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Renewable Energy on Small Islands Second edition august 2000 Sponsored by: Renewable Energy on Small Islands Second Edition Author: Thomas Lynge Jensen, Forum for Energy and Development (FED) Layout: GrafiCO/Ole Jensen, +45 35 36 29 43 Cover photos: Upper left: A 55 kW wind turbine of the Danish island of Aeroe. Photo provided by Aeroe Energy and Environmental Office. Middle left: Solar water heaters on the Danish island of Aeroe. Photo provided by Aeroe Energy and Environmental Office. Upper right: Photovoltaic installation on Marie Galante Island, Guadeloupe, French West Indies. Photo provided by ADEME Guadeloupe. Middle right: Waiah hydropower plant on Hawaii-island. Photo provided by Energy, Resource & Technology Division, State of Hawaii, USA Lower right: Four 60 kW VERGNET wind turbines on Marie Galante Island, Guadeloupe, French West Indies. Photo provided by ADEME Guadeloupe. Printing: Vesterkopi Printing cover; Green Graphic No. printed: 200 ISBN: 87-90502-03-5 Copyright (c) 2000 by Forum for Energy and Development (FED) Feel free to use the information in the report, but please state the source. Renewable Energy on Small Islands – Second Edition August 2000 Table of Contents Table of Contents Foreword and Acknowledgements by the Author i Introduction iii Executive Summary v 1. The North Atlantic Ocean Azores (Portugal) 1 Canary Island (Spain) 5 Cape Verde 9 Faeroe Islands (Denmark) 11 Madeira (Portugal) 13 Pellworm (Germany) 17 St. Pierre and Miquelon (France) 19 2. The South Atlantic Ocean Ascension Island (UK) 21 St. Helena Island (UK) 23 3. The Baltic Sea Aeroe (Denmark) 25 Gotland (Sweden) 31 Samsoe (Denmark) 35 4. The Mediterranean Sea Corsica (France) 39 Crete (Greece) 41 Cyprus 43 Minorca (Spain) 47 5. The Indian Ocean Mauritius 49 Reunion (France) 55 Renewable Energy on Small Islands – Second Edition August 2000 Table of Contents 7. The North Pacific Ocean Hawaii (USA) 57 San Clemente Island (USA) 63 St. Paul Island (USA) 65 8. The South Pacific Ocean Fiji 67 Isle of Pines (France) 73 King Island (Australia) 75 Kiribati 77 Thursday Island (Australia) 85 Rurutu Island (France) 89 Samoa 91 9. The Carribean Sea Barbados 93 Curacau (The Netherlands) 97 Dominica 99 Guadeloupe (France) 103 Saint Lucia 107 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 111 10. References 113 Appendix 1: Overview of Islands in the First Edition that are not Included in the 117 Second Edition Renewable Energy on Small Islands – Second Edition August 2000 Foreword and Acknowledgements by the Author Foreword and Danish Council for Sustainable Energy and Forum for Energy and Development (FED).2 Acknowledgements by the author Acknowledgements Mr. Thomas Lynge Jensen, Forum for Energy and Development (FED) Forum for Energy and wish to express a sincere appreciation to the Development (FED), many people who have provided information to this overview. Denmark FED especially wishes to thank Ms. Vicky Argyraki, Manager, European Islands Energy and Environment Network (ISLENET), First Edition Brussels, Belgium, Ms. Despina I. Alatopoulou, Chemical Engineer, Centre for The first edition of Renewable Energy on Renewable Energy Sources (C.R.E.S), Greece Small Islands was published in April 1998 and and the French wind turbine manufacture was financed by the Danish Council for 1 VERGNET S.A. for providing much and very Sustainable Energy. The background for the useful information. report was the decision by the Danish Government to establish an official Renewable The Report is Available on the Internet and Energy Island (REI) – i.e. an island that will by e-mail become 100% self-sufficient from renewable energy sources. In November 1997 Samsoe This report can be downloaded in PDF-format was selected – among 5 candidates – to on the Internet at the homepage of Forum for become the official Danish REI. Energy and Development (FED): The overall objective of the overview of http://www.energiudvikling.dk/projects.php3 renewable energy on small islands was to prepare for future global co-operation and or forwarded by e-mail as an PDF-attachment networking among REI’s. by request to Forum for Energy and Development on the following address: Second Edition Forum for Energy and Development (FED) Since the first edition much more and adequate Blegdamsvej 4B, 1st Floor information has been available (e.g. due to two 2200 Copenhagen N major conferences) and major initiatives have Denmark been announced (e.g. the announcement of two Renewable Energy Island Nations). Therefore Fax: +45 35 24 77 17 is a second edition needed. E-mail: [email protected] This second edition includes new cases and up- dated information on cases from first edition. In relation to some of the cases from first edition it has not been possible to obtain up- dated information. These cases are summarised in appendix 1 to this second edition. This second edition is financed as part of the project Global Conference on Renewable Energy Islands. The conference was held on the Danish Island of Aeore the 15-16 September 1999 and was financed by the European Commission (SYNERGY- programme), the Danish Energy Agency, the 1 2 The report can still be downloaded in PDF-format from the homepage of The proceedings can be downloaded in PDF-format at the homepage of Forum for Energy and Development (FED): Forum for Energy and Development (FED) : http://www.energiudvikling.dk/projects.php3 http://www.energiudvikling.dk/projects.php3 i Renewable Energy on Small Islands – Second Edition August 2000 Foreword and Acknowledgements by the Author ii Renewable Energy on Small Islands – Second Edition August 2000 Introduction Introduction A small island have in this report been delimited to an island that is the size or smaller than 10,000 km2 i.e. the size of the island of Hawaii. Objectives Methodology The overall objectives of this overview are to: This report is primarily a desk study based on ► document that