Indian Languages of Mexico and Central America

‘ smm s o n un I N S T I T U T I O N BUR E A U O F A M E R IC A N E THNOL OG Y BU L L E T IN 4 4

INDIAN LANGUAGES OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA

AND THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

CYR US THOMAS

A S S IS T E D B Y H JO N R . SWA NT O N

A C C O M PA N I E D W I T H A L I N G U I S T I C

W A S HIN G T O N GO VE R N M E NT PR IN T IN G O F F IC E 1 91 1

PR E F A T O R Y NO TE

w r h e M . . P ll e t e Abo ut th e ea 1895 a . o e a y r j J W , Dir cto of Bur u er a hn e er e th e e ara a of Am ic n Et ology , d t min d on pr p tion of linguistic ma a a t er a th e e a ar p of th t p rt of Nor h Am ic south of M xic n bound y , having in view th e extension southward of th e classiﬁcation an d map

r r D r . ping o f th e linguistic families north of that bo de . Cyrus Thomas w as assigned th e t ask of assembling th e preliminary d ata an d th e pre p a a a e ma th e ea a r e e r r tion of sk tch p , but d th of M jo Pow ll b fo e the e ear h ad a e ﬁn a a e an d th e a e r s ch ssum d l sh p , ssignm nt to Doctor a e e r e a e e a th e Thom s of mor urg nt wo k , n cessit t d d l y in comple

D r . th e a e a 1908 . a e . . a tion until l tt r p rt of At th t tim J R Sw nton , who h ad entered on a study of th e languages of th e tribes of the e i a e an d th e l a e a e ere e low r M ssissippi v ll y Gu f co st , b c m int st d in the a ﬁ a ri e o f mi er a an d linguistic cl ssi c tion of the t b s ddle Am ic , on the joint suggestion of Doctors Thomas an d Swanton copies of th e map were prep ared an d submitted to a number of students who h ad devoted attention to the langu ages an d ethn ology of Mexico an d e ra e a r an d a e e C nt l Am ric , soliciting c iticism m king inquiry r sp cting e th e advisability of publication at this stage . Th following anthro

o lo i : D r . s ts re e fu ni hi a a e a a . a a p g spond d , r s ng v lu bl d t Dr C rl S pper , D r a r F . D . . . r e er . e er a r . n e A L K o b , Dr Fr d ick St r , Nicol s Leo , H itti r a d e o zz n e . A l s e a . . . T er e a a e F br g , Dr A M , S or Fr ncisco B lm r , Dr l n r n r a a d D r . ra a . e a d a n s e Hrd ick , F nz Bo s Co r ctions dditio w e a e a a wi e f ere r th e m d in ccord nce th some of the sugg stions o f d , b inging ﬁ e e re classi cation an d th e map as nearly to date as possible . Th s sults are ed as a ﬁn a as an a re re now submitt , not l work , but ttempt to p sent the present state o f knowledge regarding a subj ect which may e er be e e r n v cl ar d enti ely of obscurity . O L M E S C hie W . H . H , f J 2 19 09 . UNE ,

2 9 0 4 42

C O NT E NT S

Zo e an d T epah ue T epehuan

A caxee .

C o ra Huicho l T e ecan o T eule C a eau an d T ecuexe p , , z , N ames o f tribes in n o rthw es tern Mexico n o t co ns idered s eparately

Lagun eros Zacateco G uachichile Th e term C hichimeca

T amaulipeco . Piso n e an d Jan ambre

Names o f tribes in n o rtheastern Mexico no t co n sidered s eparately O to mi

Pame .

C uitlateco VI C O N T ENT S

Mexico — C o n tin ued A mis hgo C hatin o Mazateco C uicateco C hin an tec

T h e Mixtec an d Zapo tec lan guages co mpared

C ho n tal .

Huave . x Mi e .

Zo que . C en tral A merica

C hiapan ec . C ho n tal (o f T abas co )

Jacalteca C huj e A ch is m M a .

Ixil . A guacateca

Kiche . C akchikel T zutuhil Us pan teca

Kekchi . Po ko n chi Po ko mam C O NT ENT S VII

— C en tral A merica C o n tin ued .

Rama . Mo s quito ‘ G en era l remarks o n th e tribes o f ( o s ta Rica

Vo to . Suerre Quepo T alaman ca

Sigua . Do ras kean tribes G uaymie C una E thn ic dividin g lin e betw een N o rth an d So uth A meric a Biblio graphy In ex o f n us t c am es tr es an d s ett eme n ts d li g i i f ili , ib , l

IL L UST R A T IO N

‘ Lin guis tic map o f Mexic o an d ( en tral A meric a at en d

IND IA N LA NG UA G E S O F M E X IC O A ND C E NTR A L A M E R IC A

By CYR US THO M AS S A N T N A ss is ted by JO HN R . W O INTR OD UCTION

Th e n arrative portion of this bulletin is devoted to a statement of th e authority on which th e establishment of the linguistic areas indi ’ c ated th e a a ma e a th e r er ea s on ccomp nying p r sts , long with w it s r son F fo r a e a an d e e er . o r e dopting c rtain n mes r j cting oth s M xico , ’ r e a ma an d are ed as a a an d O ozco y B rr s p conclusions us b sis , it l be th e i a a r e far as a e wil found , though orig n l utho iti s , so cc ssible , a e ee e a i e a e e h as ee as few an d h v b n x m n d , th t th r b n occ ion for but a r w s a ar comparatively slight changes . This utho ity a not only f mili all th e r s ear an d a e a e a h ad with of wo k , ly l t , be ring on this subj ct th t ee l e his e a s h ad a e b n pub ish d up to tim , but he l o ccess to num rous unpublished documents . e e e wi l are e u a e As th s not s l show , there some oth r ling istic n m s h e th e e e e are e e e a a e th e whic , in vi w of vid nc , ntitl d p rh ps to pl c s on ma h as ee ere e e ere er p , but it b n consid d b st to omit th m wh v much h e an d er a e . as ee doubt xists It b n found impossibl , p h ps it will a a re a d a e the a e area h the lw ys m in so , to in ic t sm ll r linguistic s wit in Th a s in r an a a d ard . e a a m jor stock confo mity with y bsolute st n M y n , a e a Z ea an d a th e a a a s are th e nl Z pot c n , oqu n , p rt of N hu tl n stock o y e a a ri rea e hi a er on s which could be s tisf cto ly t t d in t s m nn , but it must be remembered that many others would be found to have similar sub r h divisions were data available . Whe e relations ip is suspected be tween two o r more stocks an endeavor h as been made to indicate th e r r e rea e h e e fact by using related shades of colo ing . All t ib s t t d in t t xt a e th e ma e a e e a e will not be found indic t d on p , in som c s s b c us the languages spoken by them did not differ sufﬁciently from those of e r e r a a e e e e e a an d er th i n ighbo s to w rr nt indep nd nt r pr s nt tion , in oth s “ ” A s e e th e bec ause they occupied unclassiﬁed areas . m ntion d in re a r e th e ma a a e h as ee p f to y not , p ccomp nying this bull tin b n sub mitted a er e a l ar e a e to numb of stud nts f mi i with M xic n thnology , an d several alterations an d additions suggested by them have been e adopt d . B L L 4 4 2 BUR EAU o r AM ER ICAN ET HNO LO GY I U .

ME X ICO

CO CO PA

(S yn o n ym: C uc ap a)

The Indians speaking this idiom are generally placed in the Yuman a an d a rd r er a are e e e e e f mily , , cco ing to O ozco y B r , som tim s r f rr d to by ba n es d s a C e C ua an Yuan e . a e e the n mes u n s , , The n m giv n on his m h n s n r a r h r a C u a e . e e e as a e p is U fo tun t ly , how v , he m de two t ib s e o n e C uca as o r ba e h e a e th e a of th m , ( p , Cu n s) which pl c s in Yum n r s r a s h e family ; th e othe (C o co pa ) in th e Piman family . Docto G t c t makes the two names synonyms an d pl aces th e o n e tribe in h i r he r h e r e a e t e a a . e e t e a t Yum n f m ly How v , l tions of t ib h v not r r e a s e a th e y et been satisfacto ily wo ked out . Thes Indi n liv long r r r r Colo ado ive nea its mouth .

C o cmM I

Th e Cochimi were a division of th e Yuman family living in th e r r h s e r err r x no thern po tions of t e Californian p enin ula . Th i t ito y e e e f er a a a ar o r a e t nd d rom the int n tion l bound ry southw d to , littl e th e e - ara e r a e re b yond , tw nty sixth p ll l of no th l titud , including Lo to , er w as e th e err r ai r a r wh e it bound d by t ito y of the W cu i (B nc oft , I , Orozco y Berra says Los C o chimies ocup aban la ” e i a e re a a mas a a d e a f ra p n nsul desd Lo to h st poco ll nuestr ronte . “ e e a I 66 a : e e el e r r d e re lo V n g s ( , ) s ys D sd t r ito io Lo to , por todo ” descubierto al Norte de la nacion Cochimi ; C lavigero (22) says from ° ° 2 r 5 to 33 no th latitude . e a s a a e the a The Cochimi spok di tinct l ngu g of Yum n stock , di

id d e er r ‘ r a r e ra v e e . , how v , into f om two to fou di l cts O ozco y B r , in e 1 : 366 e re mi d el r e an d his t xt ( m ntions th e , Cochi No t , Edu , ma a a e be a r Didu , but on his p he dds wh t se ms to fou th , Cochimi r r e h e an d (p op e ) . He is vidently in error in referring to t Edu Didu ere e e ere ai a an d r a e s era h , sinc th y w W curi n we e situ t d con id bly r r r r e fa the south . The northe n Cochimi a e mention d by some “ T h e a as a . r ar 553 e uthors the L ymon P ich d (II , ) m ntions Cochimi, er an d re a a e th e r e a as L a P icu , Lo tto l ngu g s ; fo m r is the s me the y hi i ” th e L a mo n es are th e r C o c m es . a e 57 mon , for y no thern H ss l ( ) e a as an d the h ee m ntions L ymon distinct , Coc imi with thr distinct — i d a e S an F a a U ts chit an d Ika . a r i l cts r ncisco Borgi , , B nc oft 687 e a h his e — L a (III , ) m ntions but two di lects of the Coc imi in t xt y d Ik e a e e th e Ika er an a . mon It is qu stion ble , however, wh th r w e not ai r W cu ian . ’ e f ra e r r a an d th e In spit o Orozco y Ber s r o in pl cing the Didu Edu , territory assigned by him to th e Yuman stock agrees with ' the in fo r a o ur e ear a r e an d h e h as ee e th e m tion of b st ly utho iti s , b n follow d in m accomp anying ap .

1 — See th e B io ra a es 97 100 . ibl g phy , p g m o m s ] INDIAN LANGUAGES O F M EX IC O A N D CENT R AL AM ER ICA 3

WAICUR I A N D PER ICU

It is usually stated that three p rincip al languages were spoken in o e a r a— C hi s e a a th e a L w r C lifo ni ochimi , w ch con titut d di lect of Yum n d h as a a ee r a ai d r a an e an e . f mily lr dy b n t e ted , W curi , P icu Could the a fo r a e e be e n e e a uthorities this st t m nt sift d dow in v ry c se , it would p robably be found that most of them derived their inform ation r d T l h e e a e a mi a a e arava . t e f om V n g s , who quo t s ssion ry n m In same chapter Venegas admits tha t other missionaries increased th e e r o r ﬁve an d e o n e e a a e numb r to fou , giv s to und rst nd th t the mor intimate a person bec ame with the people the fewer linguistic s s i n d h e divi io n he found to exist . That Coch mi a t e languag s to r e th e south o f it we e entirely distinct is known on linguistic vidence . T h e short vocabulary of Bagert is nearly all that is n o w available th e a a e at th e er en d th e e a an d r at of l ngu g s low of p ninsul , B inton e e ﬁn d re e a e e e an d ma t mpt d to s mbl nc s b twe n this Yu n , but the M r fu a e h as ee e ns ra e . . N . . e tility of his tt mpt b n d mo t t d by J B H witt , an d there c an be no question of th e independent position of th e two r h a e iffe e e a e far a a e . e a er t e l ngu g s R g ding P icu , c s is d r nt , b c us , so as w ere a r a a a e e e e r kno n , th is not wo d of th t l ngu g , xc pt som p oper a e e e e th e r e r a e th e a e n m s , in xist nc , only sou c s of info m tion b ing st t a e ments of early writers an d circumstantial evidence . As lr ady ed th e a re a e e a e e e not , m jority of di ct st t m nts m k this p opl inde e e o f th e ai r e a a e e d e p nd nt W cu i , but it is qu stion ble how m ny ind p n nt r d h er a a r e r a r e a e re re e e . t e o igin l sou c s p s nt On oth h nd , two utho iti s e a a e e re e a m ntion but two stock l ngu g s in the nti p ninsul , one of e a e er e all lan which is , of cours , Yum n, whil the oth includ s of the

a e th e . a er ere ea gu g s to south of it Ag in , if P icu w r lly distinct from all er are a a e a e a th e e ? oth s , why so m ny mist k s m d in pplying t rm Although th e Cora who occupied th e eastern side of the p eninsula at er en d are re e e as a ai r e e e a its low f qu ntly spok n of W cu i trib , V n g s a e a e ere e an d a a er r er r e a st t s th t th y w P ricu , mong l t w it s O ozco y B rr l e e a ud e e er a ea . a a do s not h sit te to incl th m in his P icu r Ag in ,

' though Venegas gives th e U tciti as a branch of th e Waicuri in his a er a a e e e e as a ch pt on l ngu g s , in his s cond volume he m ntions th m b er r e . r a e e e c an e P icu t ib Thi dly , lthough linguistic vid nc not r ea a a r ere th e r er e an d b ought to b r s tisf cto ily , th is in wo d P icu its lf a er er a an d a a e r a in numb of p son l mythologic l n m s f om th t tongue , r o th e e e e th e e r a re e p o f of xist nc of phon tic , which is lso p s nt in

ai ur a e r . e er W c i , but conspicuously bs nt f om Cochimi Altog th it ee e re ar er as re a e ai r re a s ms b st to g d P icu l t d to W cu i , only mo dist ntly a n er the r u e r a e a e th n a y oth of g oup of so th n di l cts . As indic t d on th e ma a e a ea a e ee ﬁ e r e o n e p , the n m pp rs to h v b n con n d p op rly to d e e e a th e S an ear a e . a an trib bout mission of José , n C p St Luc s , xt nd ° ing northward o n the west co ast of Lower C alifo rni a to abo ut 23 R o r R B L L 44 4 BU EAU A M E ICAN ET HN O LO G Y I U .

PIM A

Th e a are a e e as w th e ma ﬁve a e Pim sc tt r d , sho n by p , in isol t d o as : gr ups , follows r Pima Alto (Uppe Pim a ) . er Pima Bajo (Low Pima ) . Po l i t ap gua .

Pima of B amo a .

Tepehuane colony . Pima A lta — A s th e Indians of this group are conﬁned chieﬂy to the United States an d are referred to in th e Seventh Ann ual Report th e rea f er a an d as th e a ea a e of Bu u o Am ic n Ethnology , r is m rk d on the i ui ma a a a e e e ar l ng stic p ccomp nying th t R port , it is unn c ss y to discuss them here . Pma — i Bajo . The Lower Pima extended east an d west along th e " e e r the a r er th e ara a e low r middl po tion of Y qui iv , joining T hum r on th e ea the a a th e r th e a th e an d r st , Op t on no th , Y qui on south , the Se i r a a on the west . These a e subst nti lly th e boundaries given by Orozco er a an d are a e ef th e a e hi y B r , b s d chi ly on position of vill g s in w ch

th e a a a e w as e . e er th e e e e in e a Pim n l ngu g spok n How v , vid nc r g rd to the narrow strip extending along th e south bank of the S an José e a i th e s th e ma e e a a . riv r to Gulf, shown on p , is not ntir ly s t sf ctory It is also possible that th e eastern boundary h as been carried a i a r r short d stance into th e T rahumare ter ito y . Father Ribas (370) mentions as pueblos of th e Lower Pima : Como i T a e r a Zua ue a e an d A iv n o . h e a e er rip , T co ip , q (Su qu ) , l st two d t e th e e re e r er ar as e r er a min xt m no th n bound y giv n by O ozco y B r , while th e ﬁrst w as loc ated on th e Yaqui river not far from the south r h e th e a ern a . a e e 358 a t e bound y His st t m nt ( ) th t pu blos of Mov s , a a an d r e e th e e a be a On v s , Nu i b long d to Upp r Pim must misprint a er a e r as e e e e a ua e th e err r the or cl ic l rro , th y w r c rt inly sit t d in t ito y of a a an d h e a e n e e e e u e Pim B jo , must h v know this ; how v r, th r is f rth r T e ua e r e e e mention of this point below . h sit tion of th Nu i pu blo d t r mi e th e e e e er n th e a ea th e ma an d N o co ri n s xtr m south n poi t of r in p ,

the r e e e te s . e er th e e e a an d no thw st rn x n ion How v , pu blos of Y p chic a t e ea er ar th e err r as a Ton chic in h st n p t of t ito y , l id down by Orozco y erra a ear r th e e m a th e a e be ara are B , pp , f om t r in tion of n m s , to of T hum ri n an d s u o s 1tio n ee s be n ﬁ e th e a e e o gi , this pp s m to co rm d by st t m nt of Juan Ortiz Zap ata (3 40) that these two pueblos were in cluded g a g amon th e Tarahumare missions . A slight ch n e from Orozco y ’ Berra s eastern boundary line h as therefore been made to correspond g e a m with this evidence . Thou h th Pima l nguage ay possibly have e e at e e s th e a e e a th e a a be n spok n th s two mission , n m s b tr y f ct th t the pueblos were o riginally Tarahumare . — A n a e r a a e Po tla i m n Po tla i ua . ua e p g isol t d g oup of Pim , n m d p g , is tio n ed ro z erra 1 : 3 48 th e re a e th e by O co y B ( ) in gion of B bisp , on m o m s ] INDIAN LANGUAGES O F MEX ICO A N D CENT R AL AMER ICA 5

ea te a th e a a e i a ed north s rn bound ry of Op t t rr tory , though not m rk l m e e Hm ma e e an d a . are a a on his p Th y loc t d by y on his p , how v r, are e ma a a i a e e 3 not d on the p ccomp ny ng this p p r , though number d a e e a a e a n a es a by mist k . That this s p r tion from th m i body d t b ck to th e period herein referred to seems to be proven by the fact that ‘ ” Ribas (359) mentio ns th e B apis pes as in the direction of N ew ex f i a a M ico rom S n lo . — ate a e Pima of B amo a . Another isol d group w as situ t d south of

th e a e n a a r ve a a e th e e e . M yo on low r Si lo i r, B mo b ing chi f pu blo ’ s r e ar e r e a ma Thi group , which is p op rly m k d on O ozco y B rr s p

u e th e a e a a ns e e at ea th e ma ( nd r n m B mo ) , co ist d , chi fly l st , of Pi a a e a e a d e a a re r a a who ccomp ni d C b z V c on his tu n from Florid (Rib s , 1 19 r e ra 1 : e a e e a e e ; O ozco y B r , The form r s ys xpr ssly th t th s accomp anyin g Indians were N ebo mes (Pima) an d that they settled e the pueblo of B amo a on the Rio de Petatlan (Sinaloa river) . Th y do not appear to have spoken a language dialectically different from m e a e e th e a e a a e a . Low r Pim , h nc n m B mo is omitt d from our p T — a e e r e ehuan e co lo n . a a a p y H my loc t s noth r sm ll g oup , without an e a a e th e e e e e e r th e e e a e y sp ci l n m , in xtr m w st rn po tion of T p hu n territory . This is based prob ably on th e statement by Orozco y Berra (1 : 324) that some documents s ay that th e villages of this s ec ere i h a e a an d e a e e e e e tion w n bit d by Pim , oth rs , th t th y w r p opl d th e e e . H by T pehuane e adds beli f that they were chiefly Pima . e a e e e a e r e th e er a M ntion is m d of s v r l suppos d subt ib s of Low Pim , as th e a r a A ibin o a a an d r e e a e Mov s , Comu ip , , On v s , Nu i ; but th s n m s appear to refer chiefly to different villages without sufficient evidence f e e e a e . er a a th e a of di f r nc in di l ct Orozco y B r s ys Mov s , a a r a an d e a e e e th e er On v s , Nu i , Comurip , T corip w r pu blos of Low i a in th e i a a a e w as e a t e A ibin o P m which P m l ngu g spok n , but th t h an d Sis ibo tari we e s iI btribes th e er m a an e e e r r r of Upp Pi ( vid nt r o , as A ibin o w as a e a e a a e the A ibin o Low r Pim pu blo) ; H my pl c s , r a a a a an d his ma as r e th e Comu ip , On v s , Mov s , Nuri on p subt ib s of

r e re a e . Lowe Pima . (Se m rks b low ) Docto r Brinton asserts (3 : 127) that the Ahome were a dis tinctly ”

a e e e e r n el a as a r . a Pim p opl , r f r i g to Bu n utho ity This is prob bly an e r as th e a e e e e a ea a e ee rro , di l ct spok n by this p opl pp rs to h v b n a a t e a e as a e th e G uazave er subst nti lly h s m th t spok n by , who p tain ed th e a r a a e e as a ea r to Y qui g oup (Y qui , M yo , T hu co) , will pp in th e notes relating to that tribe . Although th e Guayma have generally been cons idered a s ubtribc th e er a a ea s en r e an d ara of S i , Herv s pp rs to dis t f om this vi w , comp tivel e e n a r an e a a a e a t e y r c ntly Pi rt , f om x min tion of r mn nt of h r is i e e e th e a r 3 : g oup , nclin d to conn ct th m with Pim (B inton,

’ 1 VI 5 - 1 N v 1 3 a D A mer can a: 3d an d 4 h Bul . S oc . d an thro . d e Par s 3. 8 78 79 o 88 n d eca es t 99 l p i . , , d i , .

D . H h S ee a so oc st . M ex. 4t ser I 401 . l i . , 3 P i i A G éﬂco s In i en as d S n a o 21 er r nac m res eo r e a . ex e o n d e lo s ztecas N o M co 1887 . g y b g d g i l , p , i , B U L L 4 4 6 BUR EAU O F AMER ICAN ET HNO LO G Y [ .

