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A Brief Descriptive Grammar of Pijal Media Lengua and an Acoustic Vowel Space Analysis of Pijal Media Lengua and Imbabura Quichua

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A Brief Descriptive Grammar of Pijal Media Lengua and an Acoustic Vowel Space Analysis of Pijal Media Lengua and Imbabura Quichua A Brief Descriptive Grammar of Pijal Media Lengua and an Acoustic Vowel Space Analysis of Pijal Media Lengua and Imbabura Quichua by Jesse Stewart A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Linguistics University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2011 by Jesse Stewart Abstract This thesis presents an acoustic vowel space analysis of F1 and F2 frequencies from 10 speakers of a newly documented variety of Media Lengua, called Pijal Media Lengua (PML) and 10 speakers of Imbabura Quichua (IQ). This thesis also provides a brief grammatical discription of PML with insights into contrasts and similarities between Spanish, Quichua and other documented varieties of Media Lengua, namely, Salcedo Media Lengua (Muysken 1997) and Angla Media Lengua (Gómez-Rendón 2005). Media Lengua is typically described as a mixed language with a Quichua morphosyntactic structure wherein almost all content words are replaced by their Spanish-derived counterparts through the process of relexification. I use mixed effects models to test Spanish- derived vowels against their Quichua-derived counterparts in PML for statistical significance followed by separate mixed effects models to test Spanish-derived /i/ vs. /e/ and /u/ vs. /o/ for statistical significance. The results of this thesis provide suggestive data for (1) co-existing vowel systems in moderate contact situations such as that of Quichua and (2) moderate evidence for co-exsiting vowel systems in extreme contact situations such as mixed languages. Results also show that (3) PML may be manipulating as many as eight vowels wherein Spanish-derived high vowels and low vowels co-exist as extreme mergers with their Quichua- dervied counterparts, while high vowel and mid vowels co-exist as partial mergers; and (4) IQ may be manipulating as many as six vowels instead of the traditional view of three wherein Spanish-derived high vowels have completely merged with their native Quichua counterparts. Spanish-dervied low vowels co-exist as extreme mergers with their native Quichua counterparts and high vowel and mid vowels co-exist as considerable mergers. ii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my advisor Dr. Kevin Russell, not only for his guidance and insights, but also for opening up my eyes to the world of psycholinguistics and statistics which have completely reinvented my approach to linguistics. I would also to thank my committee members, Dr. Robert (Rob) Hagiwara and Dr. Enrique Fernández for their suggestions and advice. Grad school would not even have been a possibility without the gracious funding provided though the Manitoba Graduate Scholarship (MGS). This thesis would not have been possible if it were not for the J. G. Fletcher Award for Graduate Student Research, which allowed me to travel to Ecuador and conduct my research. None of this would have been possible if it were not for the love, support and patients from my best friend and el amor de mi vida, my wife Gabriela Prado. I would also like to thank my sister Kim for putting up with my nomadic life style and always giving us a place to stay when we end up on her doorstep (twice during this research). A mi suegra por soportarme durante los nueve meses que estuve en su casa. Quiero agradecer a Don Antonio, Lucía Gonza y a todos los miembros que conforman Sumak Pacha por su amistad, hospitalidad y voluntad. De manera especial a los consultantes: Mercedes Tabango, Elvia Gualacata, Luz María Gualacata, Isabel Bonilla, Isabel Quilumba, Anita Cañarejo, Rosa Tocago, Zoila Marina, Bolivia de Bonilla, José Manuel Lechón, Luis Bonilla, Efraín Gonza y Feliciano Inuca. Agradezco a mi profesor de Quichua Alberto Ainaguano por su tiempo y conocimiento. Además quiero reconocer la colaboración de los consultantes de Quilotoa, Llamahuasi, Galpón, Tigua, Sigchucalle (Cotopaxi), San Pedro (Riobamba), Oksha, El Topo, Casco, Angla, Ibarra, Cashaloma y Chirihuasi (Imbabura) en especial a Eduardo Portilla, Adolfo Latacunga y Elvis Tuquerres por sus transcripciones y ayuda. Last but not least, I would like to think Joseph Daniel White for taking the time to edit my entire thesis. iii Dedication Para Gaby – por tu amor infinito ∞ te amo. To Kim – my soulmate. To Katie and Kelly – my inspirations. iv Table of Contents List of Tables ...................................................................................................................viii List of Figures.................................................................................................................... xi Abbreviations.................................................................................................................... xii Glosses .............................................................................................................................xiii 1 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Phonetic Duality and Bilingualism ........................................................................... 9 2 History and Classification of Quechua .......................................................................... 14 2.1 Means for Categorization of the Quechuan Family................................................ 15 2.2 Key Criteria for Separating Quechua I from Quechua II........................................ 15 2.2.1 Phonological Arguments.................................................................................. 15 2.3 Quechua Vowels .................................................................................................... 16 2.4 QIIB ........................................................................................................................ 17 2.5 Quichua from Lingua Franca to Dominant Mother Tongue of Ecuador ................ 17 2.6 Ecuadorian Quichua................................................................................................ 18 2.7 Demographics of Ecuadorian Quichua ................................................................... 20 2.8 Spanish Influences on Ecuadorian Quichua .......................................................... 22 2.9 Quichua Influences on Ecuadorian Spanish ........................................................... 27 3.1 Background Information on Pijal............................................................................ 32 3.2 Statements from Pijal.............................................................................................. 33 4 A Brief Grammatical Description of Pijal Media Lengua............................................. 37 4.1 Quichua Preservations and Spanish Gender in PML.............................................. 37 4.2 Verbal Derivation.................................................................................................... 45 4.3 Word Order ............................................................................................................. 49 4.4 Voicing Rule ........................................................................................................... 50 4.5 Lexical Freezing and Morphological Regularization ............................................. 51 4.6 Lexical Reduction ................................................................................................... 52 4.7 Reduplication .......................................................................................................... 53 4.8 Deixis ...................................................................................................................... 54 4.8.1 Ese as an Article............................................................................................... 55 4.9 Expressing Desire ................................................................................................... 57 4.10 Reflexives ............................................................................................................. 57 4.11 Comparatives and Superlatives............................................................................. 58 4.12 Pronouns ............................................................................................................... 59 4.13 Possessives............................................................................................................ 60 4.15 Temporal Expressions........................................................................................... 62 5 Pijal Media Lengua Phonemic Inventory ...................................................................... 64 5.1 Consonants.............................................................................................................. 65 5.1.1 Labials.............................................................................................................. 65 5.1.1.1 /b/ vs. /p/.................................................................................................... 65 5.1.1.2 /f/ vs. /p/ .................................................................................................... 66 5.1.2 Dentals ............................................................................................................. 67 5.1.3 Velars ............................................................................................................... 68 5.1.3.1 /ɣ/ vs. /k/...................................................................................................
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