sign in sign up
<<
Home , Bacillidae, Carausius (insect), Carausius morosus, Clonopsis, Clonopsis gallica, Madeira

Journal of Science: Vol. 14 | Article 49 Aguiar et al.

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jinsectscience/article/14/1/49/2385983 by Universidade da user on 18 September 2020 Identification, rearing, and distribution of stick of : An example of raising biodiversity awareness

António M. F. Aguiar1a, Dora Aguin Pombo2,3b, and Ysabel M. Gonçalves4c

1Secretaria Regional do Ambiente e Recursos Naturais, Laboratório de Qualidade Agrícola, Caminho Municipal dos Caboucos, 61, 9135-372, , Madeira, 2Universidade da Madeira, 9000-390 , Madeira, Portugal 3CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do , 4485-601 Vairão, Portugal 4Museu de História Natural do Funchal, Rua da Mouraria, 31, 9004-546 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal

Abstract Two of stick insects are currently known to be present in the Macaronesian : gallica (Charpentier) (: ) on the and in the and morosus (Sinéty) () in the Azores. Here, we provide the first reliable records of the presence and distribution of C. gallica and C. morosus on Madeira Island. Egg and adult stages are briefly described along with some notes on the life history of these spe- cies in captivity. Data on island-wide distribution are based on specimens donated by the public in response to an article published in a daily newspaper. This method of data collection raised great popular interest in stick insects. The role of newspapers as a means of communicating awareness in biodiversity issues is discussed.

Keywords: Bacillidae, , , , Phasmatidae Correspondence: a [email protected], b [email protected], c [email protected], *Corresponding author Editor: Henry Hagedorn was editor of this paper. Received: 27 May 2012 Accepted: 9 October 2013 Published: 10 April 2014 Copyright: This is an open access paper. We use the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license that permits unrestricted use, provided that the paper is properly attributed. ISSN: 1536-2442 | Vol. 14, Number 49

Cite this paper as: Aguiar AMF, Pombo DA, Gonçalves YM. 2014. Identification, rearing, and distribution of stick insects of Madeira Island: An example of raising biodiversity awareness. Journal of Insect Science 14(49). Available online: http://www.insectscience.org/14.49

Journal of Insect Science | http://www.insectscience.org 1

Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 14 | Article 49 Aguiar et al. Introduction unstudied (Blands et al. 1996). In the Azores, C. morosus has been reported for and The apparent paucity of stick insect (Phasma- Terceira by Sousa (2010) and more recently todea) species in Macaronesia is surprising from Santa Maria and São Miguel islands by when compared with the stick insect faunas of Borges et al. (2013). other islands. A recent checklist of terrestrial

taxa from Madeira and Selvagens archipela- Species of stick insects range in size from Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jinsectscience/article/14/1/49/2385983 by Universidade da Madeira user on 18 September 2020 gos lists 3,394 taxa of (3,097 are large to very large, with one recently de- insects), of which about 30% are endemic scribed Malaysian species, chani (Borges et al. 2008). However, this list does Bragg, having an astounding total length of not provide records of Phasmatodea. The ab- 570 mm. This is considered the largest extant sence of stick insect records from Madeira insect known to date (Hennemann and Conle was referred to by Baéz (1993), who consid- 2008). However, despite their large size, stick ered the single specimen observed by M. insects have very effective camouflage, adopt- Biscoito, the director of the Museum of Natu- ing the appearance of sticks or leaves. ral History of Funchal, a likely case of Together with low population densities, this ‘fortuitous introduction.’ According to van may be one of the reasons why so few speci- Harten (1993) and Arechavaleta et al. (2005), mens have been collected until recently in records of Phasmatodea from the Macaronesian archipelagos. Over the last dec- are also unknown. However, the ade, stick insects have occasionally been Canary Islands archipelago has one confirmed found by professional entomologists, and re- species, Clonopsis gallica (Charpentier) (Ba- cently many people have started to find them cillidae), and the Azores has this species and in houses across the Madeira Island. This Carausius morosus (Sinéty) (Phasmatidae). clearly suggests that the populations are in- Both species are considered to be non-native creasing in density and distribution. As a to these archipelagos (Lopéz and Morales result, interest has been sparked among the 2010; Sousa 2010). general public and requests for information were made to a local newspaper. More specifically, C. gallica has being report- ed from (Canary Islands) and from In response to this sudden interest, the authors Faial and São Miguel (Azores). In the Canary were contacted by the local newspaper for Islands, this species was first cited by Bolívar more information such as: how many species (1926), who didn’t give an indication of a live on Madeira, when did they first appear, specific island, and afterward by Chopard whether they were originally from Madeira, (1954). In the Azores, it was first cited by and if they could cause damage to crops or Bolívar (1894) from São Miguel Island and people. Our interest was raised and, as we did later from by Chopard (1940). not feel qualified to answer many of the ques- More recently, Baéz (1996) collected a few tions, we made a request through the paper specimens on Tenerife in a cultivated area to inviting people to bring us specimens. There the north side of the island. In addition, there was an excellent response to our request are some other unreliable records of an un- which allowed us to generate a very compre- documented species for this archipelago. The hensive distribution database. Collectors were identification of some of these species is ques- pleased to know that their name could appear tionable, and their presence still remains on the publication of this information. This

