DOCSLIB.ORG

1 Language Use, Language Change and Innovation In

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1 Language Use, Language Change and Innovation In LANGUAGE USE, LANGUAGE CHANGE AND INNOVATION IN NORTHERN BELIZE CONTACT SPANISH By OSMER EDER BALAM A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2016 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the guidance and support from many people, who have been instrumental since the inception of this seminal project on contact Spanish outcomes in Northern Belize. First and foremost, I am thankful to Dr. Mary Montavon and Prof. Usha Lakshmanan, who were of great inspiration to me at Southern Illinois University-Carbondale. Thank you for always believing in me and motivating me to pursue a PhD. This achievement is in many ways also yours, as your educational ideologies have profoundly influenced me as a researcher and educator. I am indebted to my committee members, whose guidance and feedback were integral to this project. In particular, I am thankful to my adviser Dr. Gillian Lord, whose energy and investment in my education and research were vital for the completion of this dissertation. I am also grateful to Dr. Ana de Prada Pérez, whose assistance in the statistical analyses was invaluable to this project. I am thankful to my other committee members, Dr. Benjamin Hebblethwaite, Dr. Ratree Wayland, and Dr. Brent Henderson, for their valuable and insighful comments and suggestions. I am also grateful to scholars who have directly or indirectly contributed to or inspired my work in Northern Belize. These researchers include: Usha Lakshmanan, Ad Backus, Jacqueline Toribio, Mark Sebba, Pieter Muysken, Penelope Gardner- Chloros, and Naomi Lapidus Shin. A special thanks to Christine Kray, who generously shared interview transcripts from interviews she conducted with third and fourth generation descendants from San José Yalbac in 2005. I am grateful to Dámaris Mayans, my friend and colleague, whose presence has been a blessing and inspiration to me. I am forever indebted to your friendship and your support in my research endeavors. My humble gratitude also goes out to Dr. Michael A. Claudio, whose 2 constant support and words of advice during the past five years were crucial to my scholarly accomplishments. ¡Mil gracias Claudio! Next, I would like to thank my parents for their faith in my dreams and for their prayers. I am especially thankful to my sister Ruby who, in the process of data collection, became my research assistant. I am grateful to Mr. Alejandro Pérez, from the Government of Belize, whose assistance in the data collection process was fundamental to this dissertation as well. Last but not least, I am indebted to the consultants of the present dissertation, the protagonists of this project, who gave me an opportunity to read and learn more not only about linguistic aspects of Northern Belizean Spanish and Northern Belize bi/multilingual code- switching, but about my people, my past and their struggles during the last century. Without their willingness to participate and their willingness to help me recruit other participants, this dissertation would not have been possible. ¡Muchas Gracias! Dios bo’otik! 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................2 LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................................8 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................10 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................12 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................14 1.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................................14 1.2 The Sociolinguistic Context: Northern Belize ..................................................................16 1.2.1 Northern Belize: Demographic and Linguistic Profile ...........................................16 1.2.2 History of Contact Spanish and Bi/Multilingualism in Northern Belize ...............22 1.3 Language Attitudes and Identity in Northern Belize ........................................................36 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND........................................................................................45 2.1 Defining Code-Switching .................................................................................................45 2.2 Opposing Views of Code-Switching ................................................................................47 2.2.1 The Dominant View of Code-Switching ................................................................47 2.2.2 Criticisms of CS as the Combination of Grammars or Lexicons ...........................52 2.2.3 Code-Switching and Convergence .........................................................................56 2.3 Approaches in the Grammatical Analysis of Code-Switching .........................................59 2.3.1 Bilingual Speech Typology ....................................................................................63 2.3.2 Myers-Scotton’s The Matrix Language Frame (MLF) Model ...............................69 2.3.3 Minimalist Approach to Code-Switching ...............................................................76 2.4 The Debate on Social versus Linguistic Factors...............................................................81 2.5 Situating the Northern Belize Context ..............................................................................89 2.5.1 Research Questions ................................................................................................94 2.5.2 Structure of the Dissertation ...................................................................................95 3 THE INTERVOCALIC RHOTIC CONTRAST IN NORTHERN BELIZEAN SPANISH ................................................................................................................................97 