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Home , Inca Empire, Madeira, Malacca, Strait of Magellan

The Age of 654Ð655 Buddy Mays/CORBIS

A lighthouse stands among the ruins of Prince Henry the Navigator’s school of navigation in , .

1400 1475 1550 1625 1420 1492 1520 1588 Portugal begins Columbus Magellan’s England defeats mapping ’s reaches the crew sails the Spanish coast around the world Armada Chapter Overview Visit ca.hss.glencoe.com for a preview of Chapter 10. Explores the World The interaction of different societies brings about the development of new ideas, art, and technology. In the 1400s, many trade routes collapsed. At the same , Europeans learned new technologies from Asia and the Arab world and invented some of their own. This led to an age of exploration. Trade and The interaction of different societies brings about the development of new ideas, art, and technology. Exploration led to the creation of new . It also encouraged the development of new ideas in commerce. A Global Exchange Exploration and trade spread ideas and goods. European exploration and trade spread new goods and ideas throughout the world. This had both positive and negative effects. View the Chapter 10 video in the Glencoe Video Program.

Organizing Information Make this foldable to help you organize and analyze information by asking yourself questions about the Age of Exploration.

Step 1 Fold three sheets of paper Step 3 Place the folded papers one Reading and Writing in half from top to bottom. on top of the other. Staple the As you read the chapter, three sections together and label write the main ideas for the top three tabs: Europe Explores each section under the the World, Trade and Empire, appropriate tabs of your A Global Exchange. foldable. Then write one statement for each tab that summarizes all Step 2 On each folded paper, make a Europe of the main ideas in cut 1 inch from the side on the top flap. Staple here. Explores that tab. the World

Cut 1 inch from the edge through the top flap only.

483 Monitoring

A key strategy to help you improve your reading is monitoring, or finding your reading strengths and weaknesses. As you read, monitor yourself to make sure that the text makes sense. Discover different monitoring techniques that you can use at different , depending on the type of text and situation. Read the following Sometimes reading paragraph and the examples of monitoring. ahead will help you understand the What do you meaning. remember about the Cartography is emergence of print- defined in the text With the invention of the print- ing? Check back in immediately follow- ing press, books like Ptolemy’s the book to help ing the term. could be printed and sold all over you remember. Europe. Ptolemy’s theories about cartography, or the science of Do you recognize Do you know who mapmaking, were very influential. these terms? Have Ptolemy was? The you ever used longi- His basic system of longitude and index may show tude and latitude to latitude is still used today. you where to find read a globe or more information map? — from page 488 about him.

•Ifthe text does not make sense, reread what you do not understand. Reading the text before or after the passage may help. • Look at related graphs, charts, illustra- tions, or photographs on the page. nitoring seful mo wn • Think about what you already know A u slow do egy is to ng, about the text, based on what you may strat ur readi d up yo have read, seen, or experienced. or spee e text. ng on th dependi The paragraph below appears in Section 2. Read the passage and answer the questions that follow. Discuss your answers with other Read to Write students to see how they monitor their reading. As you reread a section from this chapter, monitor yourself to see how Mercantilism encouraged Europeans well you understand. to set up trading posts and colonies in Then describe in a Asia and North America. By the end of short paragraph what kind of strategies are the , had set up a colony in most helpful to you the Philippines. The Spanish shipped sil- before, during, and ver to the Philippines from America and after you read. then used it to buy Asian and silk for sale in Europe. —from page 497

•What questions do you still have after reading? •Do you understand all the words in the passage? Ships of the Dutch •Did you read the passage differently than you would have read a short story or a newspaper article? How do you read var- ious types of text differently? •Did you have to stop reading often? Is the reading the appropriate level for you?

Identify one paragraph in each sec- tion of the chapter that is difficult to understand. Discuss each paragraph with a partner to improve your under- standing. 485 Europe Explores the World

Looking Back, Looking Ahead Meeting People You have learned how ’s (VAS•koh duh History grew rich from trade. In the 1400s, GA•muh) Social Science other European states began exploring Christopher Columbus Standards the world in search of wealth. Magellan (muh•JEH•luhn) WH7.11 Students analyze political and Focusing on the John Cabot (KA•buht) economic change in the Jacques Cartier sixteenth, seventeenth, • In the 1400s, trade, technology, and and eighteenth the rise of strong kingdoms led to a (ZHAHK kahr•TYAY) centuries (the Age of new of exploration. Exploration, the (page 487) Content Vocabulary Enlightenment, and the astrolabe LAB Age of Reason). (AS•truh• ) • While the Portuguese explored Africa, compass (KUHM•puhs) the Spanish, English, and French caravel (KAR uh VEHL) explored America. • • (page 489) cartography (kahr•TAH •gruh•fee)

Locating Places Academic Vocabulary fund (AY•ZOHRZ) locate (muh•DIHR•uh) Hispaniola (HIHS•puh•NYOH•luh) Reading Strategy Strait of Magellan (muh•JEH•luhn) Cause and Effect Complete a (NOO•fuhn•luhnd) diagram like the one below showing St. Lawrence River (LAWR•uhns) why Europeans began to explore.

1400 1475 1475 1550 1420 1492 1520 NORTH EUROPE Portugal begins Columbus Magellan’s AMERICA INDIA mapping reaches the crew sails AFRICA Africa’s coast Americas around the world

486 CHAPTER 10 • The Age of Exploration WH7.11.1 Know the great voyages of discovery, the locations of the routes, and the influence of cartography in the development of a new European worldview. WH7.11.2 Discuss the exchanges of plants, animals, technology, culture, and ideas among Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and the major economic and social effects on each continent. Europe Gets Ready to Explore In the 1400s, trade, technology, and Early the rise of strong kingdoms led to a new era of compass exploration. Reading Connection Do you like traveling to places that you have never been to? Read to learn why Western Europeans set off to explore the world.

In the 1400s and 1500s, nations in Western Europe began exploring the world. They soon gained control of the Americas and parts of India and Southeast Asia as well. Why did they begin exploring in the 1400s? Many events generated just the right conditions for exploration.

Trade With Asia As you have read, in the Middle Ages, Europeans began buying vast amounts of spices, silks, and other goods European explorers and traders began to from Asia. In the 1400s, however, it became use smaller, faster harder to get those goods. ships called caravels First of all, the had col- in the 1400s. What lapsed. The Mongols had kept the Silk Road advantage did tri- running smoothly. When their empire col- angular sails offer a ship? lapsed, local rulers along the Silk Road Astrolabe imposed new taxes on merchants. This made Asian goods more expensive. New Technology Even though the - Next, the Ottoman Turks conquered peans wanted to go exploring, they could not the and blocked Italian do it without the right technology. The merchants from entering the Black Sea. was too dangerous and diffi- The Italians had trading posts on the coast cult to navigate. of the Black Sea where they bought goods By the 1400s, they had the technology from Asia. Now, they could no longer they needed. From the Arabs, Europeans reach them. They had to trade with the learned about the astrolabe and the com- Turks instead, and this drove prices even pass. The astrolabe (AS • truh • LAB) was an higher. ancient Greek device that could be used to Europeans still wanted the spices and find latitude. The compass (KUHM • puhs), silks of East Asia. Anyone who could find a invented by the Chinese, helped navigators way to get them cheaply would make a lot find magnetic north. of money. Merchants began looking for a Even with these new tools, the Europeans route to East Asia that bypassed the Middle needed better ships. In the 1400s, they began East. If they could not get there by , using triangular sails developed by the Arabs. maybe they could get there by sea. These sails let a ship zigzag into the wind.

