The Sounds of Spanish José Ignacio Hualde Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-81788-2 — The Sounds of Spanish José Ignacio Hualde Index More Information

Index

Words in small capitals are included in the glossary.

acoustic phonetics 12 /x/ 158 -ado see deletion of /-d-/ bilabial 46 affective derivation 211, 212 borrowings affricate 43, 64, 76, 152 orthography 291 allomorph 190, 205, 212, 216, 218 plural of 206 allophone 6–11, 13 stress of 224, 225, 237 Andalusian Spanish 19–20, 21, 32, 165, 176, boundary tones 254 188 breaking of lower-mid vowels 121 Eastern 110, 130, 136, 164 Andean Spanish 29, 180, 186 Canarian Spanish 22, 37, 152, 164, 165 approximant 43, 64 Cantabrian 109, 134, 285, 286, 288 Aragon 114, 289 Caribbean Spanish 28, 29, 146, 176 Aranese 290 Castilian see Northern-Central Peninsular archiphoneme 104, 106, 174, 182, 189 Spanish Argentinian Spanish 31, 37, 39, 162, 166, 169, Catalan 289 229, 274 ﬁnal devoicing 117, 127 articulator 41 laterals 179 articulatory phonetics 12 nasals 177 articulatory phonology 114 spelling 176 aspiration ceceo 56, 153, 157 of historical /h/ from Latin /f/ 33 Celtic 282 of /s/ 21, 23, 25, 27, 28, 31, 50, 89, 112, 161, Central American Spanish 27, 113, 186 190 Chabacano see creole in voiceless plosives 52, 68, 139 Chilean Spanish 30, 108, 152, 155 assimilation 107–10 chinato 157, 162 of fricatives in voice 107, 159 Chinese 253 of laterals 102, 179 clitic pronoun 222, 233, 258 of nasals 107 coda 71, 74 Asturian 109, 288 coda clusters 76 Colombian Spanish 113, 164 see also Andean Basque 290 Spanish affricates 43, 153 columnar stress 231, 232, 239 Basque Country Spanish 187, 291 complementary distribution 10, 112, borrowings from 237 155 geographical extension 282 compounds, stress in 226 palatalization 109 consonant clusters see onset clusters; rhotics 185, 186 syllable-ﬁnal clusters vowels 118, 128, 294 continuum 282

313

314 Index

contrast between /s/ and /θ/ see distinción frequency 60 /s/-/θ/ fricative 42, 63, 76, 107, 153 coronal 206 fronterizo 293 creole 34, 287 fundamental frequency 60 see also pitch Cuban Spanish 162, 163, 188 see also future tense 204, 232 Caribbean Spanish Galician 158, 286, 287 deaffrication 152 Gascon 120 defective distribution 106 geminate 185, 237, 278 see also sequences of deletion of /-d-/ 21, 22, 23, 24, 29, 291 identical consonants dental 47 generative phonology 217, 218 dialect 18 glide 16, 54, 71, 72 diminutive 212 mid 55, 90 diphthong, alternating with mid word-initial 89, 113 vowels 193 see also vowel sequences word-final 225 dissimilation 110 Gliding rule 80, 82, 95, 166 distinción /s/-/θ/ 20, 23, 36, 37, 47, 56, 153, glottal stop 30, 50, 294 154, 155, 206 glottis 50 Dominican Spanish 163, 188 see also Guaran´ı 30, 123, 180, 293, 294 Caribbean Spanish downstep 265 harmonic 61 duration 244, 245, 273 harmony see vowel, harmony heavy syllable 224, 236 Ecuadorian Spanish 159, 180, 187 see also hiatus see vowel sequences Andean Spanish exceptional 80, 81 see also Initiality emphasis 246 condition; Stress condition English hypercorrection 163 epenthesis in 113 flap 150, 181 Iberian 282 fricatives 47 imperative 205, 230 in Gibraltar 293 Initiality condition (for exceptional in Latin America 293 hiatus) 84 intonation 257, 258, 259, 260 intensity 59, 245 laterals 178 interdental 46 lexicon 192 intonation 254 nasals 51, 103, 173 intonational language 254 plosives 47, 52, 65, 102, 149 Italian rhotics 181 geminates 185, 278 rhythm 272 palatal lateral 179 syllabification 70, 79 stress 239 voicing contrast 51 verbs 203 vowels 110, 122, 124–6, 239 epenthesis 77, 113, 204, 205, 229 // 43, 48, 165 see also lleısmo´ ; Equatorial Guinea 34 orthography European structuralism see structuralism Japanese, vowels 120, 124 Judeo-Spanish 34, 157 final [m] 176 focus 260, 264, 265 labiodental 46 formant 61, 127 lateral 44, 69, 107, 178 fortition 112, 185 Latin French assimilation 108, 193 historical delateralization 180 diminutive 216 historical loss of /s/ 112, 164, dissimilation 110 165 /f / 281 orthography 281 hiatus 86, 201 Quebec 159 learned words in Spanish 192 stress 220 nouns 192, 207 vowels 120, 123 orthography 277–8