Journal of Insect Science | http://www.insectscience.org 2

Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 14 | Article 49 Aguiar et al. sudden interest leads us to publish these rec- The stick insects were kept in round plastic ords and reflect on communicating breeding cages with leafy branches of R. ulmi- biodiversity awareness: are we doing the right folius provided in jars of water that were things to generate interest in people and con- replenished each week. The cages consisted of vince them that biodiversity and are transparent cylinders 20 cm in diameter and important? 40 cm high, with a base and lid of durable

green polythene. Throughout their develop- Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jinsectscience/article/14/1/49/2385983 by Universidade da Madeira user on 18 September 2020 Materials and Methods ment, in an unheated room, no particular light source was used other than the room artificial The classification adopted follows the Phas- illumination consisting of eight fluorescent mida Species File online database by Paul tubes, which were turned on for at least seven Brock (http://Phasmida.SpeciesFile.org). The hours each day. Eggs were collected from the specimens studied and collected by the gen- floor of the cages at regular periods and kept eral public were deposited in the following in separate cages. The pre-oviposition, ovipo- Institutions: sition, and post-oviposition periods were registered. The pre-oviposition period is con- MMF – Museu Municipal do Funchal (Histó- sidered the number of days required for ria Natural), Funchal, Madeira, Portugal females to start laying eggs following eclo- ICLAM – Laboratório de Qualidade Agrícola, sion, the ovipositon period refers to the Camacha, Madeira, Portugal number of days they oviposit, and the post- UMa – Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, oviposition period is equivalent to the number Madeira, Portugal of days they survive after oviposition has ter- minated. Insect sampling Madeira is an oceanic island located in the Results North Atlantic at about 635 km from North () and 849 km from Identification of species breeding in (Sagres, Portugal). In Madeira, most speci- Madeira mens of Clonopsis gallica and Carasius The two species of stick insect, Clonopsis gal- lica and Carausius morosus, presently morosus were sampled by citizens primarily breeding in the wild on Madeira Island can be in houses and gardens by hand collecting, alt- easily differentiated macroscopically. These hough some specimens were collected during stick insects are parthenogenetic, and so, as regular entomological field trips by two of the males are extremely rare in nature, we will be authors (A. Aguiar and Y. Gonçalves). referring exclusively to female characters (see Table 1). The most common species, C. mo- Insect rearing rosus, has a slightly longer body (Figure 1a) A female Clonopsis gallica only a few days and long antennae (Figure 1a, 2a), almost fili- old was collected on 15 April 2010 and an form with numerous small segments; the inner adult mature female Carasius morosus was face of the fore femur’s base is bright red collected on 28 June 2010 in the same locali- (Figure 2a); the subgenital plate reaches the ty: Assomada, Madeira, 28SCB2914 (UTM). apex of tergite 10 (Figure 3a); the eggs are They were fed in the laboratory on elm leaf globose, brown, and the operculum located at blackberry, Rubus ulmifolius Schott (Rosales: the anterior pole has a button-like yellowish capitulum (Figure 4a,b,c) and a brownish mi- Rosaceae), until they died eight months later. cropylar plate occupying about half length of

Journal of Insect Science | http://www.insectscience.org 3

Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 14 | Article 49 Aguiar et al. the egg’s dorsal surface. The second species, Palheiro Ferreiro, Urb. de São Gonçalo, Fun- C. gallica, has short antennae with 13 seg- chal, ex. Lavandula angustifolia 28SCB2414, ments (Figure 1b, 2b); inner face of fore 446 m, 7.iii.2007; UMa – 1F, Cancela femur’s base the same color as body (Figure 7.iii.2008, Henrique Rosa leg., (laid 20 eggs 2b); subgenital plate reaches the apex of in captivity); UMa – 1F, , Funchal, tergite 9 (Figure 3b), and the egg of similar 28SCB2216, 16.xii.2009, Maria Jesus