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................97 3.2 Intervocalic Rhotic Contrast(s) and Neutralization in Spanish Varieties .........................99 3.3 Previous Work ................................................................................................................106 3.3.1 Rhotic Distribution in Spanish Bidialectal Contexts ............................................106 3.3.2 Studies on the Intervocalic Tap/Trill Contrast .....................................................109 3.4 Methodology ...................................................................................................................113 3.4.1 Participants ...........................................................................................................113 4 3.4.2 Tasks .....................................................................................................................115 3.4.3 Procedure ..............................................................................................................117 3.5 Results.............................................................................................................................119 3.5.1 Rhotics in Northern Belizean Spanish ..................................................................119 3.5.2 Neutralization of the NBS Intervocalic Rhotic Contrast ......................................125 3.5.2.1 Elicited oral production........................................................................... 125 3.5.2.2 Read-aloud .............................................................................................. 129 3.6 Discussion .......................................................................................................................138 3.6.1 A Closer Look at Task Type and Phonetic Outcomes .........................................138 3.6.2 Social-indexical Factors in Northern Belize .........................................................142 3.7 Concluding Remarks ......................................................................................................147 3.8 Limitations ......................................................................................................................147 4 BILINGUAL LIGHT VERB CONSTRUCTIONS ..............................................................149 4.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................149 4.2 Bilingual Light Verb Constructions................................................................................150 4.3 Bilingual Light Verb Constructions in Spanish Contact Situations ...............................158 4.3.1 Verb Frequency and Stativity ...............................................................................158 4.3.2 Passivization .........................................................................................................163 4.4 Study 1 Methodology: Verb Frequency and Stativity ....................................................166 4.4.1 Consultants ...........................................................................................................167 4.4.2 Data .......................................................................................................................169
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Flippin' Scripts
    FLIPPIN’ SCRIPTS: LANGUAGE IDEOLOGIES AND LANGUAGE PRACTICES IN A DUAL IMMERSION BILINGUAL PROGRAM A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION AND THE COMMITTEE ON GRADUATE STUDIES OF STANFORD UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Luis Poza June 25, 2014 © 2014 by Luis Ernesto Poza. All Rights Reserved. Re-distributed by Stanford University under license with the author. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial 3.0 United States License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/us/ This dissertation is online at: http://purl.stanford.edu/cm329ff4174 ii I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Guadalupe Valdes, Primary Adviser I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. H. Alim I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Francisco Ramirez Approved for the Stanford University Committee on Graduate Studies. Patricia J. Gumport, Vice Provost for Graduate Education This signature page was generated electronically upon submission of this dissertation in electronic format. An original signed hard copy of the signature page is on file in University Archives. iii Abstract Flippin’ Scripts: Language Ideologies and Language Practices In a Dual Immersion Bilingual Program by Luis Poza Stanford Graduate School of Education Professor Guadalupe Valdés, chair In light of persistent inequalities in the education of students learning societally dominant languages in schools and their peers, this study explores the language ideologies and practices for a grade-level cohort at one particular dual immersion (DI) bilingual program.
    [Show full text]
  • Belize National Sustainable Development Report
    UNCSD – Belize National Sustainable Development Report Belize National Sustainable Development Report Ministry of Forestry, Fisheries, and Sustainable Development, Belize United Nations Department of Social and Economic Affairs (UNDESA) United Nations Development Program (UNDP) ____________________________________ INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT CONSULTANTS – www.idcbz.net Page | 1 UNCSD – Belize National Sustainable Development Report TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Acronyms Acknowledgements 1.0. Belize Context……………………………………………………………………………………5 1.1 Geographical Location………………………………………………………………………5 1.2 Climate………………………………………………………………………………………..5 1.3 Hydrology……………………………………………………………………………………..6 1.4 Population…………………………………………………………………………………….6 1.5 Political Context……………………………………………………………………………...7 1.6 Economy……………………………………………………………………………………...7 2.0 Background and Approach………………………………………………………………………….7 3.0 Policy and Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development………………………………8 3.1 National Level………………………………………………………………………………..8 3.2 Multi-Lateral Agreements…………………………………………………………………...9 4.0 Progress to Date in Sustainable Development…………………………………………………..10 5.0 Challenges to Sustainable Development…………………………………………………………23 5.1 Environmental and Social Vulnerabilities………………………………………………..23 5.2 Natural Disasters…………………………………………………………………………...23 5.3 Climate Change…………………………………………………………………………….23 5.4 Economic Vulnerability…………………………………………………………………….24 5.5 Policy and Institutional Challenges……………………………………………………….24 6.0 Opportunities for Sustainable Development……………………………………………………..26