CHAPTER 10 • The Age of Exploration 487 (t)Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, MA, (c)SuperStock, (b)Michael Holford The rise of towns and trade helped make stronger. Rulers could tax the trade in their kingdom and then use the money to build armies and navies. Using their new power and resources, they were able to build strong central governments. By the end of the 1400s, four strong kingdoms—Portugal, Spain, , and England—had been built in Europe. They had harbors on the Atlantic Ocean and were anxious to find a sea route to Asia. The question was where to go.

Did Maps Encourage Exploration? By the 1400s, most educated people in Europe knew the world was round, but they only had maps of Europe and the Mediterranean. When the Renaissance began, however, peo- ple began to study ancient maps as well as books written by Arab scholars. Twelve hundred years earlier, a Greek- educated Egyptian geographer named Claudius Ptolemy had drawn maps of the Prince Henry’s school for navigation helped world. His book Geography was discovered make possible the discovery of new water by Europeans in 1406 and printed in 1475. routes and new . Here, Prince Henry is With the invention of the printing shown watching for the return of his ships. press, books like Ptolemy’s could be What types of professionals did Prince Henry printed and sold all over Europe. Ptolemy’s invite to his research center? theories about cartography (kahr • TAH • They also began building ships with gruh • fee), or the science of mapmaking, many masts and smaller sails to make were very influential. His basic system of their ships go faster. A new type of rudder longitude and latitude is still used today. made steering easier. In the 1400s, these European cartographers also began inventions came together in a Portuguese reading a book written by al-Idrisi, an Arab ship called the caravel. With ships like the geographer. Al-Idrisi had published a book in 1154 showing the parts of the world caravel (KAR • uh • VEHL), Europeans could begin exploring the world. known to . By studying the works of al-Idrisi and Ptolemy, Europeans learned The Rise of Strong Nations Even with the geography of East Africa and the Indian new technology, exploration was still Ocean. If they could find a way around expensive and dangerous. For most of the Africa, they could get to Asia. Middle Ages, Europe’s kingdoms were Summarize What were the weak and could not fund exploration. This main reasons the Europeans began exploring the situation began to change in the 1400s. world in the 1400s?

488 CHAPTER 10 • The Age of Exploration Bettmann/CORBIS WH7.11.1 Know the great voyages of discovery, the locations of the routes, and the influence of cartography in the development of a new European worldview.

Exploring the World In 1420 Portugal began mapping Africa’s coastline and trading with Africa’s While the Portuguese explored Africa, kingdoms. It also seized the Azores (AY • the Spanish, English, and French explored America. ZOHRZ), Madeira (muh • DIHR • uh), and Cape Reading Connection Have you ever done something dar- Verde islands. Soon after, the Portuguese ing or tried something new not knowing how it would turn discovered would grow on the out? Read to learn how European explorers took chances islands. and went places no Europeans had ever been before. was very valuable in Europe. To work their sugarcane fields, the By the early 1400s, Europeans were Portuguese began bringing enslaved ready to explore. England and France were Africans to the islands. This was the begin- still fighting each other, however, and Spain ning of a slave trade that would eventually was still fighting the Muslims. This gave bring millions of enslaved people to the Portugal the chance to explore first. Americas as well. In 1488 the Portuguese explorer Who Was Henry the Navigator? In 1419 Bartolomeu Dias reached the southern tip Prince Henry of Portugal, known as “Henry of Africa. Nine years later, Vasco da Gama the Navigator,” set up a research center (VAS • koh duh GA • muh) rounded the tip in southern Portugal. He invited sailors, of Africa, raced across the Indian Ocean, cartographers, and shipbuilders to come and landed on India’s coast. A water route and help him explore the world. to East Asia had at last been located.

Santa María

The Santa María, Columbus’s flagship, was Crow’s Nest larger and slower than the other two The crow’s nest served as ships on the voyage. What islands might a platform for a lookout. Columbus have explored on his first voyage to the Americas?

Captain’s Cabin This room served Upper Deck as Columbus’s Sailors slept and dining room, cooked their meals bedroom, and on the upper deck. study.

Hold Food, fresh water, and supplies for the voyage filled the ship’s hold. European Exploration of the World ° ° ° 0 0 2,000 mi. 60 E 120 E

Greenland 0 2,000 km KEY Mercator projection Dutch English French Cab Hudson 16 Hu ot 0 Portuguese 60°N Hudson dso 9 Bay n 1610 14 9 Spanish 7 EUROPE Ca ASIA rtier ENGLAND 153 NORTH 4 FRANCE PACIFIC AMERICA PORTUGAL OCEAN JAPAN Verrazano 1524 SPAIN MEXICO CHINA Cuba Bahamas INDIA Hispaniola Tenochtitl´an Philippines Death of (Mexico ) Cort´es 1519 Columbus 1492 Sea1 AFRICA Magellan 5 P Calicut

3 i d z 1 Melaka a a April 1521 - da Gama EQUATOR r ° 1 G 0 5 r a d o m a 3 Cabral 1500 Dias 1487 a G Islands 2 am M PACIFIC ATLANTIC Cabral Strait of a (Moluccas) agellan

OCEAN OCEAN d Elcano SOUTH a G a Elcano (for Magellan) 1522 AUSTRALIA Magellan 1521 AMERICA m N a 1497 INDIAN OCEAN W E 180° Magellan 1519 S Strait of Magellan ° 60 S For more than 100 years, Europeans undertook ° ° ° 120 W 60 W voyages of exploration. 180 1. Location Based on this map, which continents were not visited by European explorers? 2. Regions What general region did the English explore? Find NGS online map resources @ Christopher Columbus While the Port- www.nationalgeographic.com/maps uguese explored Africa, an Italian navigator named Christopher Columbus came up with a daring plan to get to Asia. He would Columbus thought he was in Asia. He sail across the Atlantic Ocean. conducted three more voyages to the region Columbus needed someone to finance but never realized he had arrived in the the trip. The rulers of Portugal, England, Americas. Eventually, Europeans realized and France all turned him down. Finally in they had found two huge continents. 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain said yes. Earlier that year, they had finally Who Was Magellan? Many Spaniards driven the Muslims out of Spain. They explored the Americas in the 1500s, but could now afford to pay for exploration. only (muh • JEH • luhn) Columbus outfitted three ships: the tried to finish what Columbus had set out Santa María, the Niña, and the Pinta. In 1492 to do. In 1520 he left Spain and headed west they left Spain and headed west. As the to sail around the Americas and then all the weeks passed, the crew grew desperate. way to Asia. Finally they sighted land, probably the Magellan sailed south along South island of San Salvador. Columbus claimed America. Finally, he found a way around the the land for Spain and then explored Cuba continent. The passage he found is named and Hispaniola (HIHS •puh•NYOH•luh). the Strait of Magellan (muh • JEH • luhn).