315 Index

stress 236 letters ll and y 5, 16, 19, 24, 31 see also verbs 204, 229 lleısmo´ see also phonemic vowels 124, 193, 198, 199 orthography Leonese 173, 288 oxytone 221, 238, 247 levels of representation 14 light syllable 224 palatal 48 liquid 45, 76, 178 nasal see // lleısmo´ 21, 24, 36, 44, 56, 290, 291 palatalization 108, 278 loanwords see borrowings Palenquero see creole Papiamentu see creole manner of articulation 41 Paraguayan Spanish 30, 180, 186 Maya 293 paroxytone 221, 224, 247 metaphony 109, 131–5, 201 participle 205 metathesis 114 Phillipines, Spanish in 34 see also creole Mexican Spanish 25–7, 186 phoneme 1, 3, 102, 190 microprosody 256 phonemic orthography 2, 277, 279 minimal pair 6, 173, 181, 183 phonemic transcription 3 Mirandesˆ 288 phonetic transcription morpheme 190 narrow 9 morphophonological rules 13, 190 broad 9 Mozarabic 287 pitch 60, 253 muta cum liquida 73, 114 pitch accent 245, 246, 254, 268 place of articulation 46 /n/ see nasal; velarization plosive 41, 59, 64, 76 // 173–4, 176 allophones 138 Nahuatl 25, 27, 74 intervocalic 141 nasal 44, 69, 76, 107 postconsonantal 144 phonemes 173 see also neutralization; syllable-final 146 velarization utterance-initial 138, 150 nasalization 110, 123, 176 word-final 147, 148 Navarrese 185, 289 plural 205, 222 neutralization 76, 102–7 Porteno˜ see Argentinian Spanish of liquids 22, 24, 104, 188 Portuguese 109, 198, 203, 239, 287, 293, 294 of nasals 103 Brazilian 108, 189 of plosives in voice 103, 105 postalveolar see prepalatal New Mexican Spanish 27 postnuclear accent 264, 265 Northern-Central Peninsular Spanish 20–1, Prague School see structuralism 38, 39, 47, 55, 91, 146, 147, 148, 153, 154, prenuclear accent 243, 256 160, 167 prepalatal 48 nuclear accent 243, 256, 257, 258, 259, preterite, irregular 204, 228, 232 260, 264, 266, 271 proparoxytone 222, 224, 226, 230, 237, numerals, stress of 227 238, 246 Puerto Rican Spanish 187, 188 see also Old Spanish 152, 155, 201, 202, /h/ 279–80, Caribbean Spanish 281 onset clusters 70, 73 Quechua 30, 120, 180, 293, 294 orthographically motivated pronunciation 146 questions 235, 243, 250, 254, 267 orthography 5, 174, 277 accent marks 206, 246 /r/ see rhotic hie- 169 resyllabification 87 letter ch see /tʃ / rhotic 4, 16, 24, 29, 44, 68, 88, 103, 105, letter h 6, 280, 281 181, 237, 291 letter -m (final) 176 rhyme 71 letter x 3, 73 rhythm 272 letters b and v 5, 161, 279 River Plate see Argentinian Spanish letters c and z 6, 161, 206 see also ceceo; distinción /s/-/θ/; seseo /s/ 47 see also aspiration, of /s/; ceceo; letters g and j 5, 280 see also /x/ distinción /s/-/θ/; seseo

316 Index

sequences of identical consonants 95, 97, 175, upstep 270 184 usa, Spanish in 27, 166 sequences of vowels see vowel sequences seseo 33, 55, 153 see also distinci´on /s/-/θ/ variation 112, 146, 161, 176, 188 shortening see truncation sociolinguistic 28, 33 sociolect 19 velar 49 sonority 71, 72 velarization 22, 24, 28, 29, 44, 88, spirantization 112 see plosive 176 stop see plosive vocal cords 50 stress see columnar stress; stress shift; voice bar 68 see also vot stress-timed; word-stress voicing 51 Stress condition (for exceptional hiatus) 84 voseo 205, 231 stress shift 238–9 vot 140, 149 stress-timed 272 vowel 52, 59 structuralism 104, 105, 106, 117, 182, 217 reduction 125 substratum in Latin American Spanish 294 triangle 120 suppletion 191 vowel harmony 109, 130, 134 syllable 70, 72, 168 vowel sequences 23, 25, 55, 77, 91, 203, 224, syllable-ﬁnal clusters 21, 25 229, 237 syllable-timed 272 accent marks in 248 syllable weight see heavy syllable; light across word boundaries 89 syllable historical reduction 238, 239 identical vowels 90, 91, 92, 124 three-syllable window 222, 237, 239 three or more vowels 93 tone 2, 220 tone language 253 weakening topicalization 263, 266 of intervocalic stops 111 toponyms in bilingual areas 292 of /s/ see aspiration; of /t//tʃ / see trill see rhotic deaffrication; /t//tʃ / triphthong 71 word-stress 2, 16, 220 truncation 227 /tʃ / 22, 24, 27, 29, 30, 43, 75, 152 /x/ 24, 49, 50, 154, 280

underlying representation 217, 218 yeısmo´ 179 underspeciﬁcation 105 rehilado 56 see also Argentinian Spanish