shape but the operculum does not present a Viveiros leg.; UMa – 1F, Santo António, Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jinsectscience/article/14/1/49/2385983 by Universidade da Madeira user on 18 September 2020 capitulum and the micropylar plate has the Lombo dos Aguiares, 28SCB1816, 8.iii.2010, same colour of the main capsule, occupying Nelson Aguiar leg.; UMa – 2 F, Caminho do about 0.66 of the egg’s length (Figure 4d, e, Lombo, Monte, Funchal, ±340m, 28SCB2215, f). 27.iii.2010, Fabio Reis leg.; UMa – 1 nymph and photo of an adult taken on 1.v.2010 by Infraorder Anareolatae Célia Fernández; UMa – 1F, Madeira, date and collector unknown; ICLAM 03237 – 1F, Family Phasmatidae Assomada, Caniço, Santa Cruz, 28SCB2914, 28.vi.2010, Lina Noite leg.; ICLAM 03241 – Carausius morosus (Sinéty 1901) 1F, São Vicente, village centre, 40 m, 28SCB0830, 20.Jan.2011, Joel Freitas leg.; Dixippus morosus, Sinéty 1901, Cellula 19: UMa – 1F, Caminho do Lombo, Monte, 121 [Type locality: Asia-Tropical, Indian ±340m, 28SCB2215, 9.iv.2011, Fabio Reis Subcontinent, India, Shambaganur] Leg.

Material studied (36 females, 3 nymphs): This species seems to be largely distributed in MMF 27694 – 1F, Rua da Rochinha, Funchal, the southern part of the island, from the coast 28SCB2213, 2.iv.1990, Rui Humberto Correia inland to 600 meters. Older specimens were Luiz leg.; UMa – 1 nymph; Palheiro Ferreiro, collected only after 1990, and most of the 28SCB2414, 10.i.2002, José Jesus leg.; UMa specimens were collected without food plant – 2F, Port of Funchal, 28SCB2012, 30.x.2002, information. In one case, the insects were Isabel leg.; MMF 36293 – 1F, Caminho da feeding on lavender, Lavandula angustifolia Achada, Funchal, 28SCB2014, ii.2003, Mi- Miller (Lamiales: Lamiaceae). Several fe- guel S. Gonçalves leg.; MMF 36289 – 1F, males of this sample were used to start a Livramento, Funchal, 28SCB2115, laboratory colony and were fed with R. ulmi- 14.xii.2003, Roberto Mendes leg.; UMa – 1F, folius. Ribeira de São Gonçalo, Funchal, 28SCB2313, 2.iv.2005, Mario Correia leg.; Doubtful specimen: Among the females col- MMF 36291 (a,b) – 2F, Longueira, Campa- lected on L. angustifolia was a specimen with nário, 28SCB1016, 31.viii.2005, J. Luis Sousa external characteristics of females but abnor- leg.; MMF 36292 – 1F, Longueira, Campa- mal genitalia. This specimen, which was nário, 28SCB1016, 26.ix.2005, Ana Luisa killed shortly after being collected, had a body Sousa leg.; UMa – 1 nymph, Centre of Fun- with cuticle granulated and matt, similar to chal city, 35 m, 28SCB2113, 11.xi.2005, other females. The antennae were long, but Márcio Nóbrega leg.; MMF 36617 – 1F, S. Table 1. Main distinguishing characters differentiating the females of Gonçalo, Funchal, 28SCB2414, 24.vi.2006, both species. Maria R. Gonçalves leg. (laid 47 eggs in cap- tivity); UMa – 1F, Monte, Corujeira,

28SCB2116, 30.vi.2006, Marcio Nóbrega leg., on sp.; ICLAM 02905 – 16F,

Journal of Insect Science | http://www.insectscience.org 4

Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 14 | Article 49 Aguiar et al. not reaching 0.66 of body length as in the Clonopsis gallica (Charpentier 1825) males. The meso and metathoraxic sternites did not show any reddish coloration as in Phasma gallicum, Charpentier 1825 Horae males, and the general dimensions were those entom, p.94. [Type locality: Europe, South of a typical female. The external genitalia de- Western Europe, , Southern] formity of this specimen affected only the last granulatus, Brullé 1832 Exp. sc. de