490 CHAPTER 10 • The Age of Exploration M i KEY KEY s NORTH s i S s Spanish exploration French exploration s N n i a AMERICA p k . M p Dutch exploration e R i

. i R R s o s . R. WE ad 0 Ark o hio 0 500 mi. r 154 –42 a uri O 34–42 lo o n R. De Soto 15 Co ad s er n as 1538–42 S rti o R Ca

r .

o Santa Fe 0 500 km C ATLANTIC C de Vaca Mercator projection NORTH h C beza 152 a a Ca OCEAN m ° b 8– p 30 N r R 36 la i i St. Augustine Marquette AMERICA in ll o G 28 P M 1 o r Narv´aez 15 o and Joliet Quebec 60 1 a n is 3– 5 nd c s 1673 15 4 e e is Montreal 2 D s – i 4 519 e p 09 3 s 1 L p n 16 te´ e´on i udso or 151 R H C 3 . Tenochtitl´an M Plymouth is (Mexico City) Caribbean Sea so uri . A R. io R ATLANTIC N rk Oh 0 1,000 mi. an Jamestown sas OCEAN Balboa R W E 1513 . Verra La Salle zano 15 0 1,000 km 1679–82 24 Mercator projection S 0° SOUTH 30°N AMERICA 60°W 120°W 90°W 60°W Gulf of Mexico

Important European Explorers

Christopher Vasco Ferdinand Jacques Henry Columbus da Gama Magellan Cartier Hudson Voyages: 1492, 1493, Voyage: 1497–1499 Voyage: 1519–1522 Voyages: 1534, Voyages: 1607, 1608, 1498, 1502 1535, 1541 1609, 1610 First European to Led the first First European to sail sail around the expedition to sail Explored the St. Explored the west searching for a south of Africa completely around Lawrence River Hudson River and water route to Asia and reach India the world Hudson Bay

After passing through the stormy strait, his known people to circumnavigate (SUHR •kuhm• ship entered a vast sea. It was so peaceful, or NA•vuh• GAYT), or sail around, the world. pacific, that he named the sea the Pacific Ocean. The First English and French Explorers Magellan then headed west. His sailors As the news spread about Columbus’s nearly starved and had to eat leather, saw- journey, England decided to search for a dust, and rats. Finally, after four months at northern route to Asia. In 1497 an English sea, they reached the Philippines. After local ship commanded by John Cabot (KA•buht) people killed Magellan, his crew continued headed across the Atlantic. west across the Indian Ocean, around Africa, Cabot encountered a large island he and back to Spain. They became the first named Newfoundland (NOO • fuhn • luhnd).

CHAPTER 10 • The Age of Exploration 491 (l)The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of J. Pierpont Morgan, 1900(00.18.2), (cl)Stock Montage, (c)Collection of The New-York Historical Society, (cr)Reunion des Musees Nationaux/Art Resource, NY, (r)North Wind Picture Archives He then traveled south along the coast of present- day Canada but did not find a path through to Asia. Cabot disappeared on his second trip and was never heard from again. In 1524 France sent Giovanni da Verrazano to map America’s coast and find a route through to Asia. Verrazano mapped The St. Lawrence River today from what is today North Carolina north to Newfoundland but found no path to Asia. Ten years later, the French tried again. French Protestants and Catholics were This time they sent Jacques Cartier (ZHAHK fighting a civil war. There was no more kahr• TYAY). Cartier sailed past Newfound- exploring until it was settled. land and entered the St. Lawrence River Identify Who was the first (LAWR• uhns). After two more trips, France European to sail to India? Whose crew was first to stopped exploring. By the mid-1500s, sail around the world?

Study Central Need help understanding European explorers? Visit ca.hss.glencoe.com and click on Study Central.

What Did You Learn? Reading Summary 1. What was a caravel, and why 4. Persuasive Writing Which was it important? Review the explorer do you think accom- plished the most? Why? Write • Rising prices of Asian goods, 2. Describe the accomplishments of Ferdinand Magellan. an essay defending your posi- increased wealth from trade, tion. CA 7WA2.4 strong central governments, new Critical Thinking sailing technology and maps, and 3. Organize Information Draw 5. What knowledge Renaissance attitudes caused a chart like the one below. Use and inventions of other cultures Europeans to begin exploring the it to name the explorers dis- did Europeans use in their explo- world in the 1400s. cussed in this section, the rations? How did they help the country they sailed for, and the explorers? CA HI2. • Portugal found a route around places they explored. CA 7RC2.0 6. Monitoring Africa to India, Spain began build- Write a 10-question multiple Country Area ing an empire in America, and Explorer Sailed For Explored choice test to help you review England and France sent explor- the important information in ers to America and Asia. this section. Exchange tests with a classmate. CA HR1.

492 CHAPTER 10 • The Age of Exploration National Maritime Museum, London Trade and Empire

Looking Back, Looking Ahead Content Vocabulary One effect of European mercantilism (MUHR•kuhn•TUH• exploration was the creation of new LIH•zuhm) empires. At the same time, a export (EHK•SPOHRT) History occurred as import (IHM•PORHT) companies engaged in early forms of colony (KAH•luh•nee) Social Science Standards capitalism. commerce (KAH•muhrs) WH7.11 Students Focusing on the invest (ihn•VEHST) analyze political and capitalism (KA•puh•tuhl•IHZ•uhm) economic change in the • The Spanish and Portuguese built sixteenth, seventeenth, world empires by establishing colonies and eighteenth centuries (the Age of (page 494) Academic Vocabulary in the Americas. Exploration, the primary (PRY•MEHR•ee) • To increase trade, Europeans set up Enlightenment, and the aid Age of Reason). colonies and created joint-stock PAYT companies. (page 497) anticipate (an•TIH•suh• ) Reading Strategy Locating Places Cause and Effect Complete a diagram Netherlands (NEH•thuhr•luhnz) like the one below showing what led to Moluccas (muh•LUH•kuhz) the rise of modern capitalism.