Further examination of this point will be found in the notes relatin g

to the Seri . e ere e the e A im o r A ivin o R f nc to supposed tribes or subtrib s ( ) , a M o bas r a C o mo ri a a as o r a as Mov s (or ) , Comu ip (or p ) , On v ( On b ) , a an d uri is a a a e r e e e a Tecorip , N g in m d in o d r to giv bri ﬂy the re sons m i e f th e a . a e a e e are fo r omitt ng th m rom p As st t d bov , th y con s id ered bv O rozco y Berra as merely pueblos in which th e Pima language w as spoken without such dialectic differences as to justify ll e r e dis . A s a e a a e er e ear cons ide ing th m tinct rul , di l cts r f r d to by ly “ ” “ authors writing of this section are spo ken of as distinct o r par ” fﬁ ar a a e th e er re e e a e . ticul l ngu g s , though writ s cogniz d th ir niti s re ar th e a a an d e r a ee be a r erre In g d to On v T co ip , it s ms to f i ly inf d from th e sta tements by Cancio (155— 156) that they spoke th e Piman a ee th e a e e a a a 358— 6 1 language . This gr s with st t m nt by Z p t ( 3 )

a th e a g a e e at e a r a an d a a w as th t l n u g spok n T corip , Cumu ip , On v i a an d a at a th e a a e w as a a an d ar P m , th t Mov l ngu g p rtly Pim p tly

e e e an d e e . e ar e 399 a th e Egu (Eud v ) , h nc not distinct V l d ( ) c lls A i in o an s e a an d a t e b a . a 370 e Indi of T corip , lso h , Pim Rib s ( ) includ s h e e C o mo ri a e a an d A im a e th e t pu blos p , T corip , mong thos of

Lower Pima . Th e a - a e a 299 358 ea th e as e e l st n m d uthor ( , ) sp ks of Nuri N bom m a an d th e a e a e n e e th e e i a (Pi ) on l tt r p g con cts th m with Upp r P m , but on p age 369 says they are a nation of a language difleren t from a th e e a e a e th t of Upp r Pim , though not v ry dist nt from th m . e e a i e a e a e th e How v r , ccord ng to Orozco y B rr th y inh bit d n l er i e c w as e a a . ee r pu blo of Nuri , whi h c rt i y Low P m It s ms f om 1 th e h e e e I a . v a as e i a . V c o r Rib s (lib , p ) th t Nuri r f rs to b long ng to adjoining th e Upper Pim a were a different people fr om those occupying th e e Nuri pu blo . Although Hamy places these names (except T eco i‘ lpa ) on his map e e e e erre an d h a in th e a a e are h r tofor r f d to , notwit st nd g f ct th t th y “ ” e as a e e e uffi e e i e a ran spok n of n cion s , th r is not s ci nt v d nce to w r t a e e a e a 3 3 the conclusion th t th y spok distinct di l cts . Rib s ( 7 speaking of th e A ivin o an d other pueblos of that immediate section en a e a e rra ad etro a a a e ere rre hr ( tod st ti ) , s ys two l ngu g s w cu nt t ough an d a ad re O lifi an o rea e e n er e out , th t P , who p ch d to th m , u d stood w ll th e a a e e e a e e h e . a e two l ngu g s of th s n tions How v r , f ils to stat i ’ a a a e e e e e . a a a e a ere wh t l ngu g s th s w r By turn ng to Z p t s R l cion , h e e e e i ma e b a e . tofore r f rr d to , som light on this po nt y obt in d

eaki M o bas h e a e r a a e as e e Sp ng of the s ys th i l ngu g , m ntion d a e w as a ma an d a e e e far bov , p rtly Pi p rtly Egu (Eud v ) , which so ’ agrees with Ribas s statement an d indicates the two languages to i a e s wh ch the l tt r refer . m o m s ] INDIAN LANGUAGES O F M EX ICO A N D CENT R AL AMER ICA 7

OPAT A

(S yn o n ym: Teguima)

The Opata lived chiefly about th e headwaters of the Yaqui an d e e a e th e ea th e a a a H rmosillo riv rs , the Ap che b ing on north st , T r hum re th e ea o e a th e an d th e e th e on south st , the L w r Pim on south , S ri on e e e e e a e th e e w st . Th re w re two subtrib s which spok di l cts of moth r language— th e E udeve (Heve or D o h ema) an d th e Jo va (Jobal or M ex 2 . . 3d s W 55 O va . . . ) (Doc Hist , , , e — 44 a a a Orozco y B rra says 3 ) th t ccording to D . Fr ncisco “ e a th e a a a w as e n th e a a e s V l sco Op t n cion subdivid d i to Op t s T gui , m n d a as C o uin ach is a a a e a a . Op t s T gui s , Op t g His quot tion is e a as e a a e e e e not strictly x ct , V l sco , in the rticl r f rr d to e as a S e iiis e T e iiimas an d C o iiin achis giv s divisions Jov s . g (T guis) , g , g . But as th e last three names do not appear to have h ad an y lin guistic fi a an d are e w e e e e as e signi c tion , not oth r is r f rr d to thos of subtribes , e e f e a th y may be dismiss d rom consid r tion . E e e e e e D o h ema th e e e The ud v (H v , Dohm , or ) forming chi f subtrib , n a th e ea a e e ll ei a i h bited h dw t rs of the Rio H rmosi o . Th r loc tion ’ i e e a e e e e s giv n in Orozco y B rr s work by pu blos in the r gion m ntion d . Th e dialect of this subtribe shows con siderable difference from that of he a a e e e II n o t ffi e e t Op t prop r (Pim nt l , , but su ci nt to consid r it

n u . M e a e n mo s a . x . e a as a . a o v e oth rwis th n di l ct An uthor (Doc Hist , d s N 494 534 e e a th e f e e e ea e a a 3 . , , , ) v n s ys di f r nc is not gr t r th n th t e ee P e e an d a i an e ee e an d e a b tw n ortugu s C st li , or b tw n Fr nch Prov nc l . e e 2 16 ee al a e e e th e a e as Al gr (II , ) s ms so to h v consid r d di l cts not e ffe e wid ly di r nt . Th e Jova (Jobal or O va ) formed another subtribe speakin g a lan a e a e a diﬂeren t f a a an d E e e e gu g di l ctic lly rom Op t ud v , though mor e e a e th e e an w as e e l th e a clos ly r l t d to form r th Eud v . A though loc tion of this subtribe seems to be pretty clearly indicated by th e his to rical e en e as ei the ea e a th e a a e as vid c b ng in st rn p rt of Op t t rritory , ’ a in e a ma a ma e e e l id down Orozco y B rr s p , H my , in his p h r tofor e erre a e e th e e a th e a a u a e r f d to , loc t s th m in c ntr l portion of T r h m r e as aw him an d e a s a ea be t rritory dr n by Orozco y B rr . Thi pp rs to based on th e statemen t of th e la tter author that o n e of the Jova pue w as a a h e a e a th e a e e e Harn blos S nto Tom s , which loc t s bout pl c wh r y a e th e ma e e e a a as . a e as pl c s Jov on his p How v r , Orozco y B rr lso n m s a e S an e a e a a a a Jov pu blos José T op ri , Los Dolor s , S hu rip , Ponid , A rivetzi an d S an a e M alzura all are th e h ea , M t o , of which in sout st

ern a th e a a err as e ma as e e p rt of Op t t itory giv n in his p , which , b for n a e a h as e a th e a u a e i dic t d , H my follow d in m rking trib l bo nd ri s . the a e e e e an d e a a e If Jov t rritory xt nd d to includ d S nto Tom s , th n

th e a a e e e a s be Op t t rritory , if this pu blo is corr ctly l id down , hould ’ e e e mo re the ea a erra s ma xt nd d to south st th n it is on Orozco y B p . R O F R N T HN O B U L L 4 4 8 BU EAU AME ICA E O L GY [ .

his f a e w T is doubt ul , it being more likely th t this pu blo as peopled e a ea a an ua e th e e ue chi ﬂy by Indi ns sp king the Jov l g g , oth r p a e e n a a ma e a 332 n blos of th t s ction b i g T r hu re . H rv s ( ) i cludes Santo a a th e e ns the i as he Tom s mong pu blos or missio of Ch nip , who ,

a e a a e a a a e as be ar e s ys , spok di l ct of T r hum r , or , will shown f th r i w as e e r . e e a e 1 6 on , not d stinct th r f om His list , how v r , is d t d 7 7 . As throwing some light on this point it is noticeable that Zap ata (340 — 343 ) states that th e mission at T o s o n achic in th e Tarahumare err i e a a an d e a e t e t itory d r ctly north of S nto Tom s , Y p chic dir c ly w st

the a e th e e th e i a a e as e of l tt r on bord r of P m B jo t rritory , giv n by

r e a e e a a a e t M ac . a a a O ozco y B rr , w r T r hum r missions But th t t hic , e a e T o s o n achic T es o machic an d e ee imm di t ly south of (or ) , b tw n it an d a a an d th e e e a e a u h e ea S nto Tom s r gion imm di t ly ro nd it , sp ks of as e th e Jo va O va at ea t a e e th e ea b longing to (or ) , or l s pl c s it und r h d “ ” in io n de as g Nac los Ov . It would seem from these statements (in 1678 ) that th e Op ata boun dary should be extended a little farther to th e southeast than given by e a et th e er a chic a a a n Orozco y B rr , y t min tion (M t chic) s vors stro gly ara a e n an d a a e ara u are of T hum r origi , M t chic is includ d in the T h m n in the Handbook of Americ an Indi ans . As will be seen below a d by e e e e ma a a e e e ea ern a r f r nc to our p , sm ll portion of the xtr m st p rt of ’ the e a e as e in e a ma h as ee Low r Pim t rritory , giv n Orozco y B rr s p , b n e in a a um a a ea includ d the T r h re r . e a a C umu a Buas d aba an d B a ia e men In r g rd to the B tuco , p , , p p , tio n ed e a e as a e th e a a erri s ee by som uthoriti s loc t d within Op t t tory , notes below respecting the lis t of names not given on the acco m panying map .

T A R A II U M A R E

Th e a a um a n a e th e S e a e r a e a e ra ar T r h re i h bit d i rr s , th i r mb cing p ts a a a an d a th e a e e th e of Chihu hu , Dur ngo , Sonor , Ap ch b ing on north , the a a an d e i a e th e e e a e o n th e Op t Low r P m on the w st , T p hu n south , ° an d th e ea an d e r a a e 26 Concho on the st , ext nding f om bout l titud ° ° ° 2 n d 106 108 r er a s a s 9 a . to longitude to W O ozco y B r y , “ e a a a a e a e d e la en a a e lo s C u nt h st cinco di l ctos poco dist nt s l gu m dr , y ” de u e e T h e a are si uien tes ue s e e a a mas 6 e s . g , q s p r n m nos fu nt ( it lics ' th e e e a s e a e n : Varo hio pr s nt uthor ) , Th n he n m s the followi g four , za n d a a is be e th e G ua are a e a a . p , P ch r , Tub r Wh t to und rstood by “ ﬁve a e e s a f th e o e e nl e di l cts but littl di t nt rom m th r tongu , u ss a e are u e e ear a ea r the four n m d incl d d , do s not cl ly pp r from his wo k ; “ ” at least it seems that h e did not cons ider them sufﬁciently distant e a e as s a e ts as h e es the to r g rd th m di tinct di l c , do not follow up ec subj t . Hervas (332 ) states that th e Tarahumara (the Tarahumare country) e es a e ara ara a a an d T arahu is divid d into two provinc , c ll d T hum lt

1 0 BUR EAU O F AM ER ICAN ET HN O LO G Y [ B ULL 4 4

r th e e w as e ara are r . e e e ara T hum o igin Mor ov , pu blo vid ntly in T humare e r r ere n o m a at a o n h the t r ito y , though th is p h nd w ich name appears in this form . e n th e i a the l i a be e R tur ing now to Chin p , fo low ng f cts should not d f e — The name h as evidently been used in di fer nt sens es . Ribas (95 96) e e e re ere e th e e ee m ntions th m , but chi ﬂy with f nc to distinction b tw n “ an d the a a a r the e re d e them Sin lo (Y qui g oup) , in xp ssion uno los e d e a a e a h e er th e a e as pu blos Chinip , which indic t s th t und stood n m a er a including mo re than a single pueblo . At noth pl ce speak “ in o f er a e e th e er r the a e er a g oth n tions which p opl int io of s m si r , “ he a : e a e e a ni a G uizi ares e r s ys Th y c ll th s n tions Chi p s , p , T mo is ,

Ihio s an d Varo hio s . , Zap ata (386— 38 7) says that th e Partido de Santa Inés d e Chinip a la 25 ea ue ea S an r d e C o n icari th e ea a er th y l g s st of And és , on h dw t s of e l r l th e a e a w as d e e e . ua e Rio Fu t A luding to v ll y in which Chinip sit t d , h e adds : Que s e compone d e este d e Chinip a y otro que s e le junta y r e Th e a a viene d e los tubu es g ntiles . l ngu ge is not mentioned in this ara ra th e e ere a a e the B o ra io s ar p g ph , but in n xt , wh Gu d lup of g (V o a e a e a th e a a e e an hios) is llud d to , it is st t d th t l ngu g of this pu blo d

a a a Varo hio an d re e as th e a e as of S nt Inés (Chinip ) is , is cogniz d s m “ ” “ r r a l a ra ara a e a e en a ra a a . T u (T hum ) , v ying som wh t g m tic ’ The pueblo of Chinip a is located on Orozco y Berra s map in th e Varo hio terr r an d a ﬁ a 326 h e e ito y , in his cl ssi c tion ) includ s i s a a a a th e e e er Va o h o a e e . e re 1 2 1 p opl und r sp king th t l ngu g Al g (II , ) a e th e a e th e ea a er th e d el er e as loc t s Chinip pu blos on h dw t s of Rio Fu t , e th e e e a r a e ere e fo r i do s pr c ding utho ity , but s ys th y w join d miss on r e the e s ee e a 174 h e men pu pos s with Huit s (which , b low) Ag in ( )

e the a e re a as a e e n a a tions th m in s m l tion Rib s ntr Chi ip s , Gu za

ar e a a ra a e . p is , T moris y lgun s ot s n cion s a- en r a e 3 99 ea a as a e th e Vill S o y S nch z (II , ) sp ks of Chinip pu blo , a o e th e a e as a a a a a e me loc ti n b ing s m th t of S nt Inés Chinip , bov n tio n ed an d a er a e 402 re er th e e ra d e in noth pl c ( ) f s to Si r Chinip as . O n e fact worthy of notice in this connection is that Pad re Miguel T ellech ea a e ra a a d el a ara a , uthor of Comp ndio G m tic l Idiom T hum r “ ” was min istro d el Pueblo d e Chin ip as an d resided there a th e e r w as r r ar e a a . p t , if not most , of tim his wo k in course of p p tion Is this grammar based on the Varo hio dialect or on the p arent Tara humare language ? Had th e distinctions an d differences disappeared at th e time he wrote ? Chinip a is o mitted from th e map as not dis r tinct from Va o hio .

The territory of th e Seri as laid down by Orozco y Berra extended a th e a the a r i a r a a a e th e long co st of Gulf of C lifo n f om Gu ym s , or r th r ° S an J ar a e a e 30 the a Rio osé , northw d littl bov N including isl nd of m o m s ] INDIAN LANGUAG ES O F MEX ICO A N D CENT R AL AMER ICA 1 1

r an d ea a th e err r the a a an d Tibu on , stw rd to t ito y of Op t the Lower a e e th e r th e er r the e Pim , b ing bound d on no th by t rito y of Upp r ’ rr th e r er a . a 3 a e e e re e e e e Pim H my m p , h r tofor f d to , xt nds no th n ’ T e e e boundary a little farther north than Orozco y Berra s . h evid nc n e a a e e e is efi e on which this orth rn bound ry is b s d , how v r , not d nit ly erra a e the e given by either of these authors . Orozco y B m k s bri f “ statement (1 : Los Salineros hacia los confines d e la Pimeria a a an d a e the a e a e a the al n er ea an lt , st t s on s m p g th t S i os sp k idiom er a r er a in a fi a he t of S i , but dds fu th , th t his cl ssi c tion coun s but “ ” la r a t e r er an d the a e a a an d p incip l ( h Scri p op ) two di l cts , Gu ym U an ua ma a h e e ns e r e a p g y , showing th t do s not co id r Tibu on , T poc ,

an d Salineros as v arying sufficiently to be regarded as dialects . Although th e Guayma idiom h as usually been considered a dialect er an d e a e a r er a h as e r e as of S i so d sign t d by utho s , H v s d sc ib d it dis an d re e ar r an e a a a e th e r tinct , c ntly Pin t , f om x min tion m d on g ound , e a s 18 a n o n e th e concludes it is related to Pima . H rv s say (3 ) th t i of missions of Yaqui river named Belen were Indians of three nations

— th e a er an d a a hi e ree f ere a a e . Y qui , S i , Gu ym w ch us d th di f nt l ngu g s hi a e e re e ea e . a re José F R mi z , discussing t s st t m nt , p s nts r sons , giv n th e e e fo r rre e an d re a in not b low , doubting its co ctn ss , shows such l tions between th e Guayma an d th e Lower Pima as m ay well explain 1 th e e a e a at th e a e di u e r sult obt in d by Pin rt , but s m time sting ish s Th m hi ua a r a . e i U an ua a G ym f om Pim lingu stic position of p g y , w ch

re a e a er e e er i e . is l t d to the l tt , is of cours d t m n d by its position José a ar a r 704 a e e e ffe e e e ee G ll do (B nc oft , III , ) s ys th r is but littl di r nc b tw n

Seri an d Upan guayma .

THE YAQUI G R O UP

S n o n ms : ahi a a a a a ( y y C t , Cin lo , Sin lo )

Th e tribes of this group (often included under th e name Cahita) were loc ated chieﬂy along th e middle an d lower portions of the a e th e a a an d d el er e e e di v ll ys of Rio Y qui , Rio M yo , Rio Fu t , xt n ng

1 E l a ate Hervas ce to mo I a n a 318 ue ‘ en la m s o n d e B e en a a tres n ac o n es ue se ama b di ( , p gi ) q i i l h bl i q ll ’ uaima u a a an tres l b an Hia ui S eri G e en uas di eren tes . E sta ut ma arte d e s u asercio n re q , y , q h bl b g f l i p p i l mo X VI d lo n l s u en d ﬁcul ad . E n e o m r V se ta as tes t es t e s an usc to s d el arc vo en era a ara . S . on ig i i hi g l , h ll ‘ u a. E l r n a e ue se n t t sta o d e a o v c a d e S o n o ra co n el cata o o d e sus ue o s es as etc. p p l q i i l d p i i , l g p bl , igl i y B reve d escri cio n d e la S o n o ra es u ce se un a l r l m d u o d ’ t se a o e es e e es te aﬁo d e etc . N o p J i i , g h l p J li ten o a la V s ta es ta Memo r a mas o r mis a un tes e e ser en la arte o n e el auto r escr e la m s o n g i i , p p , d b p d d d ib i i ’ d el Pe ulo en la ue ce : ue la en u d e l ar a a o s S is es la m sma d e lo s G u imas . A d emas en uh in fo rms p q di q l g i ,

’ ue o seo d el o s o d e S o n o ra d ll l ld o a D . 30 86 d e G a vez en 20 d e S et em re d e 1784 ce el re a o q p bi p , g l i b , di p l d , ‘ hablan do d e aquella mis io n d e B elen viven un idas d o s n ac io n es d e in dio s s as baj o s y G uaimas : estos m e am araro n u u ut o s s s e o o r lo s co n t n uo s asa to s d e los S eris . Lo s Pimas usansu ro o o ma l i d p p bl p i l p pi idi . uaimas usan u an ’ L o s G s t uo o ma etc . ig idi , Pasan o a o ra a] examen d e es tas n o t c as ac én o o en el Or en n verso d e sues o sicio n ten remo s d h i i , y h i d l d i p , d co m r mer ec o ro ad o co n l r o i . a es eta e auto r a d el D o cesan o la ex sten c a d e d o s en uas versas p h h p b p bl id d i , i i l g di en la m s o n d e B elem la d e lo s G uaimas la d s Pi ba e lo mas o s . S ue en Ord en la d el m s o n ero esu ta i i , y j ig i i j i

ue ce eran un a m sma 1a G uaima la S erf. Parece ues ue n a a ue e co n tras tar es to s tes t mo n o s q di . i y , p , q d p d i i recto s ue en co nsecuen c a h a un a n exact tu en la asercio n d el a ate Hervas ue h ace st n t la di . y q i y i i d b q di i as

ma . A len gua S eri y G uai quella se es plica muy n aturalmen te co n so lo reﬂexio n ar que el s abio melo go ' ” a v erte o tuvo su n o t c a ( 10 11110 ue ec a a rl — m n ro . B o . . . E , e a o o é. uh s o e l S oc G eo stad . M ex. d i b i i q d i h b id i i g ,

II, 149. R L L 4 4 12 BUR EAU O F AM ER ICAN ET HN O LO G Y I U .

from th e Gulf of Californi a to th e sierras . Their territo ry connected on th e north with that of th e Lo wer Pima an d on th e east with that

th e ara are . ee s a th e ea as ea as of T hum It s m th t on south st , rly the ee e e e a hie e e ea i sixt nth c ntury , th y w re in cont ct c ﬂy with p opl sp k ng a Nahuatl idiom . h ree a e — a ui a an d e e — are a ly men But t di l cts Y q , M yo , T hu co usu l “ t e tio n ed . e e I 453 a h e re Pim nt l ( , ) s ys of group , It is divid d into th e ” i a e a a an d e e . el a x e di l cts , Y qui , M yo , T hu co Bu n ( ) lim ts th m to the an d e Zu ue n hi a ree a a a a d a ui . s a s me th , B lbi giv s q , M yo , Y q In cl ssi ﬁed r e a a e a a o e e an d list O ozco y B rr n m s Y qui , M y , T hu co , Vaco re ue an d r 3 : 125 a e the e e Zua ue a g , B inton ( ) n m s T hu co , q , M yo , 322 an d Yaqui as subtribes . Hervas ( ) concludes from his study of ’ Ribas s work that th e following dialects were recognized : Yaqui (which he a e e a e a a Zua ue a ni e e m k s quiv l nt to Sin lo ) , q , M yo , Ocoro , T hu co ,

C o n icari C hico rata C aven ata h e an d G uazave . r , , , A om , (As to Oco oni , hi r an e s ee e e v n C o nicari C co ata d . C a e ata is , , Ahom , not s b low ) re h e e e e ere e e as me ly t nam of a pu blo giv n nowh ls a di alect . ere a ea be f ere e ni re ar a ui As th pp rs to no di f nc of opi on in g d to Y q , a an d eh e e a e th e r ll be e e ar M yo , T u co b ing di l cts of g oup , it wi n c ss y r h hi r e re r to efer only to t e early sto ic al evidenc ga ding loc alities . As it h as been suggested by Doctor Kroeber that th e term C ahita “ ” ere th e a e r eani hi an d ere is m ly n tiv wo d m ng not ng , is th fore “ ” a r r a e as an e hn e a th e a e a i r in pp op i t t ic d sign tion , n m Y qu g oup (from that of th e best kn own tribe) h as been adopted as more a ppropri ate . Th e Indi ans using th e Y aqui di alect are almost univers ally loc ated o ur a r e th e a r er ere are e er by utho iti s on Y qui iv ; th , how v , some Th e ﬁ e e exceptions which will be referred to . rst notic of th m is probably th at in th e Segund a Relacion An onima of th e journey of n d e a e ee 1530 an d a e hi Nu o Guzm n , b tw n It is st t d in t s 300— 302 a a er a e th e d e T amach o la h (II, ) th t ft p ssing ov r Rio , whic a ear be th e er e as e re I 23 1 e an d ra e pp s to Fu t ( Al g , , , impli s) , t v ling 30 ea e e a e a e a e a e a r e l gu s , th y c m to riv r c ll d M yo on which liv d t ib “ ” of th e s ame arte an d s ame language as those of the i r a e a e a a . a a e a e Sin lo H v ng p ss d on (no thw rd) , th y c m to noth r “ y ea a le Ya uimi e e e e d el ar e d e str m c l d q , w ll p opl d , los pu blos t los de ” Th r e th e e a e e e l a a d e a . e a e Cin lo y M yon w it r dds on n xt p g , D sd ” a Rio de Pet atlan hasta el de Yaquimi es todo un a gente . Th t the Pet atlan is th e s ame river as that at present named Sinalo a is fﬁ e e e I a rm d by Al gr ( ,

‘ A s there is some confusion in regard to the us e of th e names Sinalo a o r an d Zua ue as a e e an d als e ( Cinalo a ) q ppli d to trib s , o som confusion in e th e a e th e r e ee a a e ﬁr r gard to loc tion of som of t ib s , it s ms dvis bl st to 2 h e e th e e i e e re a ere . e a 3 3 t giv v d nc l ting th to H rv s ( quoting following ,

0 1 Icazb iceta in th e B i o ra h . H . M ex see a In D o c. is t C o lec. ; bli g p y m o m s ] INDIAN LANGUAGES O F MEX ICO A N D CENT R AL AMER ICA 1 3

l 2 l . h r a a a a . . 1 E a 5 ca 5 . 3 4 a a P C istob l de Vill lb [Vil lt ] (lib , p , p ) s bi ” e e e e e la e a de hia uis a d e C in alo as exc l nt m nt l ngu los q , y propi los , r e in /mi e u C in a lo a n i a o ue a h a u a a a . dds p lo q l ngu g , y l ng es m sm cos On th e preceding page (322 ) he als o identiﬁes th e Cinalo a an d Hiaqui “ Hi ” (Yaqui) as o n e an d th e same Cinalo a 6 aqui . Now Ribas “ (284 ) loc ates th e Hia quis on th e lower portion of th e Rio Hiaqui en las e ul a a la mar a e th e C in alo as th e n e e ( doz tim s ) , but pl c s on F rt , H 1 2 as h e a s a a Zua ue . e a 4 th e r er or, c ll it , Rio Cin lo or Rio q s ys ( ) iv a e ar a e e e the a a e e T e ueco is c ll d by v ious n m s , som tim s Cin lo , som tim s g , an d sometimes Zuaque ; that th e four princip al nations on this “ ” e are th e C in alo as e ueco s Zua ues A h o mes an d a th e riv r , T g , q , y , th t e h e ea h e e i Cinalo a dwell in th mountains at t h d of t riv r . It s evident from this an d many other similar statements in his work that Ribas “ ” ere th e C n alo as as r th e Hia ui a ui consid d i distinct f om q (Y q ) , the d Zu ue ui al e a e e a e e an a . M yo , T hu co , q , though ling stic ly r l t d to th m ere w as a e hi a e is e e If th trib of t s n m , which possibl , it is most lik ly r e the e e e d el r they were abso b d by oth r trib s on the upp r Rio Fue te . ’ Therefore Hervas s identiﬁc ation of the Sin alo as with the Yaquis is an A e a e as r erra s . s the a a evid nt mist k , O ozco y B point out to pplic tion of th e name Cinalo a by Ribas to the Rio d el Fuerte there is this r I 2 0 a e e . e e 3 evid nc Al g ( , ) s ys

l Zua ue a cu a r era aus tra es tu o en o tro t em o la v a d uan au s E e . t ta q , y iv l v i p ill S J B i d e C ara o a ue d es ues a r ca o el uerte d e o n tesc aro s s e amo R io del F uerte p , q p f b i d f M l , ll , l A n res ere as llama o r an to n o mas a el rio d e n a y e pad re d P z [Rib ] p i Si lo a .