three abdominal segments. Compared with Morée Ins., p.84, t.29, Figure 6. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jinsectscience/article/14/1/49/2385983 by Universidade da Madeira user on 18 September 2020 normal females (Figure 5), tergites 8 to 10 Bacillus gallicus var. occidentalis, Bolívar were still identifiable, although differently 1894 An. Soc. esp. Hist. Nat., 23: 73 shaped. However, on the ventral side the sub- Bacillus affinis, Salfi 1925, Ann. Mus. Zool. genital plate (s.p.) was greatly reduced, not Uni. Napoli, 5(12):1 surpassing tergite 9 when it should have reached the apex of tergite 10. This undevel- Material studied (13 females): MMF 33667 oped subgenital plate left exposed a pair of – 1F, Santo da Serra, 28SCB3121, appendices, which under high magnification 06.vii.1952; MMF 27693 – 1F, Monte, Fun- were revealed to be the dorsal valvulae (d.v.). chal, 28SCB2216, 24.viii.1981, R. Garton The other ovipositor components, the inner leg.; MMF 27022 – 1F, Boa Nova, Funchal, and ventral valvulae, were much reduced, but 28SCB2314, viii.1996, Maria da Luz leg.; discernible if viewed from a different angle. MMF 36294 – 1F, Caminho da Choupana Also identifiable on this deformed female nº173, 28SCB2215, 12.ix.2001, José Exequiel were the cerci (c.). Rodrigues leg.; ICLAM 0992 – 1F, Confeitei- ra, Monte, 450 m, 28SCB2216, 16.viii.2002, Oviposition: An adult female kept in labora- António Domingos Abreu leg.; UMa – 1F, tory from 28.vi.2010 to 26.xi.2010 laid 339 São Gonçalo, Funchal, 28SCB2313, eggs. The comparatively large oviposition rate 5.viii.2003, Rogério Correia leg.; ICLAM was similar to that observed by other authors 03239 – 1F, Urbanização Portada de Santo (Roth 1916). The number of eggs laid per day António, Monte, Funchal, 28SCB2115, 409 during the oviposition period observed over m, 20.viii.2004, Rui V. Silva leg.; ICLAM 25 days varied greatly between 0 and 10 (the 03240 – 1F, Urbanização Portada de Santo mean number of eggs per day was 3.76). This António, Monte, Funchal, 28SCB2115, 409 was considerably larger than the mean number m, 1.vi.2005, Rui V. Silva leg.; MMF 36290 – of eggs calculated for the whole oviposition 1F, Longueira, Campanário, 28SCB1016, period (2.26 eggs per day) (Figure 7). The 7.viii.2005, Ysabel Gonçalves leg.; UMa – 1F, number of eggs laid decreased considerably Gaula, Santa Cruz, 28SCB2916, 22.vi.2006, after the 11th week with less than one egg Gilda Freitas leg.; UMa - 1F, Camacha, Santa produced per day. The post-ovipositional pe- Cruz, 28SCB2716, 31.viii.2008, João Reis riod lasted eight weeks (Figure 6). According leg.; ICLAM 03238 – 1F, Assomada, Caniço, to Lelong (1995), C. morosus only reproduces Santa Cruz, 28SCB2914, 15.iv.2010, Lina sexually in its Asian country of origin; in Eu- Noite leg.; MMF 41446 - 1F, Longueira, rope, populations are made up exclusively of Campanário, 28SCB1016, 20.vii.2010, Hilário females. The males are reported to be very Sousa leg. rare, and we were unable to observe any in the field or in the laboratory population. Clonopsis gallica is a circum-Mediterranean species, which extends its distribution in Infraorder Areolatae Europe and Africa throughout Por- tugal, , France, , Greece, and North Family Bacillidae Africa (excluding the Sinai Peninsula). It is

Journal of Insect Science | http://www.insectscience.org 5

Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 14 | Article 49 Aguiar et al. also present in many Mediterranean Islands. cation programs and demonstrations in Although this species went more or less unno- schools. It has been introduced in Florida ticed by entomologists in Madeira from many (Denmark and Porter 1973), California (Brock decades, first reports date back to 1952, and 1992), the U.K. (Lee 1993), Germany the seven specimens studied so far clearly (Weidner 1981), (Brock 1999), suggest that this species is located in the and (Cliquennois 2007). This

southern parts of Madeira. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jinsectscience/article/14/1/49/2385983 by Universidade da Madeira user on 18 September 2020 species currently seems to be rather common

