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Composition of Gabbroic Xenoliths in Flores Island (Azores, Portugal)

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Composition of Gabbroic Xenoliths in Flores Island (Azores, Portugal) macla nº 9. septiembre ‘08 revista de la sociedad española de mineralogía 103 Composition of Gabbroic Xenoliths in Flores Island (Azores, Portugal) / ZILDA FRANÇA (1), MARCELIANO LAGO (2,*), CARLOS GALÉ (2), TERESA UBIDE (2), ELISABETH WIDOM (3), ENRIQUE ARRANZ (2), VICTOR HUGO FORJAZ (1) (1) Departamento de Geociências, Universidade dos Açores. Ap. 1422, 9501-801, Ponta Delgada (Portugal) (2) Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra. Ciudad Universitaria. Universidad de Zaragoza. C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12. 50009, Zaragoza (España) (3) Departament of Geology, Miami University, Oxford, 45056, Ohio (USA) INTRODUCTION. N20 – 30ºE trending normal faults. sharp contacts. Lava permeations within These structures are likely related to the the xenoliths were observed in some of The western group of the Azores M.A.R. and associated transform faults. them. Archipielago includes the Flores and Corvo islands. Both are aligned north- In this work we present the first According to their petrological and south within the North American Plate. compositional data on the basic mineralogical composition, two groups This alignment is parallel to the M.A.R. xenoliths included within the basalts of of basic xenoliths can be defined: (Middle Atlantic Ridge) and nearly UVC. perpendicular to the general alignment • Olivine bearing gabbros. of the other Azores islands (Fig. 1). • Olivine bearing gabbronorites. PETROLOGY OF XENOLITHS. Xenoliths were sampled from the base Olivine bearing gabbros. of the second unit of the UVC (Fig. 2). Six representative xenoliths were selected These xenoliths are fine to medium- from a group of 21, for electron grained phaneritic rocks and show a microprobe analysis. The analyses were hypidiomorphic granular and seriate carried out with a JEOL JXA-8900M texture. Their mineral assemblage electronic microprobe of the UCM. consists of olivine (7-25%), Mineral formulae were calculated clinopyroxene (35-60%), plagioclase (20- according to the IMA recommendations. 30%) and Fe-Ti oxides (∼1%) and The Fe3+ contents of anhydrous minerals indicates a composition of olivine- fig 1. Location of Flores Island within the Azores were estimated applying the Droop bearing gabbros. Some samples have Archipielago (Azevedo et al., 2006). (1987) algorithm. alkaline amphibole (∼7%) and accesory The Flores Island is formed by volcanic apatite. Different types of discontinuous basic rocks (basalts and hawaiites) mineral zoning are recognized in the whereas evolved rocks are minoritary. crystals. Azevedo et al. (1986) group the volcanic lavas and deposits into two major Olivine usually is altered to opaque volcanic complexes: minerals and iddingsite. When unaltered, displays a wide fractionation • Basal Volcanic Complex (BVC): range (Fo88 - Fo69) and low MnO (0.2– includes products and structures from 0,55 %) and CaO (0.2–0.45 %) contents. both submarine and subarerial The more magnesian compositions have volcanism. This complex is formed by up to 0.3 % of NiO. pyroclastic deposits and interbedded flows of alkali basalts (Azevedo, Pyroxene is titanian diopside and ranges 1999). from Fs5 to Fs13 (mg#: 0.9–0.7). Their • Upper Volcanic Complex (UVC): TiO2 content rises until 2.3% in the represents the main subaerial activity ferrosilite-rich terms. TiO2, Al2O3, FeO of the island. Includes three main and MgO show an oscillatory zoning. The volcanostratigraphic units. Basaltic to Ti, Ca and Na (per formula unit – p.f.u.) trachytic lava flows with interbedded content of these clinopyroxenes is pyroclastic deposits form the first two typical from alkaline magmatic units. The most recent products are assemblages (Fig. 3). exclusively pyroclastic. fig 2. Geological map of Flores Island and location of sampling zone (modified from Azevedo et al., 2006). Plagioclase ranges from bytownite to The main structural elements of the andesine (An86–An53). In detail, three island are N30 – 40ºW strike-slip and The xenoliths have rounded shapes and compositional groups of plagioclase are palabras clave: Gabro, Enclaves, Azores. key words: Gabbro, Enclaves, Azores. resumen SEM/SEA 2008 * corresponding author: [email protected] 104 recognized. The earlier plagioclase Olivine is usually altered to iddingsite 1999). This suggests that they come euhedral phenocrysts are minoritary and and its composition ranges from Fo80 in from a source not related to that of the have a composition of An86. The main phenocrysts to Fo74 in microcrysts. Also alkaline volcanic rocks and xenoliths. group of phenocrysts evidence includes low contents of trace elements Probably the gabbronorites