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Vol. 17, No. 126, April 1997 Context:Southeast Asians & other newcomers in California’s classrooms May/June, 1997, Volume 17, No. 126 Not all Mexicans Speak Spanish Context is published When a Spanish- Mexico’s population comprises a wide variety of racial and ethnic five times during the speaking child comes groups. At the time of European arrival in the early 1500s, the country was academic year as a way into your class, do inhabited by numerous Amerind civilizations. The ancestors of these to provide staff with you assume he’s groups migrated south after crossing the land bridge between Asia and information and ideas Mexican? And, if North America 12 to 20 thousand years ago. concerning their you find out he is The majority of the people lived in the Mesa Central. Most were under newcomer students from Mexico, do you the general rule of the Aztec Empire, but a great many separate cultural and parents. While the assume he speaks groups thrived in the region, speaking Tarastec, Otomi, and Nahuatl, and focus is on Southeast Spanish as his first many other languages. Outside the Mesa Central were other cultural Asians, most articles language? This issue groups—the Maya of the Yucatan and the Mixtecs and Zapotecs of Oaxaca. and resources apply to provides a run-down other newcomer on all the possible For at least 2,000 groups as well. District other languages a years prior to Euro- staff with LEP students Mexican child might pean discovery, there receive an free speak at home. Also were complex highly subscription (contact included are all the organized civilizations Nguyet Tham at the languages found in living in different parts Transitional English Central American of Mexico. The Aztec office). Outside countries of El Salva- cities of the Mesa Cen- subscribers pay $10 dor, Nicaragua, and tral were remarkable per year to cover Honduras... for their architectural mailing and handling design, irrigation tech- costs. nology, and social organization. Mayan ruins in the Yucatan Editor: are evidence of wide- Judy Lewis spread urbanization Transitional English and intensive domes- Folsom Cordova USD tication of the land to 2460 Cordova Lane increase its productiv- Rancho Cordova ity. These ruins date CA 95670 back twenty centuries. Phone (916) 635-6815 Over the last four Fax (916) 635-0174 centuries descendants [email protected] of Indians and Europe- ans, sometimes called mestizos, have become the dominant group in 2 CONTEXT: Southeast Asians & other newcomers in California’s classrooms UNITED STATES Baja California Norte Sonora Chihuahua Isla Cedros Coahuila Gulf of California Nuevo Leon Baja California Durango Gulf of Mexico Sur Tamaulipas Sinaloa Zacatecas San Luis North Potosi Pacific 1 Ocean Nayarit Islas Marias Yucatan Isla de 4 Cozumel 2 3 Jalisco Quintana Bahia de Colima 5 6 8 Campeche Roo Michoacan 7 Campeche Puebla Veracruz Key to states in Guerrero central Mexico Oaxaca Chiapas BELIZE 1 Aguascalientes 2 Guanajuato 3 Queretaro 4 Hidalgo GUATEMALA Golfo de HONDURAS 5 Mexico Tehuantepec 6 Distrito Federal 7 Morelos EL SALVADOR 8 Tlaxcala Mexico. Today they account for at least two- What is the likelihood that Mexican Indians thirds and perhaps three-fourths of the total are in your school? As the United States immi- population. gration reform law favors family-sponsored people (within a numerical limit) and immediate While Indians represent nearly a quarter of relatives of US citizens (with no numerical limit), the population, in 1980 there were only slightly the opportunities for Indians to be in our class- more than 5 million people (about 8 percent of rooms depend on whether or not they had rela- the population) who spoke an Indian language tives who came before and became citizens. and just over 1 million who spoke only an Indian language. Some of the languages are spoken by When Mexican-born children are brought for- only a few speakers, destined for extinction as ward for investigation of learning difficulties, these speakers pass on. Those that have been en- one of the first questions must be: “What lan- coded in a written form stand a better chance of guage do you speak at home? What language surviving, if only in dusty libraries. did you learn to speak first? Imagine the diffi- culty for a child who lived in a Indian rural vil- Indian speakers predominate in several re- lage, spoke an Indian language at home, gions or Mexico. Mayan speakers are the major- attended a two or three years of school immersed ity cultural group in the rural Yucatan. In the in Spanish, then came to the US and ended up Chiapas Highlands and the Southern Highlands, immersed in English. When assessed by a Span- especially the Oaxaca Valley and more remote ish-speaker, the child then appears to have very parts of the Sierra Madre del Sur, there are many limited use of Spanish, leading to conclusions of Indian communities, and