishop Rock, England, 625 Kobe, Japan (south of Aleutian Xiamen, China (via Tsugaru- Marseille, France, 189 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 259 Islands), 4,534 Kaikyo and south of Aleutian Messina, Sicily, 496 Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 1,257 Islands), 5,494 Napoli, Italy, 350 Ports Levuka, Fiji Islands, 5,120 Yakutat, Alaska, U.S.A., 1,003 Odessa, Ukraine (south of Manila, Philippines (via Balintang Yokohama, Japan (north of Greece), 1,650 Leith, Scotland, 117 Channel), 5,630 Aleutian Islands), 4,245 Odessa, Ukraine (via Corinth London, England, 308 Melbourne, Australia, 7,332 Canal), 1,608 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 278 Midway Island, 2,817 SELAT LOMBOK, Oran, Algeria, 672 Nagasaki, Japan (via Tsugaru- INDONESIA* Palermo, Sicily, 434 SEARSPORT, MAINE, U.S.A. Kaikyo and north of Aleutian (8˚50'00"S., 115˚43'00"E.) to: Palma, Balearic Islands, 433 (44˚25'39"N., 68˚53'58"W.) to: Islands), 4,705 Piraievs, Greece (south of Nagasaki, Japan (via Tsugaru- Junction Points* Greece), 988 Junction Points* Kaikyo and south of Aleutian Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth Islands), 4,735 Cape of Good Hope, South Canal), 906 Grand Banks South, 865 Naknek, Alaska, U.S.A., 2,020 Africa, 5,461 Rijeka, Croatia, 1,095 Montreal, Canada, 1,360 Nanaimo, Canada, 132 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 1,571 Sibenik, Croatia, 969 Panama, Panama, 2,260 New Westminster, Canada, 126 Honshu, Japan, 3,059 Siracusa, Sicily, 567 Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,111 Nikolayevsk-Na-Amure, Russia Port Said, Egypt, 5,892 Split, Croatia, 954 Straits of Florida, 1,475 (south of Aleutian Islands), Singapore, 963 Tarabulus, Libya, 722 3,823 Selat Sunda, Indonesia (north of Taranto, Italy, 715 Ports Nikolayevsk-Na-Amure, Russia Java), 677 Thessaloniki, Greece (south of (via Unimak Pass), 3,748 Selat Wetar, Indonesia, 727 Greece), 1,196 Cape Town, South Africa, 6,708 Nome, Alaska, U.S.A., 2,288 Thessaloniki, Greece (via Corinth Colon, Panama, 2,245 Noumea, New Caledonia, 5,760 Ports Canal), 1,154 Halifax, Canada, 306 Ocean Island, 4,611 Toulon, France, 156 Maracaibo, Venezuela, 2,073 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Ambon, Indonesia, 819 Trieste, Italy, 1,128 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,973 4,611 Balikpapan, Kalimantan, Tunis, Tunisia, 475 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,564 Papeete, French Polynesia, 4,296 Indonesia, 472 Valencia, Spain, 497 Yarmouth, Canada, 2,704 Petersburg, Alaska, U.S.A., 771 Bandjermasin, Kalimantan, Valletta, Malta, 588 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Indonesia, 357 Venezia, Italy, 1,138 SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, Russia (via Unimak Pass), 2,939 Belawan, Indonesia, 1,342 Volos, Greece (south of Greece), U.S.A. Ponape, Caroline Islands, 4,696 Bunbury, Australia, 1,510 1,137 (47˚3'00"N., 122˚22'00"W.) to: Port Darwin, Australia, 6,892 Calcutta, India, 2,614 Volos, Greece (via Corinth Canal), Prince Rupert, Canada, 577 Calicut, India, 2,916 1,096 Junction Points* Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 5,509 Cebu, Philippines, 1,278 Seward, Alaska, U.S.A. (via Strait Flying Fish Cove, Christmas SAYDA, LEBANON Panama, Panama, 4,020 of Juan de Fuca), 1,232 Island, 603 (33˚32'02"N., 35˚19'49"E.) to: Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,964 Shanghai, China (via Tsugaru Fremantle, Australia, 1,440 Singapore, 7,062 Strait), 5,094 Geraldton, Australia, 1,242 Junction Points* Wilson Promontory, Australia, Shimonoseki, Japan (via Tsugaru Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 1,408 7,181 Strait), 4,604 Hong Kong, China (via Linapacan Port Said, Egypt, 205 Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 806 Strait), 2,029 Strait of Gibraltar, 2,035 Ports Skagway, Alaska, U.S.A., 934 Iloilo, Philippines, 1,247 Surabaya, Indonesia, 7,162 Incheon, South Korea, 2,885 Ports Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Suva, Fiji Islands, 5,162 Jakarta, Indonesia, 615 Russia (via La Perouse Strait Sydney, Australia, 6,810 Kakinada, India, 2,567 Haifa, Israel, 49 and Proliv Kruzenshterna), Truk, Caroline Islands, 4,929 Kuching, Sarawak, 974 Marseille, France, 1,596 4,108 Unalakleet, Alaska, U.S.A., 2,023 Madras, India, 2,559 Sete, France, 1,655 Amapala, Honduras, 3,361 Valdez, Alaska, U.S.A., 1,229 Makassar, Sulawesi, 339 Venezia, Italy (south of Greece), Anchorage, Alaska, U.S.A., 1,427 Valparaiso, Chile, 5,916 Malacca, Malaysia, 1,091 1,382 Apia, Samoa, 4,626 Vancouver, Canada (via Active Manila, Philippines (via Mindoro Venezia, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Apra, Guam, 4,948 Pass), 126 Strait, Cuyo West Pass, Sibutu 1,354 Attu Island, Alaska, U.S.A. (via Vancouver, Canada (via Boundary Passage, and Makassar Strait), Unimak Pass), 2,422 Pass), 132 1,514 SCAPA FLOW, ORKNEY Auckland, New Zealand, 6,170 Victoria, Canada, 70 Mogpo, South Korea, 2,725 ISLANDS, UNITED KINGDOM Avarua, Cook Islands, 4,700 Vladivostok, Russia (north of Nampo, North Korea, 2,946 (58˚53'00"N., 3˚05'00"W.) to: Brisbane, Australia, 6,471 Aleutian Islands), 4,210 Port Darwin, Australia (south of Callao, Peru, 4,764 Vladivostok, Russia (via Tsugaru Pulau Roti), 926

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points SEVILLA, SPAIN 101

Port Kembla, Australia, 3,388 Hsia, Steep Island Pass, west of Ports SETE, FRANCE Port Refuge, Cocos Islands, 1,132 Macclesfield Bank, east of South (43˚24'05"N., 3˚42'07"E.) to: Sabang, Indonesia, 1,575 Natuna Island and through Selat Horta, Azores, 2,838 Semarang, Indonesia, 416 Gaspar), 2,535 Lagos, Nigeria, 317 Junction Points* Shanghai, China (via Pai-chieh Simons Bay, South Africa, 5,058 Monrovia, Liberia, 599 Hsia, Steep Island Passage, east Surabaya, Indonesia, 450 Pointe Noire, Congo, 997 Port Said, Egypt, 1,577 of Taiwan, Mindoro Strait, and Tandjung Uban, Indonesia, 502 Strait of Gibraltar, 684 Sibutu Passage), 2,577 Tarakan, Indonesia, 1,191 SEMARANG, INDONESIA Surabaya, Indonesia (north of Telukbayur, Indonesia, 488 (6˚56'00"S., 110˚25'00"E.) to: Ports Madura), 275 Tjilatjap, Indonesia, 345 Tarakan, Kalimantan, Indonesia, Tjirebon, Indonesia, 211 Junction Points* Augusta, Sicily, 703 830 Victoria, Sabah, 948 Cagliari, Sardinia, 402 Tjilatjap, Indonesia, 413 Vladivostok, Russia, 3,357 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 416 Cannes, France, 171 Tjirebon, Indonesia, 503 Weonsan, North Korea, 3,161 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 267 Genova, Italy, 266 Whyalla, Australia, 2,782 Zhenjiang, China, 1,710 Selat Wetar, Indonesia, 1,067 Istanbul, Turkey (south of Zamboanga, Philippines, 1,047 Greece), 1,442 Iskenderun, Turkey, 1,675 SELAT WETAR, INDONESIA* Ports Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth SELAT SUNDA, INDONESIA* (8˚19'00"S., 127˚27'00"E.) to: (6˚04'00"S., 105˚50'00"E.) to: Apra, Guam, 2,464 Canal), 1,401 Junction Points* Jakarta, Indonesia, 236 Kerch, Ukraine (south of Greece), Junction Points* Makassar, Sulawesi, 596 1,877 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Surabaya, Indonesia, 196 Kerch, Ukraine (via Corinth Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, 6,768 Canal), 1,836 Larnaca, Cyprus, 1,579 5,164 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 1,954 SENIPAH OIL TERMINAL, Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 1,815 Honshu, Japan, 2,838 INDONESIA Livorno, Italy, 298 Honshu, Japan, 3,171 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 727 (1˚03'25"S., 117˚13'00"E.) to: Messina, Sicily, 636 Selat Lombok, Indonesia (north of Singapore (via Selat Riouw and Napoli, Italy, 515 Java), 677 Selat Karimata), 1,587 Junction Points* Pula, Croatia, 1,216 Port Said, Egypt (via Eight Degree Sundra Strait, Indonesia, 1,330 Sayda, Lebanon, 1,655 Channel), 5,224 Torres Strait, Australia, 881 Honshu, Japan, 2,615 Skikda, Algeria, 422 Port Said, Egypt (via One and Half Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 476 Tarabulus, Lebanon, 1,672 Degree Channel), 5,335 Ports Panama, Panama (via north of Valletta, Malta, 694 Singapore (via Selat Bangka and Sulawesi), 10,464 Selat Berhala), 532 Balikpapan, Kalimantan, Singapore (via Makassar and SETUBAL, PORTUGAL Selat Wetar, Indonesia, 1,330 Indonesia, 870 Karimata Straits), 815 (38˚31'00"N., 8˚59'00"E.) to: Busan, South Korea (via Selat Sundra Strait, Indonesia, 834 Ports Manipa and Molucca Passage), Tsugaru-Kaikyo, Japan, 2,963 Junction Points* 2,632 Selat Wetar, Indonesia, 858 Aden, Yemen (via One and Half Incheon, South Korea (via Selat Ile d’Ouessant, France, 672 Degree Channel), 3,935 Manipa and Molucca Passage), Ports Strait of Gibraltar, 287 Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, 2,767 Russia, 3,961 Jakarta, Indonesia, 1,266 Ambon, Indonesia, 917 Ports Balikpapan, Kalimantan, Lingkas, Indonesia, 1,161 Dairen, China, 2,639 Indonesia, 837 Makassar, Sulawesi, 614 Hong Kong, China, 1,524 Bilbao, Spain, 612 Bandjermasin, Kalimantan, Mogpo, South Korea (via Molucca Manila, Philippines, 1,007 Casablanca, Morocco, 313 Indonesia, 775 Passage), 2,632 Midway Island (via San Horta, Azores, 939 Bangkok, Thailand, 1,292 Nampo, North Korea (via Selat Bernardino Strait), 4,273 Belawan, Indonesia, 870 Manipa and Molucca Passage), Weonsan, Korea, 2,759 SEVERODVINSK, RUSSIA Bombay, India, 2,664 2,861 Zamboanga, Philippines, 562 (64˚35'00"N., 39˚50'00"E.) Add Busan, South Korea, 2,855 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, 2 1/4 miles to Arkhangel’sk Calcutta, India, 2,140 Russia (via Selat Manipa and SEPT ILES, CANADA distances. Chang-kan, China, 1,588 Dampier Strait), 4,106 (50˚11'07"N., 66˚22'18"W.) to: Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1,781 Port Darwin, Australia (west of SEVILLA, SPAIN Flying Fish Cove, Christmas Bathurst Island), 326 Junction Points* (37˚23'30"N., 6˚00'00"W.) to: Island, Line Islands, 281 Semarang, Indonesia, 1,067 Fremantle, Australia, 1,691 Shanghai, China (via Basilan Bishop Rock, England (via Strait Junction Points* Geraldton, Australia, 1,494 Strait, Mindoro Strait, east of of Belle Isle), 2,273 Hong Kong, China, 1,807 Taiwan, and Pai-chieh Hsia), Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Bishop Rock, England, 973 Incheon, South Korea, 2,913 2,553 6,785 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Jakarta, Indonesia, 77 Surabaya, Indonesia (north of Grand Banks South, 818 6,917 Kompong Som, Camb (via Los Madura), 928 Ile d’Ouessant, France (via Strait Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 1,049 Angeles, California, U.S.A.), Surabaya, Indonesia (south of of Belle Isle), 2,338 Grand Banks South, 2,070 1,096, (via Makassar Strait), Madura), 880 Inishtrahull, Ireland (via Strait of Ile d’Ouessant, France, 931 7,976 Vinh Cam Ranh, Vietnam, 2,106 Belle Isle), 2,135 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 1,299 Makassar, Sulawesi, 861 Vladivostok, Russia (via Selat Montreal, Canada, 409 Panama, Panama, 5,244 Malacca, Malaysia, 619 Manipa), 3,133 Panama, Panama, 3,045 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 1,467 Manila, Philippines, 1,578 Weonsan, North Korea (via Selat Pentland Firth, Scotland (via Strait Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,950 Mogpo, South Korea, 2,760 Manipa and Molucca Passage), of Belle Isle), 2,230 Strait of Gibraltar, 154 Nampo, North Korea, 2,974 3,100 Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,188 Straits of Florida, 4,018 Palembang, Indonesia, 362 Wyndham, Australia, 431 Straits of Florida, 2,250 Yucatan Channel, 4,088 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Zamboanga, Philippines (via Selat Russia, 4,574 Manipa and Selat Bangka), 995 Ports Ports Port Adelaide, Australia, 2,980 Port Darwin, Australia (south of SEKONDI, GHANA Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Banjul, Gambia, 1,624 Java), 1,623 (4˚56'20"N., 1˚42'00"W.) to: 1,035 Belem, Brazil, 4,838 Port Refuge, Cocos Islands, 647 La Guaira, Venezuela, 2,630 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,315 Qui Nhon, Vietnam, 1,241 Junction Points* New York, New York, U.S.A., Cape Town, South Africa, 4,647 Rapid Bay, Australia, 2,946 1,191 Casablanca, Morocco, 240 Sabang, Indonesia, 1,103 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 3,424 Portland, Maine, U.S.A., 1,002 Cristobal, Panama, 4,298 Seletar, Malaysia, 533 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 2,132 Dakar, Senegal, 1,527 Semarang, Indonesia, 297 St. John’s, Canada, 699 Funchal, Madeira Island, 611 Shanghai, China (via Pai-chieh Yarmouth, Canada, 842 Horta, Azores, 1,073 Lisboa, Portugal, 253

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 102 SEWARD, ALASKA, U.S.A.

Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 3,303 SHANGHAI, CHINA Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. Wenzhou, China, 365 Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, (31˚14'00"N., 121˚29'30"E.) to: (via Tsugaru-Kaikyo), 5,699 Weonsan, North Korea (via north 1,589 Maizuru, Japan, 800 of Cheju Do and South Vigo, Spain, 474 Junction Points* Manila, Philippines (east of Channel), 797 Taiwan), 1,156 Xiamen, China (via outside Selat Lombok, Indonesia (via Pai- SEWARD, ALASKA, U.S.A. Manila, Philippines (via Formosa islands), 603 (60˚06'00"N., 149˚26'00"W.) to: chieh Hsia, Steep Island Pass, Strait), 1,166 Yantai, China (via outside east of Taiwan, Mindoro Strait Midway Island, 3,184 islands), 523 Junction Points* and Sibutu Passage), 2,577 Misumi, Japan, 490 Yokohama, Japan (via Naikai), Panama, Panama (via Osumi Mogpo, South Korea, 369 1,117 Panama, Panama, 4,916 Kaikyo), 8,648 Nagasaki, Japan, 463 Panama, Panama (via Tsugaru- Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,859 Naha, Ryukyu Islands, 479 SHARJAH, UNITED ARAB Kaikyo), 8,566 Nakagusuku, Ryukyu Islands, 515 EMIRATES Ports Punta Arenas, Chile, 9,827 Nakhodka, Russia, 991 (25˚23'00"N., 55˚20'48"E.) to: Singapore, 2,207 Nampo, North Korea, 561 Apra, Guam, 4,079 Selat Sunda, Indonesia (via Pai- Nikolayevsk-Na-Amure, Russia, Junction Points* Auckland, New Zealand, 6,093 chieh Hsia, Steep Island Pass, 1,742 Callao, Peru, 5,660 west of Macclesfield Bank, east Noumea, New Caledonia (via Cape of Good Hope, South Hakodate, Japan (south of Aleutian of South Natuna Island, and Passé de Dunbea), 4,185 Africa, 4,701 Islands), 3,010 through Selat Gaspar), 2,535 Otaru, Japan, 1,233 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 5,037 Hong Kong, China (south of Selat Wetar, Indonesia, 2,553 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 4,288 Aleutian Islands), 4,809 4,794 Port Said, Egypt, 2,883 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,373 Ports Papeete, French Polynesia, 5,907 Singapore, 3,422 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Peng-hu Kang, Taiwan, 605 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 3,629 2,045 Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Torres Strait, Australia (via south Manila, Philippines (south of Russia, 1,597 Russia (via La Perouse Strait), of Java), 5,831 Aleutian Islands), 4,996 Apia, Samoa, 4,715 2,200 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Apra, Guam, 1,687 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Ports 4,589 Auckland, New Zealand (via west Russia (via Tsugaru-Kaikyo), Papeete, French Polynesia, 4,661 of New Ireland), 5,148 2,224 Aden, Yemen, 1,494 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Avarua, Cook Islands, 5,533 Ponape, Caroline Islands, 2,545 Al Basrah, Iraq, 518 Russia (via Unimak Pass), Brisbane, Australia, 4,243 Port Darwin, Australia, 2,804 Belawan, Indonesia, 3,091 2,065 Busan, South Korea (north of Qingdao, China (via outside Calcutta, India, 3,099 Prince Rupert, Canada, 734 Cheju Do and via South islands), 401 Fremantle, Australia, 4,968 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Channel), 491 Qinhuangdao, China (via outside Penang, Malaysia, 3,131 1,701 Cebu, Philippines (via South islands), 668 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via Channel, Pai-chieh Hsia, Steep Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 2,812 SHARPNESS, ENGLAND inside route), 1,428 Island Pass, east of Taiwan, and San Diego, California, U.S.A. (via (51˚43'00"N., 2˚29'00"W.) Add Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via San Bernardino Strait), 1,322 Tsugaru-Kaikyo), 5,396 17 miles to Avonmouth distances. Strait of Juan de Fuca), 1,232 Chi-lung, Taiwan, 447 San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Chimu Wan, Ryukyu Islands, 527 Suva, Fiji Islands, 5,003 (via Tsugaru-Kaikyo), 5,396 SHEERNESS, ENGLAND Sydney, Australia, 6,373 Dagu, China (via outside islands), San Francisco, California, U.S.A. (51˚26'30"N., 0˚44'00"E.) Valdez, Alaska, U.S.A., 145 720 (via Osumi Kaikyo), 5,502 Subtract 31 miles from London Valparaiso, Chile, 6,812 Dalian, China, 560 Sanmen Wen, China, 270 distances. Vancouver, Canada, 1,249 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A. (via Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via Yakutat, Alaska, U.S.A., 312 La Perouse Strait), 3,375 La Perouse Strait and north of Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A. (via SHELBURNE, CANADA Yokohama, Japan (south of Aleutian Islands), 5,067 (43˚45'00"N., 65˚l9'00"W.) to: Aleutian Islands), 3,313 Tsugaru-Kaikyo), 3,377 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via Guayaquil, Ecuador, 8,872 Osumi Kaikyo and south of Junction Points* Gunsan, South Korea, 457 SEYDHISFJORDHUR, Aleutian Islands), 5,242 ICELAND Haiphong, Vietnam (via Pai-chieh Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via Montreal, Canada, 1,050 (65˚15'06"N., 14˚00'12"W.) to: Hsia, Steep Island Pass and Tsugaru-Kaikyo and north of Hainan Strait), 1,285 Aleutian Islands), 5,071 Ports Junction Points* Hakodate, Japan, 1,166 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A.(via Hankou, China, 592 Tsugaru-Kaikyo and south of Churchill, Canada, 2,467 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 500 Higashi-Iwase, Japan, 966 Aleutian Islands), 5,131 Reykjavik, Iceland, 2,047 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,899 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam (via Shantou, China, 708 St. John’s, Canada, 621 Bonham Strait), 1,679 Shimonoseki, Japan, 548 Ports Hong Kong, China (via Pai-chieh Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 4,446 Hsia, Steep Island Pass, and SHENGJIN, ALBANIA Su-ao Kang, Taiwan, 498 (41˚47'30"N., 19˚35'00"E.) to: Bergen, Norway, 634 Formosa Strait), 831 Surabaya, Indonesia, 2,626 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 4,336 Murmansk, Russia, 1,173 Suva, Fiji Islands, 4,467 Junction Points* St. John’s, Canada, 1,690 Hua-lien Kang, Taiwan, 533 Sydney, Australia (via west of New Iloilo, Philippines (via South Ireland), 4,642 Port Said, Egypt, 988 Channel, Pai-chieh Hsia, and SFAX, TUNISIA Sydney, Australia (via Vitiaz Strait of Gibraltar, 1,382 (34˚43'39"N., 10˚46'30"E.) to: Steep Island Pass, east of Strait), 4,636 Taiwan, and San Bernardino Tai-tung Kang, Taiwan, 612 Ports Junction Points* Strait), 1,343 Tianjin, China (via Chang-shan Incheon, South Korea (via South Shuitao), 740 Ancona, Italy, 297 Channel), 503 Port Said, Egypt, 1,131 Truk, Caroline Islands, 2,261 Brindisi, Italy, 103 Jakarta, Indonesia, 2,522 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,043 Tsuruga, Japan, 823 Split, Croatia, 207 Jaluit, Marshall Islands, 3,138 Valparaiso, Chile (via Tokara Ports Kobe, Japan (via Inland Sea), 789 Kaikyo), 10,148 Kobe, Japan (via Osumi Kaikyo), SHIMIZU, HONSHU, JAPAN Vinh Cam Ranh, Vietnam, 1,520 (35˚01'00"N., 138˚31'00"E.) to: Almeria, Spain, 881 826 Vladivostok, Russia (via north of Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 3,967 Civitavecchia, Italy, 520 Cheju Do), 998 Ports Derince, Turkey, 1,081 Levuka, Fiji Islands, 4,528 Vladivostok, Russia (via south of Lianyungang, China, 414 Gibraltar, 1,026 Cheju Do), 997 Apra, Guam, 1,351 Lo hsing-ta Mao-ti, China (via Iskenderun, Turkey, 1,282 Wakamatsu, Japan, 541 Kobe, Japan, 279 South Channel, Pai-chieh Hsia, Larnaca, Cyprus, 1,163 Wake Island, 2,550 Nagoya, Japan, 143 and Steep Island Pass), 440 Rostov-na-Donu, Russia, 1,684 Weihai, China (via South Shimonoseki, Japan, 469 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. Channel), 483 Yokohama, Japan, 116 (via Osumi Kaikyo), 5,810

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points SINGAPORE 103

SHIMONOSEKI, JAPAN Tokuyama, Japan, 50 Haifa, Israel (via Corinth Canal), SIMONS BAY, SOUTH (33˚57'00"N., 130˚56'35"E.) to: Tsuruga, Japan, 325 1,187 AFRICA Unggi, North Korea, 511 Iraklion, Kriti, 704 (34˚11'22"S., 18˚26'29"E.) to: Junction Points* Uno, Japan, 177 Istanbul, Turkey (south of Valparaiso, Chile, 9,709 Greece), 1,001 Junction Points* Panama, Panama (east of Honshu), Vladivostok, Russia, 565 Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth 8,153 Weihai, China, 562 Canal), 902 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Panama, Panama (west of Xiamen, China, 920 Izmir, Turkey (south of Greece), 23 Honshu), 8,081 Yantai, China, 596 846 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 4,572 Punta Arenas, Chile, 9,545 Yeosu, South Korea, 182 Izmir, Turkey (via Corinth Canal), Port Said, Egypt, 5,315 Singapore (via Formosa Strait), Yokohama, Japan (via Bungo 747 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 5,085 2,527 Suido), 545 La Spezia, Italy, 923 Livorno, Italy, 887 Ports Ports Malaga, Spain, 1,452 SHIMOTSUI, JAPAN Port Elizabeth, South Africa, 391 (34˚26'00"N., 133˚49'00"E.) to: Marseille, France, 1,050 Akita, Japan, 586 Messina, Sicily, 477 Apra, Guam, 1,451 Ports Napoli, Italy, 648 SINES, PORTUGAL Auckland, New Zealand, 4,944 Odessa, Ukraine (south of (38˚56'07"N., 8˚52'15"W.) to: Bohang, South Korea, 164 Hirohata, Japan, 88 Greece), 1,349 Cebu, Philippines, 1,547 Osaka, Japan, 116 Odessa, Ukraine (via Corinth Junction Points* Changjon, North Korea, 337 Shimonoseki, Japan, 152 Canal), 1,250 Chongjin, North Korea, 480 Yokohama, Japan, 449 Oran, Algeria, 1,290 Bishop Rock, England, 689 Dagu, China, 790 Palermo, Sicily, 593 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A. (via Palma, Balearic Islands, 1,112 8,342 SHIOGAMA, JAPAN Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 766 Tsugaru-Kaikyo), 2,892 (38˚l9'00"N., 141˚03'00"E.) to: Piraievs, Greece (south of Hakodate, Japan, 683 Greece), 687 Grand Banks South, 1,864 Higashi-Iwase, Japan, 466 Ports Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth Ile d’Ouessant, France, 625 Hong Kong, China, 1,179 Canal), 548 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 1,400 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,804 Aomori, Japan, 311 Rijeka, Croatia, 158 Panama, Panama, 4,168 Hulu Dao, China, 781 Hakodate, Japan, 281 Savona, Italy, 969 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 1,371 Iloilo, Philippines, 1,569 Itozakicho, Japan, 662 Siracusa, Sicily, 498 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,453 Imabari, Japan, 123 Shimonoseki, Japan, 756 Tarabulus, Libya, 761 Strait of Gibraltar, 2,708 Incheon, South Korea, 489 Yokohama, Japan, 284 Taranto, Italy, 326 Straits of Florida, 3,825 Itozakicho, Japan, 133 Thessaloniki, Greece (south of Iwakuni, Japan, 93 Ports SHOREHAM BY SEA, Greece), 895 Jakarta, Indonesia, 2,838 ENGLAND Thessaloniki, Greece (via Corinth Kagoshima, Japan (via Bungo (50˚49'48"N., 0˚16'00"W.) to: Canal), 796 Cadiz, Spain, 266 Suido), 295 Toulon, France, 1,018 Dakar, Senegal, 1,540 Kagoshima, Japan (west of Junction Points* Trieste, Italy, 192 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 2,017 Kyushu), 306 Tunis, Tunisia, 771 Funchal, Madeira Island, 544 Kimchaek, North Korea, 421 Bishop Rock, England, 249 Valencia, Spain, 1,237 Lisboa, Portugal, 20 Kobe, Japan, 241 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 245 Valletta, Malta, 575 Ponta Delgada, Azores, 794 Kure, Japan, 116 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 633 Venezia, Italy, 204 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Lo hsing-ta Mao-ti, China, 799 Volos, Greece (south of Greece), Islands, 727 Maizuru, Japan, 302 Ports 836 Vigo, Spain, 251 Manila, Philippines, 1,424 Volos, Greece (via Corinth Canal), Masan, South Korea, 146 Le Havre, France, 90 737 SINGAPORE * Miike, Japan, 222 London, England, 161 (1˚16'00"N., 103˚50'00"E.) to: Nagasaki, Japan, 159 Plymouth, England, 162 SIBU, MALAYSIA Nagoya, Japan, 434 (2˚24'00"N., 111˚56'00"E.) to: Junction Points* Naha, Ryukyu Islands, 530 SIBENIK, CROATIA Nakhodka, Russia, 552 (43˚44'03"N., 15˚53'17"E.) to: Junction Points* Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Nanao, Japan, 453 5,579 Niigata, Japan, 492 Junction Points* Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 1,063 Honshu, Japan, 2,879 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Singapore, 532 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 963 4,440 Port Said, Egypt, 1,148 Panama, Panama (via San Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Strait of Gibraltar, 1,522 Ports Bernardino Strait), 10,505 Russia (via La Perouse Strait), Port Said, Egypt, 5,035 1,732 Ports Cebu, Philippines (via Balabac Selat Sunda, Indonesia (via Selat Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Strait), 1,049 Bangka and Selat Berhala), 532 Russia (via Tsugaru-Kaikyo), Alexandria, Egypt, 1,039 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 659 Tsugaru-Kaikyo, Japan, 3,343 1,739 Algiers, Algeria, 1,094 Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, 479 Selat Wetar, Indonesia (via Selat Port Darwin, Australia (via Selat Alicante, Spain, 1,249 Masbate, Philippines (via Balabac Riouw and Selat Karimata), Sele), 2,883 Ancona, Italy, 115 Strait), 1,151 1,587 Rumoi, Japan, 812 Annaba, Algeria, 874 Sandakan, Sabah (via Balabac Sakaide, Japan, 169 Banghazi, Libya, 741 Strait), 728 Ports Sakata, Japan, 554 Banzart, Tunisia, 783 San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Ad Damman, Saudi Arabia, 3,681 Barcelona, Spain, 1,153 SIDI IFNI, MOROCCO (South of Honshu), 5,007 Bari, Italy, 167 (29˚26'00"N., 10˚09'00"W.) to: Aden, Yemen, 3,627 San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Beirut, Lebanon (south of Akyab, Burma, 1,365 (via Tsugaru Strait), 4,915 Greece), 1,218 Junction Points* Al Basrah, Iraq, 3,916 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via Beirut, Lebanon (via Corinth Al Gurdagah, Egypt, 4,754 Tsugaru-Kaikyo and north of Canal), 1,184 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 1,197 Al Manamah, Bahrain, 3,652 Aleutian Islands), 4,586 Brindisi, Italy, 217 Strait of Gibraltar, 472 Albany, Australia, 2,525 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via Cartagena, Spain, 1,279 Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Tsugaru-Kaikyo, and south of Ceuta, Morocco, 1,502 Ports Russia, 3,608 Aleutian Islands), 4,646 Dubrovnik, Croatia, 144 Apra, Guam (via Sulu Sea), 2,585 Shanghai, China, 548 Genova, Italy, 958 Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Assab, Ethiopia, 3,769 Shantou, China, 1,029 Gibraltar, 1,504 1,117 Balikpapan, Kalimantan, Shimizu, Honshu, Japan, 469 Haifa, Israel (south of Greece), Rabat, Morocco, 357 Indonesia, (via Selat Riouw), Shimotsui, Japan, 152 1,214 1,053 Shiogama, Japan, 756 Bandar Abbas, Iran, 3,381 Sydney, Australia, 4,453 Bandar Khomeini, Iran, 3,872

