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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES El Español De California

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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES El Español De California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES El español de California en el XIX A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requierements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Hispanic Languages and Literatures by María Covadonga Lamar Prieto 2012 © Copyright by María Covadonga Lamar Prieto 2012 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION El español de California en el XIX by María Covadonga Lamar Prieto Doctor of Philosophy in Hispanic Languages and Literatures University of California, Los Angeles, 2012 Professor Claudia Parodi, Chair La historia del español en California está íntimamente relacionada con la forma en que se llevó a cabo la anexión a los Estados Unidos en 1848 y, más adelante, con la legislación que se impuso en el territorio. Debido a una serie de causas que se explican en detalle, el español de California del XIX quedó sometido a un estado de pre-diglosia, que se ha manifestado hasta el tiempo presente en la forma de una diglosia completa. Además, y considerando el español de California en el XIX desde la perspectiva de la sociolingüística histórica, se examinan cuestiones de legislación, raza y etnicidad y, más importante, de propiedad de la tierra para entender su efecto en el desarrollo del español de California. De todo lo anterior podemos concluir que el español de California fue un dialecto histórico del español de los Estados Unidos y que, hasta el día de hoy, mantiene vínculos con sus dialectos descendientes, como pueda ser el LASV. ii The dissertation of María Covadonga Lamar Prieto is approved Carlos Quícoli Teo F. Ruiz David López Claudia Parodi, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2012 iii A David iv ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS Permisos Dedicatoria Agradecimientos I. INTRODUCCIÓN 1 II. ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN 5 III. LA FORMACIÓN DEL CORPUS 39 1. Selección de los textos 39 2. Los textos de los californios 39 3. La paradoja del historiador 42 4. La composición del corpus 44 4.1. Selección, compilación, transcripción 50 4.2. La sociolingüística del corpus 52 4.2.1. Lo social en “sociolingüística” 53 4.2.2. Lo lingüístico en “sociolingüística” 55 5. La tipología del corpus 56 v 5.1. Autobiografías, biografías, libros de historia 57 5.2. Los Censos 59 5.3. Sentencias jurídicas 60 5.4. Informes gubernamentales 62 5.5. Facturas 63 5.5.1. Los recibos 63 5.5.2. La carta de transmisión patrimonial 64 5.5.3. Libros de cuentas 65 5.6. Inventarios 67 5.7. Cartas 68 5.8. Diarios 72 5.9. Memorándums 73 5.10. Prensa periódica y prensa diaria 76 5.11. Panfletos 77 5.12. Registros parroquiales 78 5.13. Actas parlamentarias 80 5.14. Poemas 80 5.15. Juegos 82 5.16. Textos escolares 83 5.17. Discursos 84 5.18. Conclusiones parciales 86 6. Listado de los documentos 87 vi 6.1. Documentos manuscritos 87 6.2. Documentos impresos 111 6.3. Documentos del corpus Perissinotto 113 7. Conclusiones 116 IV. LA SITUACIÓN DEL ESPAÑOL EN LA CALIFORNIA DEL XIX 119 1. La situación legal del español en la California del XIX 119 2. Los Censos y la población de California en el XIX 126 2.1. El Censo de 1790 126 2.2. Los Padrones de la Pimeria Alta 136 2.3. El Censo de 1850 142 3. La posesión de la tierra y su reflejo lingüístico 150 3.1. Report of the Surveyor Gen. of the State of California 154 3.2. El avance desde el Atlántico hacia el Pacífico 158 3.3. El nombre de los terrenos 168 3.3.1. Los nombres en inglés 171 3.3.2. Los nombres en lenguas californias 174 3.3.3. Los nombres de raíz nahua 186 3.3.4. Nombres de atribución confusa 190 4. Conclusiones 193 vii V. RAZA Y LENGUA EN CALIFORNIA EN EL XIX 195 1. Los vínculos de la raza y la lengua 195 1.1. Bancroft, Pío Pico y el Manifest Destiny 198 2. Los testimonios de viajeros sobre los californios, California 202 y el español de California 2.1. Duahut-Cilly 203 2.1.1. Españoles, mexicanos, californios, indios 206 2.1.2. La animalización de los californios 209 3. Los californios sobre sí mismos 213 3.1. Los argumentos en contra del español de California 214 3.1.1. Nivelación dialectal y migraciones 215 3.1.1.1. Base dialectal del español de California 221 3.1.1.1.1. La expedición de Gaspar de Portolá 222 3.1.1.1.2. La expedición de Anza 226 3.1.1.1.3. Los misioneros, las misiones y la relación con los indios de California 230 3.1.2. Movimientos poblacionales posteriores 233 3.2. Incapacidad pragmática de los californios 234 3.2.1. Entre el rechazo y la