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Stewart, Jesse--Dissertation Production and perception of stop consonants in Spanish, Quichua, and Media Lengua by Jesse Stewart A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Linguistics University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2015 by Jesse Stewart Abstract This dissertation explores the phonetics and phonology of language contact, specifically pertaining to the integration of Spanish voiced stops /b/, /d/, and /g/ into Quichua, a language with non-contrastive stop voicing. Conflicting areas of convergence of this type appear when two or more phonological systems interact and phonemes from the target language are unknown natively to speakers of the source language. Media Lengua is a mixed language with an agglutinating Quichua morphology, and Quichua syntactic and phonological systems where nearly all the native Quichua vocabulary has been replaced by Spanish. This extreme contact scenario has integrated the voiced stop series into Media Lengua and abundant minimal pairs are present. If the phonological system of Media Lengua is indeed of Quichua origin however, how have speakers integrated the voiced stop series productively and perceptually? Have they adopted different strategies from Quichua speakers? If so, how do they differ? Chapter 1 sets the scene with an in-depth description of how contact between Spanish and Quichua has mutually influenced each language at the morphosyntactic level. Chapter 2 explores voice onset time (VOT) production in all five language varieties. Statistical modeling is used to search for differences in duration while taking into account a number of linguistic and demographic factors. Chapter 3 investigates stop perception in Media Lengua and Quichua, and uses Urban Spanish as a point of comparison. Chapter 4 looks at phonetic pre-nasalization in voiced stops across Media Lengua, Quichua, and Urban Spanish. Chapter 5 describes allophonic variations in stop production. The final chapter speculates on the nature of sound change at the phonetic level and explores possible origins of Media Lengua. Production results show that Media Lengua VOT duration values have shifted away from Quichua towards Rural Spanish. The perceptual results show an age-based effect with older Quichua speakers, which shows more random responses to the stimuli than younger speakers. This effect was not found in Media Lengua or Urban Spanish speakers. Similar age-based results were also found for stop weakening tendencies in Quichua and L2 Spanish speakers, while Media Lengua, Rural, and Urban Spanish speakers were not significantly affected by age. i Acknowledgements For me this section is more about acknowledging those who have, in some way, positively impacted my journey through higher education rather than just my dissertation, since, in a way, this paper closes the chapter to this journey. Regrettably, I am sure there are a handful of people I have unwittingly left out. My sincerest apologies. Coffee? From the University of Manitoba, I would to express my utmost gratitude to my advisor Dr. Kevin Russell for sharing his brilliant mind with me. If I ever gain a fraction of the clarity for understanding language as you do, I know I’ll be going places. I owe much of my sanity and progress over the last few years to Dr. Nicole Rosen who has provided me with amazing insights, sound advice, encouragement, incredible opportunities for work and travel, and friendship. So few people work on mixed language phonetics and phonology! So how lucky was I when she was hired on halfway through my PhD?! I would also like to thank the internal member of my committee, Dr. Enrique Fernandez for his comments and feedback. Moreover, I would like to thank the external committee member, Dr. John Lipski for his excellent insights, feedback, and encouragement. I would also like to thank Dr. Rob Hagiwara for his award winning personality and friendship. He is always there when I need to rack his amazing brain to make sense of that annoying acoustic detail eluding me or when I just need sixies. I also owe a debt of gratitude to Dr. Erin Wilkinson and Sherra Yorobe for their friendship and opening my eyes to signed language linguistics (and with that, their patience!) I would also like to thank Brenna Haimes- Kusumoto for her friendship from day one in Research Methods class! Thank you for all our walks and letting me rant! From the University of Manitoba, I would also like to thank Terry Janzen for his continued support in all my academic endeavours, Verónica Loureiro-Rodríguez for adding a bit of street cred to linguistics, Anna Parenteau and Adam Tallman for being Mohammad Ahmad Al-Omari and شكرا awesome, Vicente Cardozo, aguyje por su amistad, and Mutasim Deaibes for your friendship as well. I owe a lot to