Meeting People Ideas of Modern Henry VIII Capitalism Elizabeth I Pedro Alvares Cabral (PAY•throo AHL•vahr•ihs kuh•BRAHL)

1500 1550 1600 1500 c. 1550 1588 1619 NORTH EUROPE Cabral takes Portuguese England Dutch AMERICA CHINA INDIA control of Indian plantations set defeats the arrive AFRICA Ocean trade up in Armada in SOUTH AMERICA CHAPTER 10 • The Age of Exploration 493 WH7.11 Students analyze political and economic change in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries (the Age of Exploration, the Enlightenment, and the Age of Reason). WH7.11.3 Examine the origins of modern capitalism; the influence of mercantilism and cottage industry; the elements and importance of a market economy in seventeenth-century Europe; the changing international trading and marketing patterns, including their locations on a world map; and the influence of explorers and map makers. Europe’s Empires these empires, they first had to conquer the Aztec and Inca. The Spanish and Portuguese built new empires by establishing colonies in the Americas. The Fall of the Aztec and Inca As Reading Connection Have you ever been to a store you read in Chapter 9, when the Spanish that did not have what you wanted and then bought arrived, both the Aztec and something else instead? Read to learn how the Spanish Inca ruled large empires. The hoped to find spices and silk in the Americas but found ruled more than five million people. To sup- gold and silver instead. port this population, they designed com- plex farming methods, built irrigation As you have learned previously, Spain systems, and drained swamps. They also and Portugal built vast empires by estab- had made advances in science, developed a lishing colonies in the Americas and trad- , and built impressive buildings ing posts in Asia in the 1500s. To create and . As you have learned, the Inca also ruled Empires in America a vast empire, stretching thousands of miles through the . To govern effectively, KEY they built a huge network of roads covering Portuguese c. 1500 about 25,000 miles. Their buildings reveal Spanish territory c. 1500 highly advanced engineering skills. They 120°W 60°W used no mortar to hold their stone blocks 60°N together, yet their buildings could survive earthquakes. NORTH N Both the Inca and the Aztec were expert AMERICA W E metalworkers and had great quantities of ATLANTIC precious metals. These included silver and S OCEAN MEXICO West Indies gold. They also commanded large, well- organized armies. Nonetheless, neither could fight well against the steel swords EQUATOR 0° and guns of the Spanish troops led by BRAZIL PACIFIC Cortés and Pizarro. OCEAN SOUTH The Spanish had another advantage. 0 2,000 mi. AMERICA They carried diseases with them. Among 0 2,000 km Mercator projection these were whooping cough, , and the . These diseases proved espe- cially deadly to the Native Americans because they had never been exposed to them before. The result was devastating. 1. Location Which country Millions of people died, and much of their controlled the most territory in native culture vanished as well. the Americas? 2. Region What geographical traits Spain and Portugal’s Empires After the did the of Spain and Portugal have in common Spanish conquered the Aztec and Inca, they set up governments to rule the region. The

494 CHAPTER 10 • The Age of Exploration Aztec Empire became New Spain, and the became New Castile. The Spanish appointed local who reported to the king. The primary responsi- bility of these governors was to mine gold and silver and send as much as possible back home to Spain. Vast amounts of gold and silver began to flow to Europe from Spain’s empire in America. The Spanish did not rule all To defeat the Spanish Armada, the English of the Americas. A large portion of South sent ships that had been set on fire toward America was controlled by the Portuguese. the Spanish warships. Why was the defeat of the Spanish Armada important? They called this region Brazil. Unlike the Spanish, the Portuguese colonists focused on producing one specific the to attack ships of other cash crop—sugarcane. As you learned pre- countries. People nicknamed the English viously, sugarcane is used to produce sugar, privateers “sea dogs.” They raided the a product that had become very popular in Spanish treasure ships that were bringing Europe by that time. gold back from America. Beginning around 1550, the Portuguese England’s raids frustrated Philip II, the set up large sugarcane plantations along the king of Spain. In 1588 he sent a huge fleet Brazilian coast. They then began bringing known as the Spanish Armada to invade enslaved people from Africa to Brazil to work England. In 1588, the Armada headed on the plantations. Soon more than half the into the English Channel—the narrow body population of Brazil had come from Africa. of water between England and Europe. The Spanish ships, called galleons, were Spain Fights England In the meantime, large and had many guns, but they were England had become Spain’s enemy. As you hard to steer. The smaller English ships have read, in 1527 King Henry VIII of moved much more quickly than the England broke from the Catholic Church and galleons. Their attacks forced the Armada made his kingdom Protestant. By the 1560s, to retreat north. There a great storm arose the Dutch had converted to Protestantism and broke up the Armada. too, even though they were part of Spain’s The defeat of the Spanish Armada was empire at that time. Spain was strongly an important event. The Spanish were still Catholic and tried to stop Protestantism in strong, but England now had the power to the Netherlands (NEH • thuhr • luhnz). stand up to them. This encouraged the When the rebelled against English and Dutch to begin exploring both Spain, England came to their aid. Asia and North America. Soon afterward To help the Dutch, Queen Elizabeth I of they begin establishing colonies in North England let English privateers attack America as well. Spanish ships. Privateers are privately Explain How did the arrival owned ships that have a license from of the Spanish change the Americas?

CHAPTER 10 • The Age of Exploration 495 Nicholas Devore III/Photographers/Aspen/PictureQuest WH7.11 Students analyze political and economic change in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries (the Age of Exploration, the Enlightenment, and the Age of Reason).

ELIZABETH I 1533–1603 Elizabeth I was one of the most popular British rulers—but she was more loved by the people of England than by her father, King Henry VIII. Elizabeth’s young life was filled with change and sadness. She was born to Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. The king was upset when Elizabeth was born, because he wanted a boy to inherit the throne. When Elizabeth became queen, she surrounded herself with intelligent advisers. Together they turned England into a strong, prosperous country. Elizabeth supported Queen Elizabeth I Protestantism in England and in the rest of Europe. She sent aid to the French Huguenots and “I have the heart and Protestants in Scotland and the Netherlands. She worked well with Parliament but called few stomach of a king and of sessions during her reign. She was a skilled writer a king of England, too.” and speaker and won the love and support of the —Elizabeth I, “Armada Speech” English people. Elizabeth never married, which was unusual at that time. Many men were interested in marrying her, but she turned down their proposals. One reason Elizabeth probably remained single was to maintain control of the government at a time when most rulers were men. She also used her status to the advantage of England. Many prominent men wanted to marry her, and she sometimes threatened to marry someone’s enemy in order to get him to do what she wanted. Elizabeth’s personality also influenced England’s society. She loved horse riding, dances, parties, and plays. Her support of the arts resulted in the development of Even though Queen Elizabeth I had an unhappy new English literature and music. Elizabeth childhood, she overcame it to become one of was so popular by the time of her death England’s most popular leaders. Today England’s that the date she became queen was Queen Elizabeth II has also faced sad situations. celebrated as a national holiday for Research her life and write a short essay 200 years. comparing her life to the life of Elizabeth I.