aceptación del inglés 235 3.2.2. La educación en California en el XIX 240 3.3. Carencia de conciencia patria de los habitantes 243 3.3.1. Dónde está la patria y quiénes son viii los pioneros 247 4. Conclusiones 249 VI. EL DIALECTO DE LOS CALIFORNIOS 253 1. Introducción 253 2. Representación gráfica de las manifestaciones del habla 255 2.1. Consonantismo 256 2.1.1. Alternancia de s, c y z 259 2.1.1.1. El grupo /ks/ 266 2.1.2. Confusión de b/v 268 2.1.3. Yeísmo 271 2.1.3.1. Y conjunción copulativa 273 2.1.4. Confusión de g/j 274 2.1.5. Vibrante simple y vibrante múltiple 275 2.1.6. Simplificación y mantenimiento de grupos cultos 276 2.2. Vocalismo 278 2.2.1. Hiatos y diptongos 278 2.2.2. Y inicial 279 3. Sintaxis y morfología 280 3.1. Falta de concordancia de la morfología verbal 280 ix 4. Semántica 282 4.1. Presencia de arcaísmos 283 4.2. Californianismos y nahuatlismos 285 4.3. Ejemplos de temprano code-switching 294 5. Otros elementos de la ortografía 297 5.1. Braquigrafía 298 5.1.1. Títulos de autoridad o respeto 300 5.1.2. Instituciones de gobierno 300 5.1.3. Nombres propios 301 5.1.4. Los meses del año 302 5.1.5. Abreviaturas de escribano 303 5.1.6. Palabras de uso común 304 5.1.7. Conclusiones parciales 305 5.2. Signos de interrogación y exclamación 305 5.3. Diacríticos 311 5.4. Uso de mayúsculas y minúsculas 311 5.5. Puntuación 312 6. Resumen de las características del español histórico de California 316 7. El español histórico y el español contemporáneo de California 319 x 8. Conclusiones 324 VII. CONCLUSIONES 325 APÉNDICE: Corpus documental 339 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 513 xi Agradecimientos Hay decisiones que nos acompañan toda la vida, y ninguna tan importante como la elección de un director de tesis. Pocos entre los doctorandos tenemos la suerte de disponer de un equipo de mentores tan cercano, tan capaz y tan profesional como el que ha ayudado inestimablemente a alumbrar esta tesis doctoral: la profesora Claudia Parodi, el profesor Teo F. Ruiz, el profesor Carlos Quícoli y el profesor David López. Mención especial debo, con permiso de los anteriores, a la Profesora Claudia Parodi. Espero que, algún día del futuro, algún alumno pueda aprender de mí la mitad de lo que ella me ha enseñado, porque con eso me sentiré extremadamente satisfecha. Vaya por delante el agradecimiento y el vínculo que nos unirá, a través de estas páginas, espero que durante el resto de nuestras vidas. También son debidas las oportunas gracias a la Bancroft Library de la Universidad de California Berkeley, que me concedió una beca para investigar en sus archivos durante el verano de 2011. Esa visita supuso un antes y un después en mis investigaciones, y tanto por ello como por la amabilidad de su personal, les quedo enteramente agradecida. A ellos les pertenecen los textos que, solo por motivos prácticos, transcribimos en el corpus. Además, mi lista de agradecimientos estaría incompleta sin considerar a la profesora Cristina González, de UCDavis. Sin ella, a buen seguro, no estaría aquí. xii No puedo olvidar el apoyo prestado por el claustro y el personal de administración del Departamento de español y portugués de la Universidad de California Los Angeles. Llegar desde una cultura universitaria tan diferente y encontrarme con tantas puertas abiertas fue, y sigue siendo, una maravilla cotidiana por la que estoy muy agradecida. Del mismo modo lo estoy a mis compañeros del Centro de Estudios del Español de los Estados Unidos (CEEEUS) y del Centro de Estudios Coloniales Iberoamericanos (CECI) por su aliento y compañerismo. Por último, me resta agradecer a mis padres y a mi marido su apoyo constante. A mis padres, por un apoyo incondicional y sincero que siempre llevo en mi corazón. Por enseñarme responsabilidad, compromiso, esfuerzo. Eso, y que Caperucita era hija de madre soltera, entre otras muchas lecciones acerca de cómo mirar al mundo con una perspectiva propia. Y a David por estar siempre dispuesto a seguir a Juanito a una biblioteca, visitar misiones y soportar mis amarguras de doctoranda reincidente. Pero, sobre todo, por ser capaz de lanzar nuestra vida al aire para estar a mi lado en todos y cada uno de los peldaños que, subiendo juntos, nos han traído hasta esta misma página. Nunca podré estarle suficientemente agradecida y ninguna acción de mi parte será suficiente para compensar su valentía. A todos ellos, gracias. xiii Brief Vitae Education PhD in Hispanic Linguistics, UCLA, 2012. Doctora in Philology, Universidad de Oviedo (Spain), 2007. Publications a. Proceedings and Journals (co-editor - Proceedings) Lamar Prieto, Covadonga, et al., (eds.). Transnationality in the Luso Hispanic World. Berkeley: UCPress, 2012.
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