were oscillatory and reverse zoning (An77– (MnO: 0.31–0.55 %; CaO: 0.24–0.40 % y crystallized on deeper volcanic levels or An83). The later group is andesine in NiO < 0.23 %). represent part of the oceanic crust. composition and usually shows normal zoning (An72 – An60). Clinopyroxene phenocrysts (diopside) have corroded margins. Orthopyroxene ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. exsolution lamellae are a common feature of these crystals as a result of This work has been co-funded by the crystallization below the Pgt–Opx Acciones Integradas España-Portugal inversion temperature (Deer et al., Programm, the Fundacao Luso- 1992). Diopside crystals contain Americana para o desenvolvimiento relatively small amounts of TiO2 (< 0.53 (FLAD) and the Chronos Interreg Project. %), according to their subalkaline affinity (Fig. 3). REFERENCES. Orthopyroxene appears as isolated subhedral microphenocrysts and as Azevedo, J.M.M. (1999): Geologia e exsolutions in Cpx. Its composition hidrogeologia da Ilha das Flores, Açores. Ph D Thesis. FCTUC, Coimbra University, ranges from Fs19 to Fs27. Portugal, Volumes I and II. 403 pp. ― Ferreira, M.P., Martins, J.A., (1986): O Plagioclase is bytownite (An84–An78) and Complexo de Base na Ilha das Flores, fig 3. Ti vs Ca+Na (u.p.f.) diagram of Cpx from occurs as corroded phenocrysts with xenoliths. Arrows indicate typical magmatic trends Açores. Mem. Not., Publ. Mus. Lab. Mineral. (Leterrier et al., 1987). oscillatory zoning. Geol. Univ. Coimbra, Portugal, 101, 55–71. ― & Portugal Ferreira, M.R. (2006): The volcanotectonic evolution of Flores Island, All three groups have low K2O contents, Opaque minerals are spinel and have Azores (Portugal). J. Volc. Geotherm. Res., and the evolved terms demonstrate a high Fe, Ti and Al contents. 156, 90–102. little increment in the orthose molecule Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A. & Zussman, J. (1992): proportion (Or ∼1%). An introduction to rock-forming minerals. CONSIDERATIONS. 2nd ed. Longman. 696 p. Amphibole occurs only in one of the Droop, G.T.R. (1987): A general equation for samples, as intergranular The petrology and mineral chemistry of estimating Fe3+ concentrations in allotriomorphic and non-zoned the studied xenoliths lead us to define ferromagnesian silicates and oxides from phenocrysts surrounded of plagioclase two main groups of basic xenoliths microprobe analyses, using stoichiometric probably related to different origins. criteria. Miner. Mag., 57, 431-435. and clinopyroxene. It has composition of Lago, M., França, Z., Galé, C., Widom, E., kaersutite with high TiO2 content (5.31– The mineral assemblage of olivine- Arranz, E., Forjaz, V.H., Pueyo, O., Ubide, T. 5.67%) and very narrow fractionation (2007): Gabbroic enclaves of the Corvo range (mg#: 0.72–0.67). This bearing gabbros and the composition of Island (Azores, Portugal). VI Congr. Iber. fractionation is consistent with the their clinopyroxene support the alkaline Geoq. p. 77–80. crystallization temperature (1052– affinity of these xenoliths. This affinity Leterrier, J., Maury, R., Thonon, P., Girard, D., 1038ºC) estimated with the Ti-in-Amp suggests a genetic relationship with the Marchal, M. (1987): Clinopyroxene geothermometer (Otten, 1984). alkali basalts that form the subaerial composition as a method of identification of the magmatic affinities of paleo-volcanic volcanism of the island. This hypothesis of a common origin between gabbroic series. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 59, 139– The opaque minerals are mainly Ti-rich 154. xenoliths and the alkali basalts has been magnetite. F-rich apatite (F: 1.43– Otten, M.T. (1984): The origin of brown 2.54%) occurs as accesory microcrystals proposed for the examples studied in hornblende in the Artfället gabbro and in one sample. the Corvo Island (Lago et al., 2007). dolerites. Cont. Min. Petrol., 86, 189–199. Olivine-bearing gabbronorites. The second group of xenoliths (Olivine gabbronorites) has a different origin The textural features of this group are than the previous one. The occurrence of similar to those of the previous one but both orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene the presence of orthopyroxene in its indicates a subalkaline affinity as mineral assemblage indicates their supported by the composition of their different petrological and geochemical clinopyroxene. The occurrence of olivine composition. in the gabbronorites suggest that they crystallized from a sub-saturated These xenoliths consist of olivine (5-7%), tholeiitic melt. clinopyroxene (20-25%), orthopyroxene (20%), plagioclase (50%), amphibole The tholeiitic affinity of the gabbronorite xenoliths contrasts with the alkaline (∼2%) and Fe-Ti oxides (∼1%). affinity of all the emersed and subaerial volcanism of the Flores Island (Azevedo, .
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