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Garifuna of Belize's Toledo District Alexander Gough
    Indigenous identity in a contested land: A study of the Garifuna of Belize’s Toledo district Alexander Gough This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2018 Lancaster University Law School 1 Declaration This thesis has not been submitted in support of an application for another degree at this or any other university. It is the result of my own work and includes nothing that is the outcome of work done in collaboration except where specifically indicated. Many of the ideas in this thesis were the product of discussion with my supervisors. Alexander Gough, Lancaster University 21st September 2018 2 Abstract The past fifty years has seen a significant shift in the recognition of indigenous peoples within international law. Once conceptualised as the antithesis to European identity, which in turn facilitated colonial ambitions, the recognition of indigenous identity and responding to indigenous peoples’ demands is now a well-established norm within the international legal system. Furthermore, the recognition of this identity can lead to benefits, such as a stake in controlling valuable resources. However, gaining tangible indigenous recognition remains inherently complex. A key reason for this complexity is that gaining successful recognition as being indigenous is highly dependent upon specific regional, national and local circumstances. Belize is an example of a State whose colonial and post-colonial geographies continue to collide, most notably in its southernmost Toledo district. Aside from remaining the subject of a continued territorial claim from the Republic of Guatemala, in recent years Toledo has also been the battleground for the globally renowned indigenous Maya land rights case.
    [Show full text]
  • The Song of Kriol: a Grammar of the Kriol Language of Belize
    The Song of Kriol: A Grammar of the Kriol Language of Belize Ken Decker THE SONG OF KRIOL: A GRAMMAR OF THE KRIOL LANGUAGE OF BELIZE Ken Decker SIL International DIS DA FI WI LANGWIJ Belize Kriol Project This is a publication of the Belize Kriol Project, the language and literacy arm of the National Kriol Council No part of this publication may be altered, and no part may be reproduced in any form without the express permission of the author or of the Belize Kriol Project, with the exception of brief excerpts in articles or reviews or for educational purposes. Please send any comments to: Ken Decker SIL International 7500 West Camp Wisdom Rd. Dallas, TX 75236 e-mail: [email protected] or Belize Kriol Project P.O. Box 2120 Belize City, Belize c/o e-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] Copies of this and other publications of the Belize Kriol Project may be obtained through the publisher or the Bible Society Bookstore 33 Central American Blvd. Belize City, Belize e-mail: [email protected] © Belize Kriol Project 2005 ISBN # 978-976-95215-2-0 First Published 2005 2nd Edition 2009 Electronic Edition 2013 CONTENTS 1. LANGUAGE IN BELIZE ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 AN INTRODUCTION TO LANGUAGE ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 DEFINING BELIZE KRIOL AND BELIZE CREOLE ...................................................................................... 2 1.3
    [Show full text]
  • El Español De América Central Ayer, Hoy Y Mañana*
    Boletín de Filología, Tomo XLIII (2008): 145 - 174 El español de América Central ayer, hoy y mañana* Miguel Ángel Quesada Pacheco** Universidad de Bergen, Noruega RESUMEN El español que se habla en los países que conforman el istmo centroamericano (Belice, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica y Panamá) ha sido estudiado de manera escasa y fragmentaria. Desde los inicios de la época independiente (1821), el interés fi lológico se ha centrado, por una parte, en la lexicografía, y por otra, en la normatividad, con lo cual se han dejado de lado otras perspectivas de estudio lingüístico. Además, con frecuencia las personas interesadas en el tema no son profesionales en la materia, sino más bien afi cionadas, con lo cual el producto de sus esfuerzos no siempre va coronado con los mejores resultados lingüísticos. En el presente estudio se esboza el camino recorrido para llegar al conocimiento que hoy tenemos del español centroamericano, lo que se ha hecho hasta nuestros días, y las tareas que nos esperan. Se resaltarán los aportes logrados en cada uno de los estudios, situando su valor científi co en tiempo y espacio, con el fi n de destacar etapas históricas en el camino recorrido. Palabras clave: Español, Lingüística, Filología, Historia, Dialectología. * El presente artículo fue presentado como ponencia plenaria en el IV Simposio sobre la Lengua y la Literatura Nicaragüenses (Managua, 27 y 28 de abril de 2006). ** Para correspondencia dirigirse a: Miguel Ángel Quesada Pacheco (miguel.quesada@ if.uib.no), Departamento de Lenguas Extranjeras (Institutt for framandspråk), Facultad de Humanidades (Det humanistiske fakultet), Universidad de Bergen (Universitetet i Bergen), HF-Bygg, Sydnesplass 7, N-5007 Bergen, Noruega.