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 104 SINT NICOLAASHAVEN, ARUBA

Bandjermasin, Kalimantan, Marmagao, India, 2,217 SINT NICOLAASHAVEN, Oran, Algeria, 823 Indonesia, 830 Mosselbaai, South Africa, 5,384 ARUBA Palermo, Sicily, 192 Bangkok, Thailand, 842 Mtwara, Tanzania, 4,042 (12˚25'45"N., 69˚54'30"W.) to: Palma, Balearic Islands, 668 Barbers Point, Hawaii, U.S.A. (via Nagasaki, Japan (east of Taiwan), Piraievs, Greece (south of Sulu Sea), 5,866 2,413 Junction Points* Greece), 484 Bassein, Burma, 1,137 Nagasaki, Japan (via Formosa Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth Beihai, China, 1,332 Strait), 2,427 Yucatan Channel, 1,036 Canal), 418 Beira, Mozambique, 4,520 Nampo, North Korea, 2,621 Rijeka, Croatia, 624 Belawan, Indonesia, 368 Negappattinam, India, 1,568 Ports Savona, Italy, 567 Berbera, Somalia, 3,646 Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam, 769 Sibenik, Croatia, 498 Bikini, Marshall Islands, 3,591 Olongapo, Philippines, 1,335 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Split, Croatia, 483 Bombay, India, 2,441 Palembang, Indonesia, 304 1,853 Tarabulus, Libya, 276 Bur Safaga, Egypt, 4,729 Penang, Malaysia, 367 Colon, Panama, 633 Taranto, Italy, 245 Busan, South Korea, 2,502 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Georgetown, Guyana, 856 Tarragona, Spain, 746 Bushehr, Iran, 3,737 Russia (via La Perouse Strait Guantanamo, Cuba, 544 Thessaloniki, Greece (south of Calcutta, India, 1,649 and Pervyy Kuril’skiy Proliv), Hamilton, Bermuda, 1,263 Greece), 692 Calicut, India, 1,942 4,194 Kingston, Jamaica, 528 Thessaloniki, Greece (via Corinth Cebu, Philippines, 1,355 Phuket, Thailand, 538 La Guaira, Venezuela, 207 Canal), 667 Chalna, Bangladesh, 1,578 Port des Galets, Reunion Island, New York, New York, U.S.A. (via Toulon, France, 617 Chimu Wan, Ryukyu Islands, 3,450 Mona Passage), 1,761 Trieste, Italy, 658 2,046 Port Augusta, Australia, 3,580 New York, New York, U.S.A. (via Tunis, Tunisia, 283 Chittagong, Bangladesh, 1,517 Port Blair, Andaman Islands, 929 Windward Passage), 1,805 Valencia, Spain, 790 Cochin, India, 1,853 Port Elizabeth, South Africa, 5,209 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A. (via Valletta, Malta, 88 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1,581 Port Louis, Mauritius, 3,333 Mona Passage), 1,600 Venezia, Italy, 668 Dagu, China, 2,770 Port Pirie, Australia, 3,564 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A. (via Volos, Greece (south of Greece), Dalian, China, 2,612 Port Swettenham, Malaysia, 210 Windward Passage), 1,611 634 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 4,042 Portland, Oregon, U.S.A., 7,142 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Volos, Greece (via Corinth Canal), Davao, Philippines, 1,532 Prince Rupert, Canada, 6,683 U.S.A., 1,732 608 Diego Garcia, Chagos Archipelago Pulupandan, Philippines, 1,504 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 550 (via Strait of Malacca), 2,227 Qingdao, China, 2,466 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 532 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 515 SIRRI ISLAND, IRAN Djibouti, Djibouti, 3,769 Qui Nhon, Vietnam, 856 (25˚54'25"N., 54˚33'44"E.) See St. John’s, Antigua, 549 Dumai, Indonesia, 200 Rangoon, Burma, 1,109 Jazireh-Ye Sirri. Durban, South Africa, 4,872 Ras al Khafji, Saudi Arabia, 3,799 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Ras as Sidr, Egypt, 4,902 SIRACUSA, SICILY, ITALY (37˚03'29"N., 15˚17'21"E.) to: SISIMIUT, GREENLAND 5,364 Ras Gharib, Egypt, 4,827 (66˚56'42"N., 53˚41'00"W.) to: East London, South Africa, 5,082 Ras Tannurah, Saudi Arabia, 3,701 Junction Points* Eilat, Israel, 4,868 Rongelap, Marshall Islands, 3,669 Junction Points* Fort Dauphin, Madagascar, 3,975 Sabang, Indonesia, 601 Port Said, Egypt, 924 Galle, Sri Lanka, 1,502 San Diego, California, U.S.A., Pentland Firth, Scotland, 1,802 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,054 Guayaquil, Ecuador (via Surigao 7,736 Strait of Gibraltar, 2,649 Strait), 10,726 San Fernando, Philippines, 1,379 Ports Hakodate, Japan (via Sea of San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Ports Japan), 3,160 (via Balintang Channel), 7,353 Alexandria, Egypt, 809 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 649 San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Churchill, Canada, 1,384 Algiers, Algeria, 626 Hong Kong, China, 1,454 (via Tawitawi Island), 7,735 Reykjavik, Iceland, 1,248 Alicante, Spain, 792 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. (via Sandakan, Sabah (via Banggi St. John’s, Canada, 1,172 Sulu Sea), 5,881 South Channel), 1,071 Ancona, Italy, 557 Iloilo, Philippines (via Lumbucan Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 7,062 Annaba, Algeria, 401 Banghazi, Libya, 381 SITKA, ALASKA, U.S.A. Channel), 1,268 Shanghai, China, 2,207 (57˚03'00"N., 135˚20'30"W.) to: Incheon, South Korea, 2,560 Shimonoseki, Japan, 2,527 Banzart, Tunisia, 296 Barcelona, Spain, 752 Jakarta, Indonesia (via Selat Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 6,433 Junction Points* Durian and Selat Bangka), 525 Sorido, Indonesia, 2,202 Bari, Italy, 350 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,013 Jakarta, Indonesia (via Selat Riouw Sorong, New Guinea, 1,894 Panama, Panama, 4,524 Brindisi, Italy, 292 and Selat Bangka), 526 Suakin, Sudan, 4,251 Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,455 Cartagena, Spain, 817 Kakinada, India, 1,593 Surabaya, Indonesia, 763 Singapore, 6,433 Karachi, Pakistan, 2,882 Tamatave, Madagascar, 3,675 Ceuta, Morocco, 1,035 Civitavecchia, Italy, 373 Kobe, Japan, 2,689 Tandjung Uban, Indonesia, 27 Ports Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 6,020 Tanga, Tanzania, 4,037 Genova, Italy, 557 Gibraltar, 1,037 Kompong Som, Cambodia, 638 Tarakan, Indonesia, 1,286 Apra, Guam, 4,407 Haifa, Israel, 1,013 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 832 Telukbayur, Indonesia, 1,011 Auckland, New Zealand, 6,176 Iraklion, Kriti, 495 Kuching, Sarawak, 443 Tjirebon, Indonesia, 624 Callao, Peru, 5,255 Istanbul, Turkey (south of Lo hsing-ta Mao-ti, China, 1,817 Truk, Caroline Islands, 3,052 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 4,817 Greece), 798 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. Umm Said, Qatar, 3,630 Hakodate, Japan (south of Aleutian Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth (via San Bernardino Strait), Vancouver, Canada, 7,078 Islands), 3,338 Canal), 772 7,867 Victoria, Sabah, 762 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 5,963 Izmir, Turkey (south of Greece), Madras, India, 1,583 Victoria, Seychelles, 3,067 Hong Kong, China (alternate route 644 Majunga, Madagascar, 3,845 Vinh Cam Ranh, Vietnam, 786 north of Aleutian Islands), 5,095 Izmir, Turkey (via Corinth Canal), Makassar, Sulawesi, 1,070 Vladivostok, Russia, 3,004 Hong Kong, China (south of 618 Malacca, Malaysia, 117 Weihai, China, 2,548 Aleutian Islands), 5,136 Kavala, Greece (south of Greece), Malakal, Palau Islands (via Basilan Wake Island (via Surigao Strait), Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,386 682 Strait), 2,006 3,885 Ketchikan, Alaska, U.S.A., 224 Kavala, Greece (via Corinth Manila, Philippines (north of North Wallaroo, Australia, 3,500 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Canal), 656 Danger Reef), 1,330 Whyalla, Australia, 3,546 1,640 La Spezia, Italy, 521 Maputo, Mozambique, 4,769 Weonsan, South Korea, 2,808 Manila, Philippines (alternate route Livorno, Italy, 486 Massawa, Ethiopia, 4,019 Wotho, Marshall Islands, 3,614 north of Aleutian Islands), 5,302 Malaga, Spain, 985 Midway Island, 4,828 Xiamen, China, 1,649 Manila, Philippines (south of Marseille, France, 649 Mina al Ahmadi, Kuwait, 3,825 Yantai, China, 2,582 Aleutian Islands), 5,323 Messina, Sicily, 75 Mina Abd Allah, Kuwait, 3,822 Yokohama, Japan, 2,889 Midway Island, 2,473 Napoli, Italy, 247 Mina Az Zawr, Kuwait, 3,803 Zamboanga, Philippines (via Noumea, New Caledonia, 5,613 Odessa, Ukraine (south of Mocambique, Mozambique, 4,080 Balabac Strait), 1,197 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Greece), 1,146 Mogadishu, Somalia, 3,611 Zanzibar, Tanzania, 4,060 4,635 Odessa, Ukraine (via Corinth Mombasa, Kenya, 3,987 Zhenjiang, China, 1,333 Papeete, French Polynesia, 4,537 Canal), 1,120

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points SLAGEN, NORWAY 105

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Frederikshavn, Denmark, 24 Randers, Denmark, 96 SKELLEFTEHAMN, Russia, 2,314 Gavle, Sweden, 676 Reposaari, Finland, 715 SWEDEN Port Darwin, Australia, 6,338 Gdansk, Poland (via Store Baelt), Riga, Latvia (via Store Baelt), 771 (64˚41'16"N., 21˚12'10"E.) to: Prince Rupert, Canada, 285 556 Riga, Latvia (via The Sound), 617 Qingdao, China, 4,454 Gdansk, Poland (via The Sound), Risor, Norway, 73 Junction Points* San Diego, California, U.S.A., 418 Ronne, Denmark (via Store Baelt), 1,725 Gdynia, Poland (via Store Baelt), 389 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East San Francisco, California, U.S.A., 552 Ronne, Denmark (via The Sound), Entrance), Germany, 847 1,302 Goteborg, Sweden, 42 244 Skagens Odde, Denmark (via The Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 806 Grena, Denmark, 115 Rostock, Germany, 254 Sound), 908 Shanghai, China, 4,446 Haderslev, Denmark, 216 Rosyth, Scotland, 478 Skagway, Alaska, U.S.A., 181 Hakonsvern, Norway, 296 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 448 Ports Surabaya, Indonesia, 6,564 Halmstad, Sweden, 101 Ruch’i, Russia, 816 Suva, Fiji Islands, 5,112 Hamburg, Germany, 360 Sankt-Peterburg, Russia (via Store Helsinki, Finland, 507 Sydney, Australia, 6,595 Hamina, Finland, 797 Baelt), 992 Horsens, Denmark (via The Truk, Caroline Islands, 4,473 Hango, Finland, 625 Sankt-Peterburg, Russia (via The Sound), 180 Valdez, Alaska, U.S.A., 478 Harstad, Norway, 911 Sound), 841 Odense, Denmark, 883 Valparaiso, Chile, 6,407 Hartlepool, England, 438 Sassnitz, Germany, 239 Porvoo, Finland, 534 Vancouver, Canada, 823 Harwich, England, 487 Sonderborg, Denmark, 251 Sankt-Peterburg, Russia, 650 Vladivostok, Russia, 3,585 Helsingborg, Sweden, 128 Southampton, England, 650 Slagen, Norway (via The Sound), Wake Island, 3,405 Helsingor, Denmark, 127 Stavanger, Norway, 221 974 Wrangell, Alaska, U.S.A., 170 Helsinki, Finland (via Store Stockholm, Sweden (via Umea, Sweden, 116 Yakutat, Alaska, U.S.A., 231 Baelt), 841 Sandhamnsleden and Store Vaasa, Finland, 128 Yokohama, Japan (alternate route Helsinki, Finland (via The Sound), Baelt), 719 north of Aleutian Islands), 3,620 687 Stockholm, Sweden (via The SKIEN, NORWAY Yokohama, Japan (south of Hirtshals, Denmark, 30 Sound), 567 (59˚12'15"N., 9˚36'50"E.) to: Aleutian Islands), 3,640 Horsens, Denmark, 170 Stralsund, Germany, 226 Hull, England, 462 Sundsvall, Sweden, 745 Junction Points* SITRAH ANCHORAGE, Inverness, England, 481 Swinoujscie, Poland (via Store BAHRAIN Kalmar, Sweden (via Store Baelt), Baelt), 462 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 466 (26˚10'00"N., 50˚41'00"E.) Use 496 Swinoujscie, Poland (via The Al Manamah distances. Kalmar, Sweden (via The Sound), Sound, 275 Ports 342 Szczecin, Poland, 410 Bergen, Norway, 317 SITTWE HARBOR, BURMA Kalundborg, Denmark, 141 Tallinn, Estonia, 661 (20˚08'30"N., 92˚54'30"E.) to: Karlskrona, Sweden, 295 Tornio, Finland (via Store Baelt), Bremerhaven, Germany, 372 Klaipeda, Lithuania (via Store 1,137 London, England, 609 Junction Points* Baelt), 612 Tornio, Finland (via The Sound), Klaipeda, Lithuania (via The 973 SKIKID, ALGERIA Port Said, Egypt, 4,672 Sound and north of Bornholm), Torshavn, Faroe Islands, 624 (36˚53'24"N., 6˚54'25"E.) to: Singapore, 1,365 462 Travemunde, Germany (via Store Kobenhavn, Denmark, 150 Baelt), 304 Junction Points* Ports Koge, Denmark, 161 Trelleborg, Sweden (via Store Kolding, Denmark, 289 Baelt), 357 Port Said, Egypt, 1,332 Calcutta, India, 402 Korsor, Denmark, 162 Trelleborg, Sweden (via The Strait of Gibraltar, 629 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1,225 Kotka, Finland, 755 Sound), 192 Penang, Malaysia, 1,215 Kristiansand, Norway, 92 Turku, Finland (via Store Baelt), Ports Kyndbyvaerkets, Denmark, 136 795 Algiers, Algeria, 200 SKAGENS ODDE, Landskrona, Sweden, 137 Turku, Finland (via The Sound), DENMARK* Le Havre, France, 639 642 Barcelona, Spain, 354 (57˚48'00"N., 10˚44'00"E.) to: Leith, Scotland, 472 Tvedestrand, Norway, 76 Cartagena, Spain, 395 Lillesand, Norway, 80 Umea, Sweden, 812 Marseille, France, 398 Junction Points* Limhamn, Sweden, 159 Uusikaupunki, Finland (via Store Oran, Algeria, 398 London, England, 556 Baelt), 847 Sete, France, 422 Bishop Rock, England, 851 Lubeck, Germany, 263 Vaasa, Finland, 805 Toulon, France, 381 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 833 Lulea, Sweden (via Store Baelt), Vardo, Norway, 1,287 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East 1,101 Vejle, Denmark, 189 SKREDSVIK, SWEDEN Entrance), Germany, 224 Lulea, Sweden (via The Sound), Ventspils, Latvia, 502 (58˚25'00"N., 11˚30'00"E.) to: Pentland Firth, Scotland, 450 941 Vysotsk, Russia (via Store Baelt), Malmo, Sweden, 155 923 Junction Points* Ports Mandal, Norway, 110 Vysotsk, Russia (via The Sound), Masnedsund, Denmark, 122 803 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Aalborg, Denmark, 87 Middlefart, Denmark, 186 Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 314 Entrance), Germany (via Store Aarhus, Denmark, 127 Molde, Norway, 492 Wismar, Germany, 281 Baelt), 275 Abenra, Denmark, 229 Mosjoen, Norway, 732 Zeebrugge, Belgium, 479 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Aberdeen, Scotland, 416 Musko Island, Sweden, 524 Entrance), Germany (via The Sound), 347 Alesund, Norway, 450 Naestved, Denmark, 212 SKAGWAY, ALASKA, U.S.A. Amsterdam, Netherlands, 422 Nakskov, Denmark, 213 (59˚27'00"N., 13˚20'00"W.) to: Skagens Odde, Denmark, 45 Antwerp, Belgium, 528 Namsos, Norway, 696 Assens, Denmark, 187 Newcastle, England, 445 Junction Points* Ports Bergen, Norway, 305 Norrkoping, Sweden, 520 Bremerhaven, Germany, 320 Odense, Denmark, 126 Panama, Panama, 4,739 Aarhus, Denmark, 194 Cherbourg, France, 671 Oostende, Belgium, 489 Abenra, Denmark, 266 Dover, England, 527 Ornskolosvik, Sweden, 798 Ports Kobenhavn, Denmark, 185 Dundee, Scotland, 455 Oslo, Norway, 131 Porvoo, Finland (via The Sound), Dunkerque, France, 511 Oulu, Finland, 979 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 934 762 Egersund, Norway, 165 Oxelosund, Sweden, 481 Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 187 Stenungsund, Sweden, 52 Emden, Germany, 344 Pechenga, Russia, 1,325 Vancouver, Canada, 1,021 Varberg, Sweden, 94 Esbjerg, Denmark, 234 Peenemunde, Germany, 272 Wrangell, Alaska, U.S.A., 231 Faborg, Denmark, 234 Pitea, Sweden, 925 SLAGEN, NORWAY Farsund, Norway, 132 Plymouth, England, 756 SKARAMANGAS, GREECE (59˚20'00"N., 10˚31'02"E.) to: Flekkefjorden, Norway, 155 Porkkala, Finland, 697 (37˚59'25"N., 23˚34'00"E.) Add Flensburg, Germany, 260 Portland, England, 682 4 miles to Piraievs distances. Fredericia, Denmark, 169 Portsmouth, England, 632

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 106 SLITE, SWEDEN

Junction Points* SONDERBORG, DENMARK SOUDHA, KRITI Hartlepool, England, 396 (54˚54'36"N., 9˚47'15"E.) to: (35˚29'30"N., 24˚04'45"E.) to: Holyhead, Wales, 414 Bishop Rock, England (via Dover Hull, England, 336 Strait), 915 Junction Points* Junction Points* Kristiansand, Norway, 611 Ile d’Ouessant, France (via Dover Leith, Scotland, 513 Strait), 901 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Port Said, Egypt, 507 Liverpool, England, 479 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Entrance), Germany, 46 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,479 London, England, 215 Entrance), Germany (via Store Skagens Odde, Denmark, 251 Newcastle, England, 421 Baelt), 330 Ports Oostende, Belgium, 192 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Ports Oslo, Norway, 763 Entrance), Germany (via The Alexandria, Egypt, 425 Plymouth, England, 134 Sound), 402 Gdynia, Poland, 360 Izmir, Turkey, 281 Portland, England, 57 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 485 Goteborg, Sweden, 239 Messina, Sicily, 473 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 261 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 93 Swinoujscie, Poland, 215 Piraievs, Greece, 159 Stavanger, Norway, 640 Sunderland, England, 400 Ports SORIDO, INDONESIA SOUSSE, TUNISIA Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 451 (1˚10'00"S., 136˚02'00"E.) to: (35˚49'30"N., 10˚39'30"E.) to: Zeebrugge, Belgium, 197 Aarhus, Denmark, 222 Antwerp, Belgium, 619 Junction Points* Junction Points* SOVETSKAYA GAVAN, Bergen, Norway, 340 RUSSIA Bremerhaven, Germany, 390 Singapore, 2,202 Port Said, Egypt, 1,133 (48˚59'00"N., 140˚16'00"E.) to: Calais, France, 596 Torres Strait, Australia, 1,329 Strait of Gibraltar, 909 Drammen Harbor, Norway, 28 Ports Kobenhavn, Denmark, 234 Ports Ports Leith, Scotland, 505 Korsakov, Sakhalin, Russia, 264 London, England, 628 Jakarta, Indonesia, 1,879 Annaba, Algeria, 255 Nikolayevsk-Na-Amure, Russia Reykjavik, Iceland, 1,141 Makassar, Sulawesi, 1,180 Tarabulus, Libya, 231 (via South Channel), 276 Zeebrugge, Belgium, 565 Valletta, Malta, 197 Vladivostok, Russia, 593 SORONG, INDONESIA SLITE, SWEDEN (0˚53'00"S., 131˚14'00"E.) to: SOUTH RIDING POINT, SPLIT, CROATIA (57˚40'00"N., 18˚53'44"E.) to: GRAND BAHAMA ISLANDS (43˚30'16"N., 16˚26'10"E.) to: Junction Points* (26˚36'45"N., 78˚13'10"W.) to: Junction Points* Junction Points* Singapore, 1,894 Junction Points* Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Torres Strait, Australia, 1,021 Port Said, Egypt, 1,133 Entrance), Germany, 400 Panama, Panama (via Windward Strait of Gibraltar, 1,507 Skagens Odde, Denmark (via The Ports Passage), 1,298 Sound), 462 Straits of Florida, 305 Ports Apra, Guam, 1,171 Yucatan Channel, 483 Ports Davao, Philippines, 601 Alexandria, Egypt, 1,024 Makassar, Sulawesi, 872 Ports Algiers, Algeria, 1,079 Helsinki, Finland, 254 Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 1,304 Alicante, Spain, 1,234 Karlskrona, Sweden, 187 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., 875 Ancona, Italy, 132 Lubeck, Germany, 384 SORVAGUR, FAROE Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., 338 Annaba, Algeria, 859 Rostock, Germany, 343 ISLANDS La Habana, Cuba, 316 Banghazi, Libya, 726 Sankt-Peterburg, Russia, 400 (62˚04'20"N., 7˚18'17"W.) to: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Banzart, Tunisia, 768 Skelleftehamn, Sweden, 471 U.S.A., 924 Barcelona, Spain, 1,138 Varberg, Sweden (via The Sound), Junction Points* San Juan, Puerto Rico, 858 Bari, Italy, 155 401 Wilmington, North Carolina, Beirut, Lebanon (south of Bishop Rock, England, 826 U.S.A., 521 Greece), 1,203 Cape of Good Hope, South SMALKALDEN, SURINAME Beirut, Lebanon (via Corinth (5˚37'10"N., 55˚05'27"W.) Add Africa, 6,520 SOUTHAMPTON, ENGLAND Canal), 1,169 20 miles to Paramaribo distances. Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 678 (50˚53'00"N., 1˚23'30"W.) to: Brindisi, Italy, 202 Grand Banks South, 1,931 Cartagena, Spain, 1,264 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 904 Junction Points* Ceuta, Morocco, 1,487 SOCHI, RUSSIA Inishtrahull, Ireland, 401 (43˚35'00"N., 39˚42'45"E.) to: Durres, Albania, 216 Panama, Panama, 4,488 Bishop Rock, England (via Genova, Italy, 943 Junction Points* Pentland Firth, Scotland, 234 Needles Channel), 232 Gibraltar, 1,489 Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,767 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 223 Haifa, Israel (south of Greece), Port Said, Egypt, 1,313 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,543 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East 1,199 Strait of Gibraltar (via Corinth Entrance), Germany, 533 Haifa, Israel (via Corinth Canal), Canal), 4,181 Ports Skagens Odde, Denmark, 650 1,172 Strait of Gibraltar (south of Iraklion, Kriti, 689 Greece), 4,241 Aberdeen, Scotland, 364 Ports Istanbul, Turkey (south of Alesund, Norway, 376 Greece), 986 Ports Amsterdam, Netherlands, 433 Aberdeen, Scotland, 532 Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth Bodo, Norway, 637 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 284 Canal), 887 Alexandria, Egypt, 1,251 Bremerhaven, Germany, 719 Antwerp, Belgium, 260 Izmir, Turkey (south of Greece), Beirut, Lebanon, 1,438 Dover, England, 752 Barrow in Furness, England, 485 831 Constanta, Romania, 479 Fredrikstad, Norway, 653 Bergen, Norway, 713 Izmir, Turkey (via Corinth Canal), Haifa, Israel, 1,364 Goteborg, Sweden, 656 Boulogne, France, 120 732 Iraklion, Kriti, 963 Hirtshals, Denmark, 593 Caen, France, 119 La Spezia, Italy, 908 Istanbul, Turkey, 506 Leith, Scotland, 442 Cardiff, Wales, 346 Livorno, Italy, 872 Napoli, Italy (via Corinth Canal), London, England, 787 Dartmouth, England, 100 Malaga, Spain, 1,436 1,444 Murmansk, Russia, 1,172 Dover, England, 123 Marseille, France, 1,035 Napoli, Italy (south of Greece), Oslo, Norway, 635 Dundee, Scotland, 515 Messina, Sicily, 462 1,507 Portsmouth, England, 831 Dunkerque, France, 168 Monopoli, Italy, 173 Valencia, Spain (via Corinth Reykjavik, Iceland, 486 Egersund, Norway, 600 Napoli, Italy, 633 Canal), 2,039 Tromso, Norway, 765 Emden, Germany, 407 Odessa, Ukraine (south of Valencia, Spain (south of Greece), Zeebrugge, Belgium, 724 Esbjerg, Denmark, 493 Greece), 1,334 2,099 Fishguard, Wales, 343 Odessa, Ukraine (via Corinth Fleetwood, England, 485 Canal), 1,235 Hamburg, Germany, 522