The geographical position as given by Ribas is sufficient without an y other evidence to show that h e used the name Cinalo a to d es ig natc th e Rio d el Fuerte an d not th e stream which now bears the n name Sinalo a . N o thwiths ta din g this an d abundant other evidence

’ that th e Yaqui an d th e Mayo resided on the rivers that bear their e e e a e an d th e e e an d Zua ue the e e e r sp ctiv n m s , T hu co q on Fu rt riv r, “ a I 608 a Th e Zua ues a e e a e e een B ncroft ( , ) s ys , q h v th ir vill g s b tw the a an d a er an d a e e his ma M yo Y qui riv s , so loc t s th m on p h e re e a r e e a e a are Possibly f rs to mo e r c nt d t , though pp ntly not . “ ” a ro a mi a e a e his ma th e Hia uis H my , p b bly by st k , pl c s on p q on n h e el e th e Rio Mayo a d the Mayo on t Rio d Fu rte . a th e a i a an d e e ia e the a Th t Y qu , M yo , T hu co spoke d l cts of s me hi r a a e e n r a e e e a ar e etc . l ngu g is now w ll k own f om sto ic l vid nc , voc bul i s , “ e er the w er er a e : L a How v , follo ing proof from old writ s is dd d nacion Hiaqui y por consecuencia la Mayo y d el Fuerte que en la ” s a a un a i a d e un a r r a e ua a 2 : su t nci son m sm y p op i l ng (C ncio , “ E a r a es d e la a a a ue la del a S e st t ibu [M yos] mism r z q Y qui , y solo distingue po r el titulo d e s u rio . Su idioma [Mayo an d Yaqui] por ” n e e es el la ere a a uan a e co sigui nt mismo , con dif nci de un s c t s voc s “ ” Velas co e e I 485 a th e a a a a e ( , Pim nt l ( , ) s ys C hit l ngu g is i e ree r a e — a a i an d e e div d d into th p incip l dial cts M yo , Y qu , T hu co ; - s m s 4 4 1 4 BUR EAU O F AM ER ICAN ET HNO LO G Y I .

h e er are n r n a s r e a eln t oth s seco da y . Co sult l o O ozco y B rr Bu a

et al . Investigation h as failed to dis close how o r why the name Cahita a e i us e an d w as e a e in ara c m nto , why it so s ldom ppli d until comp ’ v l Hrv r in ti e e e e . e e as s w as s e y r c nt tim s Ev n wo k , which publi h d th r 1 8 a Y t s n e ea 00 e e . e a e ee n y , m k s no m ntion of it it mu t h v b n k ow early in th e seventeenth century as the Arte de la Lengua Cahita o r uh a re d e l a a a d e e re li e e a in p P d Comp ni J sus , pub sh d by Bu ln 1 891 an d e e e a e ee e a a a de Ve , b li v d to h v b n writt n by Ju n B utist “ ” a r 1562 e ns an d e e his r e l sco (bo n , di d mentio it ntitl s A t “ ” “ as a h a r h a t e e a h a . e a e e a th t of L ngu C it In his p f c s ys , Tod e a us a d e un a Hia uis a eb s st mismo idiom , los q , los M yos y los Th u r r ia l a 9 e s e e e e . a a a 3 3 s s cos , p o dif nc n en modo Ju n Ortiz Z p t ( ) u e th e a e (s ee e ) . n m b low 0 Th e lin gus tic relation of the Mayo to the tribes on the Sinaloa w as e th e ﬁr a s e re e as the a notic d by st Sp ni h xplo rs of this r gion , f ct is exp ressly mention ed in th e Segunda Relacion of the journey 1 u i d n of N f o e Guzma . While Ribas constantly joins together th e n a a Zua ue e e an d e th e d el e Ci lo , q , T hu co , Ahom of Rio Fu rte ,

’ an d ea s e r ar re ere e the a sp k of th i simil ity in customs , no f nc to rel tion of th e language of th e C in alo as to th e other three tribes h as ee his r a r a b n found in wo k . Ju n O tiz Z p ata speaking of th e o r ar d e la C o n ce cién d e a a a w as n mission P tido p V c , s ys it o “ th e banks of th e C arapo a an d that its natives spoke th e Cahita “ ” — r language la len gua es caita . O ozco y Berra says that a a o r a a er a e to th e Sin alo as an d a this mission (V c B c ) p t in d , th t th e a e a e C ara o a S aviri o a an d S an ara nci nt vill g s of p j , José Ch y “ rr r co esponded to th e Tehuecos . H dlicka m akes Bac a a a a e e e e as a r a e b ch M yo s ttl m nt , which is giv n p ob bl synonym a a a a th e a th e er a a of B c (V c ) in H ndbook of Am ic n Indi ns , though e ffere as a a a a w as th e d el er e most lik ly di nt , B c (V c ) on Rio Fu t . That tribes along th e river spoke languages allied to Yaqui an d Mayo h as been show n an d is asserted by Ribas this makes f h r Zu u an e a e o t e a r . a e n a a a e d th m di l cts Y qui g oup But Ci lo , q , Tehueco to be cons idered synonyms o r names of different dialects ?

Th e earliest original authorities do not make this clear . e re 10 e a Zua ue an d e e are an d Al g (II , ) cont nds th t q T hu co one “ ” h — a t e s ame language d e s er todos d e un a misma lengua . Bueln (K ) s ays that Tehueco w as th e native an d current idiom among th e three indigenous tribes living on th e banks of the Rio d el er e th e r er e a a th e a e a a Fu t , most no th ly of thos ctu lly in st t of Sin lo ; the a a a th e e a a r an d a a Sin lo who inh bit pu blos of B c , To o , Sin loit , on th e river above th e village of Fuerte ; th e Tehueco who lived in a a e e y a e C ara o a an d th e e s id vill g , pr viousl c ll d p , in pu blos of

1 D Hst . M x . II 300 s e Ic zb a ccta in th e B o ra . In C o lec . o c . e e a l i , , ; ibli g phy m o m s ] INDIAN LANGUAG ES O F M E X ICO A N D CEN T R AL AM ER ICA 1 5

e e r a an d ara e th e a e an d th e Zua ue T hu co , Sivi ijo , Ch y , b low s m ; q , who were established still lower down in the pueblos of M o chicahuy a n d H S an i e d e Zua ue . e e e re a e e e a a M gu l q th r fo m k s T hu co , Sin lo , an d Zua ue o n e an d the a e a ffere r e o r q s m di lect , though di nt t ib s sub r n d a e a e o r r e . r er a a e a a a a t ib s O ozco y B m k s Sin lo C hit quiv l nt , o n e an d th e a e s r e e an d Zua ue s m idiom, but di tinct f om T hu co q , T he a a e hi a an d e which h e cons iders identical . l ngu g w ch Rib s som er m s ar e an d r er a a a an d hi er a a oth i sion i s w it s c ll Cin lo , w ch H v s n mes k ” a th e r er as a a . Y qui , is idiom which p op ly is nown C hit Quoting from B albi (table x xxrr) th e following

C n a o a is s o en in th e ro in ces o f C n a o a o f Hos timuri an d in th e s o ut ern i l p k p v i l , , h a n am T s an ua e em races t ree r n c art o f o n o ra in th e n ten en c o f t t e . p S , i d y h hi l g g b h p i i al a ec ts u te f eren t : th e Zua ue s o en in th e s o ut ern art f th e ro n ce p di l , q i di f q , p k h p o p vi o f Sin alo a an d in o ther plac es ; th e Mayo s po ken alo n g th e Mayo river in Ho stimuri an d in o n o ra ° th e a u o r Hia ui s o en a o n th e a u r er in th e ro n ce o f S Y q i q , p k l g Y q i iv p vi So n o ra h e adds (356 )

r r r f s as s rt n s A cco r n to th ram We can n o t agree with th e g eate pa t o the e e io . di g e g “ ” mar o i t s an ua e n o S e ama n a o a s n o C a ta an d co n ta n s t ree a ec ts hi l g g , ll Si l i hi , i h di l M a o a u an d th e T e uec o an d a s o Zua ue w c is us e in n a o a th e [ y , Y q i] h l q hi h d Si l by R i l F In dian s o f th e ban ks o f th e o d e uerte .

r r 3 : 1 25 e e e Zua ue a an d a Docto B inton ( ) giv s T hu co , q , M yo , Y qui as r e th e a a the Zua ue r 3 : subt ib s of C hit , but omits q f om his list ( ’ In the midst of this confusion it is the author s conclusion that per haps Oro zco y Berra is nearest right in identifying Zuaque an d

e e as o n e an d the a e ia e t r e . T hu co s m d l ct , though distinc t ib s Orozco y Berra says that about th e mouth of the Rio del er e ere the e an d a the a e e th e Fu t w Ahom , long co st south of it w r Vaco re ue the B atucari C o mo o ri an d th e G ua zave : the g , , the p , of a e a an d as ahi a th e e a e e n a s m f mily idiom the C t , chi f di l ct b i g th t r b e dis in named G uazave o r Vaco reg ue . (Ca e must e tak n to t gus h between Comurip a (or C o mo rip a ) of the Pima group an d Como H a a e re a po ri of th e Yaqui group . ) e s ys B lbi conj ctu s th t Ahome an d C o mo o ri ere e er e o r ue re a e G ua p w quit div s , tong s l t d to h r e a as all e e e e the a e . e e a e z v This d cl s is not x ct , th s pu blos spok

a e an d ere w as ar a e C o mo o ri. s m idiom , th no p ticul r Ahom or p In his classiﬁcation h e gives Vaco regue an d G uazave as n u an d as e the Vaco re ue G uazave h syno ymo s spok n by g , , A ome , Z h r n th Batucari C o mo o ri an d ua ue . T e e a , p , q int oductio of l st a e ere be a a e as a ﬁ a n m h must mist k , in his cl ssi c tion he places it under Tehueco ; possibly it refers here to a few Zuaque w h o lived among th e Vaco regue an d adopted their language . This a t r a ear a e r e a n th e a u ho pp s to h v wo k d . this out by t ki g up sc t tered st atemen ts of the original autho rities in regard to th e lan a e e the ff ere e an d m gu g s spok n in di nt pu blos issions , which it is not F R B L L 4 1 6 BUR EAU O AM E ICAN ET HN O LO GY [ U . 4

e e ar e his re a e . ma be a e n c ss y to giv in t p limin ry sk tch It y st t d , e e a a 145 a a a how v r, th t Rib s ( ) s ys the l ngu ge of the Ahome w as the a as a G uazave an d ff a s me th t of the , di erent from th t of the Zo e a 32 (which is referred to farther on) . Herv s ( 0) s ays the Ah ome spoke a dialect of Hiaqui (h e uses this name Hiaqui as equivalent‘ a a s ee a an d a as a to Cin lo ; Orozco y Berr , the s me th t spoken uaz v R ibaS ' 153 a the C OmO ri by the G a e . ( ) s ys po spoke the same a a s r e in l ngu ge a the Ahome . B inton is ther fore error in uniting th e i a as e an d the e e the Ahome with P m , th y oth r pu blos mentioned is e e e Zua ue Vaco re ue dia e in th conn ction , xc pt q , spoke the g l ct . a e O uera O huera C ahuimeto an d io i ree The n m s g ( ) , , N , denot ng th a e a e erra ma a n di l cts m rk d by Orozco y B on his p , long the souther e the a a e a Vaco re ue are a his bord r of C hit t rritory , ne r the g , pl ced in list of extin ct idioms C o mo po ri indicates a supposed sub

e e e his ma . C hico rata an d a a tribe , but is not r pres nt d on p B sop are s a ua an d are e e as given in his li t of l ng ges , m ntion d on th e Sin aloa river 7 leagues east of O h Iiera ; their languages are dis ” tinct an d the two peoples speak el Mexic ano . C o mo o ri er a ea as Of the p , Orozco y B r sp ks follows

A o ut th e em o uc ur o f th e R io d el F uerte e th e A h o mes an d t en ce to ward b b h e liv , h th e so ut a o n th e co as t th e Vac o re ues Batucaris C o mo o ris an d th e G uazaves h l g g , , p , ; o f th e same am o f th e C a tas th e o m th e a ect o f th e r n c a o n e n ame f ily hi , idi , di l p i ip l , d th e G uazave o r Vaco r u a co n ectures t at th e A o me an d th e C o mo o ri are eg e . B lbi j h h p er rs a r s r n ua f h uazav T s is n o rr all th v y dive e di lects o si te la g ges o t e G e . hi t co ect ; e

ue os s o e th e same o m an d t ere w as n o art cu ar A o me o r C o mo o ri . p bl p k idi , h p i l h p h This disposes of C o mO po ri. A s the Ahome spoke t e same lan ua e as th e Vaco re ue an d G uazave a far as a a g g g , the l st two , so l ngu ge is e e are a s . conc rn d , , in f ct , synonymous term C ahuimeto an d O huera are placed by Orozco y Berra in his list of a H e e e e e as i in extinct l nguages . is evid nc for consid ring th s d st ct an d as once spoken in th e area h e h as marked on his map appears a e e e a e hie a a a e er r to h v b n obt in d c ﬂy from Z p t How v , O ozco 1 y Berra makes a mistake in his notes referring to Ribas . It is there stated that six or seven leagues southeast of th e pueblo of Sinalo a w as the pueblo of O huera in which an d in th e vicinity ” re e e a a e a a C ahuimeto the of wer spok n two l ngu g s , distint s , c lled a n d O huera at the e a a a 1678 a , though tim Z p t wrote ( ) the Mexic n e a a e h ad a ea a us e ul i a as (Azt c) l ngu g lr dy come into gener l , t m tely , we ma e i a n e as e a a a e ee e e y suppos , d spl ci g th m , th y ppe r to h v b n xtinct wh n Orozco y Berra wrote his G eografia (1857 an d also probably when Alegre wrote his Historia (1766 as he makes n o mentio n e h e ea an d ans e of th m , though sp ks of missions Indi of the r gion re ° r h S d l e e . e e e t e a a e f r d to As th y r sid d on in lo (not Rio Fuerte , but Sin alo a of modern maps) an d along th e southeastern border of the Cahita

1 r f His . 4 e D m. T h e a es h e cites a t ose o o c . t . M ex th s er. p g h , ,

1 8 BUREAU O F AM ER ICAN ET HNO LO GY [ n o w 44

a a 145 n guage . Rib s lso ( ) mentio s a tradition that this tribe c ame the the e an d a ea a f ere from north with Ahom , , lthough sp king di f nt a a an d a e e e a a e a a e l ngu ge occupying loc liti s wid ly s p r t d , m int in d con ' h a e . A s t e a a e w as e as a as 1678 st nt fri ndship l ngu g still spok n l te , a e a h ad e a e e e e a e an d ft r the mission ries st blish d th ms lv s in th t s ction , a i ra m a e e e a e . prob bly obt in d th s t dition from th , it is possibly r li bl a a a th e a e a o r Baitren a as th e a e According to Z p t B im n ( , n m a ea e e c e th e e a a a a a de B aitren a pp rs th r ) oc upi d pu blo of S nt C t lin , a e e ea e ea S an d el the ea situ t d som six l gu s south st of José Toro , h d of the a an d e a a a e s e a if e e r a p rtido , spok l ngu g om wh t d f r nt f om th t of he e Z The a e e e e t Tro ( o e) . l tt r r sid d in a n ighboring pueblo bearing ei a e an d e a the ai e a e th e a th r own n m , lik th t of B m n , bord ring Tub r “ ( co n fin an tambien con lo s Th e p adre who ministered to these pueblos at the time Ribas wrote ( 16 17 — 1640 ) w as José de a T pia . Th e e i e e a ea a a e e e the a e e vo cabu v d nc pp rs to w rr nt , th r for , in bs nc of laries the a e a e Zo e as a i an d ai e a as iden ti , cc pt nc of dist nct idiom B m n l o r e e a e e e e fi n id ca . a a co s clos ly r l t d to it Th r is , p rh ps , justi c tion for as a e th e a at ea a a a an d ering both di l cts of Y qui group , or l st N hu tl n , e are a e th e a e n d e th y so m rk d in List of Linguistic F mili s a Trib s . e a ea e a e th e ma ac a hi a e Th ir r is d sign t d on p comp nying t s p p r . Th e e r th e T e ahue T e ave C o n icari an d t rrito y in which p ( p ) , , Macoyahui dialects are said to have been spoken is situated on th e northern border of th e territory of th e Yaqui group where it meets h e e a an d th e a a e that of t Low r Pim T r humar . According to Zap ata the language spoken in th e pueblo of de T e ave T e aiie T e ahue a e five ea e Asuncion p ( p or p ) , situ t d l gu s north “ “ ” ea o f C o n icari w as a a an d w as w as T e ave st , p rticul r, kno n p (T epahue ) ; this w as different from that of th e other pueblos (C o n ic ari an d a a th e a er e e n e th e T e ahue M coy hui) , though l tt p opl u d rstood p th e a ea e an d a a . tongu lso th t of Y qui group , but did not sp k it All three dialects are included by Orozco y Berra in th e territory h e “ ”

a T e ahue ma th e th e e a e . m rks p on his p , in fork of upp r M yo riv r a 253 ea e as e th e e e an d a 265 Rib s ( ) sp ks of th m fri nds of T hu co , dds ( ) that th e pueblo of C o n icari w as distant from Chinip a sixteen leagues e a a a 384 a a th e a a e e at eublo [w st] . Z p t ( ) s ys th t l ngu g spok n this p “ ” ’ “ a a a e e a a are a en la is p rticul r , but th t som of th inh bit nts M yo en la e a nacion y l ngu . Th e e A s un cién d e a a hi the a a lan pu blo of M coy hui , in w ch M coy hui ' ua e w as e w as S a e a o e e ea e o f C o n icari g g spok n , itu t d b ut s v n l gu s north a a a e a ma a e e (Z p t , though Orozco y B rr on his p pl c s it w st of e Th e a a e a a a a w as articu th e a e . l tt r pu blo l ngu g , ccording to Z p t , p ” lar la lengua es p articular macoyahui con que son tres las lenguas ” - n i i e n d a de e a e e are C o car o a a a . ste p rtido th s , T p hu , M coy hui Although they were extinct at the time Orozco y Berra wrote his m o m s ] INDIAN LANG UAGES O F M EX IC O A N D CENT R AL AM ER ICA 1 9

Geografia (about they were in existence an d us e at th e time Zap ata wrote his R elaciOn ( 167 Th e Macoyahui were also known h e e e d T e a ui b t a C u an c a . a e e a a u e y n m s y g It is s f , p rh ps , to ss m a e e a a e e e e a e o n e a e th t th s l ngu g s w r r l t d to noth r , though this is not a e e e a n e far as a e a e st t d , nor is th r nythi g on r cord , so sc rt in d , by which to determin e whether they were related to an y language of th e sur u n e The a e o n are ro ndi g trib s . only indic tions giv n this point that th e T e ahue e e r e th e e e an d a e the p w r f i nds of T hu co , th t som of a a o n icari e e th e e e e a in h bit nts of C w r of Mayo trib . Th s f cts suggest e e r lationship to th Yaqui group . TEPEHUANE

(S yn o n ym: T epeguan e )

The e e a e e th e a a e T p hu n occupi d country m inly in Dur ngo , imm diatel the a a a e e th e ea e e the y south of T r hum r , chi ﬂy on st rn slop of e a a e f th e e - u n ea th e e - e Si rr M dr , rom tw nty fo rth rly to tw nty s venth ee e r e 18 a e e e r degr of north latitud . A l gui ( 7 ) s ys it xt nd d f om the e r d el e a th e a a r e I 1 a . e 3 9 Si r M zquit l up to P rr l Acco ding to Al gr ( , ) it extended from a little less than th e twenty-ﬁfth to th e twenty e e e ee r a u e n th e a a u a e e s v nth d gr of no th l tit d , touchi g T r h m r r gion he at t north . Th e language does not appear to have been divided into an y well 63 a a e a e . e e e a m rk d di l cts Pim nt l (II , ) s ys it consist d of v rious a e th e ffe e e ee a e ee e e e di l cts , but di r nc s s m to h v b n too slight to r c iv n e n i e r e ra e e a y sp cial ot c . O ozco y B r m ntions non . It is possible a A axee an d a e e e e a e th t c cogn t idioms w r r l t d to it .

A C A X E E

th e ea e e h as ee e e r e e For r sons giv n b low , it b n d cid d to b ing tog th r e i a ea n th e r a e und r th s trib l h di g fou following n m s , which Orozco y Berra an d other w riters have treated as those of separate e A axee i ime X ix im T eb n d S b ib e a c e aca a a a o . trib s , n m ly , , J j ( ) , , The a e s o — a e e ea e e a a e four sm ll trib s , or c ll d trib s , sp king th s l ngu g s e a n e e e th e ea an d form d co n ct d group surround d on north , st , south east by th e Tepehuane an d on th e west an d southwest by th e exten th e e a a a th e e e a e r sion of M xic n group northw rd long w st rn co st . Th i r l h e h e an d e e a e e ee s count y ay c i ﬂy in t high rugg d si rr s . Th r s m to be e r th e e e e e e a e e littl or no doubt , f om vid nc giv n b low , th t th y spok e e a e a e e s o - a e a e e e e n clos ly r l t d di l cts , som c ll d di l cts , how v r, b i g a a e e ca a a ea a in a ei a e pp r ntly id nti l . It lso pp rs th t ddition to th r n tiv a e e a e e e all e th e e a a a e di l cts , spok n mong th ms lv s , us d M xic n l ngu g in 1 e e e e th ir int rcours with oth rs .

“ 1 Th e term Mex can as use ere an d e sew ere in t s a er w en re err n to an ua e is to be un er i , d h l h hi p p h f i g l g g , d sto o in th e sen se in w c O ro zco B erra uses th e term Mex can o t at is to sa it n c u es th e cen tra d hi h y i ; h y , i l d l o r str ct N a uat o r A ztec ro u th e art cu ar a ect o f t s n o rt w ar exten s o n ein un kn o wn . i ly h l g p , p i l di l hi h d i b g B L L 44 20 BUR EAU O F AMER ICAN E T HNO LO GY [ U .