enclaves of Indians are language deficit or low ability. still significant in isolated mountain areas on the eastern margin of the Mesa Central. Volume 17, No. 126, May/June, 1997 3 Languages spoken in Mexico Language family Regions, dialects, and numbers.. Amuzgo Oto-Manguean Guerrero 25,000 (1982 SIL), Oaxaca 7,500 (1982), Santa Maria Ipalapa 2,000 (1983) Chatino Oto-Manguean Oaxaca: Lachao-Yolotepec 1,500 (1991 SIL), Nopala 10,000 (1982), Tataltepec 2,500 (1982), West Highland 12,000 (1991), Yaitepec 3,000 (1991), Zacatepec 500 (1977), Zenzontepec 10,000 (1982) Chichimeca Oto-Manguean Pame 1,000 to 2,000, Jonaz 1,200 (1977) Chicomuceltec Mayan 1,500 in Chiapas (1982) Chinanteco Oto-Manguean Oaxaca: Chiltepec 3,000 (1977 SIL), Comaltepec 1,400 (1982), Lalana 10,000 (1982), Lealao 900 (1982), Ojitlan 10,000 (1977), Ozumacin 4,000 (1991), Palantla 10,600 (1982), Quiotepec 5,000 (1982), Sochiapan 4,000 (1991), Tepetotutla 1,000 (1977), Tepinapa 3,000, Tlacoatzintepec 1,000 (1983), Usila 7,000 (1991), Valle Nacional 5,000 Chocho Oto-Manguean Oaxaca: 2,500 (1977 SIL) Chol Mayan Chiapas: Tila 40,000, Tumbala 50,000 (1982) Chontal Hokan Oaxaca: Highland 5,000 (1982 SIL), Lowland 5,000 (1967), Tabasco: 40,000 Chuj Mayan 3,000 in Chiapas (1990 SIL) Cora Aztec Nayarit: 15,000 (1986 SIL) Cuicateco Oto-Manguean Oaxaca: Tepeuxila 15,000 (1991 SIL), Teutila 12,000 (1991) Diegueno Hokan 115 to 300 in Mexico; possibly 50 to 100 in USA Huarijio Aztec Sonora, Chihuahua 5,000 (1982 SIL) Huasteco Mayan San Luis Potosi 38,329 (1970 census), Veracruz 35,000 (1982 SIL) Huave Huavean Oaxaca: 15,000 (1991) Huichol Aztec Nayarit, Jalisco 12,500 (1988 Excelsior) Jacalteco Mayan 1,000 (1991 SIL) Kikapoo Algonquian 500 in Mexico; 1,200 speakers in Mexico and USA (1987 SIL) Mam Mayan Chiapas: Todos Santos Cuchumatan 10,000) (1991) Matlatzinca Oto-Manguean State of Mexico: 2,200 (1977 SIL) Mayo Aztec Sonora: 50,000 (1983 SIL) 4 CONTEXT: Southeast Asians & other newcomers in California’s classrooms Mazahua Oto-Manguean State of Mexico, Michoacan: 400,000 (1982 SIL) Mazateco Oto-Manguean Oaxaca, Veracruz: 205,000 (1991), San Juan Chiquihuitlan 4,500 (1991), San Pedro Ixcatlan 5,742 (1960) Mexican Sign Language Deaf sign language 87,000 to 100,000 mainly monolingual users (1986 T.C. Smith- Stark; 1989 A. Bickford SIL) (1986 Gallaudet University) Mixe Mixe-Zoque Coatlan: 5,000 (1982 SIL); Guichicovi 18,000; Juquila 8,500; Mazatlan 25,000 (1991 SIL); Quetzaltepec 25,000 (1991 SIL); Tlahuitoltepec 5,000 (1991 SIL); Totontepec 6,000 (1991 SIL) Mixteco Oto-Manguean Alacatlatzala 15,000 (1990 SIL); Amoltepec 5,000; Central Puebla 3,000 (1960); Coastal Guerrero 6,000; Diuxi-Tilantongo 10,000 (1960 census); Eastern 14,000 (1982 SIL); Eastern Jamiltepec-Chayuco 30,000 (1977 SIL); Eastern Jamiltepec-San Cristobal 10,000 (1983 SIL; Eastern Juxtlahuaca 15,000; Eastern Putla 7,000; Huajuapan 3,000; Metlatonoc 15,000 (1972 SIL); North Central Nochitlan 2,000 (1977 SIL); Northern Tlaxiaco 14,000 (1990 census); Northwest Oaxaca 1,200 (1983 SIL); San Antonio Huitepec 4,000 (1983 SIL); San Bartolome Yucuane 1,400 (1991 SIL); San Esteban Atatlahuca 8,000 (1982 SIL); San Juan Coatzospan 2,000 (1982 SIL); San Juan Colorado 12,000 (1983 SIL); San Miguel El Grande12,000 (1983 SIL); San Pedro Tututepac 2,000 (1972 SIL); Santiago Apoala 6,000; Santiago Yosondua 15,000 (1977 SIL); Santo Tomas Ocotepec 8,000 (1982 SIL); Silacayoapan 15,000 (1982 SIL); Southeastern Nochixtlan 7,000 (1990 census); Southern Nochixtlan 5,000; Southern Puebla 8,000; Southern Putla 2,500 (1983 SIL); Southwestern Tlaxiaco 10,000 (1991 SIL); Tezoatlan De Segura Y Luna 5,000 (1983 SIL); Western Jamiltepec 15,000 (1982 SIL) Nahuatl Aztec Central 63,000 (1986); Guerrero 300,000 (1991 SIL); E. Huasteca 410,000 (1991); W. Huasteca 400,000 (1991); Isthmus 50,000 (1991); Michoacan 1,800 (1982 SIL); 90,000 (1982); N. Puebla 60,000 (1982); Ometepec 2,000; Orizaba 120,000 (1991); Sierra De Puebla 125,000 (1983) South American children (Purcell, “People of the World” photo CD) Volume 17, No. 126, May/June, 1997 5 Otomi Oto-Manguean Eastern 20,000 (1982 SIL); Mezquital 100,000; Northwestern 40,000; On the next pages, Southeastern 1,500; State of Mexico you’ll find a short 7,000 (1982 SIL); Temoaya 35,000 (1991 SIL); Tenango 10,000; “status report” on Texcatepec 8,000 (1977 SIL); the situation in the Pame Oto-Manguean 4,350 (1990 census) country related to the likelihood that Pima Bajo Aztec Chihuahua 1,000 (1989); Sonora people will flee for 1,000 (1989); their lives. This Plautdietsch Indo-European (German) 42,000 (1983) information is from Popoloca Oto-Manguean Coyotepec 500; Eastern 5,000 (1991 an annual report SIL); Northern 6,000; Santa Ines published by the US Ahuatempan 6,000; Southern 1,000 (1977 SIL); Western 10,000 (1982 Committee for SIL); Sayula 6,000 (1982 SIL); Sierra Refugees.
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