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points ST. PETERSBURG, FLORIDA, U.S.A. 107

Oran, Algeria, 1,275 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Panama, Panama, 2,742 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 411 Palermo, Sicily, 578 U.S.A., 1,848 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 1,855 Puerto Cortes, Honduras, 1,511 Palma, Balearic Islands, 1,096 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 102 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,735 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 265 Piraievs, Greece (south of Strait of Gibraltar, 2,182 Sint Nicolaashaven, Aruba, 549 Greece), 672 ST. HELENA ISLAND, SOUTH Straits of Florida, 2,094 Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth ATLANTIC ST. LOUIS DU RHONE, Canal), 533 (15˚55'00"S., 5˚43'25"W.) to: Ports FRANCE Rijeka, Croatia, 176 (43˚23'00"N., 4˚48'27"E.) to: Sarande, Albania, 293 Ports Aasiaat (Egedesminde), Savona, Italy, 954 Greenland, 1,294 Junction Points* Shengjin, Albania, 207 Belem, Brazil, 4,329 Akureyri, Iceland, 1,616 Siracusa, Sicily, 483 Boma, Congo, 1,232 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Port Said, Egypt, 1,536 Tarabulus, Libya, 746 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 3,052 1,400 Strait of Gibraltar, 701 Taranto, Italy, 341 Cape Town, South Africa, 1,697 Belem, Brazil, 2,968 Thessaloniki, Greece (south of Freetown, Sierra Leone, 1,564 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Ports Greece), 880 Georgetown, Ascension Island, 885 Thessaloniki, Greece (via Corinth 707 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,663 Ajaccio, Corsica, 197 Canal), 781 Malabo, Equatorial Guinea, 1,472 Camp Lloyd, Greenland, 1,198 Alexandria, Egypt, 413 Toulon, France, 1,003 Montevideo, Uruguay, 2,936 Cape Town, South Africa, 6,205 Alicante, Spain, 395 Trieste, Italy, 210 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Colon, Panama, 2,695 Ayios Nikolaos, Greece, 1,131 Tunis, Tunisia, 756 U.S.A., 5,169 Dakar, Senegal, 2,646 Bari, Italy, 906 Valencia, Spain, 1,222 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2,161 El Ferrol del Caudillo, Spain, Ceuta, Morocco, 685 Valletta, Malta, 560 1,861 Es Sider, Libya, 994 Venezia, Italy, 221 ST. JOHN, CANADA Frederiksdal, Greenland, 800 Haifa, Israel, 1,601 Vlores, Albania, 252 (45˚16'00"N., 66˚04'00"W.) to: Galway, Ireland, 1,678 Kerch, Ukraine, 1,831 Volos, Greece (south of Greece), Goose Bay, Canada, 588 Mersin, Turkey, 1,557 821 Junction Points* Halifax, Canada, 531 Oran, Algeria, 537 Volos, Greece (via Corinth Canal), Hvalfjordhur, Iceland, 1,437 Sevastopol’, Ukraine, 686 722 Montreal, Canada (via Cabot Ilulissat (Jakobshavn), Greenland, Trieste, Italy, 1,216 Strait), 1,209 1,341 Zelinika, Montenegro, 943 SRIRACHA, THAILAND Panama, Panama, 2,361 Ivittuut, Greenland, 849 (13˚06'54"N., 100˚51'33"E.) to: Straits of Florida, 1,568 Kangerluarsoruseq, Greenland, ST. MALO, FRANCE 969 (48˚38'40"N., 2˚01'38"W.) to: Junction Points* Ports Keflavik, Iceland, 1,404 Liverpool, Canada, 585 Junction Points* Honshu, Japan, 3,010 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. (via Maniitsoq, Greenland, 1,075 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 1,612 Nantucket Light Buoy), 860 Nanortalik, Greenland, 821 Bishop Rock, England, 90 Panama, Panama, 11,255 Bath, Maine, U.S.A., 206 Narsarsuaq, Greenland, 916 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 141 Singapore, 759 Belem, Brazil, 2,998 Natal, Brazil, 3,341 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 1,269 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., New York, New York, U.S.A., Ports Tsugaru-Kaikyo, Japan, 3,293 286 1,093 Selat Wetar, Indonesia, 2,247 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,853 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 1,277 Brest, France, 152 Cape Town, South Africa, 6,667 Nuuk (Godthab), Greenland, 1,005 Dover, England, 228 Ports Colon, Panama, 2,294 Paramaribo, Suriname, 2,518 Le Havre, France, 156 Halifax, Canada, 278 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Kingston, Jamaica, 1,794 U.S.A., 1,254 ST. MARC, HAITI Russia, 3,749 La Guaira, Venezuela, 2,086 Ponta Delgada, Azores, 1,326 (19˚07'00"N., 72˚42'10"W.) to: Busan, South Korea, 2,610 La Habana, Cuba, 1,574 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 2,288 Hong Kong, China, 1,546 Liverpool, Canada, 212 Qaanaaq (Thule), Greenland, 1,800 Junction Points* Incheon, South Korea, 2,671 New York, New York, U.S.A. (via Qaqortoq (Julianehaab), Manila, Philippines, 1,430 Nantucket Light Buoy), 545 Greenland, 827 Panama, Panama, 796 Mogpo, South Korea, 2,519 New York, New York, U.S.A. (via Qasigiannguit, Greenland, 1,333 Straits of Florida, 673 Vladivostok, Russia, 4,659 Vineyard Sound and Long Island Qutdligssat, Greenland, 1,476 Weonsan, Korea, 4,488 Sound), 486 Recife, Brazil, 3,491 Ports Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 731 Reykjavik, Iceland, 1,416 ST. ANDREWS, CANADA Parrsboro, Canada, 80 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,563 Kingston, Jamaica, 254 (45˚03'30"N., 67˚01'40"W.) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Nuevitas, Cuba, 306 Subtract 76 miles from Parrsboro (via Nantucket Light Buoy), 698 Islands, 2,053 distances. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Seydhisfjordhur, Iceland, 1,690 ST. NAZAIRE, FRANCE (via Vineyard Sound), 673 Shelburne, Canada, 621 (47˚16'00"N., 2˚12'00"W.) to: Port of Spain, Trinidad, 2,113 ST. GEORGES, GRENADA Sisimiut, Greenland, 1,172 (12˚03'00"N., 61˚45'00"W.) to: Portland, Maine, U.S.A., 215 Upernavik, Greenland, 1,532 Junction Points* Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Junction Points* U.S.A., 1,248 ST. JOHN’S, ANTIGUA Ile d’Ouessant, France, 184 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,752 (17˚08'00"N., 61˚52'00"W.) to: Panama, Panama, 1,161 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,614 Ports Straits of Florida, 1,453 Santo Domingo, Dominican Ports Republic, 1,733 Aviles, Spain, 274 Ports Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A. (via Belem, Brazil, 1,433 Bordeaux, France, 184 Nantucket Light Buoy), 1,113 Colon, Panama, 1,158 Gijon, Spain, 274 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Sydney, Canada, 492 Elizabeth Harbor, Bahamas, 900 La Pallice, France, 108 1,843 Georgetown, Guyana, 689 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., ST. JOHN’S, CANADA Guantanamo, Cuba, 837 ST. NICHOLAS, GREECE 1,932 (47˚34'00"N., 52˚42'00"W.) to: Kingston, Jamaica, 870 (35˚11'38"N., 25˚43'20"E.) See Bridgetown, Barbados (north of Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 1,180 Ayios Nikolaos. island), 144 Junction Points* New York, New York, U.S.A., Colon, Panama, 1,118 1,572 ST. PETERSBURG, FLORIDA, Hamilton, Bermuda, 1,256 Bishop Rock, England, 1,804 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe (east of U.S.A. La Guaira, Venezuela, 322 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 1,720 Guadeloupe), 107 (27˚46'00"N., 82˚37'00"W.) New York, New York, U.S.A., Montreal, Canada (via Cabot Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe (west Subtract 15 miles from Tampa 1,842 Strait), 1,043 of Guadeloupe), 110 distances. Paramaribo, Suriname, 560 Montreal, Canada (via Strait of Port Castries, St. Lucia, 204 Belle Isle), 1,146

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 108 ST. PIERRE, MARTINIQUE

ST. PIERRE, MARTINIQUE Africa, 6,471 Porkkala, Finland, 216 Bastia, Corsica, 868 (14˚44'30"N., 61˚11'15"W.) to: Grand Banks South, 608 Randers, Denmark, 604 Bat’umi, Georgia (south of Ile d’Ouessant, France, 2,339 Rauma, Finland, 230 Greece), 2,408 Ports Inishtrahull, Ireland, 2,198 Reposaari, Finland, 192 Bat’umi, Georgia (via Corinth Montreal, Canada, 790 Rostock, Germany, 456 Canal), 2,392 La Habana, Cuba, 1,339 Panama, Panama, 2,681 Ruch’i, Russia, 344 Bayonne, France, 912 New York, New York, U.S.A. (via Pentland Firth, Scotland, 2,327 Sankt-Peterburg, Russia, 386 Beaulieu, France, 792 Anegada Channel), 1,705 Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,101 Sassnitz, Germany, 390 Beirut, Lebanon, 2,034 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 46 Straits of Florida, 1,991 Stralsund, Germany, 423 Bejaia, Algeria, 545 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 374 Sundsvall, Sweden, 222 Belem, Brazil, 3,285 Ports Tallinn, Estonia (via Bilbao, Spain, 854 ST. RAPHAEL, FRANCE Sandofjarden), 220 Bordeaux, France, 1,010 (43˚25'21"N., 6˚45'45"E.) to: Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Umea, Sweden, 289 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 811 Uusikaupunki, Finland, 164 2,998 Junction Points* Buenos Aires, Argentina, 6,112 Vaasa, Finland, 282 Brindisi, Italy, 1,315 Cape Town, South Africa, 6,560 Ventspils, Latvia, 174 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,280 Port Said, Egypt, 1,475 Colon, Panama, 2,667 Wismar, Germany, 101 Cadiz, Spain, 50 Strait of Gibraltar, 763 Kingston, Jamaica, 2,168 Cagliari, Sardinia, 750 Liverpool, Canada, 493 STORNOWAY, SCOTLAND Calabar, Nigeria, 3,420 Ports New York, New York, U.S.A., 958 (58˚12'00"N., 6˚23'00"W.) to: Camp Lloyd, Greenland, 2,676 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Cannes, France, 773 Barcelona, Spain, 251 U.S.A., 1,111 Junction Points* Cape Town, South Africa, 5,024 Genova, Italy, 118 Recife, Brazil, 3,712 Cartagena, Spain, 259 Palma, Balearic Islands, 347 St. John, Canada, 995 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 54 Cartagena, Colombia, 4,087 Yarmouth, Canada, 623 Casablanca, Morocco, 166 STADERSAND, GERMANY Ports Catania, Sicily, 1,081 (53˚37'47"N., 9˚32'00"E.) to: STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN Ceuta, Morocco, 23 (59˚19'30"N., 18˚05'00"E.) to: Belfast, Northern Ireland, 234 Charleston, South Carolina, Junction Points* Glasgow, Scotland, 283 U.S.A., 3,593 Junction Points* Reykjavik, Iceland, 647 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Bishop Rock, England, 739 3,323 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 725 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR* Chioggia, Italy, 1,682 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Entrance), Germany, 503 (35˚57'00"N., 5˚45'00"W.) to: Cienfuegos, Cuba, 4,102 Entrance), Germany, 77 Skagens Odde, Denmark (via Civitavecchia, Italy, 907 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 543 Sandhamnsleden and Store Junction Points* Colon, Panama (via Mona Skagens Odde, Denmark, 358 Baelt), 695 Passage), 4,308 Skagens Odde, Denmark (via The Bishop Rock, England, 969 Constanta, Romania, 2,018 Ports Sound), 567 Cape of Good Hope, South Crotone, Italy, 1,412 Africa, 5,082 Dakar, Senegal, 1,487 Aberdeen, Scotland, 464 Ports Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 1,068 Derince, Turkey, 1,855 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 253 Grand Banks South, 2,070 Dubrovnik, Croatia, 1,420 Antwerp, Belgium, 388 Gavle, Sweden, 153 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 918 Durres, Albania, 1,349 Bergen, Norway, 470 Halmstad, Sweden, 481 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 1,350 Elizabeth Harbor, Bahamas, 3,651 Emden, Germany, 166 Hamina, Finland, 325 Panama, Panama (via Anegada Ermoupolis, Greece, 1,524 Inverness, Scotland, 547 Hango, Finland, 178 Passage), 4,351 Famagusta, Cyprus, 1,991 London, England, 411 Helsingborg, Sweden, 436 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 1,598 Fethiye, Turkey, 1,712 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 288 Helsingor, Denmark (via Store Port Said, Egypt, 1,943 Frederiksdal, Greenland, 2,115 Stavanger, Norway, 391 Baelt), 629 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,352, Freetown, Sierra Leone, 1,966 Zeebrugge, Belgium, 330 Helsingor, Denmark (via The Straits of Florida, 4,009 Funchal, Madeira Island, 589 Sound), 445 Gaeta, Italy, 986 STENUNGSUND, SWEDEN Helsinki, Finland, 239 Ports Galway, Ireland, 1,184 (58˚04'43"N., 11˚48'14"E.) to: Hobro, Denmark, 610 Genova, Italy, 868 Horsens, Denmark, 567 Aasiaat (Egedesminde), Georgetown, Guyana, 3,358 Junction Points* Kalundborg, Denmark, 531 Greenland, 2,772 Ghazaouet, Algeria, 199 Karlskrona, Sweden, 290 Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 2,656 Gibraltar, 24 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Kobenhavn, Denmark (via Store Ajaccio, Corsica, 778 Golfe-Juan, France, 780 Entrance), Germany (via Store Baelt and Dalaro Kanal), 603 Akureyri, Iceland, 2,102 Goose Bay, Canada, 2,538 Baelt), 258 Kobenhavn, Denmark (via Store Alexandria, Egypt, 1,822 Guantanamo, Cuba, 3,737 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Baelt and Sandofjarden), 646 Alexandroupolis, Greece, 1,716 Guiria, Venezuela, 3,430 Entrance), Germany (via The Korsor, Denmark, 524 Algeciras, Spain, 25 Haifa, Israel, 2,031 Sound), 330 Kotka, Finland, 311 Algiers, Algeria, 437 Halifax, Canada, 2,686 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 42 Kyndbyvaerkets, Denmark, 493 Alicante, Spain, 317 Hamilton, Bermuda, 2,903 Landskrona, Sweden, 424 Almeria, Spain, 171 Horta, Azores, 1,102 Ports Limhamn, Sweden, 427 Ancona, Italy, 1,580 Huelva, Spain, 102 London, England, 1,251 Annaba, Algeria, 675 Hvalfjordhur, Iceland, 1,944 Aarhus, Denmark, 163 Lubeck, Germany, 491 Antalya, Turkey, 1,822 Hyeres, France, 725 Abenra, Denmark, 245 Malmo, Sweden (via Drogden), Argentia, Canada, 2,302 Ilulissat (Jakobshavn), Greenland, Kobenhavn, Denmark, 162 435 Arkhangel’sk, Russia, 3,225 2,819 Kokkola, Finland (via The Sound), Malmo, Sweden (via Flintrannan), Arzew, Algeria, 275 Iraklion, Kriti, 1,516 898 422 As Sukhayrah, Tunisia, 1,072 Iskenderun, Turkey, 2,054 Limhamn, Sweden (via The Masnedsund, Denmark, 531 Ashdod, Israel, 2,031 Istanbul, Turkey, 1,821 Sound), 169 Narvik, Norway, 1,612 Augusta, Sicily, 1,065 Ivittuut, Greenland (direct), 2,283 Vassa, Finland (via The Sound), Norrkoping, Sweden, 143 Aviles, Spain, 722 Ivittuut, Greenland (via 75 miles 810 Odense, Denmark, 609 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., off Kap Farvel), 2,304 Ornskolosvik, Sweden, 274 3,458 Izmir, Turkey, 1,667 STEPHENVILLE, CANADA Oslo, Norway (via Store Baelt), Banghazi, Libya, 1,356 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., (48˚29'39"N., 58˚32'59"W.) to: 819 Baniyas, Syria, 2,045 3,740 Oslo, Norway (via The Sound), Banjul, Gambia, 1,575 Kalamai, Greece, 1,370 Junction Points* 683 Banzart, Tunisia, 769 Kangerluarsoruseq, Greenland, Oulu, Finland, 456 Barcelona, Spain, 534 2,444 Bishop Rock, England, 2,282 Peenemunde, Germany, 422 Bari, Italy, 1,374 Kavala, Greece, 1,706 Cape of Good Hope, South Pitea, Sweden, 402 Barletta, Italy, 1,398 Keflavik, Iceland, 1,947

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points STRAITS OF FLORIDA 109

Kerch, Ukraine, 2,256 Pozzuoli, Italy, 997 U.S.A., 3,524 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., 523 Kerkira, Greece, 1,324 Praia Da Vitoria, Terceira, Azores, Yumurtalik, Turkey, 1,672 Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 73 Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 3,949 1,034 Kingston, Jamaica (via Windward Khalkis, Greece (south of Greece), Preveza, Greece, 1,319 STRAITS OF FLORIDA* Passage), 802 1,562 Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A., (24˚25'00"N., 83˚00'00"W.) to: La Guaira, Venezuela (via Khalkis, Greece (via Corinth 3,081 Windward Passage), 1,331 Canal), 1,545 Puerto de Pasajes, Spain, 894 Junction Points* La Habana, Cuba, 87 Kingston, Jamaica, 3,891 Pula, Croatia, 1,628 Lagos, Nigeria, 5,225 Kyrenia, Cyprus, 1,910 Qabis, Tunisia, 1,073 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Lake Charles, Louisiana, U.S.A., La Guaira, Venezuela, 3,634 Qaanaaq (Thule), Greenland, 3,299 6,784 677 La Habana, Cuba, 4,013 Qasigiannguit, Greenland, 2,679 Grand Banks South, 1,990 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 3,713 La Pallice, France, 950 Qutdligssat, Greenland, 2,953 Montreal, Canada (via Cabot Les Cayes, Haiti, 738 La Spezia, Italy, 891 Recife, Brazil, 3,116 Strait), 2,563 Lisboa, Portugal, 3,831 Lagos, Nigeria, 3,100 Reggio Di Calabria, Sicily, 1,052 Montreal, Canada (via Strait of Maracaibo, Venezuela (via Larnaca, Cyprus, 1,953 Rethimnon, Kriti, 1,485 Canso), 2,467 Windward Passage), 1,205 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 681 Reykjavik, Iceland, 1,905 Punta Arenas, Chile (east of South Mariel, Cuba, 86 Latakia, Syria, 2,029 Rhodes, Greece, 1,668 America), 6,829 Marshall, Liberia (via Providence Licata, Sicily, 958 Rijeka, Croatia, 1,648 Strait of Gibraltar, 4,009 Channel), 4,349 Limassol, Cyprus, 1,914 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,180 Yucatan Channel, 192 Matagorda Bay, Texas, U.S.A., Lisboa, Portugal, 286 Rostov-na-Donu, Russia, 2,458 754 Livorno, Italy, 887 Rota, Spain, 70 Ports Matanzas, Cuba, 119 Mahon, Balearic Islands, 552 Salamis, Greece, 1,520 Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 217 Malaga, Spain, 78 Salerno, Italy, 1,018 Abraham Bay, Bahamas, 593 Miller Anchorage, Bahamas, 495 Manfredonia, Italy, 1,419 Salvador, Brazil, 3,516 Accra, Ghana (via Northwest Mobile, Alabama, U.S.A., 471 Maniitsoq, Greenland, 2,547 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 3,336 Providence Channel), 5,016 Montecristi, Dominican Republic, Marin, Spain, 517 San Sebastian, Spain, 892 Antilla, Cuba, 491 711 Marsaxlokk, Malta, 1,017 Sant Antioco Ponti, Sardinia, 715 Argentia, Canada, 2,050 Montego Bay, Jamaica, 642 Marseille, France, 711 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Arkhangel’sk, Russia, 5,208 Montevideo, Uruguay, 5,644 Marshall, Liberia, 2,197 Islands, 697 Moa, Cuba, 510 Nassau, Bahamas, 393 Matruh, Egypt, 1,695 Santo Domingo, Dominican Bahia de Samana, Dominican New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A. Melilla, Morocco, 154 Republic, 3,549 Republic, 864 (via South Pass), 524 Menton, France, 791 Santos, Brazil, 4,378 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., New York, New York, U.S.A., Mers el Kebir, Algeria, 252 Sarande, Albania, 1,311 1,115 1,197 Mersin, Turkey, 1,996 Savona, Italy, 852 Banes, Cuba, 483 Nicaro, Cuba, 488 Messina, Sicily, 1,049 Sayda, Lebanon, 2,035 Baracoa, Cuba, 540 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 997 Milazzo, Sicily, 1,025 Sete, France, 684 Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, 1,317 Nuevitas, Cuba, 386 Monaco, Monaco, 762 Setubal, Portugal, 287 Belem, Brazil, 2,694 Oranjestad, St. Eustatius, 1,207 Monopoli, Italy, 1,346 Sevastopol’, Ukraine, 2,122 Boca de Tanamo, Cuba, 489 Paramaribo, Suriname (via Mona Montevideo, Uruguay, 5,178 Seydhisfjordhur, Iceland, 1,899 Bordeaux, France, 4,234 Passage), 2,014 Mostaganem, Algeria, 283 Sfax, Tunisia, 1,043 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Pensacola, Florida, U.S.A., 431 Nanortalik, Greenland, 2,138 Shengjin, Albania, 1,382 1,440 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Narsarsuaq, Greenland, 2,257 Sibenik, Croatia, 1,522 Brest, France, 3,933 U.S.A., 1,168 Natal, Brazil, 3,003 Sidi Ifni, Morocco, 472 Bridgetown, Barbados, 1,511 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe (via Navplion, Greece, 1,484 Siracusa, Sicily, 1,054 Brunswick, Georgia, U.S.A., 548 Mona Passage), 1,348 New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A., Sisimiut, Greenland, 2,649 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,763 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe (via 3,161 Skikda, Algeria, 629 Cadiz, Spain, 3,992 Virgin Passage), 1,347 New London, Connecticut, Soudha, Ormos Soudhas, Kriti, Caibarien, Cuba, 252 Ponce, Puerto Rico, 1,020 U.S.A., 3,087 1,479 Cap-Haitien, Haiti, 604 Ponta Delgada, Azores, 3,052 New York, New York, U.S.A., Sousse, Tunisia, 909 Cape Town, South Africa, 6,778 Porlamar, Venezuela, 1,450 3,176 Split, Croatia, 1,507 Cardenas, Cuba, 140 Port au Prince, Haiti, 701 Nice, France, 788 St. John’s, Canada, 2,182 Charleston, South Carolina, Port Antonio, Jamaica, 751 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 3,335 St. Raphael, France, 763 U.S.A., 644 Port Arthur, Texas, U.S.A., 677 Novorossiysk, Russia, 2,277 Tarabulus, Lebanon, 2,047 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Port Castries, St. Lucia, 1,409 Nuuk (Godthab), Greenland, 2,477 Tarabulus, Libya, 1,093 1,087 Port of Spain, Trinidad (via Mona Odessa, Ukraine, 2,169 Taranto, Italy, 1,268 Coatzacoalcos, Mexico, 757 Passage), 1,533 Olbia, Sardinia, 828 Tarragona, Spain, 501 Corpus Christi, Texas, U.S.A., 803 Portland, Maine, U.S.A., 1,485 Oporto, Portugal, 432 Thessaloniki, Greece, 1,716 Dakar, Senegal (via Northwest Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Oran, Algeria, 252 Toulon, France, 722 Providence Channel), 3,768 3,314 Palermo, Sicily, 940 Trapani, Sicily, 896 Douala, Cameroon, 5,526 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Palma, Balearic Islands, 471 Trieste, Italy, 1,682 Elizabeth Harbor, Bahamas, 544 U.S.A., 1,421 Paphos, Cyprus, 1,872 Tubruq, Libya, 1,534 Fort de France, Martinique, 1,389 Praia Da Vitoria, Terceira, Azores, Paramaribo, Suriname, 3,275 Tunis, Tunisia, 820 Fort Liberte, Haiti, 692 3,017 Patrai, Greece, 1,350 Upernavik, Greenland, 3,011 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 4,137 Puerto de Hierro, Venezuela, 2,086 Pescara, Italy, 1,515 Valencia, Spain, 403 Funchal, Madeira Island, 3,532 Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, 1,299 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Valletta, Malta, 1,005 Galveston, Texas, U.S.A., 698 Puerto Manati, Cuba, 397 U.S.A., 3,319 Venezia, Italy, 1,691 Georgetown, Guyana (via Mona Puerto Padre, Cuba, 409 Piraievs, Greece (south of Viana do Castello, Portugal, 472 Passage), 1,869 Puerto Vita, Cuba, 444 Greece), 1,508 Viareggio, Italy, 898 Gibara, Cuba, 447 Recife, Brazil, 3,590 Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth Vigo, Spain, 504 Grand Turk, Grand Turk Island, Reykjavik, Iceland, 3,530 Canal), 1,451 Vila Real de Santo Antonio, 721 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,662 Ploce, Croatia, 1,487 Portugal, 113 Guantanamo, Cuba (via Windward Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico, Ponta Delgada, Azores, 964 Villa do Porto, Azores, 963 Passage), 638 1,063 Port au Prince, Haiti, 3,757 Villa Cisneros, Western Sahara, Guiria, Venezuela, 2,099 Salvador, Brazil, 3,981 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 3,236 923 Gulfport, Mississippi, U.S.A., 494 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,017 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 3,403 Villa San Giovanni, Italy, 1,045 Halifax, Canada, 1,642 Santa Barbara de Samana, Port St. Louis du Rhone, France, Villa Sanjurjo, Morocco, 106 Hamilton, Bermuda, 1,166 Dominican Republic, 867 703 Villagarcia, Spain, 526 Hopetown, Bahamas, 415 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Port Vendres, France, 633 Villefranche, France, 789 Horta, Azores, 2,913 Islands, 3,614 Porto Empedocle, Sicily, 937 Vlores, Albania, 1,311 Isabel de Sagua, Cuba, 195 Santa Lucia, Cuba, 120 Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Volos, Greece, 1,657 Isabel Segunda, Isla de Vieques, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba (via 1,539 Washington, D.C., U.S.A., 3,471 1,064 Windward Passage), 676 Porto Vecchio di Piombino, Italy, Willemstad, Curacao, 3,685 Ivittuut, Greenland, 2,969 Santo Domingo, Dominican 897 Wilmington, North Carolina,

