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Introduction to Ecuador Highland Quichua Introduction to Central Highland Quichua of Ecuador or Quichua in Ten Easy Lessons (the other 40 are harder) By Ellen M. Ross Joseph Dickey IN MEMORIAM Mrs. Joseph Dickey (Revised and translated into Spanish by Richard Aschmann) Volume 1 (Lessons 1-25) Copyright © 2017 Richard P. Aschmann. All rights reserved. This book can be found in electronic form at: www.quichua.net. www.quichua.net. Special thanks to Darlene Helmly for her initial work in beginning the translation of this work into Spanish, and for motivating me to continue with this project. Darlene Helmly CALLARI YUYAICUNA FOREWORD Ricardo Aschmann Richard Aschmann Cai librotaca pani Ellen Rossmi quillcashca. Ellen Ross, the author of this Paica shuj huatallatami cai Ecuadorpica causashca, work in its original form, lived in Ec- 1958 huatapi cashcachari, mana cashpaca 1959 uador for only one year, in 1958 or huatapi. Chai huatapica Chimborazo runacunapaj 1959, and during that year she learned rimaitami yachashca, ashtahuanpish ashallatami Ecuadorian Highland Quichua (focus- shujtaj urcucunapi tiyaj llajtacunapaj runa ing on the Quichua of Chimborazo rimaicunataca yachashca. Chai huatallapitajmi cai Province) and wrote this grammar and librotapish, shuj diccionario librotapish a dictionary. These were never offi- quillcashca. ( shimica shuj rimai ima shina cially published. She wrote them in rurarishcata ricuchina nisha ninmi.) Cai librocunataca English, not in Spanish, since her im- huaquincunallatami rurashca, mana manta mediate purpose was to help her mis- tucui ladoman llujshichishcachu. Paicunapura turi ñaña sionary colleagues learn Quichua. misionerocunata chai huatacunapi runa rimaita Ellen Ross had worked both yachachun munaillamanta rurashca cashcamantaca before and after this time as a mission- inglés rimaillapimi cai libroca rurashca. ary in Bolivia, and had learned Boliv- Pani Ellenca chai huata ñaupacunapipish q'uipa ian Quechua. She was clearly a person huatacunapipish Bolivia llajtapi misionera shinami of amazing intelligence and ability trabajashca. Chaipica Quechua runacunapaj rimaitami with languages, since she was able to yachashca. Cai librotapish diccionario learn Highland Ecuadorian Quichua librotapish shuj huatallapi quillcashpaca, shujtaj well enough in only one year to pro- rimaicunatapish allitataj ñapish jahualla yachai tucuj, duce this grammar and a dictionary, allitataj yachaisapa huarmi cashcatami ricuchishca. Cai both of which, though containing a libropish diccionario libropish asha certain number of errors, contain far pandacunallatami charin, shina cashpapish manamari fewer than would be expected under yalli pandacunaca tiyanchu. the circumstances! Pani Ellenca ñami huañushca. Chashna Ellen Ross is now deceased, cajpipish, cai libroca achca valij cashcatami ricunchij. but we believe that her grammar is of Ashtahuanpish quichua rimaita yachashpa great value, that its pedagogical meth- catingapajpish ashtahuan alli minishtirishcatami odology is excellent, and that it merits ricunchij. Chaimantami castellano rimaiman being translated into Spanish and made ch'imbachishpa ishqui rimaipi tucui gentecunapaj available to the public in a bilingual llujshichicunchij. format. i © 2017 R. Aschmann Introduction to Central Highland Quichua of Ecuador Cai libroca chashna ñaupa huatacunaman Because of the time period in quillcashca cashcamantaca, huaquin shimicunaca which it was written, this grammar cunanpica ña mana tanto uyarinchu. Cai libropica contains certain anachronisms. For ex- jaźinda tauca cutin jaźinda nishca shimimi ricurin. (Cunan ample, it frequently uses the term punlla castellano rimaipica shimica jaźinda “hacienda”, referring to a large nishcami. Chashna cajpicarin, chuscu plantation. (The Spanish word patsaj huata ñaupamanca castellano rimaipica is now pronounced nishcami carca. Quichua rimaipica in Latin American Spanish, but four jaźinda shimica caźi cai ñaupa hundred years ago it was pronounced * nishca shina cunan uyarishcami.* Chaimantami j . The current Quichua letrahuan ź letrahuan quillcashca.) Cai librota pronunciation reflects this archaic quillcashca horasca, caźi tucui quichua rimaita rimaj Spanish pronunciation, which is why it j runacunaca, paicunapaj quiquin allpata mana is spelled with j and ź.) At the time of ź charimantaca jatun jaźindayuj mishucunapaj its writing very few of the speakers of allpallatami trabajashpa causaj cashca. Chashna Highland Ecuadorian Quichua owned shujcuna llaquichijpi trabajashpa causanapish their own land, and the vast majority of achcacunapaj llaqui, sinchitajmi cashca. them worked for non-Indian landowners nishca “Tucui allpapi trabajaj gentecuna of large plantations, often under ex- paipaj quiquin allpata charinami can” nishca tremely difficult working and