Ribas says (491 ) th e S abaibo spoke th e same language as th e A cax ee an d a the i imes a e th e a e a ua e , th t J j lso spok s m l ng g A l e r e a I 422 the S abaibo a n a e t e g s ys ( , ) , though disti ct n tion , spok h e as th e A axee a a a 4 14 ea th e mis sam idiom c . Z p t ( sp king of in th e a de S an a i de a T ebaca w as sions P rtido M rt n Atotonilco , s ys e s e an d A caxee in e e a n a e e e spok n in om oth rs wh n t lki g mong th ms lv s , a all e th e e a a a e e a l 334 but th t us d M xic n l ngu g . Orozco y B rr ( ) a e th e a e n an d a e a th e a e a e a T ebaca ss rts s m thi g , st t s lso on s m p g th t i r A cax ee e e th e e h e ee w as a . dist nct f om , but r l t d to it On whol s ms “ to place all these dialects in his Mexicano (l 12 or at least includes th e pe ople in th e Mexican (Nahuatlan) family in the limited a ifi a e th e a a n e e e . a a a s ns of his cl ss c tion It is tru th t , in p r gr ph i dic t d , h e e e A caxee et as h e a the e ee are r f rs only to , y , holds th t oth r thr ll be e e e e a e a a . r l t d to it , must cl ss d tog th r Hervas (on what ground does not appear) says that th e Jijime a a e e th e e a a ea be l ngu g , which is spok n in provinc of Topi , pp rs to “ different from A caxee an d consequently from th e other dia th e a a e hi a A axe n d e . c e a e l cts of Z c t co T s would imply th t , oth r a e idio ms 'exclus ive Ji ime e e a e th e a a e l n lli d , of j , w r di l cts of Z c t co a a e e e r th e a e a gu g . R f r ing to this supposition on p rt of H rv s , Orozco y Berra (l 13 ) states that it is un supported by an y works h e h as e a e x min d . A caxee a ea be th e a e e As pp rs to most import nt of th s idioms , it is ’ concluded best to dep art from Orozco y Berra s plan to th e extent of includin g th e entire group under this name an d to mark th e area r occupied by them acco dingly . Several other s o -called tribes or naciones are mentioned as re th e me a e re er era i as the siding in im di t gion now und consid t on , a T eca a a a o r B aimo a a i a an d Th P pudo , y , V imo ( ) , Topi , H n , Hume . e first three appear to have been considered by Orozco y Berra as ere vi s th e A caxee an d th e a as but m di sion of , l st two divi “ r I 37 9— 380 e th th e i ime . e e e a sions of J j Al g ( , ) m ntions P pudos an d “ ” T eca as as e th e S an n r a y b longing to mission of A d és (Topi ) , but T u says nothing in regard to their language . rning to Zap ata th e statement is found that th e pueblos of this mission spoke various “ a a e e S abaibo e A caxee A ia e an d er Ji ime l ngu g s , som , som ( g oth s j , T but e ad e a eca a . a a B aimo no m ntion is m of P pudo , y , or V imo ( a ) . ere e n o t a ear be an er e e e As th do s pp to y oth vid nc on this point , r e e — a T eca a an d a a— ma b these th e nam s P pudo , y , V imo y e dismissed as not denotin g idioms . a a A c x Orozco y Berra makes Topi synonym of a ee . In this he a r e as a ear be a e s eems to be substanti lly co r ct , it pp s to g ographical term design atin g th e section in which th e A caxee were chiefly lo a 53 1 a th e A caxee a w as th e r n a ea cated . Rib s ( ) s ys n tion p i cip l (h d) of A n r 2 th e two missions of Topia an d S an d es . Hervas (3 7 ) speaks of T HO M A S ] INDIAN LANG UAGES O F MEX ICO A N D CENT R AL AM ER ICA 21

as a er a a e a a a e Topia noth l ngu g or di lect of the group , which ide V t r 3 3 h e h r a e . 1 8 a as carri d into his Mit id t s (III , pt , though dmitting x a e i th e a e relations hip with A ca ee . B albi m k s it dist nct from l tt r ; erra f er i but Orozco y B di f s wholly from this opin on , con H s id erin g th e two as th e same langu age . e quotes manu script authority showing Topia to be merely the name of a province o r dis t rict . hu 1608 a e th e e a a A m ad a writing in , m k s Hum n cion

in th e i ime ea n th e a e a a e . as dist ct from J j , though sp ki g s m l ngu g Rib (562 ) s ays these Indians inhabit th e high est p art of the sierra as “ ” re 199 a al th e u e a a n e a a . e o e go s e stw rd Al g (II , ) lso c ls H m n cion an d says the name w as given to them from th e configuration of the r e a 327 e re the n n atural defens es of their count y . H rv s ( xp sses opi ion h r ere e a e th i a the e e as e e e J ime . th t Hum (Huim , w it s it) w r l t d to j Orozco y Berra also holds that both th e Hume an d Hina were related h i i a e w e e ff t e me . to , or r th r r o shoots of , J j re ea th e n a a e a e the Aleg , sp king of Hi (II , s ys th y inh bit d most “ ” profound breaks ( pro fun dis imas quebrad as ) of the center of the ra an d th e ar th e R io Piaztla an d e a e lan sier m gin of , spok div rse i r r r e . s a ev e e e a e guag Notwith t nding this d nc , O ozco y B r , who p h ad a a d a a a e ni th e e an d haps ddition l t , lthough r cog zing Hum the a as e a a e e e an d e Hin s p r t or distinct p opl s , giving th m in his list of e e r s a a e e re trib s , omits th m f om his li t of l ngu g s , ther by exp ssing his ea ns r belief that they did not sp k distinct idioms . It is co ide ed safest to follow his example . a e s e to e e a In this connection it m y b a w ll r f r to the Huite . Rib s (207 ) says their langu age w as different from that of th e Cinalo a (Ya r 1 333 a er r . r e ra : e e a a e r e qui group) O ozco y B ( ) s ys th y w w lik t ib , r ll e an d er r a t e a e a a . op n st ife with th ir neighbors , w nth opoph gi e a w as th e e ra a e e ea e r th e i a Th ir loc tion in si r , bout s v n l gu s f om S n ” H th a e ifie a a a . e a a e a lo s dds th t n m , which sign s rrow in C hit , indi a a u h cates relationship of idiom to this l ngu ge . Altho gh e gives th e na e his a a e h e t r th e a ifi a ma m in list of l ngu g s , omi s it f om cl ss c tion , p , h as ee e r t a fi an d extinct idioms . It b n omitt d f om he cl ssi ed list in h a an d r t e ma e . this p per , f om p , but with som doubt

CO R A

S n o n ms : a a a a a ( y y Chor , Chot , N y rit )

The people spe aking this language live in th e Sierra d e Nayarit

an d d e Je aria th e a e alis co . e are th e on the Rio sus M , in st t of J Th y most southerly tribe of what may be termed the Sonoran group of

the Nahuatlan family . e ra h e a i e a a e e Orozco y B r , w os m pp ng is follow d subst nti lly in r f r a e h as a e i a ea a n to th e e ence to the Cor t rritory , m rk d th s r ccordi g b st um “ 22 BUR EAU O F AM ER ICAN ET HN O LO G Y m .

ea a e e in a e . e e e e rly uthoriti s , most of th m m nuscript docum nts R f r nc

a e e e e a r e ea i th e e . is m d , how v r , to oth r utho iti s tr t ng of subj ct e a e e e ri th e e a ara er the Alegr , ft r r f r ng to rugg d , mount inous ch ct of r a 196 i th e ea n e a- a a an d the dist ict , s ys (III , ) it jo ns on st N v Vizc y , on ° ° e an d a- a c a e e r 22 23 north , w st , south Nuev G li i , xt nding f om to l t m a th e e e e the er a a ari . e e d t N a . Pim nt l si ply s ys p opl liv d in Si r e N y but is more speciﬁc in relation to th e subdivisions of th e tribe men n rr 9 a a a r a tio ed e . O e a b low rozco y B ) s ys th t , cco ding to Mot ° ° h r s e e 2 1 an 2 n lat . a d Padilla t e a ea w a includ d betwe n d 3 N . ° ° 26 1 an d 265 i u e an d a r e a e et ee long t d ; cco ding to R vill gig do , b w n ° ° ° ° “ 2 24 t n d 2 6 n 26 d e d l r n la . a 6 a d 9 . e e a d 1 a d N . long m idi no e

e e i e . n th e a a ae h e e th e e e T n r f Followi g ch rt of N rv z , conclud s xt nt ° ’ ° ° °

b 2 2 . la . n d a d . to e between 1 20 an d 3 N t a 5 n 6 W long . from th e meridian of Mexico City . e d e r e a e a ar en e ua a el an a Jos ph O t g , whos Voc bul io L ng C st l y 2 ra w as ﬁr e in 173 a . 7 e r 1888 a Co st publish d , s ys (p , r p int of ) th t a a e e ree a e : M uutzicat e this l ngu g consist d of th di l cts , spok n by e the e e th e erra T eacuacitzica e thos living in c nt r of si ; , spok n by those living in th e lower p arts of th e sierra toward th e west ; an d A tean aca (sometimes contracted to Até) spoken by th e A te acari living th a th a r He ns er th e a as h on e b nks of e Rio N ya it . co id s l st t e Cora h ff n er . e e t e e e e e t a e e proper How v r, di r c s w so slight h t subs qu nt writers do not appear to have cons idered them dialects representing e a 1 2 1— 2 2 subtribal distinctions . Orozco y B rr ( : 8 8 ) includes th e Cora in a a- a a a — a a an d e as i th e his Op t T r hum r Pim f mily , giv s div sions T a e a a ecualme G ecualme an d a . a arit Cor prop r , N y rit , , , Colotl n N y , the a e th e e e a e e s e e e e a n m p opl ppli d to th m lv s , is m r ly synonym of T lm r Cora . Although ecualme an d G ecua e a e included by Orozco y e r a a a e e e e e e a e n a e B r in his list of l ngu g s , th r is no vid nc th t th y i dic t

a e . re er h e e e as di l ctic divisions Mo ov , giv s th m synonymous .

C o lo tlan. s ee e e a etc . e . (For , T p c no , b low )

HUICHO L

(S yn o n ym: G uich o la )

e e e as a e s th e a A trib , form rly count d subtrib or divi ion of Cor of alis co i th e r e e a th e ea th e a e J liv ng in ugg d si rr s on st of Cor , by whos e r e are r e th e e an d th e t r itory th y sur ound d on north , w st , south ,

Tepecano join ing them on th e e ast . Their l anguage is closely e a e th e a a e ea a e a e r l t d to Cor , c using som rly uthoriti s to cl ssify th m as a the a e e e n e a e division of l tt r ; but r c nt i v stig tions , chi ﬂy by l a a e led th e a e are e e Hrd ick , h v to conclusion th t th y mor clos ly e a e th e a le a th e a an d are a a e an r l t d to Gu chichi th n to Cor , pp r ntly ﬁr th e e offshoot of that tribe . This con ms sugg stion thrown out by Orozco y Berra (l : que los Hn icho la s son los restos de los anti m o m s ] INDIAN LANGUAGES O F MEXICO A N D CENTR A L AMER ICA 23

uo s Guachichiles a h a h e e e a t g , suggestion w ich he s ys n ith r ccep s nor e a e e th e contradicts . As they are separat d from the p r nt trib by e e i a a e are e a s a ea th e acco m int rv n ng Z c t co , they giv n di tinct r on hi e a ma i th e a e as a il . p nying p , w th s me numb r the Gu c ch s

E E O TE U L E C A ZC A N T E C U E X E T P CAN , , ,

r a a e his ma a an d th e a Orozco y Be r pl c s on p , to the e st southe st of a e r e a e e an d h the Cor , trib s or supposed t ib s spe king th s some ot er o l n e era e dialects (C o l c an a d Coca) . As th re is consid bl doubt in regard to th e exis tence of others of these tribes an d dialects an d to th e e a ns e a e a i e linguistic r l tio of some of th m , it is necess ry to x m ne som what closely th e meager data regardin g them . e e C o lo clan ma far as th e a e c er e dis Of th s , y , so n m is onc n d , be e e e e e missed from consid ration as it is nowh r m ntion d in his work . “ ” It w as evidently intended for Colotlan (also given incorrectly by a I 672 as as e e e B ncroft , , , it occupi s pr cis ly the posi ee m be e a the e . a a a tion giv n to Colotl n in t xt Colotl n , it s ms , y lso e as e a 2 : a his ma dismiss d , Orozco y B rr ( though loc ting it on p “ (as C o lo clan south of the Tepecano area an d along the eastern th e e e fie e e a n a a . bou d ry of Cor t rritory , id nti s it with T p c no Colotlan is marked on his map as a pueblo in th e Tepecano district an d is given r — by Doctor H dlicka (2 : 399 402) as in th e Te pec ano are a . It would a ea a e f o e e e hi has ee a e e r th e pp r s f r m this vid nc , w ch b n g th r d f om a a e e th e a e a e a a an d e rly st t m nts of mission ri s , to ssum th t Colotl n e e a e e o n e an d th e a e e a fie T p c no w r s m idiom . As this writ r cl ssi s a as a a e a ra re Colotl n di l ct of Cor (Orozco y Ber , this , if cor ct , e e a the a e ela a would bring T p c no into s m r tion , but Doctor Hrdlick h as become convinced by recent investigations made in th e section a th e e e a e e e e a e th e e e a e an d th t T p c no w r most clos ly r l t d to T p hu n , he gives a brief vo c abul ary as confirming this O pinion (2 : 4 19 Te pec ano is given substanti ally the s ame are a on th e accomp anying ’ map as on Orozco y Berra s map . a e a e e e is e as a Coc is xtinct if , in f ct , it v r x t d distinct idiom . It could not have been very different fr om T ecuexe if w e judge by th e sligh t notices left on record in regard to it ; in fact Orozco y Berra e th e o n e a a ma ea e e a includ s two in re on his p . This l v s for consid r s al e e far as a e tion of thi group of sm l trib s , or subtrib s , so m pp d by e T eule a eau an d T ecuexe the writer quot d , the , C z , . Very little mention of th e tribes speaking these languages h as e e z b en left on r cord . Doctor Hrdlicka says the C a can es occupied “ ” a r th e a e a a o the l nd f om Rio Gr nd (Rio S nti go) , bordering n e a an d T e uexes e e 4 c . a 197 a the T pec nos H rr r (II , dec . , ) s ys merely that they are a nation which inhabit as far as th e border of a a an d a e ee d ffe e r h a h e the Z c tecos , th t th ir sp ch is i r nt f om t t of t a a e a a a h e e ll Mexic ns , lthough the M xic n l ngu ge ad xt nded into a B UL L 4 4 24 BUR EAU O F AMER ICAN ET HN O LO G Y ( .

1 e el e s th e C azcan Tl l a . a te th t r gion Antonio T lo r fer to of Teul , d X u h i ila e a n u a a e a an c . n ngo , p It is som wh t si g l r th t Arl gui , who ” gives a list of th e naciones of this section ( 148 omits th e a e th e C azcan e n th e a a ar a Z an d n m of , though m ntioni g Cor , N y it ( ) , e e a T p c no . e ra a 1 : 279 a T eule as h e e m e Orozco y B r s ys ( ) th t the , or , t r s th m , ” en e hi e a e th e a e as th e e e a He T l s C chim c s , us d s m idiom T p c no . bases this opin ion on a statement in documents in th e Archivo e e a e 491 499 a a th e C azcan es w G n r l . Rom ro Gil ( , ) s ys th t , hom he ” e C azcan es e a e e a a e an d e a th e t rms Chichim c s , w r Z c t cos , sugg sts th t xe e e e a the a e e a T ecue s w r a M xic n colony . In rticl cit d bove Hrdlicka ” (428) mentions th e living remn ant of the Teul-Chichimecs h e found in two old villages near Teul .

NAM ES O F TR IBES IN NO R T HW EST E R N MEX ICO N O T CO NSIDER ED SEPAR AT ELY

A S G IVE N B Y O R O ZC O Y B E R R A A N D O T HE R W R IT E R S

Names of tribes or supposed tribes or subtribes which are men “ ” tio n ed by Spanish writers as naciones in what are now th e states a i a a ua a u a an d a e a a ea of Sonor , S n lo , Chih hu , D r ngo , J lis o , or th t r ’ e e ra ma the e ua an d includ d on Orozco y B r s p in Concho , T peh n , A caxee a ea an d the a e e e e hi are r s , p rt of M xico northw st th r of, w ch e ara e u e are as : not s p t ly disc ss d in this volume , follows

A h o mes C ahiguas C ues (lo s T ecayaguis ) * A ibin o s C ajuen ch es C uﬁai A lch ed o mas C an ceres C uteco s A n cavistis C arlan es C utgan es A n ch an es C h afalo tes E chun ticas * A rigames C h an guaguan es F arao n es A teacari C h emeguabas G ecuich es * * A tean aca C h emegues G en icuich es ’ Babispe (Bap is pe) [o n C h emeguet G ileﬁ o s (lo s X ileno s) * map] C hico rato G o jo les Babo s C hicuras G o zo pas * Bacabach es C h inarras G uaicamaépas * E s capas C hin ipas G uailo po s Bagio pas C h iricaguis G uazarach is Baimo as (o r Vaimo as ) C hiro s Hich ucio s Bamo as C hizo s Himeris * Baquio bas C o cas Hin as Basiro as C o clamas Hio s * Baso pas C o co biptas Hizo s Batucaris C o giiinach is Hudco ad an es * Batuco s C o mo po ris Huites * Baturo ques C o muripas Humas (lo s C hin arras ) Bayacato s C o n ej o s Humes Biat es C o n tlas Huso ro n es * C acaris C uampes Huvagueres

l . D Hst . M ex . 376: see Icazbalce a i t B In C o ec oc. II t n h e o ra h i , . , ibli g p y .

B s t 44 26 BUR EAU O F AMER ICAN ET HN O LO G Y ( u .

him but a e ee a e e au . Th e a e by , h v b n t k n from oth r thors n m s to which th e aste risk is preﬁx ed are those which correspond with hi names in his list of languages . T s shows that th e tribes not so indicated in his list of tribes were not considered by him as speaking distin ct idioms . be a e e u e e e far as th e re e If his conclusion cc pt d witho t r s rv , so p s nt in vestigation is concerned all th e names in his list of tribes havin g no corresponding name in his list of languages may as well be ex e but hi u ea e th e e u e his e clud d , t s wo ld l v whol s bj ct to judgm nt with r e out investiga tion . It is p op r ﬁr st to ascertain how many names n be e mi a e the as u a e are e e ea ca li n t d from list d plic t s , or oth rwis cl rly e e e an d a e al ea e e th e e e i rron ously giv n , lso thos r dy consid r d in pr c d ng notes . e s a e ee e in th e e e i e Thos of thi list which h v b n notic d pr c d ng not s , an d a rea e re ar e e are as e a conclusion ch d in g d th r to , follows (r t in ing th e names as written therein) :

A h o mes C o mo po ris Salin ero s A ibin o s C o muripas T eacuacitzica A tean aca Hin as T ecayas Bas o pas Huites T eco ripas Batucaris Humes T eguimas (O patas T egui C h ico ratas Mo vas mas ) C hin ipas M uutzicat T eguis (O patas T eguis ) C o cas Nures Vaimo as (Baimo as ) C o guin ach is (O pata C o guin O n avas ach is ) Papudo s

Those n ames which may be eliminate d are as follows

l m s alch un es in C a rn ia- r m n A ch ed o mas Sa e a J ed ; lifo A izo na ; Yu a . A an o r s u s o n o f th e F arao n A a c e . A n cavistis . b d bdivi i p h A n ch an es A s o n o f th e C o n c o s ea in t eir an ua e an d vin divi i h , p k g h l g g li g o n th e R io C o n c o O ro co erra h ( z y B , A teacari A s o n o f th e C o m s n o n m o f A tean aca whi c en o tes divi i ; y y , h d h an a e t e l gu g . Bacabach es O ro zco y Berra men tio n s th e n ame in h is lis t an d refers to n o ra but it is n o o un ere A a o s ett emen t o t t . S , f d h M y l n ear a o us n th e a o an ua e Hrdliéka M y i g M y l g g ( , I s n ro m aca t is di ti ct f B . Bacapas T his n ame appears to have been given a place in O ro z co y ’ B erra s lis t w itho ut suﬂicien t data in h is text to j ustify its n c us o n A a a o ran c er a i l i . P p g h i . In C a o rn a-A r o n a lif i iz . Vaimo See as .

In n te ta s sam i as te e as Ba o . U i d S , g p A o w r m n Hio s e w . L e Pi a ba d . S ee b lo G en O ro co erra as a s n o n m o f E u e e iv by z y B y y d v , 1 1 s is o tho ugh in th e Rudo E n sayo ( 8 et eq . ) it alluded t as e a pu blo . THO M A S ] INDIAN LANGUAGES O F MEX ICO A N D CENT R A L AMER ICA 27

Baturo ques Merely men tio n ed by O ro zco y Berra as an extin ct tribe o rmer n in o n o ra : N o art cu ars a e een o un f ly livi g S p i l h v b f d . n s Pro bab ly a s y o n ym o f Batucari . ’ Bayacato s T his n ame is given in O ro zco y Berra s list w ith referen ce to i n o r t x n a o a but t o es t a ea in th e e t . Si l , d pp O ro co uo tes t s n ame ro m A e re I but t s aut o r z q hi f l g ( , hi h , t o u men t o n n th e n ame es n o t n w c to h gh i i g , giv hi g by hi h o cate th e eo e es n ate n o r an t n in re ar to t e r l p pl d ig d , y hi g g d h i n ua e ro a th e same as Biaras a T e ueco s e emen a . tt t. l g g P b bly , h l

Oacar en t o n e F ern an o amire O ro co erra as i M i d by d R z ( z y B , an ext n ct tr e o rmer in in C acar a uran o i ib f ly liv g i , D g . C ahi uas F arao n A ac e O ro co erra in n o rt ern C hi g p h ( z y B , h uahua? See art c e Kio wa in an o o o f A mer can h ( i l , H db k i

In an s t . di , p C an ceres G iven as b elo n gin g to th e F arao n A pache in C hihuahua O ro co Berra 1 : See art c e Li an in an o o ( z y , ( i l p , H db k

o f A mer can In an s t . i di , p

r icari a n n A r an sas r r . an e r h o n A ll a o e e A r l . C a a ca . c wo l J b d k iv B d li , g 1 1 In s rs 9 . t . a e P p , v , C o clamas en t o n e O ro co erra 1 : 325 as n ear th e T o bo so s M i d by z y B ( ) . r rm t n n N 0 furthe in fo a io give . C o co bi tas O ro co erra re ers to C ua ua but it is n o t o un in th e p z y B f hih h , f d text un er t s ea n t o u it is en un er C o a u a d hi h di g, h gh giv d h il ro m a s t in th e man uscr t o f a as f li ip Revill gigedo . N o o ca t i en o ss in T exa N o a t o n a a a l li y g v ; p ibly s . ddi i l d t . ° C o n ejo s Men tio n ed by O ro zco y Berra as pertain in g to th e C o n cho ; an d as bein g at th e miss io n o f N ues tra n r d e A ran azu N o urt er a e o a ta . S z . f h d C o n tla O ro zco y Berra says merely it is stated that th e in “ ” a tan ts o f an ta C ru are o f th e n ac n C o n t a O a a o . t h bi S z i l p . A s n o t n urt er in re ar to th e n ame is o un it ma hi g f h g d f d , y smi ro m o n s erat o n b e di ss ed f c id i . A is o n o f th e F arao n A ac e div i p h . Se T eca a is e y gu . G en O ro co erra as co n n ecte w t th e C a uen ch e a iv by z y B d i h j , uman a ect a aren t in h e n te tates N o t n Y di l pp ly t U i d S . hi g r r ta ffe d i n f A mer can In u t e s te S ee C u n a o o o n . f h d . H db k i dia s

Th e C uc an o r uma in th e n te tates . h , Y , U i d S Men tio n ed by O ro zco y Berra as a divisio n o r s ub tr e o i th e A ac e ro a in o n o r ib p h ; p b bly S a . C h an ua uan es G en O ro co erra as e o n in to th e F arao n A ac e g g iv by z y B b l g g p h . A in an o o f m r Ute . S ee art c e kan a win t o A e can ( i l q , H db k i In an s t . di , p C h eme uabas In so ut ern C a o rn a ro a a art o f o r a s n o n m fo r g h lif i , p b bly p y y th me S ee G arces 230—352 es ec a e C e ue . h h vi ( , , p i lly n o n m o f eme ue Sy y C h h vi . n o n m o f C eme u i Sy y h h ev . O ro co erra i es th e n ame ro er C icuris in h is st z y B g v (p p ly ) li . T n r r n o c s M s s is o u e e ce D th . III e to . t . ex . 4 hi f d (by f Hi , , , ’ 408— O ro zco y B erra s referen ce to Ribas is an erro r) to be mere th e n ame o f a ue o th e an ua e e n art ly p bl , l g g b i g p ly T uan an art Bas o an epeh d p ly p . C hiricaguis N ame given to an impo rtan t s ubtribe (C hiricahua) o f th e f A ac e n o rt o th e n tern at o n a o un ar . p h , h i i l b d y B U 44 28 BUR EAU O F AM ER ICAN ET HNO LO GY [ LL .