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 110 STRALSUND, GERMANY

Republic (via Mona Passage), SUNDSVALL, SWEDEN Ports Hong Kong, China, 4,541 1,036 (62˚23'12"N., 17˚21'30"E.) to: Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,776 Santo Domingo, Dominican Ambon, Indonesia, 980 Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 4,853 Republic (via Windward Junction Points* Apra, Guam, 2,334 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Passage), 986 Belawan, Indonesia, 1,132 4,788 Santos, Brazil, 4,849 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Dagu, China, 3,174 Malakal, Palau Islands, 3,041 Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 603 Entrance), Germany, 684 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Manila, Philippines, 4,048 St. Georges, Grenada, 1,453 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 745 5,555 Midway Island, Pacific, 2,872 St. John, Canada, 1,611 Fremantle, Australia (north of Noumea, New Caledonia, 734 St. John’s, Canada, 2,128 Ports Madura and via Bali Strait), Nukualofa, Tonga Islands, 416 St. Marc, Haiti, 673 1,674 Ocean Island, 1,207 Tampa, Florida, U.S.A., 232 Gdynia, Poland, 507 Fremantle, Australia (south of Pago Pago, American Samoa, 688 Tampico, Mexico, 832 Sankt-Peterburg, Russia, 507 Madura and via Bali Strait), Papeete, French Polynesia, 1,838 Tuxpan, Mexico, 792 Stockholm, Sweden, 222 1,627 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Vigo, Spain, 3,809 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 1,206 Russia, 4,460 Willemstad, Curacao, 1,184 SUNNDALSORA, NORWAY Hong Kong, China, 1,925 Qingdao, China, 4,662 Wilmington, North Carolina, (62˚41'14"N., 8˚33'00"E.) to: Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 5,598 Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands, U.S.A., 735 Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 6,086 701 Junction Points* Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., San Diego, California, U.S.A., STRALSUND, GERMANY 7,622 4,804 (54˚18'30"N., 13˚05'45"E.) to: Bishop Rock, England, 1,154 Malacca, Malaysia, 881 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Grand Banks South, 2,342 Malakal, Palau Islands, 1,656 4,749 Junction Points* Ile d’Ouessant, France, 1,140 Manila, Philippines, 1,540 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 5,162 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Midway Island, 4,632 Seward, Alaska, U.S.A., 5,003 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Entrance), Germany, 744 Palembang, Indonesia, 638 Shanghai, China, 4,467 Entrance), Germany, 104 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 367 Qingdao, China, 2,864 Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 5,112 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 226 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 549 San Diego, California, U.S.A., Sidney, Australia, 1,738 7,691 Truk, Caroline Islands, 2,231 Ports Ports San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Valparaiso, Chile, 5,759 7,343 Vladivostok, Russia, 4,626 Gdynia, Poland, 245 Aberdeen, Scotland, 484 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 7,162 Wake Island, 2,501 Kobenhavn, Denmark, 81 Bergen, Norway, 238 Semarang, Indonesia, 196 Wellington, New Zealand, 1,476 Stockholm, Sweden, 423 Bremerhaven, Germany, 651 Shanghai, China, 2,626 Wotje Island, Marshall Islands, Oslo, Norway, 611 Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 6,564 1,880 Stavanger, Norway, 334 SU-AO KANG, TAIWAN Truk, Caroline Islands, 2,623 Xiamen, China, 4,389 (24˚36'00"N., 121˚52'00"E.) to: Tromso, Norway, 539 Vinh Cam Ranh, Vietnam, 1,251 Yap, Caroline Islands, 2,933 Troxidheim, Norway, 116 Vladivostok, Russia, 3,357 Yokohama, Japan, 3,967 Ports Wake Island, 3,641 SUPE BAY, PERU Xiamen, China, 2,121 SVENDBORG, DENMARK Hong Kong, China, 554 (10˚49'20"S., 77˚44'15"W.) to: Yokohama, Japan, 3,092 (55˚03'45"N., 10˚37'30"E.) Add Incheon, South Korea, 823 12 miles to Faborg distances. Manila, Philippines, 684 Junction Points* SURGIDERO DE BATABANO, Qingdao, China, 756 CUBA SWAN ISLAND, HONDURAS Shanghai, China, 498 Panama, Panama, 1,265 (22˚40'00"N., 82˚17'00"W.) to: (17˚24'30"N., 83˚57'00"W.) to: Punta Arenas, Chile, 2,736 Torres Strait, Australia, 8,217 SUAKIN, SUDAN Junction Points* Junction Points* (19˚06'47"N., 37˚20'21"E.) to: Wilson Promontory, Australia (via 30˚S.), 7,291 Panama, Panama, 970 Panama, Panama, 605 Junction Points* Wilson Promontory, Australia (via Yucatan Channel, 229 Yucatan Channel, 273 40˚S.), 7,203 Cape of Good Hope, South Ports Ports Africa, 4,538 Ports Port Said, Egypt, 813 Barranquilla, Colombia, 944 Mariel, Cuba, 437 Singapore, 4,251 Antofagasta, Chile, 883 Kingston, Jamaica, 595 Puerto Cortes, Honduras, 254 Callao, Peru, 85 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 580 Corinto, Nicaragua, 1,529 Ports SWANSEA, WALES Pisco, Peru, 201 SUVA, FIJI ISLANDS (51˚37'00"N., 30˚55'00"W.) to: Aden, Yemen, 631 Salina Cruz, Mexico, 1,921 (18˚08'00"S., 178˚25'00"E.) to: San Nicolas, Peru, 314 Junction Points* Talcahuano, Chile, 1,588 SUBIC BAY, PHILIPPINES Junction Points* (14˚43'11"N., 120˚11'46"E.) Valparaiso, Chile, 1,373 Bishop Rock, England, 155 Subtract 8 l/2 miles from Olongapo Panama, Panama, 6,325 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 217 distances. SURABAYA, INDONESIA Punta Arenas, Chile, 5,444 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 578 (7˚12'00"S., 112˚44'00"E.) to: Torres Strait, Australia, 2,262 Wilson Promontory, Australia, Ports SUKKERTOPPEN, Junction Points* GREENLAND 2,088 (65˚24'36"N., 52˚54'12"W.) See Barrow in Furness, England, 242 Maniitsoq, Greenland. Selat Lombok, Indonesia (north of Ports Cardiff, Wales, 46 Madura), 275 Fishguard, Wales, 100 Selat Lombok, Indonesia (south of Apia, Samoa, 647 Holyhead, Wales, 171 SUNDERLAND, ENGLAND Madura), 232 (54˚54'45"N., 1˚22'00"W.) to: Apra, Guam, 2,784 Liverpool, England, 236 Singapore, 763 Auckland, New Zealand, 1,149 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 450 Avarua, Cook Islands, 1,256 Junction Points* SWEEPER COVE, ALASKA, Torres Strait, Australia (north of Baker Island, 1,202 U.S.A. Bishop Rock, England, 605 Madura and via Selat Wetar ), Brisbane, Australia, 1,548 (51˚51'30"N., 176˚38'00"W.) to: Pentland Firth, Scotland, 304 1,814 Callao, Peru, 5,995 Selat Wetar, Indonesia (south of Dagu, China, 4,898 Junction Points* Ports Madura), 880 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Selat Wetar, Indonesia (north of 4,493 Panama, Panama, 5,586 London, England, 312 Madura), 928 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 6,067 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 286 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 4,679 Southampton, England, 400 Hobart, Tasmania, 2,198

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points TAMATAVE, MADAGASCAR 111

Ports Midway Island, 4,138 Junction Points* Junction Points* Nagasaki, Japan, 4,439 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., 407 Nelson, New Zealand, 1,166 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Panama, Panama, 2,805 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 1,945 Nome, Alaska, U.S.A., 6,280 Entrance), Germany, 222 Punta Arenas, Chile, 1,225 Port Hueneme, California, U.S.A., Noumea, New Caledonia, 1,069 Skagens Odde, Denmark (via Store 2,686 Ocean Island, 2,233 Baelt), 410 Ports Victoria, Canada, 2,044 Pago Pago, American Samoa, 2,377 Ports Acapulco, Mexico, 3,558 SWINOUJSCIE, POLAND Papeete, French Polynesia, 3,308 Antofagasta, Chile, 802 (53˚55'00"N., 14˚17'00"E.) to: Ponape, Caroline Islands, 2,514 Aarhus, Denmark, 268 Arica, Chile, 1,108 Port Augusta, Australia, 1,164 Gdansk, Poland, 240 Caldera, Chile, 602 Junction Points* Portland, Oregon, U.S.A., 6,737 Halmstad, Sweden, 227 Callao, Peru, 1,508 Prince Rupert, Canada, 6,671 Landskrona, Sweden, 170 Coquimbo, Chile, 428 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Qingdao, China, 4,871 Oslo, Norway (via The Sound), Corinto, Nicaragua, 3,062 Entrance), Germany, 186 Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 1,844 431 Esmeraldas, Ecuador, 2,368 Skagens Odde, Denmark (via Store Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands, Guayaquil, Ecuador, 2,135 Baelt), 379 1,600 TACLOBAN, PHILIPPINES Guaymas, Mexico, 4,428 Skagens Odde, Denmark (via The Saipan, Mariana Islands, 3,077 (11˚15'30"N., 125˚00'00"E.) to: Iquique, Chile, 1,008 Sound), 275 San Diego, California, U.S.A., Lota, Chile, 50 6,530 Ports Monterey, California, U.S.A., Ports San Francisco, California, U.S.A., 5,190 6,448 Batangas, Philippines, 293 Pisco, Peru, 1,411 Horsens, Denmark, 268 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 6,810 Jolo, Philippines, 442 Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 2,879 Kalundborg, Denmark, 175 Seward, Alaska, U.S.A., 6,373 Yap, Caroline Islands, 790 Salina Cruz, Mexico, 3,414 Koge, Denmark, 156 Shanghai, China (via Vitiaz Zamboanga, Philippines, 385 San Diego, California, U.S.A., Kolding, Denmark, 253 Strait), 4,636 4,869 Korsor, Denmark, 239 Shanghai, China (west of New TACOMA, WASHINGTON, San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Kyndbyvaerkets, Denmark, 195 Ireland), 4,642 U.S.A. 5,270 Limhamn, Sweden, 128 Shimonoseki, Japan, 4,453 (47˚16'00"N., 122˚26'00"W.) San Jose, Guatemala, 3,202 Masnedsund, Denmark, 193 Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 6,595 Add 21 miles to Seattle distances. Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A., Nakskov, Denmark, 190 Suva, Fiji Islands, 1,738 5,006 Odense, Denmark, 293 Talomako, Vanuatu, 1,471 TA-KU, CHINA Valparaiso, Chile, 241 Oslo, Norway (via Store Baelt), Tinian, Mariana Islands, 3,064 (38˚59'15"N., 117˚40'45"E.) See 503 Truk, Caroline Islands, 2,543 Dagu, China. TALLINN, ESTONIA Oslo, Norway (via The Sound), Valparaiso, Chile (via 49˚S.), (59˚27'00"N., 24˚46'30"E.) to: 397 6,294 TAKORADI, GHANA Randers, Denmark, 266 Vladivostok, Russia, 5,105 (4˚53'00"N., 1˚44'30"W.) to: Junction Points* Sonderborg, Denmark, 215 Wake Island, 3,346 Wallaroo, Australia, 1,084 Ports Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA Wellington, New Zealand, 1,234 Entrance), Germany, 603 (33˚51'30"S., 151˚l3'00"E.) to: Xiamen, China (via Vitiaz Strait), Buchanan, Liberia, 197 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 661 4,437 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 859 Junction Points* Yokohama, Japan, 4,330 Greenville, Liberia, 461 Ports Kribi, Cameroon, 704 Panama, Panama, 7,674 SYDNEY, CANADA Lome, Togo, 200 Gdynia, Poland, 392 Punta Arenas, Chile (via 49˚S.), (46˚08'30"N., 60˚12'00"W.) to: Monrovia, Liberia, 597 Sankt-Peterburg, Russia, 189 5,848 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 4,620 Stockholm, Sweden, 220 Punta Arenas, Chile (via 60˚S.), Ports Pointe Noire, Congo, 1,001 5,398 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 3,632 TALTAL, CHILE Torres Strait, Australia, 1,670 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, (25˚24'00"S., 70˚29'00"W.) to: Wilson Promontory, Australia, 440 597 1,673 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,749 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Junction Points* Ports Cape Town, South Africa, 6,425 Islands, 2,119 Colon, Panama, 2,482 Tema, Ghana, 117 Panama, Panama, 2,225 Apia, Samoa, 2,355 Kingston, Jamaica, 1,982 Willemstad, Curacao, 4,040 Apra, Guam, 3,006 La Guaira, Venezuela, 2,215 Ports Auckland, New Zealand, 1,280 Liverpool, Canada, 293 TAKU BAR, CHINA Avarua, Cook Islands, 2,690 New York, New York, U.S.A., 808 (38˚56'15"N., 117˚68'45"E.) See San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Baker Island, 2,752 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 996 Dagu Bar, China. 4,838 Brisbane, Australia, 529 Parrsboro, Canada, 545 Burnie Harbor, Australia, 525 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, TALARA, PERU TAMATAVE, MADAGASCAR Dagu, China, 5,135 U.S.A., 958 (4˚34'30"S., 81˚17'15"W.) to: (18˚09'00"S., 49˚25'30"E.) to: Dalian, China (via Vitiaz Strait), Port Castries, St. Lucia, 1,967 4,976 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 2,189 Junction Points* Junction Points* Dalian, China (west of New Portland, Maine, U.S.A., 556 Ireland), 5,015 Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Panama, Panama, 828 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., 2,503 2,055 5,761 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Ports Port Said, Egypt, 3,598 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 7,268 U.S.A., 576 Singapore, 3,675 Hakodate, Japan, 4,688 Recife, Brazil, 3,553 Acapulco, Mexico, 1,696 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 4,679 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,648 Arica, Chile, 1,103 Ports Hobart, Tasmania, 638 Salvador, Brazil, 3,967 Callao, Peru, 534 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 4,420 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,728 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 180 Beira, Mozambique, 1,239 Jaluit, Marshall Islands, 2,623 Santo Domingo, Dominican Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 4,806 Belawan, Indonesia, 3,342 Kobe, Japan, 4,384 Republic, 1,867 Pimentel, Peru, 182 Bombay, India, 2,621 Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 6,222 St. John, Canada, 492 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2,351 Launceston, Tasmania, 514 Yarmouth, Canada, 416 3,494 Fremantle, Australia, 3,650 Lautoka Harbor, Fiji Islands, 1,732 Karachi, Pakistan, 2,788 Levuka, Fiji Islands, 1,779 Malacca, Malaysia, 3,560 SZCZECIN, POLAND TALCAHUANO, CHILE Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., (53˚26'00"N., 14˚34'30"E.) to: (36˚42'00"S., 73˚06'00"W.) to: Maputo, Mozambique, 1,242 6,511 Penang, Malaysia, 3,387 Lyttelton, New Zealand, 1,419 Port Darwin, Australia, 4,702

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 112 TAMPA, FLORIDA, U.S.A.

Port Louis, Mauritius, 474 TANDJUNG PRIOK, Barcelona, Spain, 762 Izmir, Turkey (south of Greece), Sabang, Indonesia, 3,076 INDONESIA Bari, Italy, 613 652 Zanzibar, Tanzania, 1,116 (6˚06'00"S., 106˚53'00"E.) See Bat’umi, Georgia, 1,540 Izmir, Turkey (via Corinth Canal), Jakarta. Beirut, Lebanon, 1,129 563 TAMPA, FLORIDA, U.S.A. Brindisi, Italy, 555 Kalamai, Greece, 351 (27˚56'30"N., 82˚26'40"W.) to: TANGA, TANZANIA Cartagena, Spain, 856 Kerkira, Greece, 167 (5˚04'00"S., 39˚07'00"E.) to: Ceuta, Morocco, 1,074 La Spezia, Italy, 669 Junction Points* Genova, Italy, 719 Livorno, Italy, 634 Junction Points* Gibraltar, 1,076 Malaga, Spain, 1,198 Straits of Florida, 232 Haifa, Israel, 1,109 Marseille, France, 797 Yucatan Channel, 404 Cape of Good Hope, South Iraklion, Kriti, 630 Messina, Sicily, 223 Africa, 2,425 Iskenderun, Turkey, 1,167 Milazzo, Sicily, 316 Ports Port Said, Egypt, 3,068 Istanbul, Turkey, 953 Napoli, Italy, 395 Singapore, 4,037 Izmir, Turkey, 799 Odessa, Ukraine (south of Cartagena, Colombia, 1,295 La Spezia, Italy, 790 Greece), 1,154 Colon, Panama, 1,216 Ports Larnaca, Cyprus, 1,050 Odessa, Ukraine (via Corinth La Habana, Cuba, 307 Livorno, Italy, 754 Canal), 1,065 Matanzas, Cuba (via Northwest Aden, Yemen, 1,681 Malaga, Spain, 1,024 Oran, Algeria, 1,037 Channel), 325 Belawan, Indonesia, 3,704 Marsaxlokk, Malta, 191 Palermo, Sicily, 339 Tampico, Mexico, 921 Fremantle, Australia, 4,283 Marseille, France, 745 Palma, Balearic Islands, 858 Veracruz, Mexico, 925 Mombasa, Kenya, 69 Mersin, Turkey, 1,109 Piraievs, Greece (south of Penang, Malaysia, 3,749 Messina, Sicily, 344 Greece), 493 Port Darwin, Australia, 5,466 TAMPICO, MEXICO Napoli, Italy, 516 Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth (22˚12'30"N., 97˚3'30"W.) to: Zanzibar, Tanzania, 75 Odessa, Ukraine, 1,301 Canal), 363 Oran, Algeria, 862 Rijeka, Croatia, 482 Junction Points* TANGIER, MOROCCO Palermo, Sicily, 460 Sarande, Albania, 154 (35˚47'00"N., 5˚48'00"W.) to: Palma, Balearic Islands, 708 Savona, Italy, 715 Panama, Panama, 1,528 Piraievs, Greece, 640 Sibenik, Croatia, 356 Straits of Florida, 832 Ports Porto Empedocle, Sicily, 263 Siracusa, Sicily, 245 Yucatan Channel, 716 Qabis, Tunisia, 174 Split, Croatia, 341 Casablanca, Morocco, 166 Rhodes, Greece, 780 Taormina, Sicily, 211 Ports Ceuta, Morocco, 29 Rijeka, Croatia, 887 Tarabulus, Libya, 509 Dakar, Senegal, 1,483 Savona, Italy, 722 Thessaloniki, Greece (south of Belize, Belize, 927 El Jadida, Morocco, 207 Sibenik, Croatia, 761 Greece), 701 Brunswick, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,387 Fedala, Morocco, 158 Siracusa, Sicily, 276 Thessaloniki, Greece (via Corinth Campeche, Mexico, 430 Funchal, Madeira Island, 588 Sousse, Tunisia, 231 Canal), 612 Carmen, Mexico, 401 Kenitra, Morocco, 115 Split, Croatia, 746 Toulon, France, 765 Cartagena, Colombia, 1,575 Larache, Morocco, 48 Taranto, Italy, 509 Trieste, Italy, 516 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 1,009 Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Thessaloniki, Greece, 848 Tunis, Tunisia, 518 Coatzacoalcos, Mexico, 320 1,536 Toulon, France, 722 Valencia, Spain, 983 Colon, Panama, 1,485 Vigo, Spain, 516 Trieste, Italy, 921 Valletta, Malta, 322 Corpus Christi, Texas, U.S.A., 366 Tubruq, Libya, 574 Venezia, Italy, 526 Galveston, Texas, U.S.A., 473 TANJONG PERAK, Tunis, Tunisia, 322 Villa San Giovanni, Italy, 287 Guantanamo, Cuba, 1,293 INDONESIA Valencia, Spain, 831 Vlores, Albania, 146 Gulfport, Mississippi, U.S.A., 725 (7˚11'28"S., 112˚44'32"E.) See Valletta, Malta, 201 Volos, Greece (south of Greece), Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., Surabaya. Venezia, Italy, 931 642 1,361 Volos, Greece, 789 Volos, Greece (via Corinth Canal), Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 907 TARABULUS, LEBANON 553 Kingston, Jamaica, 1,252 (34˚29'37"N., 35˚51'55"E.) to: TARANTO, ITALY La Habana, Cuba, 864 (40˚28'46"N., 17˚14'53"E.) to: TARAWA ATOLL, KIRIBATI Matagorda Bay, Texas, U.S.A., Junction Points* (1˚24'00"N., 172˚54'00"E.) to: 380 Junction Points* Matanzas, Cuba, 914 Port Said, Egypt, 268 Junction Points* Mobile, Alabama, U.S.A., 750 Strait of Gibraltar, 2,047 Port Said, Egypt, 954 New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A. Strait of Gibraltar, 1,268 Honshu, Japan, 2,712 (via Southwest Pass), 711 Ports Panama, Panama (via Central Pensacola, Florida, U.S.A., 759 Ports Route), 6,537 Port Arthur, Texas, U.S.A., 522 Haifa, Israel, 118 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,479 Progreso, Mexico, 469 Marseille, France, 1,613 Alexandria, Egypt, 844 Singapore, 4,520 Puerto Cortes, Honduras, 993 Sete, France, 1,672 Algiers, Algeria, 841 Torres Strait, Australia, 2,191 San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua, Venezia, Italy (south of Greece), Alicante, Spain, 995 Tsugaru-Kaikyo, Japan, 2,984 1,336 1,399 Ancona, Italy, 415 Wilson Promontory, Australia, Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,432 Venezia, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Annaba, Algeria, 620 2,919 Tampa, Florida, U.S.A., 921 1,369 Augusta, Sicily, 243 Tela, Honduras, 974 Banghazi, Libya, 523 Ports Veracruz, Mexico, 218 TARABULUS, LIBYA Banzart, Tunisia, 530 (32˚54'10"N., 13˚11'36"E.) to: Bari, Italy, 208 Auckland, New Zealand, 2,365 TANDJUNG UBAN, Barletta, Italy, 232 Brisbane, Australia, 2,078 INDONESIA Junction Points* Beirut, Lebanon, 1,023 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,085 (1˚04'00"N., 104˚13'00"E.) to: Brindisi, Italy, 150 Manila, Philippines, 3,695 Port Said, Egypt, 998 Cartagena, Spain, 1,025 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Junction Points* Strait of Gibraltar, 1,093 Ceuta, Morocco, 1,249 4,161 Crotone, Italy, 87 Sydney, Australia, 2,475 Singapore, 27 Ports Durres, Albania, 183 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 502 Genova, Italy, 705 TARBERT ISLAND, IRELAND Alexandria, Egypt, 876 Gibraltar, 1,250 (52˚35'15"N., 9˚21'46"W.) to: Ports Algiers, Algeria, 665 Haifa, Israel, 1,020 Alicante, Spain, 832 Iraklion, Kriti, 509 Junction Points* Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 633 Ancona, Italy, 820 Istanbul, Turkey (south of Makassar, Sulawesi, 1,075 Annaba, Algeria, 440 Greece), 806 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 125 Manila, Philippines, 1,328 Banghazi, Libya, 354 Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth Inishtrahull, Ireland, 250 Banzart, Libya, 335 Canal), 717 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 509

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points THESSALONIKI, GREECE 113

Ports Panama, Panama (via north of Ports Genova, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Sulawesi), 9,779 1,144 Belfast, Northern Ireland (via north Singapore (via Balabac Strait), Lagos, Nigeria, 216 Gibraltar, 1,698 of Ireland), 338 1,342 Takoradi, Ghana, 117 Haifa, Israel, 786 Cobh, Ireland, 193 Selat Sunda, Indonesia (via Iraklion, Kriti, 351 Larne, Northern Ireland (via west Makassar Strait), 1,336 TERNEUZEN, Iskenderun, Turkey, 784 of Ireland), 336 Torres Strait, Australia, 1,798 NETHERLANDS Istanbul, Turkey, 338 Limerick, Ireland, 30 (51˚20'00"N., 3˚49'00"E.) Izmir, Turkey, 259 Ports Subtract 36 miles from Antwerp Kavala, Greece, 160 TARRAGONA, SPAIN distances. La Spezia, Italy (south of Greece), (41˚06'25"N., 1˚14'30"E.) to: Batangas, Philippines, 720 1,150 Cebu, Philippines, 557 TETNEY TERMINAL, La Spezia, Italy (via Corinth Junction Points* Honolulu, Hawaii (via south of ENGLAND Canal), 1,109 Mindanao), 4,975 (53˚32'22"N., 0˚06'53"E.) to: Larnaca, Cyprus, 703 Port Said, Egypt, 1,634 Makassar, Sulawesi, 591 Livorno, Italy (south of Greece), Strait of Gibraltar, 501 Manila, Philippines, 742 Junction Points* 1,114 Sandakan, Sabah, 241 Livorno, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Ports Zamboanga, Philippines, 340 Bishop Rock, England, 511 1,073 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 503 Malaga, Spain, 1,646 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,738 TEES RIVER, ENGLAND Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Marseille, France (south of Malaga, Spain, 431 (54˚40'57"N., 1˚06'20"W.) to: Entrance), Germany, 381 Greece), 1,278 Oran, Algeria, 336 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 311 Marseille, France (via Corinth Palma, Balearic Islands, 134 Junction Points* Skagens Odde, Denmark, 442 Canal), 1,236 Siracusa, Sicily, 746 Mersin, Turkey, 726 Toulon, France, 251 Bishop Rock, England, 584 Ports Messina, Sicily (south of Greece), Valencia, Spain, 124 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 578 704 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Amsterdam, Netherlands, 216 Messina, Sicily (via Corinth TATIBANA KO, JAPAN Entrance), Germany, 421 Bremerhaven, Germany, 321 Canal), 663 (33˚52'10"N., 134˚40'00"E.) to: Pentland Firth, Scotland, 266 Le Havre, France, 337 Mitilini, Greece, 232 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 435 Oslo, Norway, 533 Napoli, Italy (south of Greece), Junction Points* Trondheim, Norway, 724 876 Ports Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 326 Napoli, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Honshu, Japan, 343 834 Selat Lombok, Indonesia (via Amsterdam, Netherlands, 256 TEXAS CITY, TEXAS, U.S.A. Novorossiysk, Russia, 794 south of Mindanao), 2,884 Antwerp, Belgium, 327 (29˚22'30"N., 94˚53'15"W.) Add Odessa, Ukraine, 686 Panama, Panama, 7,915 Bergen, Norway, 406 5 miles to Galveston distances. Oran, Algeria, 1,484 Punta Arenas, Chile, 9,380 Dover, England, 270 Palermo, Sicily (south of Greece), Singapore, 2,640 Emden, Germany, 303 THAMES HAVEN, ENGLAND 820 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 2,999 Hamburg, Germany, 404 (51˚30'00"N., 0˚30'30"E.) Palermo, Sicily (via Corinth Torres Strait, Australia, 3,118 London, England, 286 Subtract 23 miles from London Canal), 779 Oslo, Norway, 525 distances. Palma, Balearic Islands (south of Ports Greece), 1,339 TELA, HONDURAS THESSALONIKI, GREECE Palma, Balearic Islands (via Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, (15˚46'30"N., 87˚27'00"W.) to: (40˚37'56"N., 22˚55'48"E.) to: Corinth Canal), 1,297 Russia, 1,363 Piraievs, Greece, 259 Auckland, New Zealand, 4,896 Junction Points* Junction Points* Rhodes, Greece, 388 Hakodate, Japan, 897 Rijeka, Croatia (south of Greece), Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,224 Panama, Panama, 749 Port Said, Egypt, Strait of 1,023 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Gibraltar, 1,716 Rijeka, Croatia (via Corinth 5,129 Ports Canal), 924 Yokohama, Japan, 285 Ports Savona, Italy (south of Greece), Colon, Panama, 706 1,196 TAURANGA, NEW ZEALAND New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A., Alexandria, Egypt, 678 Savona, Italy (via Corinth Canal), (37˚36'14"S., 176˚12'10"E.) to: 915 Alexandroupolis, Greece, 191 1,154 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,258 Algiers, Algeria, 1,287 Sibenik, Croatia (south of Junction Points* Tampico, Mexico, 974 Alicante, Spain, 1,454 Greece), 895 Ancona, Italy (south of Greece), Sibenik, Croatia (via Corinth Panama, Panama, 6,534 TELUKBAYUR, INDONESIA 953 Canal), 796 Punta Arenas, Chile, 4,613 (1˚00'00"S., 100˚22'00"E.) to: Ancona, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Siracusa, Sicily (south of Greece), Torres Strait, Australia, 2,647 857 692 Wilson Promontory, Australia (via Junction Points* Annaba, Algeria, 1,063 Siracusa, Sicily (via Corinth north of New Zealand), 1,609 Banghazi, Libya, 611 Canal), 667 Wilson Promontory, Australia (via Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Baniyas, Syria, 792 Split, Croatia (south of Greece), Cook Strait), 1,795 4,979 Banzart, Tunisia, 958 880 Singapore, 1,011 Barcelona, Spain (south of Split, Croatia (via Corinth Canal), Ports Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 488 Greece), 1,380 781 Barcelona, Spain (via Corinth Tarabulus, Libya, 848 Auckland, New Zealand, 131 Ports Canal), 1,339 Taranto, Italy (south of Greece), Brisbane, Australia, 1,436 Bari, Italy (south of Greece), 746 701 Dunedin, New Zealand, 760 Durban, South Africa, 4,307 Bari, Italy (via Corinth Canal), 650 Taranto, Italy (via Corinth Canal), New Plymouth, New Zealand, 587 Penang, Malaysia, 931 Bat’umi, Georgia, 926 612 Picton, New Zealand, 509 Tjilatjap, Indonesia, 738 Beirut, Lebanon, 783 Toulon, France (south of Greece), Suva, Fiji Islands, 1,811 Brindisi, Italy (south of Greece), 1,246 Sydney, Australia, 1,353 TEMA, GHANA 688 Toulon, France (via Corinth Wellington, New Zealand, 430 (5˚37'33"N., 0˚00'45"E.) to: Brindisi, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Canal), 1,204 592 Trieste, Italy (south of Greece), TAWAU, MALAYSIA Junction Points* Cartagena, Spain, 1,479 1,056 (4˚13'32"N., 117˚53'33"E.) to: Ceuta, Morocco, 1,696 Trieste, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Derince, Turkey, 372 957 Junction Points* 2,619 Ermoupolis, Greece, 227 Tunis, Tunisia, 945 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 3,597 Genova, Italy (south of Greece), Valencia, Spain, 1,452 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 856 1,186 Valletta, Malta, 732