496 (l)Private Collection, Paul Freeman/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Keren Su/CORBIS WH7.11.2 Discuss the exchanges of plants, animals, technology, culture, and ideas among Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and the major economic and social effects on each continent. WH7.11.3 Examine the origins of modern capitalism; the influence of mercantilism and cottage industry; the elements and importance of a market economy in seventeenth-century Europe; the changing international trading and marketing patterns, including their locations on a world map; and the influence of explorers and map makers. The Commercial Revolution To increase trade, Europeans set up colonies and created joint-stock companies. Reading Connection Do you know anyone who works at home? Read to learn how merchants in the gave people jobs at home and changed the world trade system.

While Spain built its empire in America, Portugal began building a trading empire in Asia. In 1500, shortly after Vasco da Gama’s trip, the Portuguese sent 13 ships back (t)Mary Evans Picture Library, (b)Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library (b)Private Collection/Bridgeman (t)Mary Evans Picture Library, to India. Led by Pedro Alvares Cabral These ships sailed for the Dutch East India (PAY • throo AHL • vahr • ihs kuh • BRAHL), the Company. Which European nation did the Portuguese fought a war against the Muslim Dutch replace in the ? merchants in the Indian Ocean. way, the home country will not have to After defeating the Arab fleet, the import those goods from other countries. Portuguese built trading posts in India, China, Japan, the Persian Gulf, and in the Trade Empires in Asia Mercantilism Moluccas (muh• LUH• kuhz), or Spice Islands encouraged Europeans to set up trading of Southeast Asia. From these bases, they posts and colonies in Asia and North controlled most of southern Asia’s sea trade. America. By the end of the 1500s, Spain had set up a colony in the Philippines. The What Is Mercantilism? As Europeans Spanish shipped silver to the Philippines watched Spain and Portugal grow wealthy from America and then used it to buy Asian from their empires, they tried to figure out spices and silk for sale in Europe. how they had become rich. They came up In the 1600s, English and French mer- with the idea of mercantilism (MUHR•kuhn• chants landed in India and began trading TUH • LIH •zuhm). Mercantilism is the idea that with the people there. In 1619 the Dutch a country gains power by compiling a large built a fort on the island of Java, in what is supply of gold and silver. now . They slowly excluded the Mercantilists believe the way to do this Portuguese from the spice trade. is to export (EHK • SPOHRT), or sell to other countries, more goods than you import What Are Joint-Stock Companies? In the (IHM• POHRT), or buy from them. If you export 1600s, new ways of doing business devel- more than you import, more gold and silver oped in Europe. Historians call this the flows in from other countries than goes out. “commercial revolution.” Commerce (KAH• Mercantilists also thought countries muhrs) is the buying and selling of goods in should set up colonies. A colony (KAH•luh• large amounts over long distances. nee) is a settlement of people living in a new To trade long distance, merchants territory controlled by their home country. needed a lot of money. They had to buy Colonists are supposed to produce goods goods, store them in warehouses, and trans- their country does not have at home. That port them over land and sea. They had to

CHAPTER 10 • The Age of Exploration 497 (l)T. Iwamiya/Photo Researchers, (r)Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY know what people in distant lands wanted where prices were high. This process to buy and what prices were like there. enabled them to make a profit on the trade. In other words, European merchants The rise of commerce created a new type were making decisions based on the con- of businessperson called an entrepreneur. cept of supply and demand. Demand refers Entrepreneurs invest (ihn • VEHST), or put to what people want to buy and how much money into a project. Their goal is to make they are willing to pay for it. Supply refers even more money when the project is done. to things people want to sell and the price Many projects were so large that a they can afford to sell it. group of entrepreneurs had to come If people want a certain good very together and form a joint-stock company. A much, the demand is high, and if there is joint-stock company is a business that peo- very little of the good available, the price ple can invest in by buying a share of the will be high too—because people will pay a company. These shares are called stocks. lot of money to get it. If manufacturers make a lot of a particular good and people What Was Cottage Industry? To trade do not want it, the price will be low to get over a long distance, merchants need a people to purchase the surplus. large supply of goods. They also have to Merchants usually tried to find goods buy goods at low prices so they can make that were cheap in one place and in high money selling them at higher prices. demand in another place. They then moved By the 1600s, merchants had become the goods from where they were cheap to frustrated with artisans who charged too

European Trade in Asia c. 1700

80°E100N °E120°E 0 1,000 mi.

0 1,000 km W E CHINA Two-Point Equidistant projection °N S 20 anges R M G . ek o n g Macao Daman Calcutta R V . I Philippines E INDIA T Bombay N A Manila Bay of M PACIFIC Goa Bengal South OCEAN Madras China ° R 0 Spice TO CAMBODIA Sea UA Calicut Pondicherry Islands EQ Cochin (Moluccas) Ceylon 140°E Colombo (Sri Lanka) Melaka Borneo Europeans set up trading posts in Batavia India and Southeast Asia. () KEY 1. Movement Which countries had CHAPTER 18Java EnlightenmentPort and city Revolution controlled by: 498 trading posts along the coasts of England Portugal France Spain ° India? INDIAN OCEAN 20 S 2. Movement Which country Netherlands controlled the most ports?

498 CHAPTER 10 • The Age of Exploration much and worked too slowly. So merchants governments. This was especially true in began asking peasants to make goods for England and Holland, where merchants them. In particular, they asked the peasants were particularly active in creating new to make wool cloth. commercial opportunities. Governments The peasants were happy to make extra anticipated that helping entrepreneurs money and glad to find jobs they could do grow their business would bring in more in their homes. Merchants would buy wool tax money to the government. As a result, and give it to the peasants. This system is northern European seaports became very often called the “cottage industry,” because successful as trade expanded commercial the small houses where peasants lived were opportunities. called cottages. By the mid-1600s, both England and The rise of joint-stock companies and Holland began supporting Jewish entrepre- the cottage industry were important contri- neurs. Many European Jews had become butions to early capitalist society. Capitalism merchants because they were not allowed (KA•puh•tuhl• IHZ •uhm) is a system in which to own land. As you recall, many cities in people, rather than governments, own Europe had expelled Jews during the property and make goods. Individuals and Middle Ages. By allowing them to return to private companies owned by individuals England and Holland, these countries ben- decide what products to buy and sell. efited from the experience and wealth these Although these early ventures in capi- Jewish entrepreneurs had to offer. talism were directed by individuals Explain How did merchants and companies, they were supported by raise the money for overseas trade?