in Madeira, but the first specimens were sam- Oviposition: The single specimen of C. galli- ca kept in the laboratory showed a long pre- pled only after 1990. Although it is not oviposition period of 11 weeks after which it possible to know whether it has been recently suddenly started to oviposit. The oviposition introduced, the larger number of records in the period lasted 27 weeks (191 days), and during last year suggests that this species is increas- this period 426 eggs were laid. The number of ing its area of distribution on the island. In eggs laid per day varied from zero to seven contrast, C. gallica, which has been present at eggs with a mean number of 2.23 eggs per day least since 1952 seems to be more localised. (Figure 7). During the ovipositional period, The distribution and comparatively larger ovi- the number of eggs laid decreased after the position rate of C. morosus kept in laboratory 15th week and increased again in the 18th suggests that in Madeira this species is proba- week (Figure 6). This female continued to lay bly expanding its area at a more rapid rate eggs until it died, but in the last three weeks than C. gallica. Both species were mostly col- the number of eggs laid was less than one per lected from southern coastal localities, day. This species is an obligate parthenogen. predominantly in the Municipality of Funchal Males were never observed in fieldwork or laboratory populations. (Figure 8), and no evidence is known to us that supports that they escaped or were intro- Discussion duced as stowaways from the port of Funchal, although this is not excluded especially for C. Phasmids of Madeira morosus. A study of the specimens deposited in several institutional collections across Madeira re- The origin of phasmids in Macaronesian ar- vealed that the first collected specimen chipelagos is unknown, and although both belongs to C. gallica and dates back to 1952. species are considered to be introduced or Since 2003, several specimens of this and C. possibly introduced (Arechavaleta et al. 2005; morosus have been collected each year. Sousa 2010), a native origin for C. gallica Carausius morosus is an exotic species origi- cannot be excluded. The first reason is that C. nally from Shembaganur, oriental India, and is gallica is present in Morocco, the closest widely-known in Europe as a laboratory insect mainland area to Madeira, 635 km to the east. for over a century, since it was imported by R. According to recent studies on reproductive P. Pantel in 1897 for the laboratorial study of and chromosomal diversification, Morocco parthenogenesis. Due to its fecundity, long (the Rif region) is considered to be the radia- life span, and the relative ease with which it tion centre of the genus Clonopsis (Scali and can be reared, it is a widely commercialized Milani 2009). In Morocco, the genus Clonop- species. It is an attractive pet for collectors, sis includes two other species in addition to C. and these stick insects are often kept in dense gallica, C. algerica and C. maroccana, but the colonies for scientific use or for science edu- relationship between them is unknown (Milani

Journal of Insect Science | http://www.insectscience.org 6

Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 14 | Article 49 Aguiar et al. et al. 2009). A second reason is that Madeira know the genetic sex of the specimen, but ex- is an oceanic island, and geological evidences ternal genitalia correspond to a female, some show that it has never been connected to parts of which were not fully developed. Iden- mainland; therefore, the only possible ways tification of stick insects is difficult because for phasmids to colonize Madeira are either by body and karyotype ‘phenotypes’ are consid- natural means or as stowaways. Although erably independent (Milani et al. 2009).

phasmids have a limited power of dispersal Genetic diversity is related to their ability to Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jinsectscience/article/14/1/49/2385983 by Universidade da Madeira user on 18 September 2020 due to inactive and strictly herbivorous habits, overcome species-specific reproductive isola- they are in fact successful island colonizers. A tion mechanisms through hybridization, proof of this capability is illustrated by the polyploidy, parthenogenesis, hybridogenesis, presence of phasmids in isolated archipelagos and androgenesis (Milani et al. 2010). This composed of oceanic islands. A great number gives rise to individuals with both male and of phasmid species are known to be present on female morphological and/or genetic charac- the Pacific oceanic islands, with more than 60 ters (i.e., intersexes and gynandromorphs). species belonging to 30 genera (Nakata 1961). Their considerable polyphagia and partheno- Communicating biodiversity to public and genetic mode of reproduction may help them the need for faunistics to establish populations after reaching these Invertebrates are by far the largest group of all new insular areas. living beings and they are of enormous im- portance to general conservation because of Carausius morosus and Clonopsis gallica are their biomass and the ecological services they two obligate parthenoforms that occasionally provide. Despite this, worldwide awareness of produce males. According to Lelong (1995), invertebrate conservation, particularly of in- C. morosus has sexual reproduction only in its sects, is a rare phenomenon, with the country of origin and reproduces by exception of a few species of groups such as thelytokous parthenogenesis in other regions; . This lack of awareness not only here, males are very rare (Pijnacker and affects invertebrates. According to recent Eu- Ferwerda 1980). In laboratory populations of robarometer (2007) surveys, only 35% of the the parthenogenetic C. morosus, both males European population knows what biodiversity and masculinised females occasionally appear. means. The term “biodiversity” itself is not Masculinised females of spontaneous origin clearly and generally understood, because it may be either intersexes and/or gynandro- refers to a very complex concept. It has been morphs (Pickjaker 1964). Gynandromorphs suggested that awareness and experience of have genetically male and female tissues. In- biodiversity at an early age are important for tersexes are genetically uniform. They may be the future development of understanding intermediate between typical female or male (Helldén and Helldén 2008). Feelings and be- genotypes, or purely male or female geno- liefs about the environment determine types with some parts of the body with a people’s attitudes (Pooley 2000). Negative phenotype opposite to their genetic sex (Nari- attitudes among adults particularly towards ta et al. 2010). The abnormal female-like insects and other less popular are specimen collected on L. angustifolia is a sig- common and can be highly resistant to change nificant find given that only 22 specimens of (Bjerke et al. 2003). However, there are cases C. morosus were sampled. Because we did not of success among insects as the tree lobsters, examine the follicle cells, it is not possible to Dryococelus australis, a phasmid from Lord