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 114 THORSHAVN, FAROE ISLANDS

Venezia, Italy (south of Greece), Junction Points* Ports Guayaquil, Ecuador (via Raine 1,064 Island entrance), 8,270 Venezia, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Panama, Panama, 2,068 Busan, South Korea, 63 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2,629 968 Punta Arenas, Chile, 2,177 Mogpo, South Korea, 189 Hobart, Tasmania, 2,271 Volos, Greece, 132 Nampo, North Korea, 446 Hong Kong, China, 2,725 Ports Rajin, North Korea, 501 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. (via THORSHAVN, FAROE Weonsan, North Korea, 358 Raine Island entrance, China ISLANDS San Antonio, Chile, 692 Strait and Bougainville Strait), (62˚00'20"N., 6˚4'30"W.) See San Francisco, California, U.S.A., TONSBERG, NORWAY 4,191 Torshavn. 4,699 (59˚15'42"N., 10˚24'50"E.) to: Jakarta, Indonesia (via Selat Wetar Valparaiso, Chile, 663 and north of Madura), 2,175 THULE, GREENLAND Junction Points* Karachi, Pakistan (south of Java (76˚32'52"N., 68˚52'30"W.) See TOKUYAMA, JAPAN and Timor), 5,298 Qaanaaq, Greenland. (34˚00'00"N., 131˚46'00"E.) to: Pentland Firth, Scotland, 532 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 2,041 Launceston, Tasmania, 2,278 TIANJIN, CHINA Ports Ports Lautoka Harbor, Fiji Islands, 2,204 (39˚07'30"N., 117˚11'45"E.) to: Levuka, Fiji Islands (via Raine Apra, Guam, 1,427 Bergen, Norway, 329 Island entrance), 2,268 Junction Points* Kagoshima, Japan, 263 London, England, 624 Lucinda, Australia, 634 Kure, Japan, 76 Lyttelton, New Zealand, 2,849 Selat Lombok, Indonesia (via Shimonoseki, Japan, 50 TORNIO, FINLAND Mackay, Australia, 864 Makassar Strait), 3,189 Yokohama, Japan, 510 (65˚45'30"N., 24˚08'30"E.) to: Malacca, Malaysia, 2,588 Panama, Panama (via Osumi Manila, Philippines (via Basilan Strait), 9,024 TOKYO, JAPAN Junction Points* Strait and Mindoro Strait), Panama, Panama (via Tsugaru (35˚38'00"N., 139˚46'00"E.) Add 2,193 Strait), 8,891 10 miles to Yokohama distances. Skagens Odde, Denmark (via Store Massawa, Ethiopia (via Eight Punta Arenas, Chile, 10,294 Baelt), 1,103 Degree Channel), 6,403 Singapore, 2,823 TOMAKOMAI, JAPAN Skagens Odde, Denmark (via The Nelson, New Zealand, 2,646 (42˚36'50"N., 141˚37'22"E.) to: Sound), 973 Noumea, New Caledonia (via Ports Raine Island entrance), 1,622 Junction Points* TORRES STRAIT, Pago Pago, American Samoa (via Dagu, China, 48 AUSTRALIA* Raine Island entrance), 2,848 Moji, Japan, 840 Honshu, Japan, 486 (10˚33'00"S., 142˚08'00"E.) to: Papeete, French Polynesia (via Shanghai, China (via Chang-shan Panama, Panama, 7,383 Raine Island entrance), 4,043 Shui-Tao), 740 Punta Arenas, Chile, 9,455 Junction Points* Port Darwin, Australia (via Yokohama Japan (via Naikai), Tsugaru-Kaikyo, Japan, 90 Clarence Strait and Dundas 1,465 Cape of Good Hope, South Strait), 735 Ports Africa, 6,854 Port Kembla, Australia, 1,817 TIENTSIN, CHINA Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 2,717 Port Lincoln, Australia, 2,811 (39˚07'30"N., 117˚11'45"E.) See Apra, Guam, 1,759 Honshu, Japan, 3,265 Port Louis, Mauritius, 4,933 Tianjin, China. Auckland, New Zealand, 5,198 Panama, Panama, 8,451 Portland, Australia, 2,429 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,353 Port Said, Egypt (via Eight Degree Pulupandan, Philippines, 1,962 Channel), 7,403 Rockhampton, Australia, 1,034 TIKSI, RUSSIA Sydney, Australia, 4,801 (71˚39'30"N., 128˚59'00"E.) to: Valparaiso, Chile, 9,910 Port Said, Egypt (via One and One Sabang, Indonesia, 3,072 Yokohama, Japan, 541 Half Degree Channel), 7,505 San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Ports Punta Arenas, Chile (via Raine (via Raine Island entrance), Island entrance and Lat. 49˚S.), 6,249 TOMARI, JAPAN Mys Chelyuskin, Russia, 579 (43˚42'00"N., 145˚30'00"E.) to: 7,217 Sorido, Indonesia, 1,329 Pevek, Russia, 854 Selat Wetar, Indonesia, 881 Sorong, New Guinea, 1,021 Provideniya, Russia, 1,500 Ports Wilson Promontory, Australia (via Surabaya, Indonesia (via Wetar Cape Capricorn and inner Passage and north of Madura), Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, route), 2,183 1,814 TJILATJAP, INDONESIA Surabaya, Indonesia (via Wetar (7˚44'00"S., 108˚59'24"E.) to: Russia, 542 Aomori, Japan, 335 Ports Passage and south of Madura), Junction Points* Attu Island, Alaska, U.S.A., 1,238 1,784 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Aden, Yemen (via Eight Degree Suva, Fiji Islands (via Raine Island Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 1,616 1,978 Channel), 6,016 entrance, north of Cape Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 413 Hakodate, Japan, 301 Ambon, Indonesia, 964 Cumberland and Maewo to Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 345 Kholmsk. Russia, 314 Apia, Samoa (via Raine Island Kandavu Passage), 2,212 Kiska, Alaska, U.S.A., 1,406 entrance), 2,763 Sydney, Australia, 1,754 Ports Korsakov, Sakhalin, Russia, 239 Auckland, New Zealand (via Raine Townsville, Australia, 662 Muroran, Japan, 295 Island entrance), 2,485 Urangan, Australia, 1,198 Fremantle, Australia, 1,519 Nikolayevsk-Na-Amure, Russia, Bandjermasin, Kalimantan, Valparaiso, Chile (via 49˚S.), Port Darwin, Australia, 1,321 694 Indonesia, 1,785 7,670 Tarakan, Indonesia, 1,217 Otaru, Japan, 387 Belawan, Indonesia, 2,839 Victoria, Sabah, 2,192 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Bluff Harbor, New Zealand (via Wellington, New Zealand (via Russia, 822 Raine Island entrance), 2,797 Raine Island entrance), 2,652 TJIREBON, INDONESIA Bombay, India (south of Java and Xiamen, China, 2,655 (6˚42'00"S., 108˚36'00"E.) to: Vladivostok, Russia, 724 Wakkanai, Japan, 246 Timor), 4,849 Junction Points* Bowen, Australia, 760 TORSHAVN, FAROE Brisbane, Australia (via Cape TOMPKINSVILLE, NEW ISLANDS Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 503 YORK, U.S.A. Capricorn and inner route), (62˚00'20"N., 6˚45'30"W.) to: Singapore, 624 (40˚38'00"N., 74˚04'00"W.) For 1,348 Junction Points* Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 211 ocean distances, subtract 4 1/2 Cairns Harbor, Australia, 505 miles from New York distances. Callao, Peru (via Raine Island Pentland Firth, Scotland, 22 Ports entrance), 8,152 Colombo, Sri Lanka (south of Java Skagens Odde, Denmark, 624 TONGYEONG, SOUTH Jakarta, Indonesia, 156 KOREA and Timor), 3,978 Ports Makassar, Sulawesi, 681 (34˚50'00"N., 128˚27'00"E.) to: Davao, Philippines, 1,628 Dunedin, New Zealand, 2,872 Fremantle, Australia, 2,531 Aberdeen, Scotland, 365 TOCOPILLA, CHILE Gladstone Harbor, Australia, 1,085 Bergen, Norway, 372 (22˚05'20"S., 70˚14'00"W.) to:

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points TRONDHEIM, NORWAY 115

Reykjavik, Iceland, 516 TRABZON, TURKEY Tunis, Tunisia, 138 Greece), 1,162 (41˚01'00"N., 39˚46'30"E.) Add Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth TOULON, FRANCE 511 miles to Istanbul distances or TRAVEMUNDE, GERMANY Canal), 1,063 (43˚06'45"N., 5˚35'00"E.) to: ports outside the Black Sea. (53˚57'35"N., 10˚53'00"E.) to: Izmir, Turkey (south of Greece), 1,007 Junction Points* TRAMANDAI, BRAZIL Junction Points* Izmir, Turkey (via Corinth Canal), (30˚00'40"S., 50˚05'12"W.) to: 908 Port Said, Egypt, 1,486 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East La Spezia, Italy, 1,083 Strait of Gibraltar, 722 Junction Points* Entrance), Germany, 88 Livorno, Italy, 1,047 Skagens Odde, Denmark (via Store Malaga, Spain, 1,611 Ports Bishop Rock, England, 5,418 Baelt), 282 Marseille, France, 1,210 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Messina, Sicily, 637 Ajaccio, Corsica, 155 3,420 Ports Napoli, Italy, 808 Alexandria, Egypt, 1,376 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 5,445 Odessa, Ukraine (south of Algiers, Algeria, 406 Grand Banks South, 5,074 Gdynia, Poland, 307 Greece), 1,510 Alicante, Spain, 418 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 5,391 Kobenhavn, Denmark (via Store Odessa, Ukraine (via Corinth Ancona, Italy, 1,077 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 5,718 Baelt), 234 Canal), 1,411 Annaba, Algeria, 390 Montreal, Canada, 5,963 Kobenhavn, Denmark (via The Oran, Algeria, 1,450 Banghazi, Libya, 972 Panama, Panama, 4,889 Sound), 139 Palermo, Sicily, 753 Banzart, Tunisia, 405 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 5,998 Oslo, Norway (via Store Baelt), Palma, Balearic Islands, 1,271 Barcelona, Spain, 205 Punta Arenas, Chile, 1,676 389 Piraievs, Greece (south of Bari, Italy, 870 Strait of Gibraltar, 4,733 Oslo, Norway (via The Sound), Greece), 848 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,568 Straits of Florida, 5,242 410 Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth Brindisi, Italy, 812 Yucatan Channel, 5,267 Canal), 709 Cagliari, Sardinia, 33, TRELLEBORG, SWEDEN Rijeka, Croatia, 120 Cartagena, Spain, 471 Ports (55˚22'00"N., 13˚09'25"E.) to: Savona, Italy, 1,128 Castellammare di Stabia, Italy, 430 Sibenik, Croatia, 192 Ceuta, Morocco, 704 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 609 Junction Points* Siracusa, Sicily, 658 Genova, Italy, 171 Guiria, Venezuela, 3,831 Split, Croatia, 210 Gibraltar, 705 Montevideo, Uruguay, 450 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Tarabulus, Libya, 921 Haifa, Israel, 1,565 Pointe Noire, Congo, 3,804 Entrance), Germany, 141 Taranto, Italy, 516 Iraklion, Kriti, 1,051 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 565 Skagens Odde, Denmark (via Store Thessaloniki, Greece (south of Istanbul, Turkey, 1,351 Santos, Brazil, 421 Baelt), 333 Greece), 1,056 Izmir, Turkey, 1,197 Takoradi, Ghana, 3,483 Skagens Odde, Denmark (via The Thessaloniki, Greece (via Corinth La Spezia, Italy, 199 Sound), 192 Canal), 957 Livorno, Italy, 204 TRANGISVAAG, FAROE Toulon, France, 1,178 Malaga, Spain, 652 ISLANDS Ports Tunis, Tunisia, 930 Messina, Sicily, 546 (61˚31'58"N., 6˚44'30"W.) to: Valencia, Spain, 1,396 Napoli, Italy, 424 Kristiansand, Norway, 425 Valletta, Malta, 735 Odessa, Ukraine, 1,699 Junction Points* Oslo, Norway (via Store Baelt), Volos, Greece (south of Greece), Oran, Algeria, 545 467 997 Palermo, Sicily, 464 Bishop Rock, England, 798 Oslo, Norway (via The Sound), Volos, Greece (via Corinth Canal), Palma, Balearic Islands, 308 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, 314 898 Piraievs, Greece (south of 6,492 Zadar, Croatia, 142 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 650 Greece), 1,038 TRENTON, NEW JERSEY, Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth Grand Banks South, 1,938 U.S.A. TRINCOMALEE, SRI LANKA Canal), 956 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 370 (40˚11'24"N., 74˚45'24"W.) Add (8˚33'30"N., 81˚12'45"E.) to: Rijeka, Croatia, 1,145 Panama, Panama, 4,494 28 miles to Philadelphia distances. Savona, Italy, 156 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 197 Ports Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,644 Sibenik, Croatia, 1,018 TRIESTE, ITALY Siracusa, Sicily, 617 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,747 (45˚39'13"N., 13˚44'49"E.) to: Bombay, India, 1,218 Skikda, Algeria, 381 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 347 Split, Croatia, 1,003 Ports Junction Points* Galle, Sri Lanka, 255 Tarabulus, Libya, 722 Karachi, Pakistan, 1,667 Taranto, Italy, 765 Aberdeen, Scotland, 331 Port Said, Egypt, 1,310 Pandang, Indonesia, 1,301 Tarragona, Spain, 251 Alesund, Norway, 367 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,682 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 671 Thessaloniki, Greece, 1,246 TROMSO, NORWAY Trieste, Italy, 1,178 Bodo, Norway, 645 Ports (69˚39'00"N., 18˚58'30"E.) to: Tunis, Tunisia, 453 Bremerhaven, Germany, 686 Valencia, Spain, 363 Dover, England, 718 Al Latakia, Syria, 1,370 Junction Points* Valletta, Malta, 605 Fredrikstad, Norway, 629 Alexandria, Egypt, 1,200 Venezia, Italy, 1,188 Goteborg, Sweden, 632 Algiers, Algeria, 1,254 Bishop Rock, England (via English Volos, Greece, 1,187 Hirtshals, Denmark, 569 Alicante, Spain, 1,409 Channel), 1,597 Leith, Scotland, 417 Ancona, Italy, 130 London, England, 753 TOWNSVILLE, AUSTRALIA Annaba, Algeria, 1,034 Ports (19˚15'00"S., 146˚50'00"E.) to: Murmansk, Russia, 1,200 Banghazi, Libya, 901 Portsmouth, England, 812 Banzart, Tunisia, 943 Bergen, Norway, 705 Junction Points* Reykjavik, Iceland, 492 Barcelona, Spain, 1,313 Bjornoya, Svalbard, 306 Tromso, Norway, 792 Bari, Italy, 321 Galway, Ireland, 1,352 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 3,023 Zeebrugge, Belgium, 705 Bat’umi, Georgia (south of Hammerfest, Norway, 124 Torres Strait, Australia, 662 Greece), 1,749 Longyearbyen, Svalbard, 556 Wilson Promontory, Australia, TRAPANI, SICILY Bat’umi, Georgia (via Corinth Oslo, Norway, 1,069 1,499 (38˚00'15"N., 12˚30'00"E.) to: Canal), 1,650 Stavanger, Norway, 810 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,379 Junction Points* Ports Brindisi, Italy, 376 TRONDHEIM, NORWAY Cartagena, Spain, 1,439 (63˚26'00"N., 10˚23'00"E.) to: Brisbane, Australia, 677 Port Said, Egypt, 1,100 Ceuta, Morocco, 1,662 Noumea, New Caledonia, 1,155 Strait of Gibraltar, 896 Genova, Italy, 1,118 Junction Points* Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, Gibraltar, 1,664 595 Ports Haifa, Israel, 1,375 Bishop Rock, England (via English Iraklion, Kriti, 865 Channel), 1,202 Messina, Sicily, 177 Istanbul, Turkey (south of Ile d’Ouessant, France (via Dover Napoli, Italy, 198

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 116 TRUK, CAROLINE ISLANDS

Strait), 1,188 Junction Points* Ports Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Canal), 680 Entrance), Germany, 791 Honshu, Japan, 484 Beira, Mozambique, 539 Porto Empedocle, Sicily, 167 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 415 Panama, Panama, 8,004 Majunga, Madagascar, 625 Pozzuoli, Italy, 308 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 597 Punta Arenas, Chile, 9,449 Mocambique, Mozambique, 532 Qabis, Tunisia, 302 Singapore, 3,343 Rijeka, Croatia, 897 Ports TUMACO, COLOMBIA Savona, Italy, 475 Ports (1˚50'20"N., 78˚50'55"W.) to: Sibenik, Croatia, 771 Bergen, Norway, 321 Siracusa, Sicily, 283 Hull, England, 752 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,299 Junction Points* Split, Croatia, 756 Kristiansand, Norway, 436 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Tarabulus, Libya, 322 Longyearbyen, Svalbard, 943 4,242 Panama, Panama, 437 Taranto, Italy, 518 Oslo, Norway, 688 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 3,910 Punta Arenas, Chile, 3,575 Thessaloniki, Greece, 945 Reykjavik, Iceland, 969 Weonsan, North Korea, 620 Singapore (via San Bernardino Toulon, France, 453 Strait), 10,685 Trapani, Sicily, 138 TRUK, CAROLINE ISLANDS TSURUGA, JAPAN Singapore (via Surigao Strait), Trieste, Italy, 930 (7˚22'00"N., 151˚54'00"E.) to: (35˚39'30"N., 136˚04'00"E.) to: 10,633 Valencia, Spain, 560 Torres Strait, Australia, 8,375 Valletta, Malta, 234 Junction Points* Ports Wilson Promontory, Australia, Venezia, Italy, 940 7,638 Viareggio, Italy, 778 Panama, Panama, 7,685 Hakodate, Japan, 447 Volos, Greece (south of Greece), Singapore, 3,052 Masan, South Korea, 385 Ports 886 Shanghai, China, 823 Volos, Greece (via Corinth Canal), Ports Shimonoseki, Japan, 325 Callao, Peru, 981 869 Vladivostok, Russia, 490 Esmeraldas, Ecuador, 78 Apra, Guam, 590 Golfito, Costa Rica, 495 TURIAMO, VENEZUELA Auckland, New Zealand, 3,000 TUAPSE, RUSSIA Guayaquil, Ecuador, 470 (10˚26'30"N., 67˚50'30"W.) to: Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., (44˚05'10"N., 39˚04'08"E.) to: La Libertad, Ecuador, 309 3,493 Salina Cruz, Mexico, 1,302 Junction Points* Guayaquil, Ecuador, 7,752 Junction Points* Talara, Peru, 449 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2,799 Valparaiso, Chile, 2,240 Panama, Panama, 858 Hong Kong, China, 2,376 Port Said, Egypt, 1,294 Yokohama, Japan, 7,802 Yucatan Channel, 1,221 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,028 Strait of Gibraltar (via Corinth Jaluit, Marshall Islands, 1,078 Canal), 4,161 TUNIS, TUNISIA Ports Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 4,008 Strait of Gibraltar (south of (36˚47'54"N., 10˚11'51"E.) to: Manila, Philippines, 1,994 Greece), 4,222 Barranquilla, Colombia, 504 Midway Island, Pacific, 2,146 Junction Points* Port of Spain, Trinidad, 384 Noumea, New Caledonia, 2,068 Ports Willemstad, Curacao, 124 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Port Said, Egypt, 1,172 2,603 Alexandria, Egypt, 1,232 Strait of Gibraltar, 820 TURKU, FINLAND Papeete, French Polynesia, 3,788 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,343 (60˚26'00"N., 22˚13'00"E.) to: Ponape, Caroline Islands, 383 Constanta, Romania, 448 Ports Port Darwin, Australia (via Selat Haifa, Israel, 1,346 Junction Points* Sele), 2,142 Iraklion, Kriti, 944 Al Khums, Libya, 357 Qingdao, China, 2,459 Istanbul, Turkey, 487 Al Latakia, Syria, 1,258 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Saipan, Mariana Islands, 610 Napoli, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Alexandria, Egypt, 1,051 Entrance), Germany, 576 San Diego, California, U.S.A., 1,426 Algiers, Algeria, 392 Skagens Odde, Denmark (via Store 5,216 Napoli, Italy (south of Greece), Alicante, Spain, 558 Baelt), 768 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., 1,488 Ancona, Italy, 830 Skagens Odde, Denmark (via The 4,931 Valencia, Spain (via Corinth Annaba, Algeria, 167 Sound), 642 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 4,929 Canal), 2,020 As Sukhayrah, Tunisia, 301 Shanghai, China, 2,261 Valencia, Spain (south of Greece), Banghazi, Libya, 585 Ports Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 4,473 2,080 Baniyas, Syria, 1,275 Surabaya, Indonesia, 2,623 Barcelona, Spain, 492 Oslo, Norway (via Store Baelt), Suva, Fiji Islands, 2,231 TUBRUQ, LIBYA Bari, Italy, 622 892 Sydney, Australia, 2,543 (32˚04'39"N., 23˚59'00"E.) to: Beirut, Lebanon, 1,263 Oslo, Norway (via The Sound), Tinian, Mariana Islands, 597 Brindisi, Italy, 564 764 Valparaiso, Chile, 7,952 Junction Points* Cagliari, Sardinia, 169 Rauma, Finland, 98 Vladivostok, Russia, 2,593 Cartagena, Spain, 583 Wake Island, 1,117 Port Said, Egypt, 445 Ceuta, Morocco, 801 TUTICORIN, INDIA Yap, Caroline Islands, 851 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,534 Gaeta, Italy, 315 (8˚43'20"N., 78˚13'55"E.) to: Yokohama, Japan, 1,832 Genova, Italy, 472 Ports Gibraltar, 803 Junction Points* TSINGTAO, CHINA Haifa, Israel, 1,260 (36˚05'30"N., 120˚19'00"E.) See Alexandria, Egypt, 308 Iraklion, Kriti, 745 Cape of Good Hope, South Qingdao, China. Bangllazi, Libya, 248 Istanbul, Turkey, 1,050 Africa, 6,593 Beirut, Lebanon, 595 Izmir, Turkey, 896 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 3,347 TSO-YING, TAIWAN Genova, Italy, 1,048 Kalamai, Greece, 599 Port Said, Egypt, 3,400 (22˚42'00"N., 120˚15'00"E.) to: Iskenderun, Turkey, 667 La Spezia, Italy, 448 Singapore, 1,715 Piraievs, Greece, 359 Licata, Sicily, 187 Sundra Strait, Indonesia, 1,920 Ports Tarabulus, Libya, 574 Livorno, Italy, 417 Torres Strait, Australia, 4,165 Venezia, Italy, 980 Marsala, Sicily, 124 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 1,131 Marsaxlokk, Malta, 246 Ports Hong Kong, China, 343 TULEAR, MADAGASCAR Marseille, France, 476 Incheon, South Korea, 975 (23˚21'42"S., 43˚39'42"E.) to: Messina, Sicily, 302 Al Basrah, Iraq, 2,274 Makassar, Sulawesi, 1,757 Napoli, Italy, 313 Bombay, India, 831 Manila, Philippines, 552 Junction Points* Odessa, Ukraine, 1,399 Calcutta, India, 1,041 Oran, Algeria, 589 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 143 TSUGARU-KAIKYO, JAPAN* Cape of Good Hope, South Palermo, Sicily, 193 Honavar, India, 549 (41˚30'00"N., 140˚40'00"E.) to: Africa, 1,509 Palma, Balearic Islands, 435 New Mangalore, India, 429 Port Said, Egypt, 3,966 Piraievs, Greece (south of Rangoon, Burma, 1,179 Greece), 737 Trincomalee, Sri Lanka, 245