C hiro s O ro zco y Berra gives this n ame in h is lis t an d refers to C hihua i n r t s ea n o w e er h ua but o es n o t men t o n t u e . , d i d hi h di g H v , h e es 1 :325 as a aren t n ear th e T o o so th e o o w n : giv ) pp ly b , f ll i g Sisimbre C h izo C o co o me C o clama T o c o C h izo a o , , y , , h , , B b , N ure It is ro a e as th e n ame C h izo s is re eated an d . p b bl , p , m r n B n o n e S o u be C ro s th e c an e ein a s t . a h ld hi , h g b g i p i cro t I in co n th e s t o m ts o n e C h izo s an d f ( , pyi g li , i ro s at an ace N o urt er do es n o t gi ve th e n ame C hi y pl . f h f i h n o n men tio n o t as bee f u d . C hizo s N 0 in fo rmatio n regardin g this s uppo sed tribe h as been fo un d n h n n m o ther than that given u der t e las t precedi g a e . H s r n e w S ee u o o es o . , b l n n n h F r o n A e G en as a s n G ive as belo gi g to t e a a pach . ( iv y o n m o f Ko ts o teka in an o o o f A merican In ans y , H db k di , 1 t . p , n h A divis io o r tribe o f t e A pache . rn s o n o f In so uthern C alifo ia ; yn ym Sho sho n ean Kawia . (See

an o o o f A mer can In an s t . 1 H db k i di , p , s n o n o f rran o s Se an o o f A m r n In n G en icuich e m e . e o e ca a s Sy y S ( H db k i di , 2 t . p ,

G ilefio s n o n m o f G a A ac e N ew ex co . S ee an o o o f Sy y il p h , M i ( H db k 1 A mer can In an s t . i di , p , Men tio n ed by O ro zco y Berra as in Jalisco n ear th e T n N 0 t n a n o rm t o n un oss o o . epeca o . addi i l i f a i f d P ibly a n n o f u sy o ym H icho l . G o zo as O ro co erra es t s n ame in h is s t an d re ers to n a o a p z y B giv hi li f Si l , but i is n o men t o n e un er t a It is ro a a t t i d d hat he d . p b bly syn o n ym o f G uazave as Ribas to w ho m h e refers o n “ ” 1 m n o n z th e a e o n w c h e e t s G ua ave es G o zaua . p g hi h i , giv ’ G uaicamaépas T his n ame is given in O ro z co y Berra s list w ith referen ce to o n o ra but is n o t o un un er t at ea n o w e er S , f d d h h di g ; h v , ” it is in h is c ass iﬁcat o n un er uma It is l i , d Y ro a a s n o n m o f Yacum a e ueno r C ifo rn a t e a . p b bly y y , Di g ib , l i n f m r In 2 See a o o o A e can an s t . ( H db k i di , p , G uailo o s O ro co erra es thi s n ame in h is s t an d in h is text p z y B giv li , “ He sa s E n S an A n res C hin i as an lo s y , d p vivi ” C n as a ue S e a re aro n lo s G uailo o s M a uia uis hi ip , q g g p y g q , “ re err n in a n o te to C uarta s er e d e o cumen to s D o c f i g i d [ . ” s t mo I i i n n II . 38 s u h t . o I t at r a 6 e tes . e te Hi , p g y g l , th e o n ly referen ce fo un d (387) appro ximatin g th e s tate men t in th e text is that in th e Partido d e San ta In és d e “ ” C n a th e an ua e is ca e C n a o G uaro u hi ip l g g ll d hi ip paq e . “ N 0 San A n r s C n a is men t o n e but a San A n r s d é hi ip i d , d é d e C o n icari 384 is en O ro co err 2 ( ) giv . z y B a ( 1 : 3 6) places th e an ua e in ues t o n un er an d as n c u e in Varo h io l g g q i d , i l d d , , h es s o M ui A i i n as e do al ag aquis . S t s o t given a place in h is st o f an ua es it ma be e im n ate li l g g , y l i d . G uaz r hi T is n ame is en O ro co erra in h i a ac s . h giv by z y B s list w ith referen ce o a a I is n o o un un er a t C u u . t t t t ea but is en hih h f d d h h d , giv as r o s n h an a F a a n divi io . T e H dbo o k o f A merican 511 re er G u r a In dian s (pt . 1 . ) f s to aza achic a s a T rahumare

’ 1 O ro zco B erra s re eren ces at t s o n t 1 : 333 are erro n eo us o w n ro a to t o ra hical y f hi p i ( ) , i g p b bly yp g p “ ” “ ” erro r . N o te 3 R as an d 4 an d re errin , ib , f g R i D h r Hs . M ex 4 e . III. to as ro er re er to o c . t . t s b , p p ly f i , , T HO M A S ] INDIAN LANGUAGES O F M EX ICO A N D CENT R AL AM ER ICA 29

m n as a a s n on m A s it is n t in s ett e e t an d G u ro chic as . o l , y y ’ cluded in O ro zco y Berra s lis t o f lan guages it may be n e elimi at d . Hich ucio s O ro co erra es t s 1 58 335 as n c u e un er e uec o z y B giv hi ( , ) i l d d d T h , n h an d as s peaki g t e T ehueco dialect o f th e C ahita . Hizo s T h e same autho r i n cludes this un der th e Varo h io an d as h f T r re s ea in t e same an ua e a a ect o a a uma . p k g l g g , di l h Hu n N ame w c seems to a e een a e to a an o f ma d co ad a es . hi h h v b ppli d b d Yu o n th e o w er C o o ra o r er a aren t n o rt o f but n ear l l d iv , pp ly h , ,

th e n tern at o n a o un ar O ro co erra l : 353 D o c . i i l b d y ( z y B , ; M x d s n as s n o n m o f A lchedo ma s 3 . a . G e t . e Hi , , iv y y f h n o o o r In . in t e a A me can ia n s t 1 . H db k i d , p umas A n o t er n ame fo r th e C hin arra O ro co erra H h ( z y B , n s r s n s f th r h io n h e ar h i Hus o ro es C uteco s . ue o o o o e Va o s ea t V o o , P bl divi i , p ki g

dial ect . Huvagueres T h e o n ly disco vered referen ce to this gro up o r ban d is by ’ O ro zco y Berra in h is list an d text (1 : 351) an d Ban cro ft s n er Th o rm r s L o s B io s ech uo tat o t eo . e e sa 5. o q i h f f y , , e uas al E s te d e T e ah ue lo s Huva ueres lo s Tehuiso s l g p , y g y ” s us ec n o s : m s al E s e s e uan lo s B as r s l s Te a v i a t g i i o a y o hat s . T his w o ul d place them abo ut th e meetin g po in t o f th e Lo w er ma T ara u re n d r ma a a u o u areas . A s Pi , h , Y q i g p O ro zco y Berra do es n o t in clude th e n ame in his list o f an ua es it ma be o mitt L w er ma S e B e . o . e asi l g g , y d Pi (

ro as and Hio s . , p Jalch edun es en t o n e F ran c sc o rcés D c s M x 2 G a o . . e d s . I t . M i d by i ( Hi , , , 346 350 s u tr e o f th e uma am lch e m as a a A d a . . e s o , ) b ib Y S In th e n te tates U i d S . Jallicuamai G en F ran c sco G arces 248 251 346 as a uman iv by i ( , , ) Y tr e mme ate n o rt o f th e C o co a o n C o o ra o r er ib i di ly h p l d iv , art n o rt o f th e n tern at o n a o un ar in e O ro p ly h i i l b d y l . zco y erra aces t em w t th e C a uen ch e o t s ea B pl h i h j , b h p k in th e same a ect w c w as er n ear t at o f th e uma g di l , hi h v y h Y r h o er . T e an f A r I n 2 34 o o o me can n a s t . 0 p p H db k i di (p , ) e h e n am n m f i giv s t e as a s yn o y o Qu gyuma . a ulla ais a ualla G arc és Th e a a a a uman tr e n o rt o f th e J g p [J q W l p i , Y ib h a s o un ar n p i ] b d y li e . ama abs Yama abs o a e n o rt o f th e n ternat o n a o un ar n e J j , j , M h v h i i l b d y li .

T amajabs .

s Jan o . G iven by O ro zco y Berra as th e F arao n A pache in C ua ua an e er N at o n 2 18 5 . i u 8 a so sa s hih h B d li ( , J ly , ) l y r they w e e A pache . mis m aco o co es . A n A ac e r in J [J ] p h t ibe C hihuahua . uman es uman o s A tr e ro a en t ca w t a art o f th e c ta o rmer J [J ] ib p b bly id i l i h p Wi hi , f ly in a o ut th e un ct o n o f th e C o n c o w t th e R io G ran e liv g b j i h i h d . L lamparicas A divisio n o f th e C o man che in th e Un ited States— s yn o n ym o f D itsakan a an o o f A m r I n 1 o e can n a s t . (H db k i di , p , M a uia uis G en O ro co erra as e o n n to th e Varoh io g q iv by z y B b l gi g , a s u tr e o f th e T ara umare S ee remar s un er b ib h . ( k d G uai l o as a o e . p , b v ) m Mammites (M a ites ) . G iven by O ro zco y Berra as co n n ec ted with th e C o n cho 1 325 A s t s aut o r es th e n ame n h is st o f ( , hi h giv i li tr es an d o es n o t ace it in h is s t o f an ua es it ma be ib d pl li l g g , y o m tte mo reo ver th e In d an s re erre to th e n ame be i d ; , i f d , if e t mate w ere ro a n o rt o f th e o un ar l n e l gi i , p b bly h b d y i . 30 BUR E AU O F AM ER IC AN ET HN O LO GY

O ro zco y Berra co n n ects these with th e T ehueco is o n o f th e a u ro u but o es n o t in c u e th e n ame div i Y q i g p , d l d in h is st o f n See remar s un er Biarta v a ua es . a o e li l g g ( k d , b . ) M ejuos G iven by O ro zco y Berra in con n ectio n w ith th e “ C o n ch o He sa s La tr u a a a la en . y ib h bl b l gua particular llamada C o n cho : mas n o so lo eran lo s C o n cho s u en es las co m on ian s n o o tra o rcio n d e am as ue q i p , i p f ili q usan o el m smo o ma e a an s t n to s n o m r s L d i idi ll v b di i b e . o s ” r meros s sen n s n lo s M e s N 0 u p i que e pre ta o juo ; [etc ] . a th o rit h as een sco ere fo r t s s tatemen t w ic it y b di v d hi , h h seems h e a es a so to th e T a aco lmes A n chan es ulimes ppli l p , , J , C h o lo mos e u tes C aca o tes O o sin es C o n e o s Po , M zq i , l , p , j , ames Sivo lo s P li uis an Pas almes F o r h e M e u d . t uo s l , , q , j h e re ers to A e re II but turn in to th e atter aut o r f l g ( , g l h we ﬁn d h e merely speaks o f drawin g in to th e miss io n at “ San e ro mo re than two un re am es o f C o n c o s P d h d d f ili h , ” M e uo s an o t er n at o n s O ro co err s n d . a oe o t e j , h i z y B d giv th e n am M e uo in h is s t o f an u es e j s li l g ag .

F arao n A ac e n te tates . p h , U i d S A ac e in n e tates p h U it d S . F arao n A e pach . a ah in n te N v o U i d States . G en O ro co erra un er uma In n iv by z y B d Y . U ited te M D o c . s e 4th s I ta s t . x . . an o o o f S ( Hi , , , H db k In a 1 4 i A mer can n s t . 55 es t as a s n o n m o f i di (p , ) giv y y b o Ho a o n ma .

m r uman in n te tates . n o n o a re atio n o f Y , U i d S Sy y bb vi

Marico pa . O po s in es O n e o f th e n ames given by O ro zco y Berra un der C o n cho m s n er M e uo s o 327 See re ar u a e . ( k d j , b v ) n A Belo n g to F arao pache . ’ G en in O ro co erra s s t w t re eren ce to n a o a but iv z y B li i h f Si l , it is n o t o un un er t at ea n o r e sew ere so far as d is f d d h h d , l h r m s rin t c e e o ss a . o v d . P ibly i p o n n ecte O ro c erra w t th e C o n c m s . C o o O taquita o n e d by z y B i h h . S remar s un er M e uo s o e ee a . ( k d j , b v ) remar a n er O ta uitamo nes Same k s u d q . en O ro co erra as co n n ecte w t th e F arao n A ac e G iv by z y B d i h p h . 2 T h e an o o o f A mer can In an s t . 2 16 es it as H db k i di (p , ) giv

a s yn o n ym o f Pawn ee . l es F o un in th e same co n n ect o n as Pa alame an d is ro a a Pas a m d i j , p b bly s n o n m y y . ut in n te tes Payuch as Pai e U i d Sta . h t F ara n A ac e ut ar a u te th e o b e . zu h is Paxuc is . G ven as co n n ec w te Pa c ( ) i d i h p h , P i Piato s G iven by O ro zco y Berra 353) as an Upper Pima cco r n Th e an o o o f A mer subtribe in So n o ra . A di g to H db k f h a I n 2 241 a ran c t e a a o . c n n a s t . o i di (p , ) b h P p g S r m un G ven in co n n ect o n w t th e C o n c o . ee e ar er Poarames . i i i h h ( k d M e uo o s a e . j , b v ) am a Parames o e Po lames . e s o a . S , b v m m s es . a e a Po ara e F ulicas (Puliqu ) S s . r u ars en F o rmer in o n o ra E xt n ct n o a t c . Putimas ly S . i ; p i l giv ‘ Quemeya C o n n ected by G arcés w ith th e ( ajuen ch e divis io n o f th e amil n n te tates man I . Yu f y . U i d S m o m s ] INDIAN LANGUAGES O F MEXICO A N D CENTR AL AMER ICA 31

t tates uman in n e . Y , U i d S m Same as Que eya . T s acco r n to O ro co erra w as th e n ame hi , di g z y B I en to th e eo e o f ua u a Lo w er ma ue o . t giv p pl S q i , Pi p bl i s n u s n o t in cluded in h is li t o f la g ages . Sis imbres Men tio n ed by O ro zco v Berra ( 1 : 325) as livin g n ear th e T o bo t in h is s t f n ua es N o urt er n o t ce o un so s N o o a . . . li l g g f h i f d Sivo lo s en t o n e in co n n ect o n w t th e C o n c o O ro co erra M i d i i h h ( z y B , l : N o t iden tiﬁed ; eviden tly dis tin ct fro m th e in bah “ itan ts o f th e an c en t C o a th e ro vin ce o f uni in i ib l , p Z w ex N e M ico . f h n n ite tes M a t t e er ima I ta . . s ar o . . . S o baipure . P Upp P U d S ( j J W o w el in S even th A n n ua l R e o rt o Bureau o E thn o lo P l p f f gy, r e o m sta es re ar n es In an s Ban c o ft mak s tw i k g di g th e di . In vo l I 603 h e o cates t em amo n th e Lo w er ma an d . , , l h g Pi , is n n ex vo l h e aces t em w t th e in h ge eral i d ( . v) pl h i h “ ” s E xt n c Pueblo . i t . s ma su tr e n c u e O ro co erra in h is s t o f tr es So ba (So vas ) Pi b ib i l d d by z y B li ib , b i h i an a e ut n o t n s list o f l gu g s . Supis G iven by O ro zco y Berra erro n eo usly as co n n ected A re at n o f a u w t th e F arao n A ac e . o as a i h p h bb vi i H v p i , i uman n n te tates . Y , U i d S ' T apaco lmes G iven by th e same autho r as co n n ec ted w ith th e N o n c u e in h is s t o f an ua es o t . C o n ch . i l d d li l g g T ec argo n is A ban d o r pueblo s peakin g th e Varo h io dialect (O ro zco y M x r ers n n o t t h . H e i a e o t e D o c t . erra e s e . B , f Hi , 4 se u th e am is n o o n r h s III 8 t b t n e t u t e e . t . 3 6 e . , , q , f d h T ecayaguis O ro zco y Berra (1 356) places these amo n g th e extin ct peo ples “ o f o n o ra w t th e o o w n remar : E n las ertien tes d el S , i h f ll i g k v rio a o an tes d e lo s T e ah ues S e en co n tra an lo s [M y ] , p , b Teca a uis C ues 6 M aco ahuis co n eu en ua articular y g , y , l g p ” A s hi ut o r o es n o t n c u el M aco yah uy . t s a h d i l de th e n ame in h is s t o f an ua es it is ro a e t at h e n ten e li l g g , , p b bl h i d d by th e abo ve remark that th e T ecayagui s po ke th e Mac o yahui m idio . — T as en tio n e A e re I 379 380 as in T o a a aren t as ecay M d by l g ( , ) pi pp ly th e eo e o f a ue o ro a o f S an ateo T eca as p pl p bl , p b bly M y , an d by O ro zco y Berra 319) as s peakin g th e A caxee ’ A s th e n ame is n o t en in O ro co lan guage . giv z y Berra s lis t o f lan guages an d as n o thin g mo re is fo un d reco rded mit re ar n t em t e ma be o te . g di g h , h y y d T eh atas G iven by O ro zco y Berra 353) as a ban d o r subtribe o f th e ma in o n o ra but n o t s eak n a d s t ct o m Pi S , p i g i in idi . B S ee as iro as Hio s . ( , , p u B i i Huva eres o a ro as H o . 2 T eh uizo s T eh uiso s S ee a e a so s s 3 . ( ) g , b v ; l , j , p T r n tan as O ro co erra men tio n s 75 356 T e aran tan a as an epa a z y B , ) p ext n ct an ua e o f o n o ra w t o ut an articu ars i l g g S , i h y p l . Tin tie O ro zco y Berra 324) men tio n s thes e In dians as co n n ected wit th e T u ar an d s eak n t e r lan ua e but h b p i g h i g g , s n o e th e n ame in his s t o f an ua s do e t giv li l g ge . T o cho s Men tio n ed by O ro zco y Berra as n ear th e T o bo so an d in cluded in h is lis t o f tribes but there is n o th in to n d cate t at t e s o e a disti n t d m g i i h h y p k c i io . B L L 44 32 BUR EAU o r AMER ICAN ET HNO LO GY I U .

T n s A e in n te o to pach U i d S ta tes . Vaimo as Baimo as T h e same is to be sa as un er T eca as exce t t at th ese are ( ) id d y , p h n o men t o n e A e r at h a c t i d by l g e t e pl ce ited . Vayemas O ro zco y Berra 356) men tio n s Vayema as an extin c t an ua e o f o n o ra but es n o n t mat o n as to its re a l g g S , giv i i i l hi ﬁ tio n s p o r de n i te lo cality . h i ill A ni s T e car a ac e in te tate . J p h , U d S A r s A n ac e t e in n te ta te . p h ib , U i d S um n r in ni ta A a t e te tes . Y ib , U d S G en O ro co erra as in th e a u ro u A iv by z y B Y q i g p . n n m o f hi rato s sy o y C co . Yuan n m f o o s o n o C c a . e . . Sy y p T h te in n tes utas e U te ta . Y , U i d S 6 h T a . mes 3 . Za a ueco s . S ee or y , p

a t e a e e a e hi the ea e H ving hus limin t d thos n m s w ch , for r sons giv n , is e e ar ere ere ain be e e the it unn c ss y to discuss h , th rem to consid r d following :

A rigames Humeris Babo s Hio s Batuco s O co ro n is C ajuen ch es Piro s C o ras ( o f Lo w er C alifo rn ia) Sisibo taris C hin arras M l P I o ms edio ue acasa . di : tag ,

th e a e r h er a r as e a e . Also list of n m s f om ot utho s , giv n bov

A rigames These are co n n ected by O ro zco y Berra w ith th e C o n ch os 1 : 55 but w t o ut an statemen t as to o ca t ( , i h y l li y . A rlegui (109- 110) says th e miss io n s o f th e C o n cho s were s te a am ies ro m th e n o rt It is ro a e vi i d d ily by f il f h . p b bl t ro u t es e n ames o f tr es an s t a t etc . o t h , h gh h , ib , b d , , b h w t n an d o uts e o f th e C o n c o area w ere o ta n e i hi id h , b i d w hich h as caused so man y n ames to be co n n ected with th e C o n c o s O ro co erra o es n o t n c u e th e n ame h . z y B d i l d i h i n s lis t o f lan guages . O ro zco y B erra gives this n ame in co n n ectio n with th e T o o so but o es n o t n c u e i in his ist o f an ua es b , d i l d t l l g g . A s h ta s ex ress t at th e su o se tr es etc e s te . p ly h pp d ib , , n amed in this co n n ectio n are believed to be related to th e A ac e it is ro a e a o s w as th e n ame en to a an p h , p b bl B b giv b d o f A It is s o mew at s n u ar that ﬁn th ur pache . h i g l we d e N e mo n t m He can n o t r r h r f h o w r a g he . efe to t e N u i o t e L e m r Pi a g o up .

Ba is es a s e . as th e n a tan ts o f th e ue o o f a s e in p p (B bi p ) Rib i h bi p bl B bi p , th e n o rt eas tern o rt o n o f th e O ata rrito r It s eems h p i p te y . ” t e s o e O ata t o u as us es th e term n ac o n h y p k p , h gh Rib i ; o w e er t e w ere c o s e asso c ate wit th e Po tla i ua h v , h y l ly i d h p g , a man tr e O ro co erra l : an d als o wit th e Pi ib ( z y B , h tu a co . v . B (q , p . Bas iro as o s Ih io s T h e o s o r Ihio s as t e are n ame as are men , Hi ( ) Hi , h y d by Rib , tio n ed s e era t mes t s aut o r 215 227 255 v l i by hi h ( , , , but usua in c o n n ect o n wit th e G ua a ares Varo hio s lly i h z p , , m n m T e o r s an d C as a w a s w t o n e o r mo re o f th e . i , hi ip , l y i h

B U L L 44 34 BUR EAU o r AMER ICAN ET HNO LO GY I .

c as ses T eh ue w t E u e e but w t o ut co n s er n it l i h d v , i h id i g a st n ct o m as h e o es n o t n c u e it in h is s t o f di i idi , d i l d li an ua es l g g . a uen ch es A ter n an extract ro m F ran c sco G arces O ro co C j f givi g f i , z y Berra ( 1 : 350 ) says this may appear at ﬁrst n o t to co rres po n d w t w at h e O ro co erra h as sa as acco r n to it i h h ( z y B ) id , di g th e n at o n s w e n a o n th e C o o ra o r er e nn n i d lli g l g l d iv , b gi i g at th e mo ut w ere th e C uca a allicuama C a uen ch e h , p , J y , j , alch edun an d ama ab w ere h e h ad ace t e u u J , J j , h pl d h Q iq i n s n d umas He c a ms o we er t at th e mas C uba a a . , , Y l i , h v , h co n tradictio n will disappear when we co n sider that th e C uh an es an d C ucapas w ere o n e an d th e same tribe an d that th e o thers are n o thin g mo re than families r r m h ue o s s a n ma A s it is c ear de ived f o t e p bl pe ki g Pi . l ’ fro m G arces Diario that th e C ajuen ch e were n o rth o f th e C o co a an d w ere uman t e s o u be co n s ere as p Y , h y h ld id d n to th e n te tates b elo gin g U i d S . h i r A cco r n to O ro co erra 1 : th e C hin arra o r uma nar as . C di g z y B ( , H , h ue o o f an ta A n a in C ua ua T s h e o ccu e t e . pi d p bl S , hih h hi , s tates w as s tuate to th e so ut eas t o f th e T ara umare ter , i d h h

rito r a aren t . in th e so ut ern art o f th e area h e h as y , pp ly h p n n his ma A r e u 110 r n as sign ed to th e C o cho o p . l g i ( ) b i gs th em n to re at o n w t th e C o n c o wh o h e sa s an c en t i l i i h h , , y , i ly in ha te a ar e area an d man ue o s so me o f w c w ere bi d l g y p bl , hi h n h ara umar T n o ccupied s ubs eque tly by t e T h e . he fo llo ws “ ” th e s t o f o t er n ac o n es o f t is re o n — T o bo so s li h i h gi , C hizo s C o co ames A co clames ulimes T a aco lmes C hi , y , , J , p , r s t ro co erra ro a o n th ut o r t f: n ar a e c . O e a o , z y B , p b bly h i y er as as en e o w sa s th e C hin arras s o e a ex can H v giv b l , y p k M i “ dialec t ( dialec to Hervas (312) says that th e missio n ary Rafael Palacio s i n fo rmed him (in a letter) tha t th e C in arras dw elt abo ut 28 leagues n o rth o f th e C o n cho s ; t at w i e t e s o e an s et h e h ad ear t em h h l h y p k Sp i h , y h d h speakin g to gether a lan guage which to h is ear appeared to be x an T e n o rme him t at t e w r r r Me ic . h y i f d h h y e e de ived f o m th C o n c o s It w o u seem ro m t s t at t e h . ld f hi h hey lived n ear h n rn t o n o un ar n e t e i te a i al b d y li . C o ras o f Lo w er C a T s n ame h as een a l e to a su tr e o f th e a cur ( li hi b pp i d b ib W i i , r n m n t o n r merel to ca t n t fo n ia) . a d is e i ed he e y ll a te io n to th e dis tin ctio n to b e made betw een it an d th e w ell-kn o wn tribe o f th e s ame n ame in th e state o f alisco s cuss e in th e J , di d ﬁrs t art o f t es e n o tes p h . m re ren c an d r m r umu as Buas d abas . a e e e e ar as un e Ba is s a o C e e . p , S f k d p p , b v H 4 “ Himeris H meris . A e re 3 3 sa s th e Hmeri w ere a n ac o n s tuate in ( y ) l g ( , ) y y i i d

‘ th e vario us valleys fo rmed by th e Sierra Madre n o rthw es t o f th e valle o f o n o ra— t at is to sa in th e O ata co un tr y S h y , p y . A cco r n to as t e w ere ero c o us o n r en s i di g Rib , h y f i , h ldi g f i d h p w t n o o t er eo e ro m w c ac t er as 337 i h h p pl , f hi h f H v ( ) thin ks it pro bable they s po ke a dialec t dis tin c t fro m that o f th e O atas t o u t e w re re ate to t t e a eo e . p , h gh h y l d h p pl O ro zco y Berra clas ses them wi th th e O pata witho ut o m t c s t n ct o n idi a i di i i . io t u l ame remar as fo r T abu M ed ag e S k e . m o m s ] INDIAN LANGUAGES o r MEX ICO A N D CENTR AL AMER ICA 35

tio n s t t es as a o n n o si Naco meris Naco s uras . as 358 men ese w o eo n o n e e , Rib ( ) h p pl dj i i g d n o o r th Himeri T e w ere th e Hure (O pata) a d n th e the e . h y in fact ue o s th e ﬁrs t o n th e R io o rcas tas an d th e o t er p bl , H i h 52 s n o n th e R io Mo cte zuma . Zapata (3 ) say th e la guage

s o en at Nacameri w as Huere t at is O ata . p k ( h , p ) Ribas (34) men tio n s th e O co ro n i in co n n ectio n w ith Mo co rito an d etat an th e thr ee o n th e firs t thr ee r ers o f n a o a P l , iv Si l , “ ” an d says they are o f varias l en guas . A cco rdin g to a ata 401 th e n a tan ts o f th e ue o o f O co ro n er Z p ( ) i h bi p bl i , p “ ” tainin to th e art o o f T e ueco in n a o a an d sit g p id h , Si l , uated fi teen o r s xteen ea ues so ut eas t o f M o chi ca ui f i l g h g , m o ro n O ro co rra s po ke a dis tin ct idio called O c i . z y B e 1 : 333 es it as s t n ct n s erts it in his s t o f an ua es ( ) giv di i , i li l g g , m in n ac re ue n h e e an d places it o n his ap adjo i g V o g o t as t . “ e in xxx 12 sa s : T o war s th e to wn o f E l F uerte S v ( , ) y d an d ar t er n o rt w e fin d th e a o s In an s to whi c f h h , M y di , h ” a A o m an d co ro n is S e o n also th e tr es u sare e O . A b l g ib Q , h , t ere is s o me o u t in re ar to this as t s tatemen t an d h d b g d l , as O ro zco y Berra h as eviden tly marked th e s pace o n his h is o m t r m ur m I i ma w t o u t t e n ame te o o a . t s p i h d b , i d f p r h r f it o a e t at t e an ua e w as T e ueco o a a ec t o . p b bl h l g g h , di l r s f r b Same rema k a o T a ue . T h e ro s men t o n e O ro co erra - 326 as Pi , i d by z y B ) in habitin g pueblo s o n th e R io G ran de n ear th e presen t to wn o f E l as o an d s ea n th e ro an ua e w c h e aces P , p ki g Pi l g g , hi h pl in his st o f un c ass fie an ua es w ere in act a tr e li l i d l g g , f ib o ccupyin g n umero us pueblo s east o f an d alo n g th e R io ran e n o r o f E l a o n ear to A u uer ue an cro t G d th P s ly lb q q . B f ’ III 714 es a co o f w at ur o rts to be th e Lo r s ( , ) giv py h p p d r r in t s an ua e Th e o sitio n o f th e an ua e P aye hi l g g . p l g g appears to have been determin ed with co mpara tive cer t r m u r ta n t tt ro tain o a o ca a o e . ar e . F m y f v b l y b i d by J . R B l this G ats ch et (416—417) brin gs it in to th e s to c k o f th e R io G ran e ue o s ca e T an o an an d ma es it th e t e o f d p bl ll d , k yp o n o f th v s o n s o f t s s e e di i i hi to ck . Sisibo taris Ribas (380) men tio n s th e Sisibo taris as a subtribe o f th e Lo wer ma but o es n o t sa t e r an ua e is s t n c t n o r o es Pi , d y h i l g g di i , d O ro co erra e th e n ame in his is t o f an ua z y B giv l l g ges . A e re II 124 sa s t e w e t in so me eaut u a e s l g ( , ) y h y d l b if l v ll y surro un e mo un ta n s n o t er t at t e w ere d d by i v y high , h h y o c e an d f eren t ro m th e a u an d a o uo t n ro m d il di f f Y q i M y , q i g f as b ut a s n o t n in re ar to t e r an ua e Rib , dd hi g g d h i l g g . ’ n ess re err n to a h s s tatemen t O ro co erra l 353 U l f i g B l i , z y B ( ) seems to make th e mis take o f callin g th em a s ubtribe o f th e er ma w en mme ate e o w 1 : 353 58 h e Upp Pi , h i di ly b l ( , ) s t m t r m place he wi h th e Lo w e Pi a . umas A s em -n o ma c tr e a o ut C asas G ran es C ua ua an d S i di ib b d , hih h , l ffi i ie E as o . n t n n w n P A s u k o . T ah ue (T ahueca) T his is men tio n ed by O ro zco y Berra ( 1 : 336) as o n e o f th e extin t an u f n ee B atucas e c a es o a o a . S a o . l g g Si l , b v m T e o r s . en t o n e as 215 in co n n ec tio n w t th e G ua a ares i M i d by Rib ( ) i h z p , C n as an d o s an d as res n in th e S erras en ce hi ip , Hi , idi g i , h alo n g th e so uthw es tern bo un dary o f th e T arahumare terri r A c o r n to a ata h u f to y . c di g Z p t e p eblo o San ta Maria B L L 44 36 BUR E AU O F AMER ICAN ET HNO LO GY ( U .

