Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 AvailableAvailable online online at at www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 2 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia ScienceDirectScienceDirect 1. Introduction EnergyEnergy ProcediaProcedia 00135 (20 (2017)17) 000 62–74–000 On a worldwide level, there are a lot of activities to increase the utilization of renewable energies on islands and www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia to reduce their dependency on fossil fuels to support the implementation of and the transformation towards more 11th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, IRES 2017, 14-16 March 2017, sustainable energy systems [1-3]. A number of islands follow these initiatives and have set ambitious goals for the 11th International Renewable EnergyDüsseldorf, Storage GermanyConference, IRES 2017, 14-16 March 2017, transformation of their energy systems. Furthermore, a multitude of renewable energy projects has already been Düsseldorf, Germany realized or is currently in the planning state [4-6]. In this regard, the Regional Government of the Islands of the Azores has decided to invest more than 85 million € by 2017 to increase the rate of penetration of renewable Renewable energies for Graciosa Island, Azores – Life Cycle electricity generation in the region to about 53 % [7]. To reach this goal, energy storage systems supporting RenewableThe 15thenergies International for SymposiumGraciosa on Island, District HeatingAzores and – Cooling Life Cycle Assessment of electricity generation increased penetration of renewable electricity generation are fundamental for security of supply and independence Assessment of electricity generation from fossil fuels [7]. So far, occurring instabilities in the weak electricity grids on the Islands of the Azores have Assessing a,bthe, feasibility of usinga,b the heata,b demand-outdoora,b limited the share of fluctuating renewables (Wind, photovoltaics (PV)) and hindered the further development of Peter Stenzela,b,*, Andrea Schreibera,b, Josefine Marxa,b, Christina Wulfa,b, renewable energies [8]. Therefore, energy storage technologies play a key role to support and integrate fluctuating Peter Stenzel *, Andrea Schreiber , Josefinec Marx c , Christina Wulf , temperature functionMichael for a Schreieder long-termc, Lars district Stephan heatc demand forecast renewables especially for weak, isolated, island power systems. Michael Schreieder , Lars Stephan In 2004, the local energy utility EDA (Electricidade dos Açores) launched a first project to maximize the energy a Forschungszentruma,b,c Jülich, Institute of aEnergy and Climatea Research – Systemsb Analysis and Technologyc Evaluation (IEK-STE),c production from renewable energy sources on Graciosa Island and Flores Island. Objectives of the project were to aForschungszentrumI. Andrić Jülich,*, A. Institute Pina of Energy, P. Ferrãoand DClimate-52425, ResearchJ.Jülich, Fournier Germany – Systems ., Analysis B. Lacarrière and Technology, EvaluationO. Le Corre(IEK-STE), bJülich Aachen ResearchD Alliance,-52425 Jülich, JARA- GermanyEnergy, Jülich, Aachen, Germany increase wind energy production, improve the efficiency of the diesel generators and increase the grid stability. In a aIN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal bJülich Aachen ResearchcYounicos Alliance, AG, D- 12489JARA -Berlin,Energy, Germany Jülich, Aachen, Germany first step, two flywheels (500 kW, 30 s) have been installed on Flores (2005) and Graciosa (2006) [8]. Parallel to this bVeolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France cYounicos AG, D-12489 Berlin, Germany cDépartement Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France first initiative, another project, which aims to significantly increase the share of renewable energies on the electricity generation to reduce the dependency from diesel generation, has been in discussion since 2005/2006 [9]. The idea of Abstract this so called “Graciosa project” is to combine a large scale battery energy storage system (BESS) with renewable Abstract electricity generation from wind and PV in a hybrid power plant approach. TheAbstract Graciosa project combines a large scale battery energy storage system with renewable electricity generation from wind The Graciosa project combines a large scale battery energy storage system with renewable electricity generation from wind power and photovoltaics in a hybrid power plant to reduce the environmental impacts caused by the previous electricity 2. Literature review generationpowerDistrict and heating photovoltaicsby 100 networks% diesel in acombustionare hybrid commonly power on Graciosaplantaddressed to reduce Island, in the the Azores. literature environmental The as results one impacts ofof athe Life causedmost Cycle effective by Assessment the previous solutions show electricity for a reductiondecreasing o f the environmentalgenerationgreenhouse by gas 100 impacts emissions % diesel of approx. combustionfrom the 43 building% ondue