Debbie Spindler and Heather Lee for holding the department together and helping me out whenever I was in a bind. Grad school would have only remained a dream if were not for the gracious funding from the UMGF and MGS. También estoy en deuda con tres lingüistas increibles, Dra. Martine Bruil, Martin Kohlberger, y Dr. Simeon Floyd por su amistad y por compartir mi obsesión con las lenguas del Ecuador. Me siento muy afortunado por haberlos conocido. Además al Dr. Jorge Gómez-Rendón y al Dr. Pieter Muysken quienes me guiaron hacia la Media Lengua a través de sus publicaciones. There is another group of linguists from the University of Victoria who have taken me in as one of their own: Marianne Huijsmans, Sky Onosson, Christiani Thompson, and Dr. Alex D’Arcy, you guys are great and I’m lucky to call you my friends. I’d also like to thank all the wonderful and amazing people I meet at CoLang 2014! You know who you are. There are also several people who have impacted my academic journey in different ways. Dr. Deborah Teed was my first linguistics professor and it was in her class I was convinced I was going to be a linguist. I owe a debt of gratitude to Dr. Marianne Bailey for mentoring me though my BA and persuading me to go to grad school. I’d like to thank Bruce Crise for all of our conversations about grad school all those years ago in Ansan. I’d also like to thank Ronaldo Bowins for his friendship and support, Mathieu Paillé for making my first university teaching experience enjoyable. También quiero agradecer a mis grandes amigos de Ecuador: Daniel Ponce, Cristian Villacrés, Sandra Quishpe, Lorena Rueda, Angelita Reyes, Alex Trávez, Cris Pulupa, Eduardo Portilla, Juan Carlos Beltran, ii Wilson Rosales, Verónica Tapia, Bolívar Villacís, Judith Ayala, Dr. Luis Ayala, Dra. Rosa Ayala, y Lupe Vaca, por su amistad y por haber participado en este estudio (ya saben quiénes son). Yoka todito ese gentikunamanmi Pijalmanta arsho agradecini. Sin ostikunaka nada no teninichu. Voskunapa idiomatapish, amistadtapish, comidatapish, kawsaytapish compartirkanguichimi yowan. Voskunaka yopa familiashinami kanguichi. Gracias Don Antonio Maldonado, Doña Luz María Gualacata, Lucia Gonza, Cynti Inuca, Juan Inuca, Bolivia Chicaiza, Isabel Bonilla, Anita Cañarejo, Elvia Gualacata, Mercedes Tabango, Miry Gonza, Luis Bonilla, Carmen Cañarejo, Homero Gonza, Rodrigo Gonza, José Antamba, Isabel Quilumba, Feliciano Inuca, Zolia Manina, María Cristina, Oswaldo Tocagon, María Maldonado, Dianita Maldonado, y Luis Fernando Pijal. Ñukakapash, tukuy mashikunamanmi Chirihuasimantapash Cashalomantapash yupaychanata munani. Kikinkunapa shimitapash, mikuytapash, kawaytapash wakirkanguichi ñukawan. Yupaychani mashi Elvis Tuquerres, Marisol Farinango Tapia, Klever Tuquerres, Aurora Carlosama, Carlos Farinango, Hermelinda Tuquerres, José Manuel Tuquerres, Manuela Amaguaña, Rosa Guatemal, Rosa Quilla, Rosa Matilde, y María Ester. También quiero reconocer la colaboración de la facultad de la escuela Tarquino Idrobo quienes participaron en este estudio. Finally none of this would have been possible without the love and unconditional support from my family. My mom, who was and is still convinced that I’m way smarter than I actually am. If I ever needed an ego boost, I always know who to call. I love you. My sister Kim, whose unconditional support has led me to take advantage of her generosity on numerous occasions, most notably the months I spent on her living room chair writing my dissertation, eating her food, driving her car, and taking up space. I wouldn’t be whole without you. My sister Katie for always letting me know how she really feels about anything and everything. My sister Kelly for keeping me grounded and being a constant reminder that language is only one of many ways people communicate. My dad for supporting us growing up and for not letting me be complacent. I also owe a debt of gratitude to Brian for putting up with me with no familial obligations. Debo mucho a mi suegra Cecilia Ayala por tratarme como si fuera uno de sus hijos. Pero sobre todo por haber creado a la persona más importante de mi vida. Gaby, no hay palabras para expresar lo que significas para mí. En el 2003 un joven e ingenuo muchacho tomó la mejor decisión de su vida dentro del cráter de Quilotoa. Gracias por acompañarme en esta vida. No sería nadie sin tu amor, amistad, sacrificios, y apoyo incondicional. Sonrio por que el camino es aún largo y nos queda mucho por hacer juntos. Te amo. iii Dedication To my mom, Sam Bates, for her unconditional love, support, and sacrificing so much for her children iv Table of Contents Abstract ...............................................................................................................................................................
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