Magdalen a d e T emo ris w as situated in th e partido o f San ta T eresa d e G ua a ares an d s o e th e same an uag e t at z p , p k l g , h is G uaza are a a ec t o f T ara umare O ro co ua , p , di l h ( z y Q , 1 : 324 ,

n m s o m im s r T uro n es . A a e et e a e to th e e es eci a t o se re s ib ppli d S i , p lly h id in o n T uro n s an M cG ee 128 et g ib i l d ( , ms n m T o rames . See to have b ee a n a e applied to certain In dian s living in th e s tr c t o f Zen tis ac in a sco an d o r er n o n di i p , J li , b d i g th e C o ra an d T e u n A n asso c at u peh a e . i ed gro p w as kn o wn as Za ah ueco s O ro co erra l No t in is said y ( z y B , h g by t s aut o in re ar to t e r an u g hi h r g d h i l g a e . s T ese are b e s tin u s ro m Zua ue ua ui . to e th e Zua ues ereto o re q (S q ) h di g i h d f q , h f es cr e as e o n n to th e a u ro u It is ro er d ib d b l gi g Y q i g p . p p ly ua ui an d en o tes mere th e ma n a tan ts o f ua ui S q d ly Pi i h bi S q , a pueblo in th e extreme n o rthern po rtio n o f th e Lo wer man terr to r Pi i y .

CO NCHO

In p assing to th e northern central an d northeastern districts one enters a region where nearly all th e aboriginal languages have become e an d th e a e ai e in e a e xtinct , little th t r m ns on r cord r g rd to th m is not sufficient to make possible their classiﬁcation with an y degree e a Th e h a can be e is a e th e a of c rt inty . most t t don to g th r up sc t tered notices of them found in th e early Spanish writings an d from these lay o ff the areas in such mann er as seems most consistent with h a ee e e h ad a a . s a a e the d t This b n don by Orozco y B rr , who cc ss

’ not only to th e published works but also to th e manuscript docu ma e e e h as ee l e e a e ments . His p , th r for , b n fo low d som wh t clos ly so s e is e e far a this r gion conc rn d . Th e e e a e ea th e a a a e e Concho r sid d immedi t ly st of T r hum r , chi fly a th e e a ea e a e fr ea ea a e long riv r th t b rs th ir n m , om n r its h dw t rs to its h e a e d el e The e a a e a a junction with t Rio Gr nd Nort . x ct l t r l bound e the e e are e th e ri s of t rritory occupi d not known , thos e giv n on “ ” e e e a e e 58 a s ma a . a p b ing l rg ly conj ctur l Al gr (II , ) s ys thi n cion , s uflicien tl e e e e th e ank th e a e del y num rous , xt nd d to b s of Rio Gr nd Norte ; that they were confined on th e north by th e marshes an d on “ the south held some pueblos of th e Tep ehu ane ; an d Valle d e Santa r Barb a a . Orozco y B erra (1 : 325) says they spoke a p articular language ” a i a e e ffi e e called Conch . Although th s st t m nt is not su ci nt of its lf i a e a w as w an n e affin e to ndic t th t it ithout y k own or suppos d iti s , what follows in th e same con nection an d in his classification “ a e a h e e e a c a e o f his ex a indic t s th t consid r d it distin t di l ct M ic no , e h e a fie rin n th e a a a und r which cl ssi s it , thus b ging it i to N hu tl n a l f mi y . It is ass erted by Hervas an d others that th e missionaries contended e e a a a e re a e th e e a that they spok a dial ct of, or l ngu g l t d to , M xic n m o m s i INDIAN LANGUAGES O F MEXICO A N D CENTR AL AMER ICA 3 7

a is s a e a a an be e a th t to y , b longing to the N hu tl stock . If it tru th t “ o n e of th e missionaries wrote an Arte y Vocabulario in this a a e as a e e e 52 a e l ngu g , ss rt d by Lud wig ( ) on the uthority of Arl gui an d D e So z a s ev e fﬁ e th e a a e u , thi id ntly shows su ci nt study of l ngu g a e e n e afﬁ e a to h v giv n some k owledg of its niti s . Th t it could not have been related to the Athap ascan group seems to be indicated e e e by this vid nc . The several missions among th e Concho gave th e missiona ries a o O n e a a e an d an d e e g od pportu ity of studying th ir l ngu g customs , , wh r I a e a o n e a a e e e l e e a i dia ndi ns of mor th n l ngu g w r co l ct d , of comp r ng le e a e w e ea 9 a e e e e . 7 cts For x mpl , l rn from Arlegui ( ) th t th r w r a e e a h e e th e al e de S B ar h o lo me e e e a g th r d t t Conv nto of V l . t r pr s nt tives a a a e an d of the Concho , T r hum r , Toboso . e th e e e e ee e a a us On the whol , vid nc s ms strong nough to w rr nt n a th e e th e a a a a l i pl cing trib in N hu tl n f mi y .

T O B o s o

th e ea e e ra as n According to conclusion r ch d by Orozco y B r , show ma th e e th e e e a e ea th e on his p , Toboso occupi d r gion imm di t ly st of Concho an d extendin g northward from a little below th e twenty e e e ee o a e th e a e del e n s v nth d gr of n rth l titud to Rio Gr nd Nort , joi ’ ing the Pakawan group on th e east an d th e Laguneros (O ro zco s l h e r e a — 309 a e Irriti as) on t south . O ozco y B rr ) s ys th y ea a th e de a an d m n e e a spr d bout Bolson M pimi , co mitti g d pr d tions a a an d a as th e s a a an d e in Chihu hu Dur ngo , on mi sions of P rr s , som e a a an d th e e e of thos in Co huil north of Nu vo L on . l a- en a e 1 1 296— 297 a a e e a e Vi l S or y S nch z ( , ) ssoci t s th m with trib e e h e a e a a e an d a e e a e or p opl n m s G bil n s , loc t s th m , or p rt of th m , a e e e a a an d e a a a a e in r gion on the bord r lin of Co huil Nu v Vizc y , c ll d “ ” th e e a d e e He e as the e Cu st los mu rtos . giv s numb r of Toboso of e 90 100 a e a e a e th e a e this group som or f mili s . At noth r pl c in s m vol ume (349) he mentions as tribes living in th is desert region an d e n a th e ank th e a e a th e str tchi g long b s of Rio Gr nd , including p rt of “ a a a an d a th e a a e a l nds of Co huil northw rd , Toboso , G bil n s , Trip s ” a a X icarill as an d e e hi e e un e bl nc s , , oth rs , som of w ch w r doubt dly

Apache . It ee e e e s e e e f th e a al would s m from th s it m of vid nc , rom ddition fact that th e Toboso are several times spoken o f by the early author e as e e th e a e e a an d f th e iti s b ing join d with Ap ch in th ir r ids , rom a a e e a a a e as e e a r e ra s v g , pr d tory ch r ct r crib d to th m , th t O ozco y B r is j us tiﬁed in classifying them w ith th e Ap ache (1 C o co o me an d a e a h e e in th e e ere The y C b z s , which m ntions r f nce e a ea a e ee e a e e giv n , pp r to h v b n mbr c d by him und r Toboso . How e e a e a M o rﬁ 4 18 a ea d i ev r , it is prop r to st t th t ( ) pp rs to ist nguish e ee th e an d th e a e e e e a a b tw n Toboso Ap ch , but giv s th m lik ch r c 3 8 BUR EAU O F AMER ICAN ET HNO LO GY [ BUL L 44

i s s w as a teris t cs . Thi di tinction t most probably nothing more than ia e an d a e . ﬁa e e efo r o n d l ctic , possibly only in n m It is justi bl , th r e , c ’ s iderin th e a a a e e ra g d t , to cc pt Orozco y B r s conclusion . “ a I 6 10 a Th e To bo s o s are h B ncroft ( , ) s ys , north of t e Tarahumares an d S an a a a in in the Mission of Fr ncisco de Co huil , the State of ” a a hi e e u e s r e e Co huil , but t s is vid ntly erroneo s unl s the ef r nce is to a ere vis s a e ma r sc tt d di ion . The loc tion giv n on his p cor esponds with s a e e a a ma e a e a thi st t m nt , the T r hu re b ing pl c d long the extreme e n e s a e a a a e south r bord r of the t t of Chihu hu . In the s m volume “ 572 s a a a a ma e e a ( ) he ys , E st of the T r hu r s , in the north rn p rt of

‘ ” th e ﬁrs t- a e a e a a e n d th n m d st t [Chihu hu ] , dw ll the Conchos ; a e a are a e ma th e e ar o f hi a a l tter pl c d on his p in north rn p t C hu hu .

PAKAW AN

e M a il . o ahu t o a e . e as as s o C c w as dopt d by j J . W Pow ll the b i f a fa a e a e a a ea a e u e mily n m , Co huilt c n , which pp rs to h ve includ d n m r ous small tribes in southern Texas an d th e adjoining portions o f e a th e e a th e ra e d el e h as M xico long low r p rt of Rio G nd Nort , but it ee th e e e e a th e a e a e a a a b n thought by pr s nt writ r th t n tiv n m , P k w n , M a l e G ats ch et re a a e . e e a as us d by , is mo ppropri t jor Pow l r m rks fol lows (68)

O n a e 63 o f his G eo ra ia d e las Len uas d e x co 1864 O ro co erra es a p g g f g Mé i , , z y B giv is t o f th e an ua es o f ex co an d n c u es C o ah uilteco n cat n it as th e lan l l g g M i i l d , i di i g maui as He o s n o t o w e r n ua e o f C o a u a N ue o Leo n an d T a . e e cate g g h il , v l p d , h v , i di its xt n s o n n to T exas It w o u t us s eem t at h e in ten e th e n ame as a en e e i i . ld h h d d g eral d esign atio n fo r th e lan guage o f all th e co gn ate tribes In his s tatemen t that th e an ua e an d tr es are ext n ct t s aut o r was m sta en as a few In an s st l g g ib i hi h i k , di ill f h s o f t s am an d in 1886 M r a h e 1886 s ur e wh o s ea o n e o t e a ect . G tsc t ( ) viv , p k di l hi f ily , co ecte o ca u ar es o f tw o tr es th e C o mecru o an d C o to n ame wh o e o n the ll d v b l i ib , d , liv i n e at L as r etas tate o f T amau as R o G ra . d , P i , S lip “ B artolomé Garcia in his Manual p ara administrar los S antos ” Sacramentos (title-page) names 17 tribes speaking di alects of this h e an d e 120 et s e . e t e a a ns language . Adolph Uhd ( q ) giv s n m s loc tio

o f 4 a e e r an d e a e a ns . 7 , b s d on pr vious wo ks his p rson l obs rv tio It is

a e e e e a e e be e as e . sc rc ly possibl , how v r , th t th s should und rstood trib s As the d a ta are not suffi cient to justify an y attempt to locate the r e e th e a e e tribes or subt ib s which dw lt south of Rio Gr nd , exc pt e ﬁe G ats ch et th e e h as f e those id nti d by Doctor , writ r ollow d Orozco m e y Berra subst antially in the area assigned to this fa ily . B yond hi i the e e e e all e a an d an t s , w th xc ptions m ntion d , is unc rt inty y conclusion mere guesswork .

L AG UNER O S

“ The people included by Orozco y Berra under th e name Irritilas are those to whom th e missionaries an d earlier authorities applied “ ” a e a e the e e a the term L gun ros dopt d in pr s nt work, the n me m o m s ] INDIAN LANGUAGES O F MEX ICO A N D CENT R AL AMER ICA 39

Irritila having been selected by Orozco y Berra because it w as given by Ribas an d some other early writers as the name o f one o f the e The tribes or subtrib s o f the Laguneros . princip al region occupied e la a a th e a e - a o f a by th m y bout the l kes of t bl l nds M pimi , of which a as the most import nt w the Laguna d e Parras (or S an Pedro) . The brief statement by R ibas (669) in regard to location is given in the 1 t e e a a m fin e to no e b low, wh re it is seen th t he l ost con s them the e a a a S an e r gion bout the L gun de P dro . The southwestern boundary of th e area appears to be appro xi mately determined by another s tatement o f the same author a e a e a e th e a a 8 ea u e o f th t Cu nc m , pu blo on Rio N z s , l gues so thw st th e a a a e e w as e . a e e l k , p opled by Z c t cos On the other h nd , how v r , it is uncertain what languages were spoken by the Laguneros an d a Th a what were their ffinities . e uthor last quoted indicates that ' at the foun ding o f th e P arras mission by F ather Juan Agustin the a e a a e at ea a a w as . a e Z c t c l ngu g used , l st in p rt He st tes , howev r, a e w n a a a a s s an in the ch pt r follo i g , th t Z c tecos c me to the mi ion d e th e a a e x h i il joined thos of loc lity . In ch pt r e refers to the Ir t es “ ” as o n e th e e e a a e th e a a an d aks a of s v r l n cion s of L gun , spe of “ ” ll maua i il cacique d e los que a Ir t as . e e I 380 a th e e e a a a e an d a Al gr ( , ) s ys p opl long the N z s riv r bout the lake spoke rudely the Mexican l anguage a th e ea a e a e I 4 16 as in ( bout y r In noth r pl c ( , ) he mentions , e th e O ch o es a e an d a e an d this r gion, , f rocious inhum n p ople , the m ma a e a a e i A la a s e . a s a e . , l ss b rb rous p opl The st tement m d (Doc “ M ex 4th III 3 e th e A n a d l ano . s . 3 n e Hist . , , , , und r title Del de that th e Indians dwelling along the Nazas river were Zaca “ ” ‘ ” e at the a a are e e as o f an t cos , but those L gun r f rred to other gente , Th e 4 the name of which is n o t given . same volume (5 ) mentions la an d e a a as a a e e f e e th e Irriti M xic n l ngu g s spok n , the orm r b ing idiom a a a e 5 proper to tha t particul r locality . On following p g ( 8) are “ mentioned the following naciones as coming from the surround ing country to join th e Irritil a in their religious festivities— Mio aco as M eviras Ho eras an d M aico n eras an d as mi p , , , , co ng from the a Pao as an d C avis eras Vas s a alles an d A h o mamas an d l ke , the g , p , Yan abo o s an d D a arabo o s e a as a the p p p (m ntioned in p irs , n med t all e a e all e e . e e a h re) How v r, it is not lik ly th t these w re trib s or e e e e a e e ef e can ev n subtrib s , but m r b nds , h nc this r erenc not be a a ffe e accepted s indicative of so m ny di r nt idioms . e e e e a th e a a a th e e o f It is vid nt, th r fore , th t d t reg rding trib s the e a e o ff e a a e a are r gion m rk d by Orozco y B rr , under the n m Irritil , not sufficient to justify an y decided conclusion regardin g their lin

I Y de 10 3 ue n obran La un eros o blados alas mar en es de la la un a ue llaman G ran de de san Pedro q g , p g g q ,

al un os delio s en las is etas ue h aze la misma la un a. A la cabe era desta d octrine Miss io n d ia y g l q g c , y , m los E spano les h ombre do Parras . R O F R H O B UL L 44 40 BU EAU AME ICAN ET NO L GY [ .

is ti aﬂin ities The a e e a th e a e th e gu c . intim t r l tions of L gun ros with a a e e er ea th e e a e w e e Z c t cos , how v , l d to sugg stion th t th se two groups r prob ably linguistically related .

ZACAT ECO

Th e a a e nh a e a e a a e a an d ar a Z c t co i bit d the st t of Z c t c s p t of Dur ngo , e e e al e s in a a e area a a e mor sp ci ly thos portion the dr in g of N z s riv r . Orozco y Berra on his map bounds their area on the north by that the la e a e e a e an d the of Irriti , on the w st by th t of the T p hu n , on a h the r east by that of the Gu chic ile . On south they a e brought e a ra an d al e 1 : 285 into r l tion with the Co some sm l trib s ( , It would p erh aps be appropriate to allude here to that undeﬁned e a e a h hi e a as e e group d sign t d by the n me C ic m c , the tribe now r f rred w as e a nl e e e a is be a at to c rt i y includ d th r in , but wh t to s id on th subj ect will be given under a se para te he a ding after a discussion of the Guachichile . a e w as a r e n er th e a e a a Th t ther distinct t ib k own und n m Z c teco , an d a s r e e a r r a e m are a th t thi t ib spok its own pp op i t idio , f cts too a t well es tablished to admit of doubt . Rib s quo ing from a e e a r a A n ﬁr mi a e at l tt r of P d e Ju n gusti , one of the st ssion ri s to th e a e a e e r ans the s ction , s ys th y g v r ligious inst uction to the Indi in r 1 4 a a e a a e e h ad a e . M a a a 9 Z c t co l ngu g , which th y cqui d ot P dill ( )

‘ conn ects th e C azcan with th e Zacateco as speakin g the same th e e a a 3 1 1 a n a s a lan a a e . l ngu g On oth r h nd , Herv s ( ) m i t in th t the “ th a e a w as ex a . s a e a e e e a gu ge M ic n He ys th ir n m , n m s of th ir pobl ” r 1 2 cio n es an d e are e a . e a : 85 , of th ir rivers , M xic n O ozco y B rr ( ) a ee e a e as he a a a o gr s with H rv s on the point mention d , s ys the Z c tec r hi er a ﬁe as a a a a e e . h ve th ir p op r idiom , w ch is h e cl ssi d Mexic n di lect “ e as a e t a a an If it be tru , st t d by his uthor th t Arte y ” Vocabulario o f the Zacatec l anguage w as written by F ather Pedro s n are a e a e e a E pi d , th re is in this f ct quite conclusive vid nce th t the missionaries recognized th e l anguage spoken by th e Zacateco as at least idiomatically distinct from th e other kn own tongues an d as sufficiently varied to require a sp ecial acquaintan ce therewith to give h religious ins truction to t e natives sp eaking it . Unl ess th e C azcan an d T eule Chichimec a we re con n ected with r r r n z u r es th a a e e e a e e e e e . th m , th no cog i d s bt ib of Z c t co

G UAC HICHI L E

(S yn o n ym : G ua ch ichiles)

hi e r a r z erra e an ens e T s trib , or g oup , s ys O o co y B , occupi d imm a ea ra ar th e re e ate a a e a S an s r , emb cing p ts of p s nt st s of Z c t c s , Lui an a r in ma t e e e d a . c Potosi , Nu vo L on , Co huil Ac o d g to his p , h y con n e t h rr a a e w h c ed o n t e n o rth with the I itil (L gun ros) , on the wes t it

B L L 4 4 42 BUR EAU o r AMER ICAN ET HN O LO GY [ U .

th e T eule an d th e C azcan re e a e ea though , siding imm di t ly south st of th e e e e h a e a e . t e Cor , w r includ d by som uthoriti s On south the a e ea e th e a e n a a e n m r ch d into v l of A hu c , but in this dir ction its a a w as e efi e e a e a e e e pplic tion v ry ind nit , b ing b s d l rg ly on mor or l ss a a th e ea th e a e w as e mythic l tr ditions . On south st r ng c rtainly n e th e a e a th e ea an d ea e bou d d by Hu st c . On st north st it do s not app ear to have included th e Tamaulipecan or th e Co ahuiltecan e e ee a e e e e a th e trib s . Nor do s it s m to h v xt nd d northw rd into e a e e a th e an d th e r gions ssign d by Orozco y B rr to Toboso Concho . This summary indicates as th e area over which th e name may have ’ e e e the ec a e e ra ma — a a e xt nd d s tions m rk d on Orozco y B r s p Z c t co , T eule an d a e u e a a e an d a a . C z , Gu chichil , Irritil , P m , Otomi It may be supposed that th e name Chichimeca at first w as applie d indefinitely to all the wild an d un known tribes north of th e City of e an d a as e a e e an d e efi e inf o r M xico , th t , xplor tion progr ss d mor d nit a w as a n e o n e e a e a e w as e a e m tion obt i d , trib ft r noth r limin t d from th e e h e e i e e o t . is a scop of t rm Th s , how v r , supp sition which does h not appear to be supported by t e facts . A few of th e early sta tements bearin g on th e subj ect are here pre e e a a 1579 a e de a e s nt d . Quoting from m nuscript of by G bri l Ch v z , “ ” err a — 247 a th e S efi o rio M eztitlan Orozco y B ) s ys of of , th e th e M eztitlateco a a a a e e re a e country of , N hu tl n trib clos ly l t d th e a the S efi o rio e e e r all th e e a to e Azt c , th t it ( ) xt nd d th oughout si rr , boun ded (on th e east) by th e Huasteca ; that X elitla w as th e most “ e e o n e in a e e the a a w st rly point , com g into cont ct h r with b rb ros ” Chichimecas ; an d that th e S efi o rio w as bordered on th e north by h e h e a a h e a th e a e t . Chic im c Following Pom r , s ys n m e i e a e Tezcoco is from th e term t tzco tl in th e Chich m ca langu g . Fur e h e i i — 257 M e a z e a a th r , d st nguishes ) xic no (A t c) from N hu tl , th e a e e th e e a a e h e e th e l tt r b ing suppos d l ngu g of t Tolt c , including i a e e a ara a a . Niquir n of Nic gu , dist nction not cc pt d by philologists e e e e r e th e a e e This is m ntion d , how v r , only to int oduc st t m nt by him “ which immediately follows : With respect to th e Chichimeca w e e a w as a a a e ff e e th e a a an d are a judg th t it l ngu g di r nt from N ho , s tis ” fi d e i He e e e a a e e e it h as b come ext nct . th n r f rs to st t m nt a at ac a 1579 e e e e a an d th t P huc in w r spok n Otomi , M xic n , Chichi ” th e e e a th e a a a a e e . m c , l st l ngu g not und rstood by oth rs a 1 ea th e a a a e a Ag in ( sp king of Indi ns of Z c t c s , Orozco y B erra s ays :