Journal of Insect Science | http://www.insectscience.org 7

Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 14 | Article 49 Aguiar et al. Howe Island that is considered the rarest Acknowledgements insect of the world. This species, once thought to be extinct, was rediscovered in 2001 on a We wish to thank colleagues José Jesus, Fábio volcanic offshore off the cost of mainland Reis, and Délia Cravo for laboratory breeding Australia, producing an enormous interest and sampling data. We are also grateful to the among public and insect conservationists members of the public who contributed with

(Pridel et al. 2003). insect material and to Silvia Ornelas of the Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jinsectscience/article/14/1/49/2385983 by Universidade da Madeira user on 18 September 2020 newspaper Diário de Notícias for her contri- The form of appreciating insects varies ac- bution to communicating biodiversity cording to age and different cultures (Vargas awareness. Part of this study was financed by 2006). Children are ideal recipients for teach- the Foundation for Science and Technology ing about biodiversity and conservation (FCT) through the project PTDC/BIA- because of their tremendous capacity for BEC/103411/2008. We are also thankful to Dr learning (Matthews et al. 1997; Balmford et Andrew Wakeham-Dawson for English revi- al. 2002). Communicating biodiversity to sions and comments. adults is more difficult. According to the Eu- robarometer survey (2007), the most typical References ways that Europeans learn about biodiversity issues are watching news and documentaries Arechavaleta M, Zurita N, Marrero MC, on TV, searching the Internet, and reading Martín JL. 2005. Lista preliminar de espécies newspapers and magazines. Mass media are silvestres de Cabo Verde (hongos, plantas y important tools for disseminating science. The animales terrestres). Consejería de Medio collaboration of scientists with journalists can Ambiente y Ordenación Territorial, Gobierno be valuable for selecting a news story based de Canarias. on what is important to the readers, not the scientists (Bishop 1997). Faunistics is consid- Baéz M. 1993. Origins and affinities of the ered soft science and of little interest for fauna of Madeira. Boletim do Museu publication by many researchers. During their Municipal do Funchal Supl. No. 2: 9–40. career, biologists are under great pressure to focus on more conceptual articles and so see Baéz M. 1996. Nuevas citas de insectos en las no reason to spend precious time and energy islas Canarias (Phasmatodea, Lepidoptera, on faunistic publications. However, this in- Embioptera). Boletín de la Asociación. formation is not only a useful base for Española de Entomología 20(1-2): 252–253 biodiversity conservation, but is also of inter- est to the general public and, as such, Balmford A, Clegg L, Coulson T, Taylor J. increases their awareness and interest in bio- 2002. Why conservationists should heed diversity conservation. Communicating Pokémon. Science 295: 2367 biodiversity science issues in ways that are useful and meaningful for science and society Bjerke T, Østdahl T, Kleiven J. 2003. remains a challenge. The solution may be in Attitudes and activities related to urban more effective communication and partner- wildlife: Pet owners and non-owners. ship with newspapers. This could be particu- Anthrozöos 16(3): 252–262. particularly useful in areas where resources for communicating with the public are limited.

Journal of Insect Science | http://www.insectscience.org 8

Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 14 | Article 49 Aguiar et al.

Bishop JE. 1997. The Media and Brullé A. 1832. Insectes. Expédition Communicating Science to the Public. CBE Scientifique de Morée. Zoologie, Paris 3(1) Views 20: 88–89. Zool 2, 1–29, 64–395, pls 1–22.