living yuyaicuna tiyarishcamantami, 1964 huatapica shuj conditions. Because of the agrarian re- ley form movement, which culminated in tiyarishca. Chai leyca the Agrarian and Colonization Reform shuti leyhuanmi 1973 huatapica allichishca tucurca. Law of 1964, subsequently modified by Cai leycunamanta runacunapaj allpapi tucui the Agrarian Reform Law of 1973, this cambiarishcamantami cunanca tauca quichua entire situation changed, and many of shimita rimaj runacuna paicunapaj quiquin allpata the Quichuas now own their own land charin. Chaimi cunanca paicunapaj yuyaipi and have much greater personal free- charishca munashcacunata rurai tucun, paicunapaj dom and control over their own lives. quiquin causaitapish pushai tucunmi. Because of this, the word Chaimantami, cunan punlla cai jaźinda jaźinda is now seldom used in shimica caźi mana uyarin. Chashna cajpica, cai Quichua, but at the time this grammar jaźinda libro quillcashca huatacunapi, runacuna was written it was part of daily life, cai shimica punllantami nij carca. Chaimantami cai which is why it frequently appears in libropica achcata ricurin. (Ashtahuanpish pi this work. (See also the note about the amo shimimanta ama shimimanta nishcata words amo and ama in Lesson 5.) amo ama ricupangui.) One positive feature of using the * en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Spanish_language ii © 2017 R. Aschmann Introduction to Central Highland Quichua of Ecuador Cai libroca chashna ñaupa huatacunaman Quichua language as it existed in this quillcashca cashcamantaca shuj laya allimi: Runa time period is that it represents the rimai ima shina tucushcallatatajmi ricuchin. Cai Quichua language in its most natural de- rimaita rimajcunata mishucuna llaquichijpipish velopment, as it had been preserved by “Runa rimaipish runacunapish mana valinchu” its speakers and transmitted from par- nijpipish yaya mamacunaca paicunapaj ents to children through the centuries in huahuacunamanca huatan huatan yachachishpa spite of conditions of oppression and caticuncunallami. discrimination by the ruling Spanish- España llajtamanta gentecuna cai Ecuador speaking culture. llajtata quichushpa mishashca q'uipaca chuscu As a result of the constant con- patsaj huata yallicamami quichua rimaita tact between the two languages during rimajcunaca punllanta mishucunahuan parlaj more than four centuries since the cashcamantaca, castellano rimaita quichua rimaipi Spanish conquest, many words had been tauca shimicunata japishpaca chagrushca. Cai libro incorporated into Quichua from Span- quillcaringacamaca caźi tucui runacunami ish, even though the vast majority of castellano rimaita mana yachaimanta runa rimaillata Quichua speakers at this time were still punllanta rimacushpapish chai castellano monolingual, speaking only Quichua in shimicunataca runa rimaipi chagrushpa rimaj their daily lives. It is a natural develop- cashcacuna. Tucui rimaicuna chashnallataj ment of all languages to borrow words chagrushcami: Ishqui rimaicunahuan punllanta from other languages with which they parlanacushpaca tucui rimaimi chaishuj rimaimanta come in contact, and Spanish (especially shimicunata japinga. Castellano rimaipish tauca Andean Spanish) has also borrowed patsaj shimicunatami quichua rimaimanta japishca, many hundreds of words from Quichua, chaitaca cai ucuman quillcashca shimicunami words like the following: ricuchin: Quichua English papa (potato) huahua (child) huambra (young person) cuyi (guinea pig) chaqui ñan (“foot path”) Cai pachapi rimashca jatun There are also Quichua borrow- rimaicunapipishmi quichua rimaimanta japishca ings in many of the major world lan- shimicuna tiyan, chaitaca cai ucuman quillcashca guages, words like the following: shimicunami ricuchin: iii © 2017 R. Aschmann Introduction to Central Highland Quichua of Ecuador Quichua English cundur condor llama Chimborazo and South Highland llama pamba pampa pampa puma puma, cougar, mountain lion huanu (Imbabura and South Highland: “excrement”) guano Cai castellanomanta quichua rimaiman japishca Most of the Spanish borrowings shimicunaca, ashtahuan ñaupaman japishcacunaca, in Quichua, especially the older ones, ñami quichua rimaipaj shimicunataj tucushca. Ashalla have now been fully incorporated into quichua rimaita rimaj runacunami chai shimicunaca the language, and most Quichua speak- castellanomanta japishca cashcata yachan. Quichua ers are not aware that they were origi- rimaimanta castellanoman japishca nally Spanish words. The same is true shimicunahuanpish chashnallatajmi. Tucui laya of the Quichua words borrowed into gentecuna rimashca rimaicunapish chashnallatajmi Spanish and other languages. This is a tucun. Chashna tucushpaca, chai rimaicunaca normal development in human lan- ashtahuan jatun valijmi tucun. guage, and has served to enrich all
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