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points VALENCIA, SPAIN 117

Victoria, Seychelles, 1,583 Le Havre, France, 400 Shimonoseki, Japan, 511 Junction Points* London, England, 311 TUXPAN, MEXICO Tees River, England, 31 UNO, JAPAN Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East (20˚58'00"N., 97˚25'00"W.) to: (34˚29'00"N., 133˚57'30"E.) to: Entrance), Germany, 744 UBE, JAPAN Skagens Odde, Denmark, 805 Junction Points* (33˚55'00"N., 131˚13'30"E.) to: Ports Ports Panama, Panama, 1,498 Ports Chi-lung, Taiwan, 903 Straits of Florida, 817 Kobe, Japan, 71 Jakobstad, Finland, 99 Yucatan Channel, 689 Busan, South Korea, 143 Kure, Japan, 117 Rauma, Finland, 160 Hakata, Japan, 84 Shimonoseki, Japan, 177 Stockholm, Sweden, 282 Ports Kagoshima, Japan, 280 Yokohama, Japan, 405 Nagoya, Japan, 419 VADSO, NORWAY Belize, Belize, 897 Yokohama, Japan, 536 UPERNAVIK, GREENLAND (70˚04'30"N., 29˚44'00"E.) to: Campeche, Mexico, 375 (72˚46'30"N., 56˚12'00"W.) to: Carmen, Mexico, 333 ULSAN, SOUTH KOREA Ports Cartagena, Colombia, 1,545 (35˚28'00"N., 129˚24'00"E.) to: Junction Points* Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands Bjornoya, Svalbard, 373 (via Old Bahama Channel), Ports Pentland Firth, Scotland, 2,164 1,890 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,011 VALDEZ, ALASKA, U.S.A. Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands Hakodate, Japan, 661 (61˚06'00"N., 146˚17'00"W.) to: (via Yucatan Channel and south Incheon, South Korea, 435 Ports of Hispaniola), 1,884 Maizuru, Japan, 315 Junction Points* Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands Rajin, North Korea, 418 Churchill, Canada, 1,669 (via Yucatan Channel and Vladivostok, Russia, 486 Reykjavik, Iceland, 1,610 Panama, Panama, 4,958 Windward Passage), 1,867 St. John’s, Canada, 1,532 Punta Arenas, Chile, 7,866 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 979 UMEA, SWEDEN Singapore (via 30˚N., 180˚ and Colon, Panama, 1,455 (63˚49'12"N., 20˚16'20"E.) to: URANGAN, AUSTRALIA Balintang Channel), 7,119 Galveston, Texas, U.S.A., 530 (25˚17'00"S., 152˚55'00"E.) to: Singapore (via 30˚N., 180˚ and San Gulfport, Mississippi, U.S.A., 751 Junction Points* Bernardino Strait), 7,106 Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 891 Junction Points* Singapore (via 50˚N., 160˚W. and Kingston, Jamaica, 1,243 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East San Bernardino Strait), 7,106 La Guaira, Venezuela, 1,923 Entrance), Germany, 751 Torres Strait, Australia, 1,198 Torres Strait, Australia, 5,883 La Habana, Cuba, 847 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 812 Wilson Promontory, Australia, Wilson Promontory, Australia, Matagorda Bay, Texas, U.S.A., 1,100 7,100 445 Ports Mobile, Alabama, U.S.A., 776 Ports Ports New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A., Gdynia, Poland, 574 739 Sankt-Peterburg, Russia, 574 Brisbane, Australia, 282 Auckland, New Zealand, 6,190 Pensacola, Florida, U.S.A., 785 Stockholm, Sweden, 289 Wellington, New Zealand, 1,581 Brisbane, Australia, 6,141 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 2,094 Chimbote, Peru, 5,482 Port au Prince, Haiti, 1,428 UMM SAID, QATAR URDIALES, SPAIN Frederiksted, St. Croix (via Cape Port Arthur, Texas, U.S.A., 572 (24˚53'30"N., 51˚34'00"E.) to: (43˚22'40"N., 3˚12'15"W.) See Horn), 13,670 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 2,136 Castro-Urdiales. Frederiksted, St. Croix (via Port of Spain, Trinidad, 2,201 Junction Points* Magellan Strait), 13,503 Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, 1,883 USHANT, FRANCE* Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,462 Santo Domingo, Dominican Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, (48˚40'00"N., 5˚30'00"W.) See Kobe, Japan, 3,677 Republic, 1,624 4,909 Ile d’Ouessant. Suva, Fiji Islands, 5,110 Veracruz, Mexico, 134 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 5,245 Tokyo, Japan, 3,414 Willemstad, Curacao, 1,786 Port Said, Egypt, 3,091 Yokohama, Japan, 3,460 USHUAIA, ARGENTINA Singapore, 3,630 (54˚59'00"S., 68˚18'10"W.) to: TVEDESTRAND, NORWAY VALENCIA, SPAIN (58˚37'10"N., 8˚56'20"E.) to: Ports Ports (39˚27'14"N., 0˚19'12"W.) to:

Junction Points* Al Basrah, Iraq, 444 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1,447 Junction Points*

Pentland Firth, Scotland, 421 UNALAKLEET, ALASKA, Port Said, Egypt, 1,679 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 76 USKUDAR, TURKEY U.S.A. (41˚01'15"N., 29˚00'00"E.) Use Strait of Gibraltar, 403 (63˚52'15"N., 160˚47'15"W.) to: Istanbul distances. Ports Ports Junction Points* Bergen, Norway, 272 UUSIKAUPUNKI, FINLAND Al Latakia, Syria, 1,765 (60˚47'30"N., 21˚22'30"E.) to: London, England, 565 Panama, Panama, 5,967 Alexandria, Egypt, 1,559 Oslo, Norway, 121 Algiers, Algeria, 230 Junction Points* Ports Alicante, Spain, 98 Ancona, Italy, 1,295 TYNE RIVER, ENGLAND Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., 752 Annaba, Algeria, 426 (55˚00'46"N., 1˚24'00"W.) to: Entrance), Germany, 624 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,407 Augusta, Sicily, 801 Skagens Odde, Denmark (via Store Junction Points* Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 884 Banghazi, Libya, 1,094 Baelt), 825 San Diego, California, U.S.A., Banzart, Tunisia, 506 Bishop Rock, England, 632 2,791 Barcelona, Spain, 165 Ports Ile d’Ouessant, France, 618 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 2,023 Bari, Italy, 1,088 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Beirut, Lebanon, 1,770 Helsinki, Finland, 293 Entrance), Germany, 432 Brindisi, Italy, 1,048 UNGGI, NORTH KOREA Oslo, Norway (via Store Baelt), Pentland Firth, Scotland, 243 Cagliari, Sardinia, 461 (42˚l9'00"N., 130˚24'45"E.) to: 939 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 430 Cartagena, Spain, 152 Oslo, Norway (via The Sound), Ports Ceuta, Morocco, 385 808 Ports Genova, Italy, 512 Stockholm, Sweden, 164 Busan, South Korea, 452 Gibraltar, 386 Aberdeen, Scotland, 134 Hakodate, Japan, 486 Haifa, Israel, 1,767 Dundee, Scotland, 109 Maizuru, Japan, 474 VAASA, FINLAND Iraklion, Kriti, 1,252 Hull, England, 135 Otaru, Japan, 488 (63˚05'15"N., 21˚33'00"E.) to: Istanbul, Turkey (south of

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 118 VALLETTA, MALTA

Greece), 1,558 Malaga, Spain, 928 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth Marsala, Sicily, 157 4,808 812 Canal), 1,528 Marseille, France, 637 Lota, Chile, 268 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via Izmir, Turkey (south of Greece), Messina, Sicily, 156 Manila, Philippines (direct), 9,710 Haro Strait and Active Pass), 1,403 Napoli, Italy, 327 Midway Island, Pacific, 7,042 126 Izmir, Turkey (via Corinth Canal), Nice, France, 592 Monterey, California, U.S.A., Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via 1,374 Odessa, Ukraine, 1,185 5,060 Haro Strait and Boundary Pass), La Spezia, Italy, 538 Oran, Algeria, 774 Montevideo, Uruguay, 2,740 132 Livorno, Italy, 539 Palermo, Sicily, 242 Nagasaki, Japan, 9,806 Seward, Alaska, U.S.A., 1,249 Malaga, Spain, 334 Palma, Balearic Islands, 619 Nome, Alaska, U.S.A., 7,728 Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 823 Marseille, France, 347 Piraievs, Greece, 524 Noumea, New Caledonia, 6,115 Skagway, Alaska, U.S.A., 1,021 Messina, Sicily, 764 Porto Empedocle, Sicily, 97 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Yokohama, Japan, 4,262 Napoli, Italy, 690 Qabis, Tunisia, 232 5,378 Odessa, Ukraine (south of Rijeka, Croatia, 701 Papeete, French Polynesia, 4,254 VANCOUVER, Greece), 1,906 Savona, Italy, 588 Pisco, Peru, 1,207 WASHINGTON, U.S.A. Odessa, Ukraine (via Corinth Sete, France, 694 Ponape, Caroline Islands, 7,631 (45˚37'35"N., 122˚41'18"W.) Canal), 1,876 Sibenik, Croatia, 575 Portland, Oregon, U.S.A., 5,764 Add 5 miles to Portland, Oregon Oran, Algeria, 238 Siracusa, Sicily, 88 Prince Rupert, Canada, 6,199 distances. Palermo, Sicily, 656 Sousse, France, 197 Puerto Montt, Chile, 623 Palma, Balearic Islands, 146 Split, Croatia, 560 Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 2,690 VARBERG, SWEDEN Piraievs, Greece (south of Tarabulus, Libya, 201 Qingdao, China, 10,274 (57˚05'35"N., 12˚13'25"E.) to: Greece), 1,244 Taranto, Italy, 322 Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 7,461 Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth Thessaloniki, Greece, 732 Salina Cruz, Mexico, 3,247 Junction Points* Canal), 1,174 Toulon, France, 605 San Diego, California, U.S.A., Rijeka, Croatia, 1,363 Trieste, Italy, 735 4,738 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Savona, Italy, 497 Tunis, Tunisia, 234 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Entrance), Germany (via Store Sibenik, Croatia, 1,237 Valencia, Spain, 743 5,140 Baelt), 193 Siracusa, Sicily, 790 Venezia, Italy, 745 San Jose, Guatemala, 3,024 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Split, Croatia, 1,222 Volos, Greece, 672 Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A., Entrance), Germany (via The Tarabulus, Libya, 831 4,875 Sound), 254 Taranto, Italy, 983 VALPARAISO, CHILE Sasebo, Japan (via Osumi Skagens Odde, Denmark, 66 Tarragona, Spain, 124 (33˚02'00"S., 71˚38'00"W.) to: Kaikyo), 9,836 Thessaloniki, Greece (south of Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 5,916 Ports Greece), 1,452 Junction Points* Seward, Alaska, U.S.A., 6,812 Thessaloniki, Greece (via Corinth Shanghai, China, 10,148 Hango, Finland (via The Sound), Canal), 1,422 Panama, Panama, 2,616 Shimonoseki, Japan, 9,709 572 Toulon, France, 363 Punta Arenas, Chile, 1,432 Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 6,407 Karlshamn, Sweden, 230 Trieste, Italy, 1,396 Torres Strait, Australia, 8,123 Suva, Fiji Islands, 5,759 Karlskrona, Sweden, 240 Tunis, Tunisia, 560 Wilson Promontory, Australia (via Sydney, Australia (via 30˚S.), Kobenhavn, Denmark, 92 Valletta, Malta, 743 30˚S.), 7,130 6,986 Odense, Denmark, 130 Venezia, Italy, 1,406 Wilson Promontory, Australia (via Sydney, Australia (via 49˚S.), Oulu, Finland (via The Sound), Volos Greece (south of Greece), 40˚S.), 6,636 6,294 919 1,393 Wilson Promontory, Australia (via Talcahuano, Chile, 241 Porvoo, Finland (via The Sound), Volos Greece (via Corinth Canal), 60˚S.), 6,031 Tocopilla, Chile, 663 666 1,364 Truk, Caroline Islands (direct), Ports 7,952 VARDO, NORWAY VALLETTA, MALTA Vladivostok, Russia, 9,606 (70˚22'30"N., 31˚07'00"E.) to: (35˚53'30"N., 14˚30'52"E.) to: Acapulco, Mexico, 3,406 Wake Island, Pacific, 7,601 Antofagasta, Chile, 576 Wellington, New Zealand, 5,036 Junction Points* Junction Points* Apia, Samoa, 5,453 Xiamen, China (via Cook Strait), Apra, Guam, 8,510 10,216 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 1,253 Port Said, Egypt, 946 Arica, Chile, 882 Yokohama, Japan, 9,280 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 1,287 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,005 Auckland, New Zealand, 5,247 Avarua, Cook Islands, 4,632 VANCOUVER, CANADA Ports Ports Baie du Controleur, Marquesa (49˚18'00"N., 123˚06'00"W.) to: Islands, 4,029 Bjornoya, Svalbard, 328 Alexandria, Egypt, 823 Caldera, Chile, 376 Junction Points* Longyearbyen, Svalbard, 586 Algiers, Algeria, 576 Callao, Peru, 1,306 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 1,513 Alicante, Spain, 743 Chanaral, Chile, 417 Panama, Panama, 4,032 Ancona, Italy, 634 Chimbote, Peru, 1,490 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,978 VARNA, BULGARIA Annaba, Algeria, 352 Coquimbo, Chile, 203 Singapore, 7,078 (43˚11'09"N., 28˚00'00"E.) to: Augusta, Sicily, 98 Corinto, Nicaragua, 2,875 Banghazi, Libya, 359 Dagu, China (via Shimonoseki Ports Junction Points* Banzart, Tunisia, 247 Strait), 10,482 Barcelona, Spain, 671 Dalian, China (via Shimonoseki Apia, Samoa, 4,675 Port Said, Egypt, 952 Bari, Italy, 427 Strait), 10,324 Auckland, New Zealand, 6,191 Strait of Gibraltar (south of Beirut, Lebanon, 1,049 Dalian, China (via Tokara Bellingham, Washington, U.S.A., Greece), 1,986 Brindisi, Italy, 369 Kaikyo), 10,366 70 Cagliari, Sardinia, 331 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Dutch Harbor, Alaska, 1,724 Ports Cartagena, Spain, 768 7,140 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,423 Ceuta, Morocco, 986 Esmeraldas, Ecuador, 2,179 Juneau, Alaska, U.S.A., 761 Ajaccio, Corsica, 1,360 Civitavecchia, Italy, 421 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 1,980 Kobe, Japan, 4,541 Alexandria, Egypt, 871 Darnah, Libya, 450 Guaymas, Mexico, 4,291 Nanaimo, Canada, 35 Algiers, Algeria, 1,533 Genova, Italy, 584 Hakodate, Japan, 9,197 Nome, Alaska, U.S.A., 2,304 Arbatax, Italy, 1,254 Gibraltar, 988 Hong Kong, China (direct), 10,218 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Banzart, Tunisia, 1,202 Haifa, Israel, 1,038 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 5,919 4,637 Barcelona, Spain, 1,618 Iraklion, Kriti, 528 Iquique, Chile, 782 Port Angeles, Washington, U.S.A., Kerch, Ukraine, 1,610 Istanbul, Turkey, 837 Islas Juan Fernandez, 364 93 Livorno, Italy, 1,361 Izmir, Turkey, 683 Jaluit, Marshall Islands, 7,034 Port Hueneme, California, U.S.A., Nice, France, 1,462 La Spezia, Italy, 554 Kobe, Japan, 9,534 1,102 Sibenik, Croatia, 1,140 Licata, Sicily, 78 Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 6,803 Portland, Oregon, U.S.A., 371 Tangier, Morocco, 1,973 Livorno, Italy, 519 Levuka, Fiji Islands, 5,753 Prince Rupert, Canada, 477 Venezia, Italy, 1,318

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points VIGO, SPAIN 119

VEJLE, DENMARK Taranto, Italy, 526 VERAVAL, INDIA Pago Pago, American Somoa, (55˚42'15"N., 9˚34'00"E.) to: Thessaloniki, Greece (south of (20˚53'25"N., 70˚21'52"E.) to: 4,563 Greece), 1,064 Petersburg, Alaska, U.S.A., 719 Junction Points* Thessaloniki, Greece (via Corinth Junction Points* Port Angeles, Washington, U.S.A., Canal), 968 20 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Toulon, France, 1,188 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Prince Rupert, Canada, 531 Entrance), Germany, 106 Tubruq, Libya, 980 4,654 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Skagens Odde, Denmark, 189 Tunis, Tunisia, 940 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 4,233 745 Valencia, Spain, 1,406 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 3,489 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 70 Ports Valletta, Malta, 745 Port Said, Egypt, 2,901 Sweeper Cove, Alaska, U.S.A., Volos, Greece (south of Greece), Singapore, 2,655 2,044 Goteborg, Sweden, 176 1,005 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 2,879 Wrangell, Alaska, U.S.A., 697 Kobenhavn, Denmark, 149 Volos, Greece (via Corinth Canal), Torres Strait, Australia, 5,102 Yokohama, Japan, 4,194 Lubeck, Germany, 173 909 Ports VICTORIA, SABAH VENICE, ITALY VENTSPILS, LATVIA (5˚16'30"N., 115˚14'30"E.) to: (45˚25'54"N., 12˚18'27"E.) See (57˚24'00"N., 21˚34'00"E.) to: Al Basrah, Iraq, 1,417 Venezia. Belawan, Indonesia, 2,345 Junction Points* Junction Points* Calcutta, India, 2,002 VENEZIA, ITALY Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1,115 Singapore, 757 (45˚25'54"N., 12˚18'27"E.) to: Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Karachi, Pakistan, 337 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 948 Entrance), Germany, 434 Okha, India, 215 Torres Strait, Australia, 2,192 Junction Points* Skagens Odde, Denmark, 502 Trincomalee, Sri Lanka, 1,213 Victoria, Seychelles, 1,764 Ports Port Said, Egypt, 1,317 Ports Strait of Gibraltar, 1,691 VIANA DO CASTELLO, Sandakan, Sabah, 412 Gdynia, Poland, 204 PORTUGAL Zamboanga, Philippines, 563 Ports Sankt-Peterburg, Russia, 374 (41˚41'15"N., 8˚49'30"W.) to: Stockholm, Sweden, 174 Junction Points* VICTORIA, SEYCHELLES Ajaccio, Corsica, 1,507 (4˚36'40"S., 55˚29'00"E.) to: Alexandria, Egypt, 1,208 VERACRUZ, MEXICO Ile d’Ouessant, France, 467 Algiers, Algeria, 1,264 (19˚12'00"N., 96˚08'00"W.) to: Junction Points* Alicante, Spain, 1,418 Strait of Gibraltar, 472 Ancona, Italy, 124 Junction Points* Cape of Good Hope, South Africa Annaba, Algeria, 1,044 Ports (east of Madagascar), 3,007 Banghazi, Libya, 911 Panama, Panama, 1,463 Singapore, 3,067 Banzart, Tunisia, 953 Straits of Florida, 792 El Ferrol del Caudillo, Spain, 155 Barcelona, Spain, 1,323 Yucatan Channel, 654 Horta, Azores, 935 Ports Bari, Italy, 329 Lisboa, Portugal, 210 Beirut, Lebanon, 1,387 Ports Aden, Yemen, 1,416 Brindisi, Italy, 386 VIAREGGIO, ITALY Belawan, Indonesia, 2,734 Cagliari, Sardinia, 970 Barranquilla, Colombia, 1,525 (43˚51'45"N., 10˚14'00"E.) to: Bombay, India, 1,749 Cartagena, Spain, 1,449 Belize, Belize, 862 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1,652 Ceuta, Morocco, 1,672 Brunswick, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,351 Junction Points* Diego Garcia, Chagos Dubrovnik, Croatia, 320 Campeche, Mexico, 307 Archipelago, 1,032 Genova, Italy, 1,128 Carmen, Mexico, 242 Port Said, Egypt, 1,716 Fremantle, Australia, 3,752 Gibraltar, 1,674 Cartagena, Colombia, 1,510 Strait of Gibraltar, 898 Malacca, Malaysia, 2,952 Haifa, Israel, 1,383 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 944 Mocarnbique, Mozambique, 1,085 Iraklion, Kriti, 872 Coatzacoalcos, Mexico, 127 Ports Penang, Malaysia, 2,779 Istanbul, Turkey (south of Colon, Panama, 1,420 Port Darwin, Australia, 4,494 Greece), 1,169 Galveston, Texas, U.S.A., 623 Civitavecchia, Italy, 480 Port Louis, Mauritius, 943 Istanbul, Turkey (via Corinth Guantanamo, Cuba, 1,228 Marseille, France, 238 Sabang, Indonesia, 2,468 Canal), 1,073 Gulfport, Mississippi, U.S.A., 800 Tunis, Tunisia, 778 Zanzibar, Tanzania, 1,011 Izmir, Turkey (south of Greece), Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 869 1,015 Kingston, Jamaica, 1,210 VICTORIA, CAMEROON VIGO, SPAIN Izmir, Turkey (via Corinth Canal), La Guaira, Venezuela, 1,888 (4˚00'12"N., 9˚11'33"E.) to: (42˚14'30"N., 8˚44'00"W.) to: 919 La Habana, Cuba, 814 La Spezia, Italy, 1,093 Lake Charles, Louisiana, U.S.A., Junction Points* Junction Points* Livorno, Italy, 1,057 688 Malaga, Spain, 1,621 Limon, Costa Rica, 1,338 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Bishop Rock, England, 484 Marseille, France, 1,220 Matagorda Bay, Texas, U.S.A. 2,399 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 439 Messina, Sicily, 647 (entrance), 549 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 4,126 Montreal, Canada (via Cape Napoli, Italy, 818 Mobile, Alabama, U.S.A., 825 Race), 2,873 Odessa, Ukraine (south of New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A., Ports Strait of Gibraltar, 504 Greece), 1,518 789 Straits of Florida, 3,811 Odessa, Ukraine (via Corinth Pensacola, Florida, U.S.A., 831 Lagos, Nigeria, 410 Canal), 1,421 Port Arthur, Texas, U.S.A., 659 Matadi, Congo, 770 Ports Oran, Algeria, 1,460 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 2,182 Palermo, Sicily, 763 Progreso, Mexico, 401 VICTORIA, CANADA Banjul, Gambia, 1,832 Palma, Balearic Islands, 1,281 Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, 985 (48˚25'00"N., 123˚23'30"W.) to: Belem, Brazil, 3,398 Pescara, Italy, 201 Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, 1,818 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Piraievs Greece (south of Greece), Puerto Cortes, Honduras, 948 Junction Points* 2,746 856 San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua (via Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,518 Piraievs Greece (via Corinth inside route), 1,271 Panama, Panama, 3,962 Cadiz, Spain, 463 Canal), 719 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,780 Cape Town, South Africa, 5,322 Rijeka, Croatia, 132 Santa Marta, Colombia, 1,537 Ports Casablanca, Morocco, 545 Savona, Italy, 1,138 Santo Domingo, Dominican Colon, Panama, 4,194 Sayda, Lebanon, 1,382 Republic, 1,596 Bellingham, Washington, U.S.A., Dakar, Senegal, 1,744 Sibenik, Croatia, 204 Tampa, Florida, U.S.A., 925 52 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 2,223 Siracusa, Sicily, 668 Tampico, Mexico, 218 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,349 Funchal, Madeira Island, 702 Split, Croatia, 221 Tuxpan, Mexico, 134 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Halifax, Canada (via Cape Race), Tarabulus, Lebanon, 1,399 Willemstad, Curacao, 1,756 1,091 2,439 Tarabulus, Libya, 931 Nanaimo, Canada, 86

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 120 VILA REAL DE SANTO ANTONIO, PORTUGAL

Horta, Azores, 938 VILLAGARCIA, SPAIN VLAARDINGEN, Perouse Strait and north of Huelva, Spain, 453 (42˚36'00"N., 8˚47'45"W.) to: NETHERLANDS Aleutian Islands), 4,278 Lisboa, Portugal, 247 (51˚53'46"N., 4˚20'29"E.) See Qingdao, China, 998 New York, New York, U.S.A., Junction Points* Rotterdam. Qinhuangdao, China (via 2,914 Maenggol Sudo), 1,151 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 3,099 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 433 VLADIVOSTOK, RUSSIA Rumoi, Japan, 452 Oporto, Portugal, 74 Strait of Gibraltar, 526 (43˚06'30"N., 131˚53'00"E.) to: Sakata, Japan, 442 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, San Diego, California, U.S.A., U.S.A., 3,092 Ports Junction Points* 5,062 Ponta Delgada, Azores, 828 San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Bilbao, Spain, 357 Panama, Panama (via La Perouse (via La Perouse Strait and Proliv 1,737 Horta, Azores, 946 Strait and north of Aleutian Kruzenshterna), 4,563 Recife, Brazil, 3,346 Lisboa, Portugal, 264 Islands), 7,757 San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,418 Panama, Panama (via La Perouse (via La Perouse Strait and San Juan, Puerto Rico, 3,228 VILLEFRANCHE, FRANCE Strait and south of the Aleutian Unimak Pass), 4,570 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary (43˚42'00"N., 7˚18'45"E.) to: Islands), 7,741 San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Islands, 909 Panama, Panama (via Tsugaru- (via Tsugaru-Kaikyo), 4,664 Tangier, Morocco, 516 Junction Points* Kaikyo), 7,833 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (north Singapore, 3,004 of Aleutian Islands), 4,210 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 3,357 VILA REAL DE SANTO Port Said, Egypt, 1,455 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via ANTONIO, PORTUGAL Strait of Gibraltar, 789 Selat Wetar, Indonesia (via Selat Tsugaru-Kaikyo and south of (37˚12'00"N., 7˚24'30"W.) to: Manipa), 3,133 Aleutian Islands), 4,396 Ports Shanghai, China (north of Cheju Junction Points* Ports Do), 998 Ajaccio, Corsica, 138 Shanghai, China (south of Cheju Ile d’Ouessant, France, 836 Barcelona, Spain, 277 Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Do), 997 Strait of Gibraltar, 113 Genova, Italy, 88 Russia, 713 Shimonoseki, Japan, 565 Livorno, Italy, 133 Apra, Guam (via Shimonoseki Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 3,585 Ports Napoli, Italy, 369 Kaikyo), 2,019 Sovetskaya Gavan’, Russia, 593 Apra, Guam (via Tsugaru- Surabaya, Indonesia, 3,357 Casablanca, Morocco, 218 VINH CAM RANH, VIETNAM Kaikyo), 2,155 Suva, Fiji Islands, 4,626 Horta, Azores, 1,046 (11˚53'00"N., 109˚09'00"E.) to: Auckland, New Zealand, 5,516 Sydney, Australia, 5,105 Bangkok, Thailand (outer bar), Tomari, Japan, 724 VILLA CISNEROS, Junction Points* 3,035 Truk, Caroline Islands, 2,593 WESTERN SAHARA Bukhta Shelikhova, Kuril Islands, Tsuruga, Japan, 490 (23˚37'00"N., 16˚00'00"W.) to: Singapore, 786 Russia, 1,121 Ulsan, South Korea, 486 Selat Wetar, Indonesia (via Selat Busan, South Korea, 514 Valparaiso, Chile, 9,606 Junction Points* Karimata and Selat Sapudi), Cebu, Philippines, 2,026 Wake Island, Pacific, 2,305 2,106 Changjon, North Korea, 319 Weihai, China (via Maenggol Strait of Gibraltar, 923 Chongjin, North Korea, 135 Sudo), 975 Ports Dagu, China, 1,212 Weonsan, North Korea, 324 Ports Dalian, China, 1,057 Wotje Island, Marshall Islands, Apra, Guam, 2,112 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., 2,928 Casablanca, Morocco, 769 Bangkok, Thailand, 817 2,518 Xiamen, China, 1,393 Dakar, Senegal, 578 Haiphong, Vietnam, 597 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 8,044 Yantai, China (via Maenggol Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, Hong Kong, China, 707 Hakodate, Japan, 437 Sudo), 1,009 650 Jakarta, Indonesia, 1,103 Higashi-Iwase, Japan, 471 Yokohama, Japan, 952 Kao-hsiung Kang, Taiwan, 915 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2,501 Hong Kong, China, 1,646 VILLA CONSTITUCION, Kobe, Japan, 2,013 VLISSINGEN, ARGENTINA Manila, Philippines, 710 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. (via NETHERLANDS (33˚13'46"S., 60˚19'26"W.) Add Port Darwin, Australia, 2,169 Tsugaru-Kaikyo), 3,725 (51˚26'30"N., 3˚36'00"E.) 197 miles to Buenos Aires Shanghai, China, 1,520 Iloilo, Philippines, 2,048 Subtract 47 miles from Antwerp, distances. Surabaya, Indonesia, 1,251 Incheon, South Korea (via Maemut Belgium distances. Sudo), 911 Jakarta, Indonesia, 3,338 VILLA DO PORTO, AZORES VISHAKHAPATNAM, INDIA VLORES, ALBANIA (36˚56'00"N., 25˚09'00"W.) to: (17˚41'00"N., 83˚17'00"E.) to: Kimchaek, North Korea, 206 (40˚26'30"N., 19˚28'30"E.) to: Kobe, Japan, 805 Junction Points* Ports Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 3,105 Junction Points* Kushiro, Japan, 624 Bishop Rock, England, 1,128 Calcutta, India, 458 Lo hsing-ta Mao-ti, China, 1,264 Port Said, Egypt, 973 Strait of Gibraltar, 963 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 880 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Strait of Gibraltar, 1,311 Madras, India, 332 4,981 Ports Maizuru, Japan, 485 Ports VITA, CUBA Manila, Philippines, 1,912 Lisboa, Portugal, 771 (21˚04'45"N., 75˚57'08"W.) See Masan, South Korea, 542 Piraievs, Greece (via Corinth New York, New York, U.S.A., Puerto Vita. Matsuga-hana, Japan (via Tsugaru Canal), 295 2,279 Kaikyo), 730 Split, Croatia, 252 Midway Island, Pacific, 2,612 VITORIA, BRAZIL Taranto, Italy, 146 VILLA SAN GIOVANNI, (20˚19'20"S., 40˚20'30"W.) to: Mogpo, South Korea, 726 Nagasaki, Japan, 657 ITALY VOLOS, GREECE (38˚13'00"N., 15˚37'55"E.) to: Ports Nampo, North Korea (via (39˚21'25"N., 22˚56'37"E.) to: Changjuk Sudo), 997 Junction Points* Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Nanao, Japan, 460 Junction Points* 4,581 Niigata, Japan, 453 Port Said, Egypt, 944 New York, New York, U.S.A., Noumea, New Caledonia, 4,590 Port Said, Egypt, 683 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,047 4,507 Osaka, Japan, 815 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,657 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Pago Pago, American Samoa, Ports U.S.A., 4,554 4,739 Ports Salvador, Brazil, 477 Papeete, French Polynesia, 5,663 Napoli, Italy, 173 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Ajaccio, Corsica (south of Palermo, Sicily, 118 Russia, 1,348 Greece), 1,056 Taranto, Italy, 287 Port Darwin, Australia, 3,426 Ajaccio, Corsica (via Corinth Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. (via La