Graciosa to sector.the transformation Island, These Azores.systems to The therequire hybrid results high electricity of investmentsa Life Cycle supply which Assessment system are with returned show high a throughshares reduction of the o heatf Islands provide favorable conditions for the utilization of renewable energies especially due to favorable wind renewableenvironmentalsales. Due energies to impacts the (65changed of%). approx. In climatethe 43new % conditionselectricity due to the supply andtransformation building system, renovationthe to themajority hybrid policies, of electricity environmental heat supply demand impacts system in the(> with 60future high%) is sharescould still caus ofdecrease, ed byrenewableprolonging the remaining energies the investment diesel (65 %).based Inreturn electricitythe newperiod. electricity generation. supply Environmental system, the impacts, majority which of environmental are associated impacts with the(> 60construction %) is still ofcaus theed and solar conditions [10, 11]. Depending on the site-specific conditions there are also prospects for hydropower, largebyThe the scalemain remaining batteryscope dieselof energy this based paper storage electricity is to system, assess generation. accountthe feasibility for Environmental only of 6using % of thetotal impacts, heat impacts. demand which Wind – areoutdoor power associated tempeand photovoltaics withrature the function construction account for heat offor the demand18 % biomass, geothermal or ocean energy utilization [6, 12-16]. The existing power systems on islands mostly depend on andlargeforecast. 14 scale %, respectively.Thebattery district energy of storageAlvalade, system, located account in Lisbon for only (Portugal), 6 % of total was impacts. used asWind a case power study. and photovoltaicsThe district is account consisted for 18of %665 the utilization of fossil fuels which have to be transported to the islands accompanied with high costs and andbuildings 14 %, respectively.that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district environmental impacts. In this context an increasing an increasing utilization of renewables is a great opportunity to ©renovation 2017 The Authors.scenarios Published were developed by Elsevier (shallow, Ltd. intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were reduce these issues. However, the integration of fluctuating renewables, especially in small and weak island grids is © 20120177 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Ltd. PeerPeer-reviewcompared-review with under results the responsibility from a dynamic of EUROSOLAR heat demand model, - The previouslyEuropean Association developed andfor Renewablevalidated by Energy.Energy the authors.. a technical challenge [17]. Energy storage is one technical solution to decouple electricity supply and demand thus PeerThe- reviewresults undershowed the that responsibility when only ofweather EUROSOLAR change is - considered,The European the Association margin of error for Renewable could be acceptable Energy. for some applications providing flexibility and the ability to provide system services (e.g. spinning reserve, frequency regulation and Keywords:(the error Electricity in annual generation demand on was islands; lower Life than Cycle 20% Assessment; for all weather Battery scenariosenergy storage considered). systems; RenewableHowever, energies; after introducing Lithium titanate renovation voltage control) [18]. By combining renewable energies and storage systems in hybrid power plant approaches [19], Keywords:batteryscenar cellsios, Electricity; Dieselthe error generators generation value increased on islands; up Life to 59.5%Cycle Assessment; (depending Battery on the energy weather storage and systems; renovation Renewable scenarios energies; combination Lithium titanate considered). battery cells; Diesel generators it is possible to replace fossil electricity generation up to 100 %. Recently, comprehensive reviews on the utilization The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the of renewable energies on islands are provided [20, 21]. Techno-economic aspects of applying storage systems on decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and islands have been discussed in a number of papers [16, 22-27]. Regarding environmental impacts, an overview of renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and Life cycle assessment (LCA) studies focusing on different batteries prior to 2012 is given by [28]. In the last two improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. years numerous LCAs for lithium ion batteries [29-33] and other battery types [34-37] have been conducted. Most of the LCA studies on batteries focus on automotive applications [38-42]. In [43] a comparative LCA of battery © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. systems for different stationary applications is carried out. Recently, an exhaustive LCA of a sodium-ion battery and Peer* Corresponding-review under author. responsibility Tel.: +49-2461 of the-61- Scientific6556; fax: +49Committee-2461-61-of6695. The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and the comparison with lithium-ion batteries has been published [44]. In [45] a LCA study on primary control provided Cooling* ECorresponding-mail. address: author. p.stenzel@fz Tel.: +49-juelich.de-2461-61 -6556; fax: +49-2461-61-6695. by a BESS is presented. E-mail address: [email protected] 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change 3. Research objectives 1876Peer--review6102 © under 2017 theThe responsibility Authors. Published of EUROSOLAR by Elsevier -Ltd. The European Association for Renewable Energy. Peer-review under the responsibility of EUROSOLAR - The European Association for Renewable Energy. Graciosa Island is part of the central group of the Autonomous Region of the Azores and belongs to Portugal. Graciosa Island has an area of 60.65 square kilometers, a length of 10 kilometers and a width of seven kilometers. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. The population is 4,391 people (2011) [46]. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under the responsibility of EUROSOLAR - The European Association for Renewable Energy. 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.487

10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.487 1876-6102 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 Peter Stenzel et al. / Energy Procedia 135 (2017) 62–74 63 Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 2 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia 1. Introduction

On a worldwide level, there are a lot of activities to increase the utilization of renewable energies on islands and to reduce their dependency on fossil fuels to support the implementation of and the transformation towards more 11th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, IRES 2017, 14-16 March 2017, sustainable energy systems [1-3]. A number of islands follow these initiatives and have set ambitious goals for the 11th International Renewable EnergyDüsseldorf, Storage GermanyConference, IRES 2017, 14-16 March 2017, transformation of their energy systems. Furthermore, a multitude of renewable energy projects has already been Düsseldorf, Germany realized or is currently in the planning state [4-6]. In this regard, the Regional Government of the Islands of the Renewable energies for Graciosa Island, Azores – Life Cycle Azores has decided to invest more than 85 million € by 2017 to increase the rate of penetration of renewable Renewable energies for Graciosa Island, Azores – Life Cycle electricity generation in the region to about 53 % [7]. To reach this goal, energy storage systems supporting Assessment of electricity generation increased penetration of renewable electricity generation are fundamental for security of supply and independence Assessment of electricity generation from fossil fuels [7]. So far, occurring instabilities in the weak electricity grids on the Islands of the Azores have a,b, a,b a,b a,b limited the share of fluctuating renewables (Wind, photovoltaics (PV)) and hindered the further development of Peter Stenzela,b,*, Andrea Schreibera,b, Josefine Marxa,b, Christina Wulfa,b, renewable energies [8]. Therefore, energy storage technologies play a key role to support and integrate fluctuating Peter Stenzel *, Andrea Schreiber , Josefinec Marx c , Christina Wulf , Michael Schreiederc, Lars Stephanc renewables especially for weak, isolated, island power systems. Michael Schreieder , Lars Stephan In 2004, the local energy utility EDA (Electricidade dos Açores) launched a first project to maximize the energy a Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (IEK-STE), production from renewable energy sources on Graciosa Island and Flores Island. Objectives of the project were to aForschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Energy and DClimate-52425 ResearchJülich, Germany – Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (IEK-STE), bJülich Aachen ResearchD Alliance,-52425 Jülich, JARA- GermanyEnergy, Jülich, Aachen, Germany increase wind energy production, improve the efficiency of the diesel generators and increase the grid stability. In a bJülich Aachen ResearchcYounicos Alliance, AG, D- 12489JARA -Berlin,Energy, Germany Jülich, Aachen, Germany first step, two flywheels (500 kW, 30 s) have been installed on Flores (2005) and Graciosa (2006) [8]. Parallel to this cYounicos AG, D-12489 Berlin, Germany first initiative, another project, which aims to significantly increase the share of renewable energies on the electricity generation to reduce the dependency from diesel generation, has been in discussion since 2005/2006 [9]. The idea of Abstract this so called “Graciosa project” is to combine a large scale battery energy storage system (BESS) with renewable Abstract electricity generation from wind and PV in a hybrid power plant approach. The Graciosa project combines a large scale battery energy storage system with renewable electricity generation from wind The Graciosa project