Blands RG, Gangwere K, Morales-Martin M. Charpentier T. 1825. De Orthopteris 1996. An Annotated List of the Orthoptera Europaeis. Horae Entomologicae, adjectis

(sens. lat.) of the Canary Islands. Journal of tabulis novem coloratis 1–259, pls 1–9. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jinsectscience/article/14/1/49/2385983 by Universidade da Madeira user on 18 September 2020 Orthoptera Research 5: 159–73. Chopard L. 1940. Insectes Orthoptéroides Bolívar I. 1894. Ortópteros recogidos en las (Blattidae, Mantidae, Gryllidae, Phasmidae, Azores por el Sr. Affonso Chaves. Anales de Dermaptera) récoltés dans les îles atlantiques. la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, Commentationes Biologicae 8(4): 1–13. Actas 23: 70–76. Chopard L. 1954. Contributions Bolívar I. 1926. Datos complementarios sobre entomologiques de l’expédition finlandaise los Ortópteros de la Península Ibérica. Boletín aux Canaries 1947-1951. No: 7. Insectes de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural orthoptéroides récoltés aux Iles Canaries par 26: 98–102. M. H. Lindberg. Commentationes Biologicae 14(7): 1–15. Borges PAV, Abreu C, Aguiar AMF, et al. 2008. A list of the terrestrial fungi, flora and Cliquennois N. 2007. Aperçu général de la fauna of Madeira and Selvagens diversité des phasmes de Madagascar (Insecta, archipelagos. Direcção Regional do Ambiente Phasmatodea). Le Bulletin d’Arthropoda 32: da Madeira and Universidade dos Açores, 3–16. Funchal and Angra do Heroísmo. Denmark HA, Porter JE. 1973. Regulation of Borges, PAV, Reut M, da Ponte NB, Quartau importation of arthropods into and of their JA, Fletcher M, Sousa AB, Pollet M, Soares movement within Florida. Florida AO, Marcelino JAP, Rego C, Cardoso P. Entomologist 56(4): 347–358. 2013. New records of exotic spiders and insects to the Azores, and new data on Flash Eurobarometer 2007. Survey conducted recently introduced species. Arquipelago. Life by the Gallup Organization Hungary upon the and Marine Sciences 30: 57–70. request of Directorate-General Environment 219. . Available online: Brock PD. 1992. Rearing and studying stick http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/fl and leaf – insects. The Amateur Entomologist ash_arch_en.htm and 22: 1–73. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/pdf/flash_eur obarometer_2007_biodiversity_summary.pdf Brock PD. 1999. New records of alien stick – insects. Phasmid Studies 7(1): 39–40. Helldén G, Helldén S. 2008. Students’ early experiences of biodiversity and education for Brock PD. Phasmida Species File Online. a sustainable future. Nordina 4(2): 23–31. Version 2.1/4.0. (20-10-2010). Available online: http://Phasmida.SpeciesFile.org

Journal of Insect Science | http://www.insectscience.org 9

Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 14 | Article 49 Aguiar et al. Hennemann FH, Conle OV. 2008. Revision of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Oriental Phasmatodea: The tribe Research 47: 132–140. Günther, 1953, including the description of the world’s longest insect, and a survey of the Nakata S. 1961. Some notes on the occurrence family Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 with keys to of Phasmatodea in . Pacific Insects the subfamilies and tribes (Phasmatodea: Monograph 2: 107–121.

“Anareolatae”: Phasmatidae). Zootaxa 1906: Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jinsectscience/article/14/1/49/2385983 by Universidade da Madeira user on 18 September 2020 1–316. Narita S, Pereira RAS, Kjellberg F, Kageyama D. 2010. Gynandromorphs and intersexes: Lee M. 1993. A survey into the distribution of potential to understand the mechanism of sex the stick insects of Britain. Phasmid Studies 4: determination in arthropods. Terrestrial 15–23. Reviews 3: 63–96.

Lelong P. 1995. Carausius morosus (Sinéty, Pijnacker LP. 1964. The cytology, sex 1901) P.S.G. nº 1. Le Monde Des Phasmes determination and parthenogenesis of 31:14–16. Carausius morosus (BR.). Thesis, RUG, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Netherlands. Lopéz H, Morales E. 2010. Blattaria, Mantodea, Isoptera, Embioptera, Pijnacker LP, Ferwerda MA. 1980. Sex Phasmatodea, Orthoptera, Dermaptera. In: chromosomes and origin of males and sex Arechavaleta M, Rodríguez S, Zurita N, mosaics of the parthenogenetic stick insect García A, Editors. Lista de especies silvestres Carausius morosus Br. Chromosoma 79: 105– de Canarias. Hongos, plantas y animales 114. terrestres, p. 229. Gobierno de Canarias. Pooley JA. 2000. Environmental education Matthews RW, Flage LR, Matthews JR. 1997. and attitudes: emotions and beliefs are what is Insects as teaching tools in primary and needed. Environment and Behavior 32(5): secondary education. Annual Review of 711–723. Entomology 42: 269–289. Priddel D, Carlile N, Humphrey M, Milani L, Ghiselli F, Pellecchia M, Scali V, Fellenberg S, Hiscox D. 2003. Rediscovery of Passamonti M. 2010. Reticulate evolution in the ‘extinct’ Lord Howe Island stick insect stick insects: the case of Clonopsis (Insecta (Dryococelus australis (Montrouzier)) Phasmida). BMC Evolutionary Biology 10: (Phasmatodea) and recommendations for its 258. Available online: conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471- 12: 1391–1403. 2148/10/258 Roth H. 1916. XIX. Observations on the Milani L, Scali V, Passamonti M. 2009. The Growth and Habits of the Stick Insect, Clonopsis gallica puzzle: Mendelian species, Carausius morosus, Br.; intended as a polyploid parthenogens with karyotype re- contribution towards a knowledge of variation diploidization and clonal androgens in in an organism which reproduces itself by the Moroccan stick insects (Phasmida). Journal of parthenogenetic method. Transactions of the