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What Did You Learn? Reading Summary 1. What contributed to the fall of 4. What new eco- the Aztec and Incan people? nomic ideas encouraged coun- Review the 2. How did mercantilism lead to tries to build trade empires? • The Spanish and Portuguese built the establishment of colonies? CA HI2. large empires in the Americas where they used Native Critical Thinking 5. Persuasive Writing Write an essay in which you support or Americans and enslaved Africans 3. Organizing Information reject the decision by Queen to grow sugarcane and mine gold Use a graphic organizer like the Elizabeth I to use privateers to and silver. one below to identify the fight Spanish ships. CA 7WA2.4 • Europeans built trading posts in causes of the commercial revo- CA CS2. Asia following the ideas of mer- lution. 6. Economics cantilism while a commercial rev- Connection How did joint- olution led to the rise of stock companies help mer- Commercial joint-stock companies and cot- Revolution chants overcome the high tage industry. costs of overseas trade? CA HI6.

CHAPTER 10 • The Age of Exploration 499 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY WH7.11.2 Discuss the exchanges of plants, animals, technology, culture, and ideas among Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and the major economic and social effects on each continent. Giraudon/Art Resource, NY Exploration and Trade: Good or Bad for the World?

• Trade led to a sharing of technology. The Europeans obtained the com- Beginning in the 1400s, Europeans pass, gunpowder, porcelain, and silk began exploring Africa, Asia, and the from Asia. The Asians received glass Americas and greatly increased their trade products, woolen cloth, wine, tele- with other parts of the world. Was this scopes, and eyeglasses from exploration and trade good for the world? Europe. • Foods such as the potato from the Yes Americas and rice from Asia Many historians and economists helped reduce famine in the believe that European trade and explo- world. from Africa helped ration was good for the world. They preserve food so it could be argue that people in one part of the world shipped long distances. often had solutions to problems that peo- • European ideas about democ- ple in other parts of the world were still racy and individual rights even- struggling to solve. Some of the major tually spread to the world and benefits and advantages of exploration helped improve many societies. and trade include the following: • Exploration led to more accurate • Trade produced more wealth maps. This made travel safer and for all societies involved. increased knowledge of the Although only a few people world’s geography. became rich, trade improved the standard of living for many people in each society. Columbus arriving in the Americas • Exploration and trade brought more cultures into contact with each other. It increased people’s knowl- edge of other people in the world. Although it took many centuries, this helped promote tolerance and acceptance of diversity. 500 • European trade led to the rise of colonies and empires. Many local people were conquered by the Europeans and forced to work for European landowners. • European colonies and trade changed Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY the economy in many societies. Local people made goods for trade and no longer produced goods they needed for themselves. One historian wrote: French explorers battling natives “Just twenty-one years after Columbus’ first landing in the Caribbean, the vastly populous island that the explorer had renamed Hispaniola was effectively desolate; nearly ...had been killed by vio- No 8,000,000 people While many historians and econ- lence, disease, and despair. [W]hat happened omists think that European explo- on Hispaniola was the equivalent of more ration and trade was good for the than fifty Hiroshimas. And Hispaniola was world, many others argue that the only the beginning.” American Holocaust —David E. Stannard problems and costs outweigh the benefits. Some of the major problems include the following: What do you think? Did the Age of • Exploration and trade spread Exploration benefit the world or cause parts of the many diseases to more problems than it solved? world where the people had no resistance. These diseases killed millions of people. • Trade in sugarcane and explo- Checking for Understanding ration of Africa led to the rise of the European slave trade. 1. Which benefit from exploration Millions of Africans were and trade do you think is the most important? Explain your enslaved and transported to the answer. CA 7RC2.3 Americas to work on plantations. 2. What does Stannard mean when • European ideas and technology he compares the impact of greatly changed traditional soci- Columbus’s visit on Hispaniola to eties in America, Asia, and Africa. “more than fifty Hiroshimas”? Many people lost their traditional CA HR4.; HR5. ways of life. 3. What arguments would a European have used to defend exploration? What arguments would an Asian or African have made against it? Write two fic- tional narratives one from a European viewpoint and one from an African or Asian view- point that show the two sides. CA 7WA2.1 CA HR5. 501 A Global Exchange

Looking Back, Looking Ahead Content Vocabulary European exploration and trade History led to an exchange of goods and pampas (PAM•puhz) Social Science ideas throughout the world. This had East India Company Standards both positive and negative WH7.11 Students consequences. analyze political and economic change in the Academic Vocabulary sixteenth, seventeenth, Focusing on the transfer (trans•FUHR) and eighteenth • Exploration and trade led to a positive (PAH•zuh•tihv) centuries (the Age of worldwide exchange of products, Exploration, the Enlightenment, and the people, and ideas. Age of Reason). (page 503) Reading Strategy Organizing Information Create a • While the global exchange had a chart like the one below showing the positive impact in many ways, it also positive and negative effects of the created problems. global exchange. (page 504)

Locating Places The Global Exchange (AHR•juhn•TEE•nuh) Positive Negative Great Plains Effects Effects Caribbean (KAR•uh•BEE•uhn)

1500 1600 1700

NORTH EUROPE 1492 1657 c. 1668 AMERICA CHINA Columbus brings First chocolate Coffee plants AFRICAINDIA goods from shop opens in arrive in SOUTH America to Europe England America AMERICA

502 Richard Bickel/CORBIS WH7.11.2 Discuss the exchanges of plants, animals, technology, culture, and ideas among Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and the major economic and social effects on each continent.

The Columbian Exchange had a significant impact. Europeans discov- ered that if they planted potatoes instead of Exploration and trade led to a world- grain, about four times as many people wide exchange of products, people, and ideas. could live off the same amount of land. Reading Connection Have you ever eaten rice or Other American foods, such as squash, wheat bread? Neither rice nor wheat grew in America beans, and tomatoes, also made their way when Columbus arrived here. Read to learn how the to Europe. Tomatoes greatly changed cook- movement of goods and people between America and ing in Italy, where tomato sauces became the rest of the world caused great changes. very popular. Chocolate was a popular food from . By mixing it with After the Age of Exploration, the milk and sugar, Europeans created a sweet economies of Europe, Africa, Asia, and that is still popular today. The first choco- (t)Jeff Greenberg/Photo Researchers, (b)The Art Archive/Harper Collins Publishers Art Greenberg/Photo Researchers, (b)The (t)Jeff America changed. As Europe traded with late shop in England opened in 1657. the world, a global exchange of people, Some American foods, such as chili pep- goods, technology, ideas, and even diseases pers and peanuts, were taken to Europe, began. We call this transfer the Columbian but they also made their way to Asia and Exchange, after Christopher Columbus Africa where they became popular. Both who began it by bringing back goods from Europeans and Asians also began smoking America to Europe in 1492. tobacco, an American plant. Two important foods—corn and pota- Many European and Asian grains, such toes—were taken to Europe from North as wheat, oats, barley, rye, and rice, were America. Corn was used to feed animals. planted in the Americas. Many tropical Larger, healthier animals resulted in more fruits, such as bananas, were brought to meat, leather, and wool. The potato also America, as was coffee. Coffee, which