A s h as een a t o usan t mes re eate un er th e n ame C chimecas are co m re b h d i p d , d hi p en e co ect e all th e ar aro us an d w an er n tr es but in rea t th e n ame h d d ll iv ly b b d i g ib , li y co rres po n ds o n ly to th e family o r families which came fro m th e n o rth an d w ere th e pro gen ito rs o f th e n atio n w hich established its elf in th e valley o f th e kin gdo m o f A co lhua can In t s sen s e th e C c mecas exten e ro m acatecas to ueretaro th e R io . hi hi hi d d f Z Q , T o o o t an o rm n th e so ut ern m t o ccu n to w ar th e eas t S an Lu s o to s an d l l l f i g h li i , pyi g d i P i , ar f s rn T amau as p t o o uthe lip . m o m s ] INDIAN LANG UAGES O F MEX ICO A N D CENT R AL AMER ICA 43

He a e e a e all us e the a e an d a dds , how v r , th t th y did not s m idiom , th t those who wandered in th e lands of th e Zacatecas an d th e Aguas a e e th e a e T eules h e a a c li nt s took in common n m Chic im c s , but th t e e e e a a a ic a e e th y w r divid d into f ctions h ving p rt ul r idioms . Of th s h e e th e C azcan e e a o we e as a ea n m ntions , T p c no (who , h v r , lr dy show , e e n e th e a n d T ec exe a a u . w r prob bly con ect d with Cor ) , Orozco y e ra e e a a e a a e e He eem B r consid r d Z c t co di l ct of his M xicano . s s to e a th e a le a th e e a a ea includ lso Gu chichi mong Chichim c , lthough sp k ing a distinct language (1 Th e Indians of Aguascalientes h e ” e a e e a a a a e a e e d nomin t s Chichim c s Bl ncos , but is not w r th t th y bor an e a th e a e e th e e e a e y r l tion to Gu chichil , though inclin d to b li f th t th y were related to th e Otomi (1 Speaking of th e Indians of Querataro (1 an d basing his con clus io n a a 1582 e ra a the me a on m nuscript of , Orozco y B r s ys Chichi c e e e th e a Th e me a alis co of this r gion w r of Otomi f mily . Chichi c of J (next to th e borders of Guanajuato) are believed by him to have been hi e a - a e e th e a 1 a a C chim c s Bl ncos , h nc of Otomi f mily ( S h gun 6 a th e r e a e th e e a w as me a e ( 56) s ys t u n m of Tolt c Chichi c . A littl a e the a e a e h e a e a hi e a f rth r on , in s m ch pt r , st t s th t the C chim c form r ee — th e the T amime an d th e T eo - me a He th groups Otomi , , Chichi c . “ ” considers th e last two of th e same race an d th e more barbarous e us an d e e an d s a e a e in th ir c toms mod of lif , t t s th t thos who mingle th e e a a a ea e a as el as e o wn with M xic nos , or N hu , sp k M xic n w l th ir e an d e th e an d a e a ea tongu , thos mingling with Otomi the Hu st c sp k th e a a e e e as el as e e o wn l ngu g s of thos trib s w l th y do th ir . Hervas (298 ) says that north of th e Otomi were the Chichimecas who ea th e e a a a e e e d e a 12 ca 2 did not sp k M xic n l ngu g . P r z Rib s (lib . , p . ) re e e a as th e e ei an d f rs to th ir loc tion north of City of M xico , of th r wild a a a an d e s e e ea b rb rous h bits , of th ir divi ion into num rous trib s sp king

a a a e e a a e a e e . v rious l ngu g s , but giv s no p rticul rs in r g rd to th s idioms Th e following information with regard to them is given by Villa

en a e ( . 3 ca . e a a S or y S nch z II , lib , p At Z l y , or in its jurisdiction , ” e e e e a e th e a a the th r w r f mili s of n tion Otomi , descend nts of h e e e e a e e he i a t . a Chic m c , who peopl d th s p rts b for Conquest Ag in S an a a 3 ca . e e (II , lib . , p r f rring to Luis Potosi , this uthor s ys th e e th e me a a e a a it w as on fronti rs of Chichi c . He st t s lso in the s me chapter that some of these Indians were converted at th e mis sion e e a a a a a a de e n ar the pu blo of S nt C t rin M rtyrs Rio V rde . This indi cates that th e name Chichimecas w as still actually applied in his d th e a e 3 ca 10 h e e ma e a . y In s m work (II , lib , p . ) sti t s the Indians of the j urisdiction of S an Pedro Guadalcazar at about a e all h e a h ad a e e th e a f mili s , Chic im c , some of whom cc pt d holy f ith , h e e a e ll e a an d t e a at a . v rious conn ct d districts f mili s , Chichim c He ea s i e a n e e e a s at e a e e sp k in l k m n r of th s Indi n oth r pl c s , r cognizing t a d a as hi a e them a th t y known by t s n m . B L L 4 4 44 BUR EAU O F AMER ICAN ET HNO LO GY [ U .

a all e e a s e a e a a a e T king th s f cts into con id r tion , it is beli ved th t c r ful s tudy of the subj ect would result in a more deﬁn ite application of th e r h a e e e n a e at ea e a a . e e s m , l st g ogr phic lly How v , it r c iv d no lin uis ti e a th e re e a er th e a r th e g c consid r tion in p s nt p p , m jo ity of groups formerly included under th e name being herein placed in th e N ahu a tlan family . TAM AULIPECO

No attempt will be made at this time to determine the tribes or s e area e a e r er a ma ubtrib s of the so d sign t d by O ozco y B r on his p , further than what will be found in th e notes below (page 45) on “ ” r r h Names of tribes in northeaste n Mexico not m a ked on t e map .

PIS O N E A N D JA N A M B R E

Orozco y Berra loca tes th e area over which these tribes wandered t e th e a a e r an d a 1 : 298— 29 a the southw st of T m ulip co dist ict , s ys ( 9) it extended from th e valley of th e Puris ima on th e south to th e Rio a e e th e e Bl nco on the north , b ing bound d on w st by the district of h a ma a i e . t the Gu chic l s However , ccording to his p , it connec s on a e th e a th e southwest with the district ssign d to P me . He says (1 : 296) that th e Pis o n e an d X an ambre (Jan ambre) belong to “ “ a e a an d ea th e a e a ua e is ar the s m f mily sp k s m l ng g , which p ” i th e s S an ticular . r e ea n A l gui sp k ng of Mi sion of A tonio , ar a a an r says it w as vexed by a w like n tion c lled J amb e . Orozco y 2 i Berra 93 ) speaks of them in l ke manner . a- en 56 a e e th e a e e Vill S or (II , ) loc t s som of Indi ns of th se trib s , ﬁ at 20 ea e the ea th e a e e a . s omewh t d nitely , l gu s to st of pu blo of Tul e r e are e e ee a e ee Thes t ib s now xtinct , but th y s m to h v b n in ex n e as th e ﬁr ar er th e e ee e r is te ce as lat st qu t of ight nth c ntu y . OLIVE

Orozco y Berra loc ates on his map a small tribe with this name th e e re e er r th e a au e r in xt m south n po tion of T m lip co dist ict , on the ea er r e th e Pis o n e an d an ambre e r s outh st n bo d r of J t rrito y . The “ a e e e a n e as nf r e a n m Oliv is r t i d , he i o ms us , b c use the proper

' a e n native name is unkn own . Nicol s L O omits the tribe from his classiﬁcation . a e ra a e es e r a a This uthor (Orozco y B r ) s ys th y r id d in Ho c sit s , S r a an a a e m . his a e ne r Fr ncisco X vi ission According to uthoriti s , “ ”

e e ra r a . e . th e e e ee they wer rec nt emig nts f om Florid , i , r gion b tw n the ra e an d th e a e a h ad a e e ﬁrea ms Rio G nd Atl ntic Oc n , knowl dg of r , an d r 1 : The a a e were light colo ed ( l ngu g is extinct . m o m s ] INDIAN LANGUAGES O F MEX ICO A N D CENT R AL AM ER ICA 45

NAM E S O F -T R IB E s IN NO R T HEAST ER N MEX ICO N O T CO NSIDER E D SEPAR AT ELY

This is the prop er place to allude to th e names of th e supposed tribes or subtribes of northeastern an d eas tern Mexico mentioned ea a a a a an by rly Sp nish uthors , but not m rked on the ccomp ying ’ A s v r a s s are e ma . p gi en in Orozco y Be r li t , these num rous , but when examined are found to be limited mos tly to the present s a a a an d a a a o f e few exce t tes of Co huil T m ulip s , which, with v ry p ns hi r can a a a e are f tio , not ng mo e be s id th n th t th y ound in lists or ’ e a s e merely mentioned without p articulars . The pr sent uthor m thod is er e e an d a a but r few th efore rev rs d here , llusion is m de to ve y

o f e a o f a a s are a a a . th se n mes , which some p rticul r v il ble e a as in ahu a It is quite possibl th t most of those mentioned Co il , hi a a a an d a a c eﬂy long the Rio Gr nde , were Ap che Lip n, especi lly n a a ulf a a at ea a . n m the former The mes e r the G co st , in p rt l st , y refer to the remn ants of tribes forced thither by the stronger tribes the e e ra a e his ma o n of int rior . Orozco y B r pl c s on p , the Rio a e ea l a : Gr nd n r its mouth , the fo lowing n mes

Pin to s C o mesacapemes A uyapemes Tan aquiapemes C atan amepaques U s capemes A yapaguemes Saulapaguemes G ummesacapemes an d in Tamaulip as th e following

Tamaulipeco s C aribayes C o mecrudos C anayn es M ariguan es M alin ch en os Bo rrado s Panguayes A n cas iguais Quin icuan es A nacan a C o mecamo tes T ed exen o s C adin ias C aramariguan es F aeitas G uixo lo tes C aramiguais Tagualilo s Pin to s ? A retin es

All in the latter list are located by Orozco y Berra in his Tamau li eco a a an d a e h e r p re , north of P nuco riv r, w il south of the river a e th - n n tr a n e e e a . o ly well k ow ib s , Hu st c , etc t e a can be a as all ar all are n o Of hes n mes but little s id , , or ne ly , w 1 G ats h et 1886 - extinct . Doctor c in foun d some twenty ﬁve o f the L as e a a a e at as . C o to n ame w rac Com crudo Pri t s , T m ulip The ere p a e m n e H a . e a n e als tic lly xtinct , but one b ing discovered obt i d o nf a the at L a Vo ls a o f n i orm tion of existence of two women the Pi to , a a a w as a ea o wn an ua or P k w , tribe who , it s id , could sp k their l g ge . The Cotonams of Doctor G ats ch et probably corresponds with Cata u th n ame a es e a . far as n n e the p q of bove list So k ow , th se were ’ only tribes n o t wholly extin ct at th e time of Doctor G atschet s vis it

I A o o See S eventh n nual R ep rt f the Bureauof E thno logy, 68. 46 BUR EA U O F AMER ICAN ET HNO LO GY [ s um 44

No publis hed authority for an y of these names other than Orozco ’ a a ia an d a a e are a e h as n y Berr s , Geogr f wh t his st t ments b s d on bee His a e 1 : is a u . r as a fo nd utho ity , he t lls us ( m nuscript in the hi n us n d e la a a a a a a . . Arc vo Ge er l, by D Ag ti Lopez C m r lt

O T O M I

' (S yn o n ym: Hia-hiii)

The mi the ens e a r ea Oto in limited s , th t is , the g oup sp king the mi a a an d a e e a ar a a o f e a Oto l ngu ge its di l cts , occupi d l ge re c ntr l e r vi a Mexico , ext nding f om the cinity of Mexico City northw rd to ° 2 f r 2 . lat an d a an d e a e ee N . , e st west ov r ne rly our d g s of longitude , nin a a t a th e a a a the r h joi g the Hu stec on the nor he st , N hu tl n on no t

w e an d eas an d a as s e . co st south t , the T r co on the outhw st Oroz y Berra s ays the language is encountered in the state o f S an i e a all e a e n d n Mexico , in Luis Potos , mbr ces of Quer t ro (th n i clu i g a e a an d a ar e a a a a ea the present st t of Hid lgo) l g p rt of Gu n ju to , r p pearing with th e Tepehua about the Totonac are a an d at a point h n on t e conﬁnes of Puebla a d Vera Cruz . Languages related to

th e e are a e the a a ua an d the r a . Otomi prop r the P m , M z h , Pi ind The evidence Orozco y Berra p resents as to the area embraced is a lis t

' o f pueblos an d curates in which th e Otomi language is kn own to have been spoken . un n e a e th e earl e a e as th e ame as It is ec ss ry to quot i r uthoriti s , n us ed by them is not sufﬁciently deﬁnite to be applied to th e Otomi r e the e e h as ee a e a e t ib in limit d s nse . Although it b n st t d th t th re u e a e the e d ffer e were n m rous di l cts in sp ech of i ent pu blos , none a e e a a ee e s ve those m ntion d bove h ve b n giv n . ’ As Orozco y Berra s m a pping will not be followed in this ins tan ce th e f a e e e a r 79— 80 uld ollowing st tem nt by Prof . Fr d rick St r ( ) sho be considered :

ere th e s tates o f al o ue a an d era C ru co me to et er w e ﬁn d th e Wh Hid g , P bl , V z g h min lin T r A s m s T e uas n d T o to n acs are s ur stran es t in ter s . e e tec O to e a g g g h z , i , p h , in s r n In r rd to r n O ro o us ua so a ua e r s e . e a t s e o c erra p i gly p i kl d g hi gi , z y B , lly v l bl , m s us beco e frequen tly eless .

Orozco y Berra in mapping th e Otomi h as given th e Pame an d a a a e a a e a ea an d f e e r th e ir a e e M z hu s p r t r s di f r nt colo s ; P ind , how v r , s e h e ma a a i hi a e a a e . t is omitted , st t d b low In p ccomp ny ng t s p p r the ff a ea are e o n e th e r a a in di erent r s brought und r color , Pi ind h v g n its area a d n umber as the other divisions . ar o f th e e e a e ar th e h re A p t Otomi , sp ci lly thos tow d nort west , we e included by some of th e early writers under Chichim ca .

PAM E

The a e as a e a e e th e P m , loc t d by Orozco y Berr , w r bordered on r h n d n as the Pis o n e an d an a bre s h no t a orthe t by J m , on the out THO M A S ] INDIAN LANGUAGES O F ME XICO A N D C ENT R AL AM ER ICA 4 7

eas th e a e a th e an d th e e t by Hu st c , on south by the Otomi , on w st r e e ra e ar th e a e by the Guachichile . Thei t rritory mb c d p ts of st t s of d S n e ere ar a a a an a s i. M xico , Qu t o , Gu n ju to , Lui Potos 1 n th e e e a a e e a e As show in not b low , Fr ncisco P lou giv s th m som r ro zco Berra a Th e Pame dialect is what extended a ea . O y s ys [ ] e th e err r e in th e a e e e us d in mission of C o P i to , st te of M xico , is xtend d a th e e S an i an d al et princip lly to pu blos of Luis Potos , is so m with ” H a e in Querétaro an d in Guanajuato . e mentions lso other pu blos 2 65 a w as e S an e e a e . e e in th s st t s Pim nt l (II , ) s ys it spok n in Luis d e la Paz the r r th e erra a a e ar , ter ito y of Si Gord , city of M iz , D p t e S an i an d i a C o n ce cién d e n e m nt of Luis Potos , in Pur sim p Ar do in

‘ h e r a t Sierra Go d . r th e a - a e a 11 2 65 e e e e Acco ding to l st n m d uthority ( , ) ther w r thr e a e a a e— o n e e S an de la Paz o n e di l cts of this l ngu g spok n in Luis , in th e a an d th e hir th e i a C o n ce cian de city of M iz , t d in Pur sim p e e a e e e e s ub Arn do . No m ntion is m d , how v r , of corr sponding o r tribes clans . a a e h as re e ee as e r a e re This l ngu g c ntly b n sign d , with p ob bl cor ct A l e s e e e e th e . e n s , though , not on conclusiv vid nc , to Otomi stock re I 282 r e ifﬁ an d are e e a g ( , ) p onounc s the idiom d cult , comp s th s Indi ns th e the a e a S an de la Paz a a with Otomi of s m loc lity ( Luis ) , pp r e a a e e e a s i e ntly indic ting b li f in r l tion h p , though not expr ssing

- 3 a . ea an i a en a e . c such opinion . V ll S or y S nch z (II , lib , p sp k th e ans a S an d e la Paz a are a e ing of Indi bout Luis , s ys they P m ,

an d me a e a e a th e ans hi e ea . , im di t ly ft r , th t Indi of t s s ction sp k Otomi

MAZAHUA

’ The Maz ahua area is located on Orozco y Berra s map in th e south e e th e a e e a in th e a a an w st rn portion of st t of M xico , djo ing T r sc e t th e ra a e e e a the a a a t rri ory , though t dition l vid nc loc tes M z hu more e to the north ast . C lavi ero I 105— 106 a g ( , ) s ys

Th e M azah uas w ere o n ce a art o f th e n at o n o f th e O to mies as th e an ua es o f o th p i , l g g b u f ren t a ec ts o f th e same to n ue Th e r n c a laces n atio n s are b t di fe di l g . p i ip l p w c t e nh a te w ere o n th e w es tern mo un ta n s o f th e a e o f ex co an d o rmed hi h h y i bi d i v l M i , f h e cro w n o f T acu a th e ro in ce o f a a uacan e o n n to t . p v M z h , b l gi g b

Orozco y Berra (1 : 256) Says that in the time of Aztec control this “ ” r e e e the Tlaco an e a t ib b long d to kingdom of p , its pu blos m rking e d h e a e r me e II h e ee an t a . t limits b tw n it Micho c n t r itory Pi nt l ( , ’ a e n C lavi ero s a e e e a a d a ft r quoti g g st t m nt , r m rks th t in his y n w as n in a a a a rem ant of the tribe fou d the district of Ixtl hu c , h e e a e e a e d e u belonging to t d p rtm nt of M xico . Br ss ur Bo rbourg

l T rein ta e uas dis tan te d e la ex resa a C u ad d e ueretaro se es tien d e a c en e uas d e ar o l g p d i d Q , y i l g l g , y — in ta d e an eh o en cu as brenas vivian lo s In dies d e la N acio n Pame. Vida ( 10 un i aro S erra . 23 He , y J p , p tid e B an cro t I ( f , , B UL L 44 48 BUR EAU o r AMER ICAN ET HNO LO GY I .

1 : III al a a e an ea e a e a e r vil ( , luding pp r ntly to rli r d t , s ys th i lages extended northward to within a short dis tance of th e ancient ll n a e a e e e h e n a e T o a a . r t or Tul As usu l , Orozco y B r d t rmin d bou d ri s h e i a e e e e Th e a a a by t pueblos nh bit d by p opl of this trib . M z hu is included in the colored Otomi an area of the map accompanying this pa per . PIR INDA

(S yn o n ym: M atlaltzin co )

r e ra 1 273 h as a e his ma th e a ea o n O ozco y B r ( ) not m rk d on , p r oc e th e e e ak hi e e a e o i th e a pi d by p opl spe ing t s idiom , doubtl ss b c us f ct a e a ea a e h ad in th e h a era an th t it do s not pp r th t th y , istoric l , y eﬁ e e a l th e e a s d nit t rritory , portion ming ing with M xic n , but the ea e a e th e e r th e a a gr t r p rt occupying pu blos in t r itory of T r sco . “ ” C lavi ero I 106 e e a e e in th e e i e a e a g ( , ) m r ly loc t s th m f rt l v l of Toluc , i e a e h e M zahuan e s a e which is mm di t ly south of t a t rritory . Thi st t e e e a ea e e th e r e e e w as m nt , how v r , pp rs to r f r to t ib b for it con “ ” e e A xa acatl e as a e e qu r d by y , king of M xico , indic t d by Pim ntel , “ e th e a r C lavi ero a an e who , in conn ction with quot tion f om g , s ys , ci ntly in h e a e a t v ll y of Toluc . In th e present classiﬁcation th e author h as followed Brinton by th e in h e a area including tribe t Otomi n .

MECO

(S yn o n ym: Jo n az )

a a a th e a n o t aw a B ncroft (III , on wh t uthority uthor is re , e e identiﬁes th e p eople speaking this langu age with th e Serranos . N v r th eles s w a a ifﬁ e i e e ai e re e , in this y d culty oth rw s un xpl n d is mov d . “ ” He a e e th e e a a an d in G uan ahuato loc t s th m in Si rr Gord . But e Iv 567 a e e th e e e a d e las a a Alc do ( , ) s ys th y liv in pu blo Sol d d C no s , h e a e uerétaro er a e a e in t st t of Q . Orozco y B r whos st t e e e a a e e a e e th e a e at m nt is mor x ct , s ys th y wer g th r d by mission ri s th e e e e S an s d e la Paz an d nn e e n wly found d pu blo of Lui , co cts th m th e e e S an a n uerétaro He a a : with p opl of José Viz rro , in Q . lso dds “ L a ar a a d e e ue fué re a a erten ecia a la p ci lid d chichim cos q cong g d , p familia de los T o n as es O Jo n as es cuya lengu a s e ll ama Meco por los misioneros lo mismo que denominaron la d e los habitantes de S an ’ arr José Viz on . HUAST ECA

A s the relation of th e Huastec an language to th e Mayan stock e e e a e e e nl th e e e e r a is w ll known , it is n c ss ry to not h r o y vid nc el ting the a th e e to loc tion of trib .

B 44 50 BUR EAU o r AMER ICAN ET HNO LO GY [ ULL . n acs there is a section fo rmed of various pueblos where they speak n a T h e a e h h the O tomi a d Tep ehua l nguages . l tt r e ad not en co un tered e a an d h ad n o t ee a e ear e e it outsid of this loc lity , b n bl to l n wh th r “ h H a resembles an y of t e known langu ages . e dds further that it is spoken exclusively only in th e pueblo of S an Francis co of the curacy a a a He ere th e a a e as ﬁn of Hu y cocotl . consid d l ngu g con ed to the u r rr a r . e e a 8 n state of Ver C z . Prof Fr d ick St ( 3 quoti g his state r : i h e e a s as e . e e a s ment , r m k follows In th s is in rror Hu hu tl (di trict e a a re e e a an d a a e a of T n ngo , Hid lgo) is pu ly T p hu l rg town , Tl xco ,

th e a e e a ar e e a . He e a th e lan in st t of Pu bl , is in p t T p hu sugg sts th t ua e a re a e th e a an d ee s be c o n g g is prob bly l t d to Toton c , this s m to ﬁ h e a ar e is e rmed by t voc bul ies giv n in h p ap er . It is th refore e th e rr r th e a er th e ma an d includ d in te ito y of l tt on p, should be

a ﬁe as h as ee a as a a e o f a . cl ssi d , b n s id , di l ct the Toton c

M E ZT IT L A N E C A

a ua e e th e a a a ami a ars This l ng g , which b longs to N hu tl n f ly , ppe be a a th e e an d area e e a to di lect of Azt c , its is includ d by Orozco y B rr in n r th a his a a e e e e e his . Mexic no , without y f r nc to f ct in text The s ubtribe speaking th e dialect inh abited th e region north of

T ezcuco e ee the er a a an d th e as e a . e , b tw n Si r M dre Hu t c n t rritory

Although th e relationship with th e Aztec h as been a matter of his r e r th e a a th e re e i a to y from the nt y of Sp ni rds to p s nt t me , the uthor a ul r h e a is unable to refer to a voc b a y of t l nguage . TLASCALAN

The area occupied by th e Tlas cala (o r Tlaxc ala ) corresponds s ub Tl s tan tially with th e present state of as cala . They spoke a dialect u hi is th e e e a a a e . e e of Azt c or M xic n l ng g T s so w ll und rstood , e er an d re ue e a is nn a add how v , so f q ntly m ntioned , th t it u ecess ry to h further evidence on t e subj ect .