Journal of Insect Science | http://www.insectscience.org 10

Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 14 | Article 49 Aguiar et al. Royal Entomological Society of London 64(3- 4): 345–386.

Salfi M. 1925. Di una nuova sottospecie di Bacillus (Clonopsis) gallicus (Charp.). Annuario del Museo Zoologico della R.

Universitá di Napoli 5(12): 1–3. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jinsectscience/article/14/1/49/2385983 by Universidade da Madeira user on 18 September 2020

Scali V, Milani L. 2009. New Clonopsis stick insects from Morocco: The amphigonic C. felicitatis sp.n., the parthenogenetic C. soumiae sp.n., and two androgenetic taxa. Italian Journal of Zoology 76: 291–305.

Sinéty R de. 1901. Recherches sur la biologie et l´anatomie des Phasmes. Cellula 19: 1–164.

Sousa AB. 2010. Orthoptera, Dermaptera,

Phasmatodea, Blattaria. In: Borges PAV, Costa A, Cunha R, et al., Editors. A list of the

terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores. Princípia, Cascais.

van Harten A. 1993. Terrestrial arthropods of

the Cape Verde Islands – A check-list. Courier Forschungs Institute Senckenberg

159: 235–309. Figure 1. General habitus in dorsal view: a – female Carausius morosus, b – female Clonopsis gallica. High quality figures are available online.

Vargas CM. 2006. ¿Qué percepción tenemos de los insectos-palo (Insecta: Phasmatodea)?

What Perception do we Have of Stick Insects (Insecta: Phasmatodea)? Acta biologica

colombiana 11(2): 113–124.

Weidner H. 1981. Einschleppung von Heuschrecken (Saltatoria und Phasmida) nach

Hamburg. Anzeiger für Schaedlingskunde Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz 54: 65–67.

Figure 2. Details of head, antennae, and pronotum in dorsal view: a – female Carausius morosus, b – female Clonopsis gallica. High quality fig- ures are available online.

Journal of Insect Science | http://www.insectscience.org 11

Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 14 | Article 49 Aguiar et al.

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jinsectscience/article/14/1/49/2385983 by Universidade da Madeira user on 18 September 2020

Figure 3. Details of last abdominal segments of female: a – Carausius morosus, b – Clonopsis gallica. T – tergites, S – sternite, c – cerci, d.v. – dorsal valvulae, s.p. – subgenital plate. High quality figures are available online.

Figure 4. Comparison of both species eggs: lateral view (a, d), dorsal view (b, e), anterior pole (c, f); a, b, c – Carausius morosus, d, e, f – Clo- nopsis gallica. High quality figures are available online.

Figure 5. Last abdominal segments of a Carausius morosus abnormal Figure 6. Number of eggs (y axis) laid by a female C. morosus and C. female: T – tergites, S – sternite, c – cerci, d.v. – dorsal valvulae, s.p. – gallica weekly (x axis) during a 27-week period. High quality figures are subgenital plate. High quality figures are available online. available online.

Journal of Insect Science | http://www.insectscience.org 12

Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 14 | Article 49 Aguiar et al.

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jinsectscience/article/14/1/49/2385983 by Universidade da Madeira user on 18 September 2020

Figure 7. Number of days (y axis) in which were collected, from 0 to Figure 8. Distribution map with the collection localities plotted for 11 eggs per day (x axis) for Carausius morosus and Clonopsis gallica. High Carausius morosus (blue dots) and Clonopsis gallica (red dots). The island quality figures are available online. is divided in 10 municipalities. The distribution map uses the UTM co- ordinate system (South East Base Datum), and each coordinate associated with a record identifies a specific 1 km square quadricule. High quality figures are available online.

Journal of Insect Science | http://www.insectscience.org 13