    [Show full text]
  • Quichua-Spanish Language Contact in Salcedo, Ecuador: Revisiting Media Lengua Syncretic Language Practices
    QUICHUA-SPANISH LANGUAGE CONTACT IN SALCEDO, ECUADOR: REVISITING MEDIA LENGUA SYNCRETIC LANGUAGE PRACTICES BY MARCO SHAPPECK DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2011 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Hans Henrich Hock, Director of Research Professor Rajeshwari Vijay Pandharipande, Chair Associate Professor Anna María Escobar Professor José Ignacio Hualde Abstract The purpose of the current thesis is to develop a better understanding of the interaction between Spanish and Quichua in the Salcedo region and provide more information for the processes that might have given rise to Media Lengua, a ‘mixed’ language comprised of a Quichua grammar and Spanish lexicon. Muysken attributes the formation of Media Lengua to relexification, ruling out any influence from other bilingual phenomena. I argue that the only characteristic that distinguishes Media Lengua from other language contact varieties in central Ecuador is the quantity of the overall Spanish borrowings and not the type of processes that might have been employed by Quichua speakers during the genesis of Media Lengua. The results from the Salcedo data that I have collected show how processes such as adlexification, code-mixing, and structural convergence produce Media Lengua-type sentences, evidence that supports an alternative analysis to Muysken’s relexification hypothesis. Overall, this dissertation is developed around four main objectives: (1) to describe the variation of Spanish loanwords within a bilingual community in Salcedo; (2) to analyze some of the prominent and recent structural changes in Quichua and Spanish; (3) to determine whether Spanish loanword use can be explained by the relationship consultants have with particular social categories; and (4) to analyze the consultants’ language ideologies toward syncretic uses of Spanish and Quichua.
    [Show full text]
  • Searching for the Origins of Uruguayan Fronterizo Dialects: Radical Code-Mixing As “Fluent Dysfluency”
    Searching for the origins of Uruguayan Fronterizo dialects: radical code-mixing as “fluent dysfluency” JOHN M. LIPSKI Abstract Spoken in northern Uruguay along the border with Brazil are intertwined Spanish-Portuguese dialects known to linguists as Fronterizo `border’ dialects, and to the speakers themselves as portuñol. Since until the second half of the 19th century northern Uruguay was populated principally by monolingual Portuguese speakers, it is usually assumed that Fronterizo arose when Spanish-speaking settlers arrived in large numbers. Left unexplained, however, is the genesis of morphosyntactically intertwined language, rather than, e.g. Spanish with many Portuguese borrowings or vice versa. The present study analyzes data from several communities along the Brazilian border (in Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay), where Portuguese is spoken frequently but dysfluently (with much involuntary mixing of Spanish) by Spanish speakers in their dealings with Brazilians. A componential analysis of mixed language from these communities is compared with Uruguayan Fronterizo data, and a high degree of quantitative structural similarity is demonstrated. The inclusion of sociohistorical data from late 19th century northern Uruguay complements the contemporary Spanish-Portuguese mixing examples, in support of the claim that Uruguayan Fronterizo was formed not in a situation of balanced bilingualism but rather as the result of the sort of fluid but dysfluent approximations to a second language found in contemporary border communities. 1. Introduction Among the languages of the world, mixed or intertwined languages are quite rare, and have provoked considerable debate among linguists. The most well- known cases, Michif, combining French and Cree (Bakker and Papen 1997; Bakker 1996), and Media Lengua, combining Spanish and Quechua (Muysken 1981, 1989, 1997), rather systematically juxtapose lexical items from a European language and functional items from a Native American language, in Journal of Portuguese Linguistics, 8-1 (2009), 3-44 ISSN 1645-4537 4 John M.