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points WARRENPOINT, NORTHERN IRELAND 121

Canal), 1,014 Canal), 737 Ports Ports Alexandria, Egypt, 620 Siracusa, Sicily (south of Greece), Alexandroupolis, Greece, 205 634 Busan, South Korea, 120 Bukhta Shelikhova, Kuril Islands, Algiers, Algeria, 1,228 Siracusa, Sicily (via Corinth Kure, Japan, 125 Russia, 643 Alicante, Spain, 1,395 Canal), 608 Maizuru, Japan, 299 Kasatka, Japan, 310 Ancona, Italy (south of Greece), Split, Croatia (south of Greece), Sasebo, Japan, 136 Matsuga-hana, Japan, 294 894 821 Shanghai, China, 541 Tomari, Japan, 246 Ancona, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Split, Croatia (via Corinth Canal), 798 722 WAKAYAMA, JAPAN WALLAROO, AUSTRALIA Annaba, Algeria, 1,004 Tarabulus, Libya, 789 (34˚08'33"N., 135˚09'52"E.) to: (33˚55'00"S., 137˚36'00"E.) to: Banghazi, Libya, 552 Taranto, Italy (south of Greece), Banzart, Tunisia, 899 642 Junction Points* Junction Points* Barcelona, Spain (south of Taranto, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Greece), 1,322 553 Selat Lombok, Indonesia (via Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 1,153 Barcelona, Spain (via Corinth Thessaloniki, Greece, 132 south of Mindanao), 2,889 Singapore, 3,500 Canal), 1,280 Toulon, France (south of Greece), Panama, Panama, 7,926 Bari, Italy (south of Greece), 687 1,187 Punta Arenas, Chile, 9,391 Ports Bari, Italy (via Corinth Canal), 591 Toulon, France (via Corinth Singapore, 2,660 Beirut, Lebanon, 725 Canal), 1,145 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 3,004 Noumea, New Caledonia, 2,099 Brindisi, Italy (south of Greece), Trieste, Italy, 997 Rabaul, Papau New Guinea, 2,911 629 Tunis, Tunisia, 886 Ports Sydney, Australia, 1,084 Brindisi, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Valencia, Spain (south of Greece), 533 1,393 Aomori, Japan, 813 WALVISBAAI, NAMIBIA Cagliari, Sardinia (south of Valencia, Spain (via Corinth Hiroshima, Japan, 192 (22˚57'00"S., 14˚29'45"E.) to: Greece), 969 Canal), 1,364 Iwakuni, Japan, 182 Cagliari, Sardinia (via Corinth Valletta, Malta, 672 Kobe, Japan, 34 Ports Canal), 927 Venezia, Italy (south of Greece), Ube, Japan, 239 Cartagena, Spain, 1,420 1,005 Yokohama, Japan, 327 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Ceuta, Morocco, 1,637 Venezia, Italy (via Corinth Canal), 6,385 Genova, Italy (south of Greece), 909 WAKE ISLAND, PACIFIC Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 1,127 (19˚18'00"N., 166˚35'00"E.) to: 6,131 Genova, Italy (via Corinth Canal), VUNG TAU, VIETNAM Luderitz Bay, Namibia, 240 1,085 (10˚20'30"N., 107˚04'00"E.) Junction Points* Mocamedes, Angola, 518 Gibraltar, 1,640 Subtract 45 1/2 miles from Ho Chi New York, New York, U.S.A., Haifa, Israel, 728 Minh distances. Panama, Panama, 6,673 6,228 Iraklion, Kriti, 292 Singapore, 3,885 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Istanbul, Turkey, 329 VYBORG, RUSSIA U.S.A., 6,318 Izmir, Turkey, 226 (60˚42'30"N., 28˚44'00"E.) Add Ports Kavala, Greece, 162 6 3/4 miles to Vysotsk distances. WANGANUI, NEW ZEALAND Khalkis, Greece, 88 Apra, Guam, 1,334 (39˚57'15"S., 174˚58'35"E.) to: La Spezia, Italy (south of Greece), VYSOTSK, RUSSIA Aukland, New Zealand, 3,409 1,091 (60˚38'00"N., 28˚34'00"E.) to: Canton, Phoenix Islands, 1,843 Junction Points* La Spezia, Italy (via Corinth Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., Canal), 1,050 Junction Points* 2,463 Panama, Panama (via Cook Livorno, Italy (south of Greece), Guayaquil, Ecuador, 6,843 Strait), 6,628 1,056 Skagens Odde, Denmark (via Store Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam (via San Punta Arenas, Chile (via Cook Livorno, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Baelt), 923 Bernardino Strait), 3,580 Strait), 4,610 1,014 Skagens Odde, Denmark (via The Hong Kong, China, 2,940 Torres Strait, Australia, 2,577 Malaga, Spain, 1,587 Sound), 803 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,004 Wilson Promontory, Australia, Marseille, France (south of Howland Island, 1,485 1,326 Greece), 1,219 Ports Jaluit, Marshall Islands, 831 Marseille, France (via Corinth Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 2.961 Ports Canal), 1,177 Kotka, Finland, 69 Koniya, Ryukyu Islands, 2,107 Messina, Sicily (south of Greece), Oslo, Norway (via Store Baelt), Manila, Philippines, 2,772 Auckland, New Zealand, 602 645 1,047 Midway Island, 1,034 Bluff Harbor, New Zealand, 547 Messina, Sicily (via Corinth Noumea, New Caledonia, 2,551 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,798 Canal), 604 Pago Pago, American Somoa, WADI FEIRAN, EGYPT Launceston, Tasmania (via Banks Napoli, Italy (south of Greece), (28˚44'30"N., 33˚12'36"E.) to: 2,436 Strait), 1,304 817 Papeete, French Polynesia, 3,401 Port Kembla, Australia, 1,183 Napoli, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Junction Points* Port Darwin, Australia, 3,187 Suva, Fiji Islands, 1,412 775 Qingdao, China, 2,674 Sydney, Australia, 1,189 Odessa, Ukraine, 677 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, San Diego, California, U.S.A., Yokohama, Japan, 4,965 Oran, Algeria, 1,426 5,138 4,112 Palermo, Sicily (south of Greece), Cape Leeuwin, Austrailia, 6,173 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., WARNEMUNDE, GERMANY 761 Port Said, Egypt, 172 3,821 (54˚l1'00"N., 12˚05'30"E.) Palermo, Sicily (via Corinth Singapore, 4,851 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., Subtract 7 miles from Rostock Canal), 720 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 5,045 3,820 distances. Palma, Balearic Islands (south of Torres Strait, Australia, 7,211 Shanghai, China, 2,550 Greece), 1,280 Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 3,405 WARRENPOINT, NORTHERN Palma, Balearic Islands (via Ports Surabaya, Indonesia, 3,641 IRELAND Corinth Canal), 1,238 Suva, Fiji Islands, 2,501 (54˚05'50"N., 6˚15'10"W.) to: Piraievs, Greece, 200 Aden, Yemen, 1,231 Sydney, Australia, 3,346 Rijeka, Croatia (south of Greece), Assab, Ethiopia, 1,095 Truk, Caroline Islands, 1,117 Junction Points* 964 Bombay, India, 2,883 Valparaiso, Chile, 7,601 Rijeka, Croatia (via Corinth Calcutta, India, 4,528 Vladivostok, Russia, 2,305 Bishop Rock, England, 273 Canal), 865 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 3,318 Yokohama, Japan, 1,740 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 262 Savona, Italy (south of Greece), Massawa, Ethiopia, 897 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 161 1,137 WAKKANAI, JAPAN Savona, Italy (via Corinth Canal), (45˚25'00"N., 141˚41'20"E.) to: Ports 1,096 WAKAMATSU, JAPAN (33˚55'00"N., 130˚49'00"E.) to: Sibenik, Croatia (south of Ardrossan, Scotland, 146 Greece), 836 Avonmouth, England, 201 Sibenik, Croatia (via Corinth

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 122 WASHINGTON, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, U.S.A.

Cardiff, Wales, 287 (via Osumi Kaikyo), 5,625 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 6,433 WHANGAREI, NEW Port Talbot, Wales, 265 San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Suva, Fiji Islands, 1,476 ZEALAND Stornoway, Scotland, 353 (via Tsugaru-Kaikyo), 5,402 Sydney, Australia, 1,234 (35˚53'20"S., 174˚33'00"E.) to: Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via Urangan, Australia, 1,581 Junction Points* WASHINGTON, DISTRICT La Perouse Strait, Chetvertyy Valparaiso, Chile (via 49˚S ), OF COLUMBIA, U.S.A. Kuril’skiy Proliv and Unimak 5,066 (38˚52'30"N., 77˚01'30"W.) to: Pass), 5,054 Yokohama, Japan, 5,041 Panama, Panama, 6,579 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via Punta Arenas, Chile (via 50˚S.), Junction Points* Tsugaru-Kaikyo and composite 4,713 WENZHOU, CHINA Torres Strait, Australia, 2,511 route), 5,119 (28˚01'45"N., 120˚40'00"E.) to: Bishop Rock, England, 3,243 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via Wilson Promontory, Australia, Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 3,137 Tsugaru-Kaikyo and Unimak Ports 1,457 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 3,235 Pass), 5,059 Panama, Panama, 1,957 Shanghai, China (via South Chi-lung, Taiwan, 204 Ports Pentland Firth, Scotland, 3,415 Channel), 483 Hong Kong, China, 595 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,471 Shimonoseki, Japan, 562 Incheon, South Korea, 723 Auckland, New Zealand, 83 Vladivostok, Russia, 975 Qingdao, China, 623 Brisbane, Australia, 1,311 Ports Weonsan, North Korea (via Shanghai, China, 365 Hobart, Tasmania (via north of Maenggol Sudo), 779 New Zealand), 1,473 Bordeaux, France, 3,558 Xiamen, China, 931 Sydney, Australia (via north of WEONSAN, NORTH KOREA New Zealand), 1,228 Cartagena, Colombia (via Yokohama, Japan (via Bungo (39˚10'00"N., 127˚26'30"E.) to: Windward Passage and Crooked Suido and Shimonoseki Yokoshima, Japan, 4,903 Island Passage), 1,794 Kaikyo), 1,106 Junction Points* Hamilton, Bermuda, 806 WHAMPOA, CHINA (23˚05'42"N., 113˚26'30"E.) See Recife, Brazil, 3,787 WEIPA, AUSTRALIA Panama, Panama, 8,038 (12˚42'00"S., 141˚41'00"E.) Add Singapore, 2,808 Huangpu, China. WATERFORD, IRELAND 19 miles to Albatross Bay Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 3,161 (52˚15'50"N., 7˚07'00"W.) to: distances. Selat Wetar, Indonesia (via WHIDDY ISLAND OIL Molucca Passage and Selat TERMINAL, IRELAND Junction Points* Manipa), 3,100 (51˚41'14"N., 9˚31'54"W.) See WELLINGTON, NEW Bantry Bay. ZEALAND Bishop Rock, England, 137 (41˚17'00"S., 174˚47'00"E.) to: Ports Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 110 WHITEHAVEN, ENGLAND Inishtrahull, Ireland, 276 Junction Points* Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, (54˚33'02"N., 3˚35'59"W.) to: Russia, 972 Ports Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 2,863 Bangkok, Thailand (outer bar), Junction Points* Panama, Panama, 6,505 2,885 Dublin, Ireland, 113 Punta Arenas, Chile (via 49˚S.), Busan, South Korea, 308 Bishop Rock, England, 315 Liverpool, England, 189 4,639 Dagu, China, 1,007 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 309 Punta Arenas, Chile (via 50˚S.), Dalian, China (via Maenggol Inishtrahull, Ireland, 158 WEI HAI WEI, CHINA 4,634 Sudo), 848 (37˚30'00"N., 122˚08'30"E.) See Torres Strait, Australia, 2,683 Hakodate, Japan, 638 Ports Weihai, China. Wilson Promontory, Australia, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2,305 1,338 Hong Kong, China, 1,450 Belfast, Northern Ireland, 85 Cardiff, Wales, 293 WEIHAI, CHINA Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. (via (37˚30'00"N., 122˚08'30"E.) to: Ports Tsugaru-Kaikyo), 3,933 Cobh, Ireland, 254 Incheon, South Korea (via Dublin, Ireland, 124 Junction Points* Aden, Yemen (south of Chagos Maenggol Sudo), 707 Fishguard, Wales, 165 Archipelago and Tasmania), Jakarta, Indonesia, 3,142 Glasgow, Scotland, 143 Singapore, 2,548 7,814 Lo hsing-ta Mao-ti, China, 1,068 Liverpool, England, 82 Albany, Australia (via south of Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Waterford, Ireland, 202 Ports Tasmania), 2,729 5,181 Apia, Samoa, 1,872 Manila, Philippines, 1,708 WHITTIER, ALASKA, U.S.A. Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Auckland, New Zealand, 563 Mogpo, South Korea (via (60˚46'48"N., 148˚39'36"W.) to: Russia, 1,579 Avarua, Cook Islands, 1,804 Maenggol Sudo), 530 Apra, Guam (via Tokara Kaikyo), Bluff Harbor, New Zealand, 455 Nagasaki, Japan, 452 Junction Points* 1,901 Brisbane, Australia, 1,453 Nampo, North Korea (via Busan, South Korea, 474 Cairns Harbor, Australia, 2,122 Maenggol Sudo), 801 Panama, Panama, 4,958 Cebu, Philippines, 1,679 Callao, Peru, 5,721 Osaka, Japan, 627 Dagu, China, 237 Chimbote, Peru, 5,781 Pago Pago, American Samoa (via Ports Hakodate, Japan, 1,169 Fanning Island, 3,114 Bungo Suido), 4,816 Hong Kong, China, 1,190 Gladstone Harbor, Australia, 1,678 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., 817 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. (via Hobart, Tasmania, 1,288 Russia, 1,609 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,474 Osumi Kaikyo), 4,449 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 4,113 Port Darwin, Australia (via Ketchikan, Alaska, U.S.A., 1,839 Iloilo, Philippines, 1,701 Kiama Harbor, Australia, 1,213 Molucca Passage), 3,242 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 1,241 Incheon, South Korea, 238 Lae, Papua New Guinea, 2,635 Qingdao, China, 802 Wrangell, Alaska, U.S.A., 642 Jakarta, Indonesia, 2,860 Launceston, Tasmania, 1,326 Qinhuangdao, China, 955 Yakutat, Alaska, U.S.A., 295 Kobe, Japan, 806 Lautoka Harbor, Fiji Islands, 1,554 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Lo hsing-ta Mao-ti, China, 801 Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., 4,866 WHYALLA, AUSTRALIA Manila, Philippines (east of 5,857 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via (33˚01'15"S., 137˚36'00"E.) to: Taiwan), 1,498 Lucinda, Australia, 2,102 Tsugaru-Kaikyo and 50˚N.), Manila, Philippines (via Formosa Lyttelton, New Zealand, 174 4,601 Junction Points* Strait), 1,508 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Shanghai, China (north of Cheju Mogpo, South Korea (via south of 1,848 Do and via South Channel), 797 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 2,782 Kasa Do), 308 Papeete, French Polynesia, 2,348 Tongyeong, South Korea, 358 Singapore, 3,546 Nagasaki, Japan, 526 Port Kembla, Australia, 1,229 Vladivostok, Russia, 324 Nampo, North Korea, 172 Port Louis, Mauritius, 5,900 Weihai, China (via Maenggol Ports Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A., 6,327 Sudo), 779 Russia, 2,192 Rockhampton, Australia, 1,685 Xiamen, China, 1,191 Melbourne, Australia, 665 Qingdao, China, 205 Salina Cruz, Mexico, 6,061 Yantai, China, 813 Port Adelaide, Australia, 245 Qinhuangdao, China, 191 San Francisco, California U.S.A., Yokohama, Japan (via Bungo Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 2,957 San Francisco, California, U.S.A. 5,905 Suido), 921

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points WYNDHAM, AUSTRALIA 123

WILHELMSHAVEN, (via Windward Passage), 1,446 Halifax, Canada, 1,016 Ports GERMANY Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A. Hamilton, Bermuda, 746 (53˚31'00"N., 8˚08'30"E.) to: (via Mona Passage), 1,472 Kingston, Jamaica (via Crooked Kobenhavn, Denmark, 132 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Island Passage), 1,115 Liepaja, Latvia, 379 Junction Points* 457 La Habana, Cuba, 767 Stockholm, Sweden, 101 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 900 Limon, Costa Rica, 1,688 Bishop Rock, England, 651 Colon, Panama, 698 Montevideo, Uruguay, 5,691 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 639 WOMENS BAY, ALASKA, Fort de France, Martinique, 495 Nassau, Bahamas, 561 U.S.A. Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Guantanamo, Cuba, 595 Paramaribo, Suriname, 2,148 (57˚42'30"N., 152˚31'30"W.) Via Entrance), Germany, 126 Horta, Azores, 2,683 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1,703 north of Woody Island. Add 6 miles Pentland Firth, Scotland, 501 Isabel Segunda, Isla de Vieques, Porto Grande, Cape Verde Islands, to Kodiak distances. Skagens Odde, Denmark, 314 446 3,057 Key West, Florida, U.S.A. (via Old Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4,704 Ports WONSAN, NORTH KOREA Bahama Channel), 1,134 Salvador, Brazil, 4,023 (39˚l0'00"N., 127˚26'00"E.) See La Guaira, Venezuela, 150 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,153 Weonsan, North Korea. Aberdeen, Scotland, 419 La Habana, Cuba, 1,144 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 1,003 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 210 La Romana, Dominican Republic, Santo Domingo, Dominican WOTHO, MARSHALL Antwerp, Belgium, 324 391 Republic, 1,210 Bergen, Norway, 441 ISLANDS Lagos, Nigeria, 4,359 (10˚09'00"N., 165˚56'00"E.) to: Cherbourg, France, 472 Manzanillo, Cuba, 746 Dover, England, 328 WILSON PROMONTORY, Maracaibo, Venezuela, 222 AUSTRALIA* Junction Points* Dundee, Scotland, 430 New York, New York, U.S.A., (39˚10'00"S., 146˚26'00"E.) to: Dunkerque, France, 308 1,771 Panama, Panama, 4,882 Egersund, Norway, 306 Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 1,611 Junction Points* Singapore, 3,614 Emden, Germany, 120 Paramaribo, Suriname, 955 Esbjerg, Denmark, 129 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Ports Hamburg, Germany, 111 (via Mona Passage), 1,762 5,530 Hartlepool, England, 348 Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 517 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 1,524 Apra, Guam, 1,294 Harwich, England, 296 Ponce, Puerto Rico, 399 Honshu, Japan, 4,881 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 2,187 Hull, England, 323 Port au Prince, Haiti, 647 Panama, Panama (via Cook Inverness, Scotland, 508 Port Castries, St. Lucia, 489 Strait), 7,818 Kristiansand, Norway, 286 WOTJE ISLAND, MARSHALL Port of Spain, Trinidad, 456 Panama, Panama (via Foveaux ISLANDS Le Havre, France, 440 Portland, Maine, U.S.A., 1,921 Strait), 7,770 (9˚27'00"N., 170˚14'00"E.) to: Leith, Scotland, 435 Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, 116 Punta Arenas, Chile (via Foveaux London, England, 362 Rio Haina, Dominican Republic, Strait and 49˚S.), 5,820 Ports Newcastle, England, 367 394 Punta Arenas, Chile (via 60˚S. and Oostende, Belgium, 286 Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico, 440 south of Steward Island), 5,305 Apra, Guam, 1,547 Oslo, Norway, 421 San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua, Torres Strait, Australia (via Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 1,992 Plymouth, England, 55 882 Capricorn Channel and inner Manila, Philippines, 3,027 Portland, England, 483 San Juan, Puerto Rico (west end of route), 2,193 Noumea, New Caledonia, 1,972 Portsmouth, England, 433 Curacao, and via Mona Pago Pago, American Samoa, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 243 Passage), 486 Ports 1,856 Southampton, England, 451 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 627 Suva, Fiji Islands, 1,880 Stavanger, Norway, 360 Santo Domingo, Dominican Auckland, New Zealand, 1,503 Vladivostok, Russia, 2,928 Zeebrugge, Belgium, 274 Republic, 397 Bluff Harbor, New Zealand, 1,133 Yokohama, Japan, 2,318 Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,444 Brisbane, Australia, 931 WILLEMSTAD, CURACAO Takoradi, Ghana, 4,040 Burnie Harbor, Australia, 116 WRANGELL, ALASKA, U.S.A. (12˚07'00"N., 68˚56'00"W.) to: Turiamo, Venezuela, 124 Cairns Harbor, Australia, 1,649 (56˚28'00"N., 132˚25'00"W.) to: Tuxpan, Mexico, 1,786 Callao, Peru (via 49˚S.), 6,939 Junction Points* Veracruz, Mexico, 1,756 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 4,792 Ports Kiama Harbor, Australia, 379 Bishop Rock, England, 3,797 WILMINGTON, DELAWARE, Lautoka Harbor, Fiji Islands, 2,070 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 713 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 3,708 U.S.A. Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 170 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 3,821 (39˚43'12"N., 75˚31'30"W.) 6,879 Skagway, Alaska, U.S.A., 231 Montreal, Canada (via Cabot Subtract 26 miles from Lucinda, Australia, 1,621 Victoria, Canada, 697 Strait), 2,866 Philadelphia distances. Melbourne, Australia, 154 Whittier, Alaska, U.S.A., 642 Panama, Panama, 742 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Strait of Gibraltar, 3,685 WILMINGTON, NORTH 2,707 WU-HU, CHINA Straits of Florida (via Windward CAROLINA, U.S.A. Papeete, French Polynesia, 3,346 (31˚20'00"N., 118˚21'00"E.) See Passage), 1,184 (34˚14'00"N., 77˚57'00"W.) to: Port Adelaide, Australia, 537 Wuhu, China. Yucatan Channel, 1,094 Portland, Oregon, U.S.A., 7,121 Junction Points* Rockhampton, Australia, 1,213 Ports WU-SUNG, CHINA San Diego, California, U.S.A., (31˚23'30"N., 121˚30'30"E.) See Bishop Rock, England, 3,304 6,873 Wusong, China. Bahia de las Calderas, Dominican Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 2,942 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Republic, 392 Inishtrahull, Ireland, 3,046 6,820 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Panama, Panama (via Crooked Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 7,185 WUHU, CHINA (31˚20'00"N., 118˚21'00"E.) Add 1,733 Island Passage), 1,656 Suva, Fiji Islands, 2,088 227 miles to Shanghai distances or Barahona, Dominican Republic, Pentland Firth, Scotland, 3,473 Sydney, Australia, 440 ports outside the Chang Chiang 395 Punta Arenas, Chile (via east of Townsville, Australia, 1,499 (Yangtze River). Barranquilla, Colombia, 389 South America), 6,881 Urangan, Australia, 1,100 Belize, Belize, 1,178 Strait of Gibraltar, 3,538 Valparaiso, Chile (via 60˚S.), Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. (via Straits of Florida, 761 6,031 WUSONG, CHINA Mona Passage), 1,881 Wellington, New Zealand, 1,338 (31˚23'30"N., 121˚30'30"E.) Campeche, Mexico, 1,527 Ports Subtract 14 miles from Shanghai Cap-Haitien, Haiti (via Mona distances. WISMAR, GERMANY Passage), 674 Bordeaux, France, 3,616 (53˚54'30"N., 11˚26'30"E.) to: Cap-Haitien, Haiti (via Windward Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,805 WYNDHAM, AUSTRALIA Passage), 697 Cape Town, South Africa, 6,804 Junction Points* (15˚27'30"S., 128˚06'00"E.) to: Cape Town, South Africa, 5,811 Cartagena, Colombia, 1,494 Carmen, Mexico, 1,599 Colon, Panama (via Crooked Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Junction Points* Cartagena, Colombia, 471 Island Passage), 1,613 Entrance), Germany, 84 Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A. Georgetown, Guyana, 2,011 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 281 Selat Wetar, Indonesia, 431