renewable energy is a already available information. A minor part of feasible option on islands in regard to the information contained in this report is environment, technology, organisation, based on questionnaires and personal economics etc. communications. ► facilitate global co-operation and Most of the island presentations are “pieced networking among Renewable Energy Islands, together” by using several different references. i.e. islands that have decided to become 100% This means that a specific reference utilised at self-sufficient from renewable energy sources a given paragraph/moment is not made explicit – this would be too cumbersome. The only Scope of the Report exception is when tables are presented – then references are made explicit. References The report is a global overview of renewable utilised are mentioned in the end of each of the energy utilisation and initiatives on small island presentations and ordered islands. alphabetically. Detailed information about the references can be obtained in chapter 10. The report includes descriptions of: References. ► already implemented and still functioning To keep the information as accurate as possible renewable energy projects; and in most cases direct transcript of the references has been used. We hope that the ► current and future plans for renewable authors of the different references can accept energy developments on small islands. this procedure. More specific the overview will - where Precautions possible - include a description of the islands in regard to; size; population; energy There are some precautions that are important consumption; energy supply in regard to to keep in mind when reading this report or technology, organisation, financing, and using some of the information: education; current and future plans for renewable energy developments; and relevant ► Even though the perspective of this report is contact information. global it does of course not imply that the findings are exhaustive - it only means that the The scope of the report is descriptive in report includes cases from all over the world. content, but the Executive Summary does The report does not pretend to have included include some more evaluative and normative all the existing small islands with utilisation or elements. present or future initiatives in regard to renewable energy. Terminology ► Renewable energy utilisation and initiatives An island is “a land mass smaller than a have been delimited to modern renewable continent that is surrounded by water”.1 The energy technologies. E.g. islands that have term “island” in this report do not cover their energy needs covered from more submerged areas, land areas cut off on two or traditional renewable energy technologies such more sides by water (such as an peninsula), or as burning of biomass for cooking are not areas land-tied by dam or bridge. mentioned in this report. A Renewable Energy Island (REI) is an ► There is a big diversity regarding how island that is 100% self-sufficient from detailed the presented information is. This is renewable energy sources, including transport. due to the fact that a great number of different sources and references have been used. 1 Wordnet 1.6 (www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn) iii Renewable Energy on Small Islands – Second Edition August 2000 Introduction ► Some data are not up-to-date. As a guiding principle it has been chosen to use information dating back from 1995 and onward. ► Neither Forum for Energy and Development (FED), nor the European Commission or the Danish Energy Agency, do not make any warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the information contained in this report or assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of this information. ► The European Commission or the Danish Energy Agency do not necessarily share the views expressed in the Executive Summary. Structure of the Report The following are the main categories for ordering and presenting the islands2: ► The North Atlantic Ocean ► The South Atlantic Ocean ► The Baltic Sea ► The Mediterranean Sea ► The Indian Ocean ► The North Pacific Ocean ► The South Pacific Ocean ► The Caribbean Sea The islands are ordered alphabetically in each of these categories.
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  • Power and Wind Shear Implications of Large Wind Turbine Scenarios in the US Central Plains

    Power and Wind Shear Implications of Large Wind Turbine Scenarios in the US Central Plains

    energies Article Power and Wind Shear Implications of Large Wind Turbine Scenarios in the US Central Plains Rebecca J. Barthelmie 1,* , Tristan J. Shepherd 2 , Jeanie A. Aird 1 and Sara C. Pryor 2 1 Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; [email protected] (T.J.S.); [email protected] (S.C.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 13 July 2020; Accepted: 11 August 2020; Published: 18 August 2020 Abstract: Continued growth of wind turbine physical dimensions is examined in terms of the implications for wind speed, power and shear across the rotor plane. High-resolution simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting model are used to generate statistics of wind speed profiles for scenarios of current and future wind turbines. The nine-month simulations, focused on the eastern Central Plains, show that the power scales broadly as expected with the increase in rotor diameter (D) and wind speeds at hub-height (H). Increasing wind turbine dimensions from current values (approximately H = 100 m, D = 100 m) to those of the new International Energy Agency reference wind turbine (H = 150 m, D = 240 m), the power across the rotor plane increases 7.1 times. The mean domain-wide wind shear exponent (α) decreases from 0.21 (H = 100 m, D = 100 m) to 0.19 for the largest wind turbine scenario considered (H = 168 m, D = 248 m) and the frequency of extreme positive shear (α > 0.2) declines from 48% to 38% of 10-min periods.