The Columbian Exchange 0°

NORTH Cassava Cocoa Corn Disease Beans Peanuts AMERICA Peppers Pineapples EUROPE Beans , ASIA, AND AFRICA EUROPE S TO RICA Sweet AME Tomatoes Squash Potatoes Tobacco Honeybees Quinine Turkeys Vanilla Pumpkins ATLANTIC Livestock - Cattle Potatoes OCEAN - Sheep Sugarcane - Pigs Bananas Peaches & - Horses Turnips Pears Onions AS RIC 30°N N ME IA TO A Citrus EUROPE, AFRICA, AND AS Fruits AFRICA WE Coffee Beans Grains Grapes Disease 30°E S - Wheat 0 1,000 mi. - Rice - Barley - Oats 1. Movement Which grains were 0 1,000 km taken to the Americas? Mercator projection 60°W 30°W 2. Movement Besides food, what else was exchanged? WH7.11.2 Discuss the exchanges of plants, animals, technology, culture, and ideas among Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and the major economic and social effects on each continent. comes from southwest Asia, was first Problems With the Exchange planted in the Americas about 1668. Eventually, large coffee and banana farms While the global exchange had a posi- employed thousands of workers in Central tive impact in many ways, it also created problems. and South America. Reading Connection Have you heard about insects New animals, including pigs, sheep, cat- from other countries that hurt American crops? Read to tle, and chickens were brought to North learn how the global exchange created many new prob- America. The Europeans began raising cat- lems for people around the world. tle on the plains of North America and the pampas (PAM • puhz), or grassy plains, of Argentina (AHR • juhn • TEE • nuh). European Not everything exchanged between horses changed the lives of Native Europe and America was positive. You read Americans on the Great Plains of North earlier that Europeans carried germs that America. Horses provided a faster way to could kill Native Americans. European dis- move from place to place. As a result, eases caused widespread outbreaks in the Native Americans began hunting buffalo as Pacific islands as well. Between 1500 and their main food source. 1800, historians estimate that as many as 100 The great exchange of food products million people died from European diseases. dramatically increased the world’s food In addition to disease, Europeans intro- supply. This, in turn, helped increase the duced new of plants and animals. In world’s population. some instances this hurt the local environ- Describe Describe the ment. Many species do not cause problems Columbian exchange. in their native habitat. However, when

Trade Routes of the Global Exchange

° ° ° ° 120°W 60°W 0 60 E 120 E 180

60°N Noth America Europe Asia PACIFIC Boston Bombay OCEAN (Mumbai) Nagasaki Havana Calcutta (Kolkata) Macao Acapulco Africa Goa Manila EQUATOR 0° South PACIFIC Lima OCEAN Bahía America Cape N ATLANTIC Town OCEAN INDIAN W E OCEAN 0 2,000 mi. 1. Movement Which country had KEY S trade routes that went to five England 0 2,000 km France Mercator projection different continents? 60°S Netherlands 2. Location Which continent(s) had Portugal all five European trading nations Spain travel to it?

(l)Stapleton Collection, UK/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)David Turnley/CORBIS introduced to a new region, some plants and Europeans also changed Asian society. animals can damage the area. With their guns and powerful ships, the This problem still exists today. For exam- Europeans easily defeated Arab fleets and ple, in the early 2000s the Asian carp had Indian princes. Across Asia, the Europeans escaped the ponds where it had been kept in forced local rulers to let them set up trading the United States. It quickly grew out of con- posts. Within a short time, the East India trol and threatened to overwhelm other fish Company of England had built an empire in species located along major rivers and lakes. India, and the Dutch East India Company You have also read about the destruction had built an empire in Indonesia. that occurred among the Aztec and Inca fol- European contact with Japan also lowing the Spanish . Although the changed that society. Using guns and can- Spanish established new governments and nons imported from Europe, a new shogun new societies, their presence weakened or was finally able to defeat the daimyo, or the eliminated many native cultures. feudal lords, and reunite Japan. In addition, European empires also caused a huge Europeans spread their religion and their shift of people throughout the world. political and economic philosophies. This Many of them were colonists moving from helped create unity and cooperation in Europe to America. Millions of people, many areas, especially those under however, were forcibly moved. After European control. Europeans began growing sugarcane in Explain How did the global the Caribbean (KAR • uh • BEE • uhn), they en- exchange create problems? slaved millions of Africans and moved them to the Americas.

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What Did You Learn? Reading Summary 1. Name two important foods 4. Pick a food or that come from the Americas. good from the global exchange. Review the Why were they important? Use your local library and the • European exploration and trade Internet to research how it brought about a global exchange 2. What sometimes happens when new plants and animals spread around the world. of goods and other items, includ- CA 7WA2.3 ing plants, animals, technology, are introduced in an area? 5. Analyze How did foods and diseases. Critical Thinking imported from the Americas 3. Organize Information Draw benefit Europe? Identify some • While the global exchange had a diagram showing items of those foods. CA 7RC2.0 many positive affects on the traded between Europe and the world, it also caused many prob- rest of the world. CA 7RC2.2 6. Persuasive Writing Write an lems. essay explaining whether or Asia not you think the Columbian The Exchange was beneficial to the Europe Americas world. CA 7WA2.4 Africa

CHAPTER 10 • The Age of Exploration 505 (t)R & S Michaud/Woodfin Camp & Assoc., (b)Paul Dupuy Museum, Toulouse, France/Lauros-Giraudon, Paris/SuperStock WH7.11.1 Know the great voyages of discovery, the locations of the routes, and the influence of cartography in the development of a new European worldview.

European Explorers In the 1400s and 1500s, several European countries sent out explorers to map the world and find sea routes to Asia. They soon found a sea route around Africa to India and learned that two continents lay to the west across the Atlantic. With this knowledge, European goals changed. They began sending out ships to trade with Asia, to build empires, and to spread . European explorers Read the passages on pages 506 and 507, and then used caravels to answer the questions that follow. travel the world.

Reader’s Dictionary

conceive: gain samorin: ambassador to the king idolater (eye•DAH•luh•tuhr): person who worships idols

that for a [leather strap] a sailor received Columbus in America gold to the weight of two and a half castel- lanos, and others received much more for On returning from his voyage to the other things which were worth less. . . . I Americas, Christopher Columbus wrote a let- gave them a thousand handsome good ter describing the island of Hispañiola. things, which I had brought, in order that they might conceive affection for us and, [The people of this island] refuse nothing more than that, might become that they possess, if it be asked of them; on and be inclined to the love and service of the contrary, they invite any one to share it Your Highnesses [king and queen of Spain] and display as much love as if they would . . . and strive to collect and give us of the give their hearts. They are content with things which they have in abundance and whatever trifle of whatever kind that may which are necessary to us. be given to them, whether it be of value or They do not hold any creed nor are they valueless. I forbade that they should be idolaters; but they all believe that power given things so worthless as fragments of and good are in the heavens and were very broken crockery, scraps of broken glass and firmly convinced that I, with these ships lace tips, although when they were able to and men, came from the heavens. get them, they fancied that they possessed —The Journals of Christopher Columbus, the best jewel in the world. So it was found Cecil Jane, trans.