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 124 XIAMEN, CHINA

Ports Strait), 10,216 Junction Points* Qingdao, China, 239 Vladivostok, Russia, 1,393 Qinhuangdao, China, 168 Fremantle, Australia, 1,780 Weihai, China, 931 Cape of Good Hope, South Shanghai, China, 523 Port Darwin, Australia, 274 Weonsan, North Korea, 1,191 Africa, 4,758 Shimonoseki, Japan, 596 Yantai, China, 978 Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 5,793 Vladivostok, Russia (via Maenggol XIAMEN, CHINA Yokohama, Japan (via Osumi Port Said, Egypt, 547 Sudo), 1,009 (24˚27'00"N., 118˚04'00"E.) to: Kaikyo), 1,335 Singapore, 4,471 Weonsan, North Korea, 813 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 4,665 Xiamen, China, 978 Junction Points* YABUCOA, PUERTO RICO Torres Strait, Australia, 6,870 Yokohama, Japan, 1,140 (18˚02'36"N., 65˚48'34"W.) to: Panama, Panama, 8,941 Ports YAP, CAROLINE ISLANDS Punta Arenas, Chile (via Vitiaz Junction Points* (9˚30'30"N., 138˚08'00"E.) to: Strait), 9,665 Abadan, Iran, 2,783 Singapore, 1,649 Panama, Panama, 1,018 Aden, Yemen, 851 Ports Torres Strait, Australia, 2,655 Straits of Florida, 1,068 Assab, Ethiopia, 718 Bandar Abbas, Iran, 2,299 Apra, Guam, 458 Ports Ports Belawan, Indonesia, 4,140 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,757 Bombay, India, 2,503 Manila, Philippines, 1,154 Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., Calcutta, India, 4,148 Noumea, New Caledonia, 2,568 Russia, 1,991 1,475 Papeete, French Polynesia, 4,585 Apra, Guam, 1,669 Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 1,017 YANDINA, SOLOMON Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 1,196 Auckland, New Zealand, 4,990 La Habana, Cuba, 1,029 ISLANDS Suva, Fiji Islands, 2,933 Busan, South Korea, 885 Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 1,228 (9˚04'17"S., 159˚13'50"E.) to: Tacloban, Philippines, 790 Cebu, Philippines (via Balintang Willemstad, Curacao, 418 Truk, Caroline Islands, 851 Channel), 965 Junction Points* Yokohama, Japan, 1,571 Chi-lung, Taiwan, 227 YAKUTAT, ALASKA, U.S.A. Dagu, China, 1,169 (59˚33'00"N., 139˚45'00"W.) to: Honshu, Japan, 2,853 YARMOUTH, CANADA Dalian, China, 1,008 Panama, Panama (via Central (43˚50'00"N., 66˚07'30"W.) to: Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A. (via Ports Route), 7,483 La Perouse Strait), 3,771 Punta Arenas, Chile, 6,449 Ports Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A. (via Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 998 Torres Strait, Australia, 1,139 Tsugaru Strait), 3,770 Seward, Alaska, U.S.A., 312 Tsugaru-Kaikyo, Japan, 3,263 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Hakodate, Japan, 1,559 Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A., 231 Wilson Promontory, Australia, 237 Hong Kong, China, 290 Valdez, Alaska, U.S.A., 287 2,032 Colon, Panama, 2,210 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 4,592 Whittier, Alaska, U.S.A., 295 Kingston, Jamaica, 1,710 Iloilo, Philippines, 987 Ports New York, New York, U.S.A. Incheon, South Korea, 943 YALTA, RUSSIA (Nantucket Light Buoy), 464 Jakarta, Indonesia, 1,971 (44˚28'55"N., 34˚10'20"E.) to: Auckland, New Zealand, 1,917 New York, New York, U.S.A. (via Kobe, Japan, 1,117 Brisbane, Australia, 1,192 Pollock Rip Channel), 440 Lo hsing-ta, Mao-ti, China, 200 Junction Points* San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 656 Manila, Philippines, 662 8,614 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Mogpo, South Korea, 790 Port Said, Egypt, 1,340 Sydney, Australia, 1,613 U.S.A., 616 Nagasaki, Japan, 810 Strait of Gibraltar (via Corinth Portland, Maine, U.S.A., 185 Nampo, North Korea, 1,004 Canal), 3,992 YANTAI, CHINA San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,527 Nikolayevsk-Na-Amure, Russia Strait of Gibraltar (south of (37˚33'15"N., 121˚23'30"E.) to: Sydney, Canada, 416 (via South Channel), 2,138 Greece), 4,052 Noumea, New Caledonia, 4,031 Junction Points* YARMOUTH, ENGLAND Pago Pago, American Samoa, Ports (50˚42'30"N., 1˚29'56"W.) to: 4,819 Singapore, 2,582 Papeete, French Polynesia, 6,001 Alexandria, Egypt, 1,062 Junction Points* Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Beirut, Lebanon, 1,173 Ports Russia (via La Perouse Strait), Constanta, Romania, 247 Bishop Rock, England, 211 2,596 Haifa, Israel, 1,176 Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Ile d’Ouessant, France, 197 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Iraklion, Kriti, 774 Russia (via Maenggol Sudo), Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Russia (via Tsugaru-Kaikyo), Istanbul, Turkey, 317 1,613 Entrance), Germany, 442 2,617 Napoli, Italy (via Corinth Canal), Apra, Guam (via Tokara Kaikyo), Pentland Firth, Scotland, 678 Port Darwin, Australia, 2,411 1,255 1,935 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 682 Qinhuangdao, China, 1,114 Napoli, Italy (south of Greece), Busan, South Korea (via Maenggol Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 2,659 1,318 Sudo), 508 Ports San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Valencia, Spain (via Corinth Cebu, Philippines, 1,713 (via Osumi Kaikyo), 5,797 Canal), 1,762 Dagu, China, 205 Aberdeen, Scotland, 311 San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Valencia, Spain (south of Greece), Hakodate, Japan, 1,203 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 120 (via Tsugaru-Kaikyo), 5,788 1,910 Hong Kong, China, 1,224 Emden, Germany, 218 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. (via Esbjerg, Denmark, 297 La Perouse Strait and north of YAMPI SOUND, AUSTRALIA Osumi Kaikyo), 4,483 Hull, England, 108 Aleutian Islands), 5,463 (16˚08'00"S., 123˚38'00"E.) to: Iloilo, Philippines, 1,735 Leith, Scotland, 293 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via Incheon, South Korea, 273 Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 263 Osumi Kaikyo and south of Junction Points* Jakarta, Indonesia, 2,894 Zeebrugge, Belgium, 101 Aleutian Islands), 5,537 Kobe, Japan, 840 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via Cape Leeuwin, Australia, 1,588 Lo hsing-ta Mao-ti, China (via YEN-TAI, CHINA Tsugaru-Kaikyo and north of Torres Strait, Australia, 1,283 Steep Island Pass), 835 (37˚33'15"N., 121˚23'30"E.) See Aleutian Islands), 5,464 Manila, Philippines (via Formosa Yantai, China. Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (via Ports Strait), 1,542 Tsugaru-Kaikyo and south of Manila, Philippines (east of YEOSU, SOUTH KOREA Aleutian Islands), 5,524 Fremantle, Australia, 586 Taiwan), 1,532 (34˚45'00"N., 127˚45'30"E.) to: Shanghai, China, 603 Port Darwin, Australia, 1,457 Moji, Japan, 600 Shimonoseki, Japan, 920 Mogpo, South Korea (via south of Ports Kasa Do), 342 Surabaya, Indonesia, 2,121 YANBU AL BAHR, SAUDI Suva, Fiji Islands, 4,389 ARABIA Nagasaki, Japan, 560 Busan, South Korea, 97 Sydney, Australia (via Vitiaz (24˚03'44"N., 38˚02'48"E.) to: Nampo, North Korea, 205 Gunsan, South Korea, 245 Strait), 4,437 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Kimchaek, North Korea, 439 Valparaiso, Chile (via Cook Russia, 2,226 Mogpo, South Korea, 151

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points YUMURTALIK, TURKEY 125

Rajin, North Korea, 535 Levuka, Fiji Islands, 4,015 sailing), 4,194 Covenas, Colombia, 924 Shimonoseki, Japan, 182 Lo-hsing-ta Mao-ti, China (via Vladivostok, Russia (via Tsugaru- Freetown, Sierra Leone, 4,229 Osumi Kaikyo), 1,217 Kaikyo), 952 Galveston, Texas, U.S.A., 696 YOKKAICHI, JAPAN Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., Wake Island, Pacific, 1,740 Georgetown, Grand Cayman, 257 (34˚57'00"N., 136˚40'00"E.) to: 4,839 Weihai, China (via Bungo Suido Georgetown, Guyana, 1,846 Malakal, Palau Islands, 1,731 and Shimonoseki Kaikyo), Guantanamo, Cuba, 582 Ports Manila, Philippines (via Balintang 1,106 Gulfport, Mississippi, U.S.A., 534 Channel), 1,758 Weihai, China (via Naikai), 1,143 Halifax, Canada, 1,817 Apra, Guam, 1,364 Mazatlan, Mexico, 5,782 Wellington, New Zealand, 5,041 Hamilton, Bermuda, 1,335 Kagoshima, Japan, 476 Midway Island, Pacific, 2,250 Weonsan, North Korea, 921 Isabel de Sagua, Cuba, 329 Osaka, Japan, 236 Miike, Japan (via Bungo Suido), Wotje Island, Marshall Islands, Key West, Florida, U.S.A., 251 Yokohama, Japan, 203 766 2,318 Kingston, Jamaica, 550 Miike, Japan (via Osumi Kaikyo), Xiamen, China (via Osumi La Guaira, Venezuela, 1,242 YOKOHAMA, JAPAN 725 Kaikyo), 1,335 La Habana, Cuba, 186 (35˚27'00"N., 139˚39'00"E.) to: Mogpo, South Korea, 838 Yantai, China (via Bungo Suido Lake Charles, Louisiana, U.S.A., Moskal’vo, Russia, 1,453 and Shimonoseki Kaikyo), 689 Junction Points* Nagasaki, Japan (via Osumi 1,140 Limon, Costa Rica, 732 Kaikyo), 691 Yantai, China (via Naikai), 1,177 Manzanillo, Cuba, 482 Panama, Panama, 7,682 Nagoya, Japan, 214 Yantai, China (via Osumi Kaikyo), Maracaibo, Venezuela, 1,096 Punta Arenas, Chile, 9,275 Nakagusuku, Ryukyu Islands, 839 1,194 Mariel, Cuba, 164 Singapore (via Balintang Nampo, North Korea, 1,109 Yap, Caroline Islands, 1,571 Matagorda Bay, Texas, U.S.A., Channel), 2,889 Nase, Japan, 686 Yokkaichi, Japan, 203 729 Nome, Alaska, U.S.A., 2,696 Matanzas, Cuba, 241 Ports Noumea, New Caledonia (via YOKOSUKA, JAPAN Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 398 Bougainville Strait), 3,837 (35˚17'30"N., 139˚39'30"E.) Mobile, Alabama, U.S.A., 558 Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Ocean Island, 2,761 Subtract 6 miles from Yokohama Montego Bay, Jamaica, 450 Russia, 1,143 Osaka, Japan (via Kii Suido), 359 distances. Montevideo, Uruguay, 5,689 Apia, Samoa, 4,057 Pago Pago, American Samoa, Nassau, Bahamas, 562 Apra, Guam, 1,352 4,135 YORKTOWN, VIRGINIA, New Amsterdam, Guyana, 1,907 Auckland, New Zealand, 4,789 Papeete, French Polynesia, 5,140 U.S.A. New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A., Avarua, Cook Islands, 4,849 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, (37˚14'24"N., 76˚30'30"W.) 577 Barbers Point, Hawaii, U.S.A., Russia, 1,422 Subtract 116 miles from Baltimore New York, New York, U.S.A., 3,382 Ponape, Caroline Islands, 1,998 distances. 1,369 Bellingham, Washington, U.S.A., Port Darwin, Australia (via Selat Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., 1,168 4,245 Sele), 2,989 YOSU, SOUTH KOREA Nuevitas, Cuba, 528 Brisbane, Australia, 3,925 Portland, Oregon, U.S.A., 4,328 (34˚45'00"N., 127˚45'30"E.) See Oranjestad, Aruba, 1,024 Busan, South Korea, 665 Prince Rupert, Canada (north of Yeosu, South Korea. Pensacola, Florida, U.S.A., 531 Cebu, Philippines (via San Aleutian Islands), 3,810 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Prince Rupert, Canada (south of U.S.A., 1,339 Bernardino Strait), 1,762 YUCATAN CHANNEL* Chim Wan, Ryukyu Islands, 830 Aleutian Islands), 3,863 (21˚50'00"N., 85˚03'00"W.) to: Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 1,410 Dagu, China (via Osumi Kaikyo), Qingdao, China, 1,160 Porlamar, Venezuela, 1,407 1,394 Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, 2,526 Junction Points* Port au Prince, Haiti, 741 Dalian, China (via Osumi Saipan, Mariana Islands, 1,262 Port Antonio, Jamaica, 536 Kaikyo), 1,235 Sakaide, Japan (via Kii Suido), Bishop Rock, England, 4,103 Port Arthur, Texas, U.S.A., 681 Dutch Harbor, Alaska, U.S.A., 449 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Port Castries, St. Lucia, 1,452 2,551 San Diego, California, U.S.A., 6,770 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1,517 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 7,987 4,923 Fastnet Rock, Ireland, 3,988 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Hachinohe, Japan, 436 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Inishtrahull, Ireland, 4,086 U.S.A. (via outside Nantucket Hakata, Japan, 608 4,536 Panama, Panama, 855 Light Buoy), 1,632 Hakodate, Japan, 533 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (north Pentland Firth, Scotland, 4,266 Puerto la Cruz, Venezuela, 1,381 Hirohata, Japan, 368 of Aleutian Islands), 4,245 Punta Arenas, Chile (via east of Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, 439 Hiroshima, Japan, 519 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (South South America), 6,874 Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, 1,203 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2,419 of Aleutian Islands), 4,276 Strait of Gibraltar, 4,199 Puerto Cortes, Honduras, 399 Hong Kong, China, 1,585 Seward, Alaska, U.S.A. (South of Straits of Florida, 192 Puerto Sucre, Venezuela, 1,399 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,397 Aleutian Islands), 3,363 Punta Cardon, Venezuela, 1,055 Iloilo, Philippines (via San Shanghai, China (via Naikai), Ports Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (south of Bernardino Strait), 1,784 1,117 Hispaniola), 4,702 Imabari, Japan, 454 Shanghai, China (via Osumi Almirante, Panama, 814 Salvador, Brazil, 4,128 Incheon, South Korea (via Bungo Kaikyo), 1,040 Amuay, Venezuela, 1,050 San Felix, Venezuela, 1,861 Suido and Maemul Sudo), 1,016 Shimizu, Honshu, Japan, 116 Barcelona, Venezuela, 1,378 San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua, Incheon, South Korea (via Shimonoseki, Japan (via Bungo Barranquilla, Colombia, 881 681 Naikai), 1,070 Suido), 545 Belem, Brazil, 2,739 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1,111 Iquique, Chile, 9,026 Shimonoseki, Japan (via Naikai), Belize, Belize, 337 Santa Cruz del Sur, Cuba, 416 Itozakicho, Japan, 446 581 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. (via Santa Lucia, Cuba, 99 Iwakuni, Japan, 497 Shimotsui, Japan, 449 Nantucket Light Buoy), 1,615 Santa Maria, Cuba, 381 Jakarta, Indonesia (east of Shiogama, Japan, 284 Bridgetown, Barbados (south of Santa Marta, Colombia, 892 Direction Island and via Selat Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A. (north of Hispaniola), 1,549 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 548 Gaspar), 3,194 Aleutian Islands), 3,620 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,910 Santo Domingo, Dominican Jaluit, Marshall Islands, 2,442 Sitka, Alaska, U.S.A. (south of Campeche, Mexico, 291 Republic, 929 Kagoshima, Japan, 594 Aleutian Islands), 3,687 Cape Town, South Africa, 6,822 Sint Nicolaashaven, Aruba, 1,036 Kahului, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,496 Surabaya, Indonesia, 3,092, Cardenas, Cuba, 269 St. John’s, Canada, 2,305 Kamaishi, Japan, 348 Suva, Fiji Islands, 3,967 Cartagena, Colombia, 891 Swan Island, Honduras, 273 Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, U.S.A., Sydney, Australia, 4,330 Casilda, Cuba, 307 Tampa, Florida, U.S.A., 404 3,406 Tianjin, China (via Naikai and Catia la Mar, Venezuela, 1,240 Tampico, Mexico, 716 Kaunakakai, Hawaii, U.S.A., 3,454 south of Cheju Do), 1,465 Charleston, South Carolina, Turiamo, Venezuela, 1,221 Kiska, Alaska, U.S.A., 1,977 Tokuyama, Japan, 510 U.S.A., 815 Tuxpan, Mexico, 689 Kobe, Japan, 357 Truk, Caroline Islands, 1,832 Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, Veracruz, Mexico, 654 Kochi, Japan, 372 Ube, Japan, 536 1,200 Willemstad, Curacao, 1,094 Kodiak, Alaska, U.S.A., 3,141 Uno, Japan, 405 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 285 Komatsushima, Japan, 320 Valparaiso, Chile, 9,280 Coatzacoalcos, Mexico, 625 YUMURTALIK, TURKEY Kure, Japan, 515 Vancouver, Canada (via composite Colon, Panama, 812 (36˚45'00"N., 35˚45'00"E.) to: Kushiro, Japan, 594 sailing and Active Pass), 4,262 Corpus Christi, Texas, U.S.A., 764 Victoria, Canada (via composite

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 126 ZADAR, CROATIA

Junction Points* Pulupandan, Philippines, 237 Antwerp, Belgium, 64 ZHENJIANG, CHINA Sandakan, Sabah, 251 Bergen, Norway, 558 (21˚11'30"N., 110˚24'00"E.) to: Port Said, Egypt, 372 Tacloban, Philippines, 385 Bremerhaven, Germany, 287 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,672 Cherbourg, France, 218 Junction Points* ZANZIBAR, TANZANIA Dundee, Scotland, 394 Ports (6˚10'00"S., 39˚11'00"E.) to: Egersund, Norway, 440 Singapore, 1,333 Emden, Germany, 230 Selat Sunda, Indonesia, 1,710 Haifa, Israel, 240 Junction Points* Esbjerg, Denmark, 318 Iraklion, Kriti, 540 Hamburg, Germany, 342 Ports Izmir, Turkey, 639 Cape of Good Hope, South Hartlepool, England, 263 Africa, 2,358 Hull, England, 205 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 838 Hong Kong, China, 245 ZADAR, CROATIA Singapore, 4,060 Inverness, Scotland, 506 (44˚07'00"N., 15˚13'00"E.) to: Le Havre, France, 186 Ports Leith, Scotland, 392 ZHENJIANG, CHINA Junction Points* London, England, 131 (32˚13'00"N., 119˚27'00"E.) Add Aden, Yemen, 1,731 Newcastle, England, 289 139 miles to Shang-hai distances Port Said, Egypt, 1,214 Belawan, Indonesia, 3,727 Oslo, Norway, 586 for ports outside the Chang Chiang Strait of Gibraltar, 1,590 Bombay, India (northeast Plymouth, England, 303 (Yangtze River). monsoon), 2,538 Portland, England, 229 Ports Bombay, India (southwest Portsmouth, England, 179 ZONGULDAK, TURKEY monsoon), 2,541 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 73 (41˚28'00"N., 31˚49'00"E.) Add Ancona, Italy, 87 Calcutta, India (via One and Half Southampton, England, 197 136 1/4 miles to Istanbul distances Brindisi, Italy, 280 Degree Channel), 3,776 Stavanger, Norway, 481 for ports outside the Black Sea. Trieste, Italy, 142 Durban, South Africa, 1,607 Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 274 Fremantle, Australia, 4,536 ZUEITINA, LIBYA ZAMBOANGA, PHILIPPINES Malacca, Malaysia, 3,945 ZELINIKA, MONTENEGRO (30˚56'00"N., 20˚00'00"E.) to: (6˚54'00"N., 122˚04'00"E.) to: Maputo, Mozambique, 1,388 (42˚26'58"N., 18˚34'05"E.) to: Penang, Malaysia, 3,772 Junction Points* Junction Points* Port Darwin, Australia, 5,452 Junction Points* Port Louis, Mauritius, 1,388 Port Said, Egypt, 750 Selat Lombok, Indonesia, 1,047 Rangoon, Burma, 3,787 Port Said, Egypt, 1,023 Strait of Gibraltar, 1,401 Panama, Panama (via south of Sabang, Indonesia, 3,451 Strait of Gibraltar (via Strait of Mindanao), 9,431 Tamatave, Madagascar, 1,116 Messina), 1,398 Ports Singapore, 1,197 Tanga, Tanzania, 75 Strait of Gibraltar (via Strait of Selat Wetar, Indonesia, 995 Victoria, Sabah, 563 Sicily), 1,433 Algiers, Algeria, 966 Victoria, Seychelles, 1,011 Arzew, Algeria, 1,142 Ports Ports Ayios Nikolaos, Greece, 475 ZEEBRUGGE, BELGIUM Beirut, Lebanon, 871 Apra, Guam (via south of (51˚21'00"N., 3˚12'00"E.) to: Ajaccio, Corsica, 764 Constanta, Romania, 980 Mindanao), 1,467 Alicante, Spain, 1,232 Corinth Canal (west side, Apra, Guam (via Surigao Strait), Junction Points* Arzew, Algeria, 1,143 Korinthos), Greece, 532 1,484 Bar, Montenegro, 34 Iraklion, Kriti, 433 Batangas, Philippines, 436 Bishop Rock, England, 393 Cartagena, Spain, 1,154 Kerch, Ukraine, 1,225 Belawan, Indonesia, 1,570 Ile d’Ouessant, France, 380 Constanta, Romania, 1,064 Marseille, France, 1,031 Cebu, Philippines, 252 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (East Haifa, Israel, 1,077 Novorossiysk, Russia, 1,240 Iloilo, Philippines, 241 Entrance), Germany, 354 Istanbul, Turkey, 868 Trieste, Italy, 968 Jolo, Philippines, 85 Pentland Firth, Scotland, 505 Marseille, France, 931 Tripoli, Lebanon, 893 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 412 Skagens Odde, Denmark, 479 Moni Anchorage, Cyprus, 328 Yumurtalik, Turkey, 910 Kuching, Sarawak, 863 Piraievs, Greece, 555 Manila, Philippines, 532 Ports Sevastopol’, Ukraine, 1,167 Port Darwin, Australia (via Basilan Tangier, Morocco, 1,399 Strait, Selat Bangka and Selat Aberdeen, Scotland, 402 Thessaloniki, Greece, 765 Manipa), 1,303 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 104

* JUNCTION POINT.—See Preface for use of junction points 127

CONVERSION TABLE FOR NAUTICAL AND STATUTE MILES

1 nautical mile = 6,076.11549 . . . feet

1 statute mile = 5,280 feet

Nautical miles to Statute miles Statute miles to Nautical miles Nautical Statute miles Nautical Statute miles Statute Nautical miles Statute Nautical miles miles miles miles miles

1 1.151 51 58.690 1 0.869 51 44.318 2 2.302 52 59.840 2 1.738 52 45.187 3 3.452 53 60.991 3 2.607 53 46.056 4 4.603 54 62.142 4 3.476 54 46.925 5 5.754 55 63.293 5 4.345 55 47.794 6 6.905 56 64.444 6 5.214 56 48.663 7 8.055 57 65.594 7 6.083 57 49.532 8 9.206 58 66.745 8 6.952 58 50.401 9 10.357 59 67.896 9 7.821 59 51.270 10 11.508 60 69.047 10 8.690 60 52.139 11 12.659 61 70.197 11 9.559 61 53.008 12 13.809 62 71.348 12 10.428 62 53.877 13 14.960 63 72.499 13 11.297 63 54.746 14 16.111 64 73.650 14 12.166 64 55.615 15 17.262 65 74.801 15 13.035 65 56.484 16 18.412 66 75.951 16 13.904 66 57.353 17 19.563 67 77.102 17 14.773 67 58.222 18 20.714 68 78.253 18 15.642 68 59.091 19 21.865 69 79.404 19 16.511 69 59.959 20 23.016 70 80.554 20 17.380 70 60.828 21 24.166 71 81.705 21 18.249 71 61.697 22 25.317 72 82.856 22 19.118 72 62.566 23 26.468 73 84.007 23 19.986 73 63.435 24 27.619 74 85.158 24 20.855 74 64.304 25 28.769 75 86.308 25 21.724 75 65.173 26 29.920 76 87.459 26 22.593 76 66.042 27 31.071 77 88.610 27 23.462 77 66.911 28 32.222 78 89.761 28 24.331 78 67.780 29 33.373 79 90.911 29 25.200 79 68.649 30 34.523 80 92.062 30 26.069 80 69.518 31 35.674 81 93.213 31 26.938 81 70.387 32 36.825 82 94.364 32 27.807 82 71.256 33 37.976 83 95.515 33 28.676 83 72.125 34 39.126 84 96.665 34 29.545 84 72.994 35 40.277 85 97.816 35 30.414 85 73.863 36 41.428 86 98.967 36 31.283 86 74.732 37 42.579 87 100.118 37 32.152 87 75.601 38 43.730 88 101.268 38 33.021 88 76.470 39 44.880 89 102.419 39 33.890 89 77.339 40 46.031 90 103.570 40 34.759 90 78.208 41 47.182 91 104.721 41 35.628 91 79.077 42 48.333 92 105.871 42 36.497 92 79.946 43 49.483 93 107.022 43 37.366 93 80.815 44 50.634 94 108.173 44 38.235 94 81.684 45 51.785 95 109.324 45 39.104 95 82.553 46 52.936 96 110.475 46 39.973 96 83.422 47 54.087 97 111.625 47 40.842 97 84.291 48 55.237 98 112.776 48 41.711 98 85.160 49 56.388 99 113.927 49 42.580 99 86.029 50 57.539 100 115.078 50 43.449 100 86.898

To convert Nautical miles to Statute miles, multiply Nautical miles by 1.15. To convert Statute miles to Nautical miles, multiply Statute miles by 0.87. 128 hours Days- hours Days- hours Days- hours Days- hours Days- hours Days- hours Days- hours Days- hours Days- hours Days- Speed in knots hours Days- hours Days- hours Days- Table for Estimating Time of Transit for Table hours Days- hours Days- hours Days- hours Days- hours Days- 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 30 hours 10203040 0-150 0-360 0-470 0-1 0-580 0-2 0-690 0-3 0-8 0-1 0-4 0-9 0-2 0-6 0-10 0-3 0-7 0-11 0-1 0-4 0-8 0-9 0-2 0-5 0-10 0-3 0-6 0-1 0-4 0-7 0-8 0-2 0-5 0-9 0-3 0-5 0-1 0-3 0-6 0-7 0-2 0-4 0-8 0-2 0-5 0-1 0-3 0-6 0-7 0-1 0-4 0-8 0-2 0-5 0-1 0-3 0-5 0-6 0-1 0-4 0-7 0-2 0-4 0-1 0-3 0-5 0-6 0-1 0-3 0-6 0-2 0-4 0-1 0-3 0-5 0-5 0-1 0-3 0-6 0-2 0-4 0-1 0-2 0-4 0-5 0-1 0-3 0-6 0-2 0-4 0-1 0-2 0-4 0-5 0-1 0-3 0-5 0-2 0-3 0-1 0-2 0-4 0-4 0-1 0-3 0-5 0-2 0-3 ... 0-2 0-4 0-4 0-1 0-3 0-5 0-1 0-3 0-2 0-4 ... 0-4 0-1 0-2 0-5 0-1 0-3 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-1 ... 0-2 0-4 0-1 0-3 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-1 0-2 ... 0-4 0-1 0-3 0-2 0-3 0-3 0-1 0-2 0-4 0-1 ... 0-3 0-2 0-3 0-3 0-1 0-2 0-4 0-1 0-2 ... 0-1 0-3 0-3 0-2 0-4 0-2 0-2 0-3 0-3 100200300400 0-13500 1-1600 1-14 0-11700 2-2800 0-22 2-15 1-9 0-10900 3-3 1-20 3-16 0-20 2-8 4-4 0-9 1-6 2-19 4-17 1-16 3-6 0-18 2-2 3-17 0-8 1-3 2-12 4-4 1-12 0-17 2-22 1-21 3-8 2-7 0-8 1-1 1-9 3-18 0-15 2-16 1-18 3-1 2-2 0-7 3-10 0-23 0-14 1-7 2-10 1-14 2-19 3-3 0-21 0-13 1-22 2-6 0-7 1-5 1-12 2-14 0-20 0-13 1-19 2-21 2-2 0-6 1-3 1-9 2-9 0-19 0-12 1-16 2-16 1-23 0-6 1-1 1-7 0-18 0-11 1-14 2-5 2-12 1-20 0-6 1-0 1-5 0-17 0-11 1-11 2-8 2-2 1-17 0-5 0-22 0-16 0-10 1-4 1-9 2-5 1-23 1-15 0-21 0-15 0-10 0-5 1-2 1-8 1-20 1-13 2-2 0-20 0-14 0-9 0-5 1-1 1-6 1-18 1-11 1-23 0-19 0-14 0-9 0-5 1-16 1-9 1-0 1-5 1-21 0-18 0-13 0-8 1-14 0-4 1-8 1-19 0-23 1-3 0-17 0-13 1-12 0-8 1-17 0-22 0-4 1-6 0-17 0-12 1-2 1-11 1-15 0-7 0-21 0-16 0-10 0-4 1-5 1-1 1-9 1-14 0-20 0-13 0-3 1-4 1-0 1-8 1-12 0-17 0-23 0-20 1-6 1-3 1,0002,0003,000 5-54,000 10-105,000 15-156,000 4-15 9-6 20-20 13-21 26-1 18-12 31-6 4-4 8-8 12-12 23-4 16-16 27-19 11-9 3-19 7-14 20-20 15-4 25-0 10-10 3-11 18-23 6-23 13-21 22-17 9-15 17-9 3-5 12-20 6-10 20-20 8-22 16-1 11-22 2-23 19-6 5-23 8-8 11-3 14-21 2-19 17-21 5-13 13-21 10-10 7-20 16-16 2-15 5-5 13-1 9-19 15-15 7-8 2-11 4-22 12-6 9-6 14-17 6-23 2-8 4-15 13-21 11-14 8-19 6-14 13-4 2-5 10-23 4-9 8-8 6-6 10-10 12-12 2-2 4-4 7-22 9-22 11-22 5-23 2-0 3-23 11-9 7-14 9-11 5-16 3-19 10-21 1-21 7-6 9-1 5-10 10-10 3-15 1-19 6-23 8-16 5-5 10-0 3-11 1-18 6-16 8-8 5-0 8-8 3-8 1-16 5-13 6-23 4-4 1-9 2-19 Distance Nautical miles Days-