combines a large scale battery energy storage system with renewable electricity generation from wind power and photovoltaics in a hybrid power plant to reduce the environmental impacts caused by the previous electricity 2. Literature review generationpower and photovoltaicsby 100 % diesel in acombustion hybrid power on Graciosaplant to reduce Island, the Azores. environmental The results impacts of a Life caused Cycle by Assessment the previous show electricity a reduction of environmentalgeneration by 100 impacts % diesel of approx. combustion 43 % ondue Graciosa to the transformation Island, Azores. to Thethe hybrid results electricity of a Life Cycle supply Assessment system with show high a shares reduction of of Islands provide favorable conditions for the utilization of renewable energies especially due to favorable wind renewableenvironmental energies impacts (65 of%). approx. In the 43new % electricity due to the supply transformation system, the to themajority hybrid of electricity environmental supply impacts system (> with 60 high%) is shares still caus of ed byrenewable the remaining energies diesel (65 %).based In electricitythe new electricity generation. supply Environmental system, the impacts, majority which of environmental are associated impacts with the(> 60construction %) is still ofcaus theed and solar conditions [10, 11]. Depending on the site-specific conditions there are also prospects for hydropower, largeby the scale remaining battery diesel energy based storage electricity system, generation. account for Environmental only 6 % of total impacts, impacts. which Wind are power associated and photovoltaics with the construction account offor the 18 % biomass, geothermal or ocean energy utilization [6, 12-16]. The existing power systems on islands mostly depend on andlarge 14 scale %, respectively.battery energy storage system, account for only 6 % of total impacts. Wind power and photovoltaics account for 18 % the utilization of fossil fuels which have to be transported to the islands accompanied with high costs and and 14 %, respectively. environmental impacts. In this context an increasing an increasing utilization of renewables is a great opportunity to © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. reduce these issues. However, the integration of fluctuating renewables, especially in small and weak island grids is Peer© 201-review7 The underAuthors. the Published responsibility by Elsevier of EUROSOLAR Ltd. - The European Association for Renewable Energy. a technical challenge [17]. Energy storage is one technical solution to decouple electricity supply and demand thus Peer-review under the responsibility of EUROSOLAR - The European Association for Renewable Energy. providing flexibility and the ability to provide system services (e.g. spinning reserve, frequency regulation and Keywords: Electricity generation on islands; Life Cycle Assessment; Battery energy storage systems; Renewable energies; Lithium titanate voltage control) [18]. By combining renewable energies and storage systems in hybrid power plant approaches [19], batteryKeywords: cells Electricity; Diesel generators generation on islands; Life Cycle Assessment; Battery energy storage systems; Renewable energies; Lithium titanate battery cells; Diesel generators it is possible to replace fossil electricity generation up to 100 %. Recently, comprehensive reviews on the utilization of renewable energies on islands are provided [20, 21]. Techno-economic aspects of applying storage systems on islands have been discussed in a number of papers [16, 22-27]. Regarding environmental impacts, an overview of Life cycle assessment (LCA) studies focusing on different batteries prior to 2012 is given by [28]. In the last two years numerous LCAs for lithium ion batteries [29-33] and other battery types [34-37] have been conducted. Most of the LCA studies on batteries focus on automotive applications [38-42]. In [43] a comparative LCA of battery systems for different stationary applications is carried out. Recently, an exhaustive LCA of a sodium-ion battery and * Corresponding author. Tel.: +49-2461-61-6556; fax: +49-2461-61-6695. the comparison with lithium-ion batteries has been published [44]. In [45] a LCA study on primary control provided * ECorresponding-mail address: author. p.stenzel@fz Tel.: +49-juelich.de-2461-61 -6556; fax: +49-2461-61-6695. by a BESS is presented. E-mail address: [email protected] 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 3. Research objectives Peer1876--review6102 © under 2017 theThe responsibility Authors. Published of EUROSOLAR by Elsevier -Ltd. The European Association for Renewable Energy. Peer-review under the responsibility of EUROSOLAR - The European Association for Renewable Energy. Graciosa Island is part of the central group of the Autonomous Region of the Azores and belongs to Portugal. Graciosa Island has an area of 60.65 square kilometers, a length of 10 kilometers and a width of seven kilometers. The population is 4,391 people (2011) [46].