    [Show full text]
  • Variation and Change in Latin American Spanish and Portuguese
    Variation and change in Latin American Spanish and Portuguese Gregory R. Guy New York University Fieldworker:¿Que Ud. considera ‘buen español? New York Puerto Rican Informant: Tiene que pronunciar la ‘s’. Western hemisphere varieties of Spanish and Portuguese show substantial similarity in the patterning of sociolinguistic variation and change. Caribbean and coastal dialects of Latin American Spanish share several variables with Brazilian Portuguese (e.g., deletion of coda –s, –r). These variables also show similar social distribution in Hispanic and Lusophone communities: formal styles and high status speakers are consonantally conservative, while higher deletion is associated with working class speakers and informal styles. The regions that show these sociolinguistic parallels also share common historical demographic characteristics, notably a significant population of African ancestry and the associated history of extensive contact with African languages into the 19th C. But contemporary changes in progress are also active, further differentiating Latin American language varieties. Keywords: Brazilian Portuguese, Latin American Spanish, coda deletion, variation and change. 1. Introduction The Spanish and Portuguese languages have long been the objects of separate tradi- tions of scholarship that treat each of them in isolation. But this traditional separation is more indicative of political distinctions – Spain and Portugal have been separate nation-states for almost a millennium – than of any marked linguistic differences. In fact, these two Iberian siblings exhibit extensive linguistic resemblance, as well as no- tably parallel and intertwined social histories in the Americas. As this volume attests, these languages may very fruitfully be examined together, and such a joint and com- parative approach permits broader generalizations and deeper insights than may be obtained by considering each of them separately.
    [Show full text]
  • El Salvador Belize Population Estimate: 377,968 Surface Area: 8,867 Sq
    Kim Bautista Vector Control Chief of Operations RCM Meeting 29– 31 May 2018, San Salvador – El Salvador Belize Population Estimate: 377,968 Surface Area: 8,867 sq. miles/ 22,966 sq. km 6 administrative divisions (districts) Vector Control • Dengue, Zika, Chikungunya, Chagas, Malaria • 62 personnel Malaria 10 Year Trend 2017 Malaria 2017 Malaria by District and Species District SPECIES FALCIP VIVAX MIXED Total Corozal 0 0 0 0 Orange Walk 0 0 0 0 Belize 1 1 0 2 Cayo 0 1 0 1 Stann Creek 0 4 2 6 Toledo 0 0 0 0 Total 1 6 2 9 2018 Malaria Cases 2018 Imported Cases Stann Creek District – • 1 case – Peten, Guatemala • 1 case – Managua, Nicaragua Belize District – • 1 case – Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua • 1 case – Paramaribo, Suriname 2018 Local Cases • NONE Current Malaria Situation Priority Locations (2018) District Population Status Active and Residual Non-Active Foci Benque Viejo Del Carmen Town Cayo District 6780 Active Corozal Town Corozal District 12334 Residual Non-Active Patchakan Village Corozal District 1506 Residual Non-Active San Pedro Vilage Corozal District 596 Residual Non-Active San Victor Village Corozal District 938 Residual Non-Active San Estevan Village Orange Walk District 1821 Residual Non-Active San Jose Orange Village Orange Walk District 2800 Residual Non-Active Silk Grass Village Stann Creek District 1096 Active Conejo Village Toledo District 161 Residual Non-Active Trio Village Toledo District 1521 Active • Active Foci – 3 • Residual Non-Active - 7 Current Malaria Situation • The primary target areas are villages in the
    [Show full text]
  • Educating Belize: Challenges and Opportunities for the Future
    The University of Texas at Austin IC2 Institute Madison Weigand Dr. David Gibson UT Bridging Disciplines http://ic2.utexas.edu/ z EDUCATING BELIZE: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE FUTURE August 2015 BELIZE IC2 2 “Belize is paying a lot for education but getting little. More youth are outside the school system than in it and many fail to make the transition to the workforce. … Action is needed if Belize is not to lose a whole generation of youth.” - Inter-American Development Bank, “Challenges and Opportunities in the Belize Education Sector”, 2013 Belize: why we’re here Belize is a small nation in Central America, bordered to the north by Mexico, by Guatemala to the west and south, and by the Caribbean Sea to the east. Estimates of the national population vary from 340,000 – 360,0001, with population density averaging at 15 people per square kilometer2. In consideration of these low figures, Belize is often the forgotten nation of the Caribbean region. The small country, approximately the size of the state of Massachusetts, is occasionally omitted on regional maps and periodically has its sovereignty threatened by threats of invasion from the neighboring Guatemalan government (Rodriguez-Boetsch 6). In spite of its status as a sidelined nation, Belize is a haven of natural resources that have long been underestimated and underutilized. The country contains a broad spectrum of ecosystems and environments that lend themselves well to agricultural, fishing, and logging industries, as well as tourism—particularly ecotourism—contributing to the Belizean economy’s heavy dependence upon primary resource extraction and international tourism and trade.