506 CHAPTER 10 • The Age of Exploration Vasco da Gama in Africa Portugal’s Empire

In 1497 King Manuel I of Portugal sent Vasco Vasco da Gama did indeed find India and da Gama to find a sea route to India. Below, Da returned to Portugal triumphant with his ships Gama describes the land of in east- full of valuable goods. The Portuguese immedi- ern Africa, where his fleet stopped briefly on the ately set out to establish a trade empire based on way to India. the following plan.

“The men of the land are copper-colored, “If Pedro Alvares Cabral does not manage to well-built, and follow the religion of obtain the friendship and proof of loyalty from Mohammed. They speak the language of the the samorin of Calicut, he should declare war Moors. Their clothes are made of fine cotton and then pursue it. . . . [If] these people are so and linen fabric with many brightly colored determined to follow their errors, by refusing and richly embroidered stripes. . . . They are to accept the words of the [true] Faith, denying traders and do business with the white Moors, the law of peace that must unite men and exist including four ships that were anchored at port among them to conserve the race, and and loaded with gold, silver, fabrics, nutmeg, creating obstacles and hindrances to the exer- pepper, ginger, silver rings adorned with many cise of trade and exchange, we must then, by pearls, seed pearls, and rubies—things also fire and sword, wage a cruel war. The captains worn by the men of this country. It appeared to have abundant and clear instructions on these us, according to what they told us, that all these points.” things had been imported, that it was the —Francois Bellec, Unknown Lands Moors who brought them, except for the gold; and that farther on, in the direction we were heading, there was more. Stones, seed pearls, and spices were so abundant, they said, that it wasn’t even necessary to barter for them: you could gather them by the basketful.”

—Francois Bellec, Unknown Lands Vasco de Gama

Columbus in the Americas Portugal’s Empire 1. List several of the most likely reasons that the 5. According to the Portuguese court, why do natives of Hispaniola were so pleasant to the the people of Calicut deserve to have war Spaniards. waged against them? 2. How did the Spanish soldiers take advantage Read to Write of the natives? 6. The readings suggest that spreading religion Vasco da Gama Sails to India was a reason for journeying to new lands, and 3. What can you conclude about the economic for going to war. Based on these passages, do status of the people of Mozambique? Explain. you think this was the main goal? Explain. CA HR4. 4. After his visit to Mozambique, do you think da Gama wanted to continue on to find India? Why or why not? CHAPTER 10 • The Age of Exploration 507 Standard WH7.11

13. Predict How do you think the success of Review Content Vocabulary colonies would have been without the use Write the key term that completes each sen- of enslaved people? CA HI2. tence in the blank. 14. Making Connections How did the intro- a. export duction of horses into the Americas b. astrolabe change the way the native people lived? Do you think this was a change for the c. Columbian Exchange better? Why or why not? CA 7RC2.3 d. mercantilism e. cartography Geography Skills 1. Rulers who supported ______Study the map below and answer the follow- tried to get gold and build colonies. ing questions. 15. Place Which city in Europe was the first 2. European explorers used a(n) ______to receive the potato as part of the to help them find latitude. Columbian Exchange? CA CS3. 3. The art of mapmaking is ______. 16. Movement Why do you think so much 4. Goods were traded from the Americas to time passed before the potato arrived in Europe and back in the ______. Sweden and Finland? CA CS3. 5. Wealthy traders wanted to ______17. Movement Does it appear from the map more than they imported. that trade between nations followed a strict pattern? Why or why not? CA CS3. Review the Section 1 • Europe Explores the World Spread of the Potato 6. What caused Europeans to explore other parts of the world? 0 300 mi. FINLAND 1735 7. Which European nations were first to 0 300 km 20°W Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection SWEDEN 60°N explore and conquer other parts of the 1726

world? N a North e WE Sea S Section 2 • Trade and Empire ic lt Dublin a 8. How were the Americas divided between S B

Spain and Portugal? 50° 80 N 15 1599 ile 9. How did the Europeans increase trade? Ch Wroclaw m London fro BELGIUM 1708 Section 3 • A Global Exchange 1566 ATLANTIC Frankfurt 10. What new goods entered Europe after the OCEAN Paris 1580 Vienna Budapest establishment of the Columbian Exchange? 1580 HUNGARY 11. What were some of the problems with the Lyon 1654 1600 16 Peru 1 2 Venice om 56 Milan 5 global exchange? fr 5 40 °N Madrid Rome Critical Thinking 10°W 1566 12. Analyze Do you think the Portuguese or the Spanish found the better route to East Mediterranean Sea Asia by sea? CA 7RC2.0 0° 10°E20°E

508 CHAPTER 10 • The Age of Exploration Self-Check Quiz To help you prepare for Read to Write the Chapter Test, visit ca.hss.glencoe.com 18. Writing Research Reports Write a report describing the ideas and inventions European explorers used to map the world and establish the global 26. Monitoring Write five ques- exchange. How did the exchange of ideas tions you would ask to help you better shape the worldwide trade system? Use understand the information in the follow- information from the text as well as other ing paragraph. CA 7RC2.0 CA HR1. research to support your report. CA 7WA2.3 To help the Dutch, Queen Elizabeth I of England let English privateers attack 19. Using Your Work with your Spanish ships. Privateers are privately classmates to create a quiz that tests your owned ships that have a license from the knowledge of the Age of Exploration. Use government to attack ships of other the information from your foldables to cre- countries. People nicknamed the English ate questions about European exploration, privateers “sea dogs.” They raided the trade and the building of empires, and the Spanish treasure ships bringing gold back global exchange. CA HR1. from America. Using Academic Vocabulary —from page 495 Replace each of the underlined words with the word that best fits in its place. 20. It is not always easy to locate something that you have lost. Use the map below to answer the a. forget b. find c. remember following question. 21. His primary job as a chef was to make North America people dinner. a. main b. only c. easiest 22. The Red Cross offers aid to sick and hurt people. J a. medicine b. help c. money 23. He reacted positively when he received an A on the test. a. sadly b. eagerly c. happily Economic Connections K 24. Summarizing Write a detailed summary describing the development of the eco- L nomic systems that helped to increase N trade and profit in Europe. CA 7WA2.5 WE M Reviewing Skills S 27 25. Understanding Problems The Spanish controlled which and Solutions Write a brief essay describ- area of North America by 1750? ing the problems facing Europeans in the A J 1400s and how they overcame those prob- lems through inventions and exploration. B K The essay should trace the development of C L exploration and trade from the 1400s to the D M global exchange of the 1600s. CA HI1.

CHAPTER 10 • The Age of Exploration 509