    [Show full text]
  • 302232 Travelguide
    302232 TRAVELGUIDE <P.1> (118*205) G5-15 DANIEL V2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 INTRODUCTION 5 WELCOME 6 GENERAL VISITOR INFORMATION 8 GETTING TO BELIZE 9 TRAVELING WITHIN BELIZE 10 CALENDAR OF EVENTS 14 CRUISE PASSENGER ADVENTURES Half Day Cultural and Historical Tours Full Day Adventure Tours 16 SUGGESTED OVERNIGHT ADVENTURES Four-Day Itinerary Five-Day Itinerary Six-Day Itinerary Seven-Day Itinerary 25 ISLANDS, BEACHES AND REEF 32 MAYA CITIES AND MYSTIC CAVES 42 PEOPLE AND CULTURE 50 SPECIAL INTERESTS 57 NORTHERN BELIZE 65 NORTH ISLANDS 71 CENTRAL COAST 77 WESTERN BELIZE 87 SOUTHEAST COAST 93 SOUTHERN BELIZE 99 BELIZE REEF 104 HOTEL DIRECTORY 120 TOUR GUIDE DIRECTORY 302232 TRAVELGUIDE <P.2> (118*205) G5-15 DANIEL V2 302232 TRAVELGUIDE <P.3> (118*205) G5-15 DANIEL V2 The variety of activities is matched by the variety of our people. You will meet Belizeans from many cultural traditions: Mestizo, Creole, Maya and Garifuna. You can sample their varied cuisines and enjoy their music and Belize is one of the few unspoiled places left on Earth, their company. and has something to appeal to everyone. It offers rainforests, ancient Maya cities, tropical islands and the Since we are a small country you will be able to travel longest barrier reef in the Western Hemisphere. from East to West in just two hours. Or from North to South in only a little over that time. Imagine... your Visit our rainforest to see exotic plants, animals and birds, possible destinations are so accessible that you will get climb to the top of temples where the Maya celebrated the most out of your valuable vacation time.
    [Show full text]
  • Desde Las Variedades a La Lengua Pluricéntrica? QSFMJNJOBSFTRYE1BHF
    30 30 30 Aunque la palabra pluri- o policentrismo aún no figura en el Diccionario de la Real Academia Española, el concepto ya está integrado en la política lingüística panhispánica de las instituciones académicas. Según la RAE, “se consideran plenamente legítimos los diferentes usos de las regiones lingüísticas, con la única condición de que estén generalizados entre los hablantes cultos de su área y no supongan una ruptura del sistema en su conjunto”. Sin embargo, a la hora de valorar en este sentido la variación a la lengua pluricéntrica? lingüística del español, se termina el consenso y se abre la discusión. Este volumen ofrece un panorama amplio de las El español, ¿desde las variedades diferentes posiciones para saber qué se entiende exactamente por “pluricentrismo” en la teoría lingüística y hasta qué punto las FRANZ LEBSANFT / WILTRUD MIHATSCH / normas ejemplares del español se elaboran y se modernizan sobre CLAUDIA POLZIN-HAUMANN (EDS.) Lengua y Sociedad en el Mundo Hispánico Lengua y Sociedad en el Mundo Hispánico la base de este concepto. Al mismo tiempo, las contribuciones se dedican a una reflexión profundizada sobre la realidad del El español, ¿desde las diasistema del español actual y sobre las normas ejemplares del español. En este contexto, los autores contribuyen al debate sobre variedades a la los conceptos de “norma panhispánica”, español “común”, “internacional”, o “neutro”, conceptos que repercuten en el lengua pluricéntrica? lenguaje empleado por los medios de comunicación de masas en la era de la globalización.
    [Show full text]