CUIT LAT ECO

(S yn o n ym: Teco) C lavi ero I 5 a : g ( , ) s ys

Th e C uitlatecas in habited a co un trywhich exten d ed mo re than two hun dred miles ro m th e n o rt -w est to th e so ut -east ro m th e n o m o f M ich uacan as far as th e f h h , f ki gd , ﬁ n T e r ca ta w as th e reat an d o u o us c t o f exca te ec u o n th e Paci c O cea . h i pi l g p p l i y M l p p

co ast .

r rra a 1 : 233 t a ua e w as e hi a O ozco y Be s ys ( ) his l ng g spok n in Ajuc tl n , S an r a an d Po liutla in th e a u hi a an d C istob l , , municip lity of Aj c tl n th e a e a e an d a th e s an d m district of s m n m , in Atoy c , in di trict unici pality of Tecp an ; an d that th e p rovince of th e Cuitlateco w as com h a a a an d th e C o uixe . prehended between those of Z c tul However, m o m s ] INDIAN LANGUAGES o r MEX IC O A N D CENTR AL AMER ICA 51

s an d s a r C a thi writer Pimentel distingui h Tec or Teco f om the uitl teco , f l : 196 n as u a Po o lo co Tla an eco the ormer ( ) givi g eq iv lents Chocho , p , p , ul a an d n e a the Pup uc , Yope , thus bri ging it into r l tion with Mixe group , w C a e is f a a a e a e hile the uitl t co con essedly Nahu tl n tongu , m re idiom o f z a e a e a the A tec , though the uthor quot d s ys he do s not ttempt to a are e e ff a e a e clas sify it . Th t the two m r ly di erent n m s for the s m a people is clearly demon strated by F . Pl ncarte h a a e 2 . e e r In note to t e s me articl ( 6) Dr . N L on quot s f om a work by Juan Joseph Moreno the statement that the l anguage of the C uitlate ” co s w as a a e th e e a e a a a z an d d ught r of M xic n or the M xic n b rb ri ed , d a e a . mentions an Arte by Dr . M rtin Espinos

TAR ASCO

(S yn o n ym: Micho acano)

A s the only subjects engaging attention here are th e languages an d a s a n e i ere a loc litie , it is unnecess ry to i troduce v dence wh these h ve r a been s atisfacto ily determin ed . As the Tarasc n language is now as n s a e ara e a i an d as th e e well known co tituting s p t f m ly , xtent of it as given by Oro zco y Berra on his map is conﬁr med as correct by r f i ne a e e e . P mentel , it is not cess ry to p s nt urther evid nce

AZT EC

(S yn o n ym: Mexicano)

For the reas ons given above under Tarasco it is un n ecessary to add

a th e a e e . ra a more here th n following st t m nt As Orozco y Ber , in l ying o ff r hi h a a e a e all th e the territo y in w ch t is l ngu g prev iled , w nt over a a a a la e a e a e e w as d t v i bl , t king pu blo ft r pueblo wher it spoken , it is a nl e a ia an d add a a necess ry o y to refer to his G ogr f , to th t two sm ll a as in a a u e e a a a e as a a re Sin lo given by him nd r s p r te n m s , st ted bove , a e an d a a a a an d a h ve been includ d , th t the subtribes Tl sc l n Cuitl teco a a ma in th e e a ea a h ve been m rked on our p Azt c r . Orozco y Berr mentions as the states in which this language w as spoken to a a e e e a a a as a a a e a a a a gre ter or l ss xt nt, T b sco , Chi p , O x c , Pu bl , Tl xc l , e e e a a ma S an s a a ran Gu rr ro , M xico , Micho c n , Coli , Lui , Sin lo , Du go , a a a an d a s e e a 33— 34 a Z c tec s , J li o . Prof ssor St rr ( ) s ys

Th ere are peo ple o f A ztec blo o d in th e Republic o f Mexico fro m th e state o f h x r m rt - t th e state o f a in th e o ut In nal oa in t e e t e e No west o C as . n a oa Si h hi p S h Si l , a sco uran o San Lu s o to si C o ma era C ru al o O axaca C ia as an d J li , D g , i P , li , V z , Hid g , , h p , Ta as co t e o ccur whi e th e states o f G uerrero ex co Tlaxca a o re o s and b h y , l , M i , l , M l , r m In so me str cts A t is th c n Puebla are in la ge part o ccupied by the . di i z ec e o mmo l n u In th e e u l c t ere are ro a mo re t an ure o o In n s a g age . R p b i h p b bly h p bl d dia h A tec t s n c u es th T la ca n s w o speak th e z language ( hi i l d e x la ) .

h is ev e e e e e a a ea a r e T ere good id nc , nev rth l ss , th t much of the r tt ibut d to at eas in h e w as a a di ed them , l t nort western M xico , st nd r z to Aztec B L L 4 4 52 BUR EAU O F AMER ICAN ET HNO LO GY I U .

e e i e th e a e i e the a e in comp arativ ly mod rn t m s . At s m t m di l cts so a a e e e a e a e e an d e e e e st nd rdiz d w r prob bly r l t d to Azt c , no xtr m rror ll e a f i e all as e a e The e r wi r sult from cl ssi y ng th m Azt c di l cts . nti e e are a as e a e e e r un d er the a Azt c , giv n bov , is cons qu ntly b ought s me a a a e the a color as th e other Nahu tl n di l cts on ccompanying map .

MIX T EC

C lavi ero I 6 According to g ( , )

M ixteca an o r th e ro in ce o f th e M ixtecas exten e ts e ro m A cat an a ace p , p v , d d i lf f l , pl s tan t an un re an d tw en t m es ro m th e co urt to war s th e so ut -east as far as th e di h d d y il f , d h , ac ﬁc O cean an d co n ta n e se era c t es an d a es w e n a te an d o f co n P i , i d v l i i vill g , ll i h bi d i l h e as t o f th M ixt as w r h Z s d r tra e . T o t e e ec e t e a as e ab e d e po tec .

Orozco y Berra (1 : 189) s ays th e Mixtecos extend into th e states e a e e an d a a a n in e e th e e a e of Pu bl , Gu rr ro , O x c , occupyi g th s d p rtm nts n d e a e e a e e a . a 37 a of C ntro , J milt p c , T poscolul Prof ssor St rr ( ) s ys

Th e co un try o ccupied by th e Mixtecs exten ds eastw ard fro m th e Paciﬁc C o as t in th e un r f h n er o r T e r terr to r s wi h n h s s o f u high mo un tain co t y o t e i t i . h i i y lie t i t e tate G e u ﬂ in h a rrero ue a an d O axaca b t c e t e s t . , P bl , , hi y l

Th e a ea a e s : M e a a a r is usu lly divid d into two di tricts ixt c lt , or e a an d e a a a e a high Mixt c , Mixt c b j , or low Mixt c ; but this division appears to h ave been given with reference to topography rather than ff e e a a e are e e a to di renc in idioms , though it is s id th t th re s v r l minor

d a e . e ra e e e e a e as i l cts Orozco y B r m ntions l v n di l cts , follows

Te uzcul an o in O axaca xteco o f C u a a p , Mi il p ixteco o f Yauh uatlan in O axaca ixteco o f M ictlan to n o M , M g ixteca a a in ue a an d G uerrero xteco o f T ama u a a M B j , P bl Mi z l p M o n taﬁes in G uerrero xteco o f X a te ec , Mi l p C uixtlahuac Mixteco o f N o ch iztlan M ixteco o f T laxiaco

Professor Starr (37 ) says

Th e an ua e resen ts man a ects— O ro co st n e e en o f w t at o f T e os l g g p y di l z li i g l v , hich h p lula is c a me to b e th e mo s t m o rtan t N o t o n ar f r n co l i d i p . ly e dif e e t to wn s said to have n cts ut e en arts o f th e same to w n st ct a e b . di i di l , v p

a e h as ee a e far as n e e e th e No tt mpt b n m d , so know , to d t rmin differences between these di alects o r to locate them more exactly e e a than as giv n by Orozco y B rr .

TR IK E

a a hi e th e a e a a This l ngu ge , w ch b longs to Z pot c n f mily , is spoken by a all e e th e en a a th e e a ea an d is sm trib r siding in c tr l p rt of Mixt c r , n e e e ma as e i e e a e e co sid r d by B l r mor d r ctly r l t d to Mixt c . th e a a e as i w a f i Though giving l ngu g dist nct ithout cl ssi y ng it , Orozco y Berra locates th e tribe in four curacies in Tehuantepec in s a th e th e a as oci tion with , or in vicinity of , Chont l Although m o m s ] INDIAN LANG UAG ES O F MEX ICO A N D CENT R A L AMER ICA 53

cas e e e a ea a in a e h e in most s our b st guid , it pp rs th t this inst nc is in a e a h as a e a an d e error . Fr ncisco B lm r , who m d study of this oth r e a e a th e a a e w as e nl s ix e r l t d idioms , s ys l ngu g spok n in o y pu blos S an A n dres a a a a a a a S an e Chic hu xtl , S nto Domingo Chic hu xtl , Migu l a a a S an a a a S an a Ytun o s a an d Chic hu xtl , José Chic hu xtl , M rtin y , a a a n th e s a a Tla iaco an d Juxtla Cop l , pert i ing to di tricts of Tl xi co ( j )

a a are a a a . hu c , which in O x c Professor Starr (42 ) says n one of th e town s mentioned by Orozco y e a are e a ee are a an d th e e a B rr Trik ; th t thr Chont l , fourth (T n ngo) is e a a o e an d a th e ea th e e a e p rh ps Z p t c , th t r l district of Trik is situ t d th e a th e a a an d x a a a in high mount ins of districts of Tl xi co Ju tl hu c , ’ e a 200 e a e n e e a a p rh ps mil s in dir ct li from Orozco y B rr s loc tion . They fo rm a little islan d of Trike speech in th e midst of th e Mixtec e n ﬁve th e n e e a ea . e a r Th y occupy o ly of tow s m ntion d by B lm r , S an e a a a e a e The a ua e e Migu l Chic hu xtl b ing Mixt c town . l ng g spok n ' at a a diﬂers e a a e th e e e Cop l som wh t from th t spok n by oth r pu blos , e e e e though compr h nsibl to th m . The area occupied by this tribe is marked on th e present map in e e e accordance with this vid nc .

CHO CHO

e a 1 : 196 a e a a a e Orozco y B rr ( ) ss rts th t this l ngu g , which is e a e e h as e e e th e n a e h a a a r l t d to Mixt c , r c iv d m C ocho in O x c ; Popo loco in Puebla ; Tlap aneco in Guerrero ; Teco in M ich o acan ; Pupuluca e a an d a e e in Guat mal in nci nt Yop . As it is now known that Teco a e a e i a a e an d a ul a e as a is Cuitl t co , M x c n di l ct , th t Pup uc is giv n both a a an d a e a e e be e e e a h a M y n L nc n idiom , th s must xclud d ; Yop lso v d e us e ma be e r e a ing ropp d out of , y dismiss d f om consid r tion . This ea e o an d a a e be e e l v s only Choch , Popoloco , Tl p n co to consid r d . “ a A merican R ace e e a Chuchon , which Brinton dopts in his , is m r ly a a th e a e v ri tion of n m Chocho . Professor Starr (7 1 ) assures us that in th e dis trict he visited there is a clear recogn ition that th e language of th e Chocho towns of a a a th e a e as th e o e a an h e a n e O x c is s m P poloco of Pu bl , d is sust i d r erra are mi a e far as th e an cien t by O ozco y B , but both st k n so a a e er e w as a di a e M i e . Popoloco l ngu g is conc n d , which l ct of x e ar e e e an O n as th e a a e Prof ssor St r do s not xpr ss pi ion to Tl p n co . Sahagun (67 1 ) says th e Tlap aneco language is precisely th e same as e a e T en ime Pin o me C hin uime C h o ch o n tin t e thos c ll d , , q , , in h u a Pin o tl C hin uitl h h a a e sing l r , q , C ochon . T is brings Tl p n co into th e a e e a as h a i e e Th e a e s m r l tion t t g v n by Orozco y B rra . n m Chocho h as therefore been applie d to each o f th e three groups in the e ma pr sent p . The h a o in to Po e o a w as a e th e C ocho group , cc rd g r f ss r St rr , situ t d in ’ d s a a a a ee e a ma i trict of Coixtl hu c . This gr s with Orozco y B rr s p, in B L L 44 BUR EAU O F AMER ICAN ET HNO LO GY [ U .

h e ea a n th e e o f a a a a h e which t ar is rou d pu blo Coixtl hu c , lthough does not include it in his list of pueblos (1 T e Tla an ec a e er a in e e h p group is loc t d by Orozco y B r Gu rr ro , e e o a th e M i e er r Th e alon g th e southw st rn b und ry of xt c t rito y . as a e a e an d e ra e a a a Popoloco , st t d bov d monst t d by voc bul ry col i e e e a a t . lected . e a e by Dr B rendt , nci ntly spok M x di l c

AM ISHG O

S n o n m: m ( y y Amusgo , A uchco)

This language belongs to th e Zapotecan family an d appears to be ’ M e i e a ma hi a a e . di l ct of ixt c Accord ng to Orozco y B rr s p , w ch is e e e the e e ea e a e e- a e a a follow d h r , p opl sp king it occupi d w dg sh p d re extending northward from th e Pacific coast in to the M ixtec territory e n a ll a-Sefi o r an e about th e middle of its south rn bou d ry . Vi y S ch z 162— 163 e e th e e e an d th e e (II , ) r f rs to trib (subtrib ) idiom , but do s e e h e a is ea e a t e a e not defin it ly giv t loc tion . It notic bl th t h n m s of e era th e e e e e a en d te ec s v l of pu blos m ntion d by Orozco y B rr in p , h e e e e a e a e e en indicating t pr s nc of M xic n l m t .

CHAT INO

Th e a are e e a a a th e e a n s e Ch tino r sid nt in O x c , in d p rtme t of C ntro an d ami e e an d are e e e ee th e an d th e J lt p c , w dg d b tw n Mixtec f h e a ﬁ a e e e t a a . Z pot c , xt nding rom P ci c co st northw rd Orozco y “ a a e e the e a e an d Berr s ys m r ly , In d p rtments of C ntro ” a i e ee th e a e an d e an d e a li t o f J m ltepec b tw n Z pot c Mixt c , giv s s the h e a e e He a e in pueblos where t langu g is spok n . pl c s it his lis t o f

un classiﬁed langu ages . Th e author h as not succeeded in ﬁn din g th e evidence by which to e e mi e li e a but e r s h as d t r n its nguistic r l tions , following oth r w iter it r l as a e been classed p ovisional y Z pot can .

MAZAT ECO

T h e a a e e a e o ur ma a a a a M z t c trib is loc t d on p in O x c , long the northern border of th e Zapotec are a where th e Puebla an d Vera Cruz i h e a e e ee e i t . c a a lin s m t , ext nd ng sl ghtly into l tt r Oroz o y Berr s ys , e a a e a a di c o f in the d p rtment of Teotitl n Prof ssor St rr s ys , in the stri ts C a an an d e a e a a the o f a uic tl T otitl n B lm r s ys , in district Teotitl n l mi a C lavi ero a e a a o f th e de a a a a . C no , st te of O x c g st t s th t northw rd M ixtecas w as th e n e o f a a a th e a a o f hi provi c M z tl n , inh bit nts w ch were ca e M az atecas I ll d ( , a a e a f th e a ua Orozco y Berr did not tt mpt to cl ssi y l ng ge, but Pi “ ” w as n lin e th e e - a mentel i c ed to r fer it to Mixt co Z poteco stock, or r e e e a f mi a o w what is h e e t rmed th Z apot c n a ly . This ssignment is n e e ee be e e a e un iversally acc pt d by students . It s ms to clos ly r l t d to l th e e e a 2 a th e lan an d e a f . : 1 s s Chocho Trik , especi ly orm r B lm r ( ) y THO M A S ] INDIAN LANGUAGES O F MEX ICO A N D CENTR A L AMER ICA 55

a e e a a e a a e an d a gu g is divid d into two princip l di l cts , M z t co Izc teco , but makes no reference to th e resp ective loc alities in which they are a a e e e e spoken , nor is nything st t d with r sp ct to subtrib s .

CUICAT ECO

The people speakin g this language are loc ated by Orozco y B erra in the dep artment of Teotitlan ; Professo r Starr says in what is n o w ei a e e the district of C uicatlan . Th r r a is mark d by the former an d als o on o ur map on th e northeastern bo rder of th e Mixtec territory o f t e an d immedi ately south h Maz atec . Th e a a e e th e a e a ami e a a l ngu g b longs to Z pot c n f ly ; it do s not ppe r, h e ee a e u e e a . howev r , to v b n c r f lly studi d

CHINANT EC

i o ere i o 3 : 144 an e Accord ng to Doct r B ndt (Br nt n , ) the Chin t c language does not appear to be rel ated to an y of th e surroun ding He e as a e a e e be f u i o n e tongues . sugg sts prob bl th t th r is to o nd n it th e a a a e e e e th e a e th e a a of origin l l ngu g s spok n b for dv nt of N hu , e possibly th e mythic al Olm c . Th e people speaking this langu age inhabite d Chinantla in th e state a a a th e e e e e a C ru an d a th e of O x c , on w st rn bord r of V r z , long north e e e o e e ern boundary of th Z apot c t rrit ry . Orozco y B rra xpressed th e same opinion in regard to th e langu age as that subsequen tly e w e e en a e e e . e as c n e a e giv n by B r dt , bov m ntion d Pim nt l in li d to pl c in th e a e an ami an d th e O i e a it Z pot c f ly , this is pin on of B lm r ; but with our present imperfect knowledge of th e l anguage it is bes t to th e e a o o ami make it typ of distinct st ck r f ly .

ZAPO T EC

Th e a e e a a e area ea o f th e i e e Z pot c group h ld l rg st M xt c t rritory , u n a k n as th e a e a a e incl di g wh t is now V ll y of O xac a . Wh t Prof ssor “ ” Starr means by saying east an d west of th e old Mixtec territory “ 4 ea C lavi ero I 6 a th e e M ix 5 . as th e tecas ( ) is not cl r g ( , ) s ys , to t of “ “ h Za o te Th e Za te a e e t e cas . o c as l a w r p p , s ys Wi li ms con s titute th e greater p art of th e populatio n of th e southern division of e r l 1 th e s e ua e . Shufe dt 25 Isthmu [of T h nt p c] Acco ding to ( , 133— 134) th e Z apo tec tribe inhabits th e Paciﬁc plains an d the ele vate a - a fr a a e a Th e a e e d t ble l nds om T rif to P t p a . r a giv n by Orozco e a o his ma ma be a e e e e e e n as . y B rr p y cc pt d , th r for , corr ct As th e Z apotec language is well kn own an d is taken as th e basis o f a e e a a e th e a e hi are men comp rison , it is n c ss ry only to n m di l cts w ch io n e f es e are : t d by di ferent writers . Th

a o tec N etzech o w c acco r n to a o tec O co t an Z p , hi h , di g Z p l a-S eﬁo r an c e II 191 a o tec E t a Vill y S h z ( , Z p l appears to have b een th e prin cipal o n e Zapo tec Iztep ec Zapo tec Zaachilla Zapo tec C ajo n e F R s can 44 56 BUR EAU O AME ICAN ET HNO LO GY ( .

But th e differences between these dialects appear to have been comp aratively slight an d not coincident with marked subtribal dis tin ctio n s e e a h as ee a a e th e ma , h nc no ttempt b n m de to pl ce th m on p .

THE MIX T EC A N D ZAPO T EC L A NG UAG ES CO M PAR ED

Attention is called to th e following question : Does th e evidence justify th e association of th e Mixtec an d Zapotec languages an d a e as e are a as ﬁe their di l cts in one stock , th y now usu lly cl si d by phi

’ l l is ts ? We fi t a M irller A h 1 o o g notice rs th t Friedrich ( . ) objects to a a a th e a ua are i this ssoci tion, contending th t two l ng ges d stinct . I 3 19 ea a an d Although Pimentel ( , ) sp ks of Z potecs Mixtecs as a e a a h e a a n tribus o n cion s herm n s, does not ttempt the present tio o f an n i ma he the e e y li guistic ev dence (it y be does so in s cond dition, 4 is uad th e a h s 1875 3 . h a n o t e a , vols , to , of C ro , which uthor x m in ed) ; nor do es Brinton or an y other author at hand except Nicolas ’ 6 an d e e u h e e Le n S l r . In his introd ction to t r print of Cordova s “ ” e L O h r del a a . et e n n is a a A te Idiom Z pot co (p lx , copyi g d t ie f im e e a a e a ch fly rom P entel , pres nts som rguments in f vor of r l tion h a a a a e his a u t r a ship . W t v lue is to be tt ch d to rg men f om the gr m matical a a can s a a st ndpoint the uthor not y , but th t of his brief r is e a a . is et a a e as word comp ison v ry sm ll First , it brief , y pp r ntly ’ f as th e a a aflo rded th e are ul ull d t ; second , words c led to suit (observe ’ a a a o an d a all h Brinton s st nd rd word comp ris n, fter t is a e th e a in a a e a a e an d c r simil rity sever l inst nc s is not pp r nt , the com e e T h a . : d c a . res an o ho t e p rison forc d For ex mpl (p lxvi) , former ch-o n a a xo -o n o a e a e un i an d a m , the l tter in Z pot c , to comp r with in Mixtec . r a a 176 is cho n a ca o a Now th ee in Z potec (s me work, ) or y , ccord “ n d e m s ee in e a . a r o o xo n o 1 . 77 g to r l tion, custom, etc ; ight , or ( p ) an d 2130 are n efix s s o far as a can fin d In ch ever pr e , the uthor . ’ C h aren ce s a a an d i e a M elan es y comp rison of Z potec M xt c numer ls ( g , a e f 1 20 an d lu p . which t kes in the numb rs rom to inc des, by tens, 30 100 e a e a a to , th re is sc rcely the slight st resembl nce, except in the pl n

s a u hi th e a e al . a or ystem of the form tion of n mbers, w ch is s m in h f

e a a a . a s doz n stocks in th t p rt of North Americ (See lso li t below . ) ” a a in e cc ns a co as It is prob ble th t one Mixt c should be i te d of , “ ” eleven is usice (10 an d

e e et . e a a a a S l r (550 seq ) giv s short gr mmatic l comp rison . e is al w a a ar e ff Att ntion c led to h t ppe s to be some wid di erences . l I 4 1 th e e a According to Pimente ( , ) Mixtec lett rs (Sp nish pro n un ciatio n are , of course)

' a ch d e h i j k m n n o s t u v x o ks gs y z dz nd tn 7th

B L 44 58 BUR EAU O F AMER ICAN ET HNO LO G Y [ U L .

M IX T E C ZA PO T E C

1 cc ce? ) to c a a ( bi , h g 2 wui uvui to a cato , p , 3 un i c o n a ca o h , y 4 kmi mi ta a ta , q p , 5 ho ho caa yo 6 in o xo pa 7 ucha caache 8 un a xo o n o

caa aa 9 ee , g 10 usi chii 11 n eice ch iibito bi 2 usiw ui ch ubito a ch ii icato 1 p , b i h ii h ii i h n 13 usiun c n o , c b c o a 20 o co calle 30 o co n s i callebich ii

40 wuid z ic o to ua 60 unid z ico cayo n a 100 h o h o d zico cayo a

a th e ar as e r e We have lso comp ison judg d by th e ea . R mesal

a i e a . spe king of M xt c , s ys

D e ren dio mu en re e la en ua d e a ue a n ac o n ue es d ificulto sa d e sa erse p y b v l g q ll i , q b , o r la ran e uivo cacio n d e lo s bo cablo s ara cu a d is tin cio n es n ecessar o usar d e p g q , p y i r n r l so n l r r cio n l a o o di a io d e ido d e a n a iz y aspi a d e ali t . 2 1 fi a r . d e a r III a a 1 . 1 749 a Burgo (P lest , pt . fol , B nc oft , , ) c lls it la e ua dificulto s is s ima en la ro n un ciacio n a e ar e a l ng p , con not bl v i d d ” d e termin o s y vozes en un os y otros Pueblos . T his statement of its being difficult an d harsh appears to be gen ’

ll a e e . S ee a ar a e era e . y cc pt d ( lso St r s st t m nt , p th e er a ra r d e r r e 35 ﬁd e B an On oth h nd , B sseu Bou bou g (Esquiss s , , “ ’ 754 a L a a e Za o te ue e et croft , III , ) s ys , l ngu p q est d un douceur ’ ’ ” r r d une sono ité qui rappelle l Italien . Bu go a speaks of it in much “ ” th e a e w a a r . th e a e a th e a s m y (B nc oft , ibid) In dv rtenci to nony mous Voc abulario C astellano-Z apoteco is th e following statement “ F o r la r ra ia h a a a ra a e e a e e e o tog f , y por muc s p l b s y fr s s , p rson s int lig nt s ” a e re e a uh e a e a e r juzg n qu p s nt l ngu j b stan t alte ado y a . These facts appear to call fo r a c areful re-examination of th e subj ect by philologists . CHO NT AL

(S yn o n ym: Tequistl atec a )

Th e tribe here alluded to under th e name Chontal includes th e Indians forming a small group residing in th e southern portion o f th e a e err h ﬁ Z pot c t itory on t e Paci c co ast . Th e area occupied by them e th e t o f e an e e a a a e to is chi ﬂy in distric T hu t p c , O x c , xtending erre G u ro . m o m s ] INDIAN LANG UAGES O F MEX ICO A N D CENT R AL AMER ICA 59

e e a a e as a e Much confusion xists in r g rd to this n m , it is ppli d not only to the s mall group in O axac a but also to o n e in Tabasco an d to a e ara a are e r erra in noth r in Nic gu , both of which includ d by O ozco y B

th e a a a . n n e e a e M y n f mily It is now k ow , how v r, th t only thos in Tabasco an d some in Gu atemala an d Honduras to which th e name h as sometimes been applied belong to this family . Th e l angu ages of the O axacan an d Nicaraguan groups pertain to entirely different e r er a e e a a r clas s iﬁ stocks . That of th fo m h ving r ceiv d no s tisf cto y a i 3 : 1 12 146 h as a e th e a e T e uis c tion , Doctor Br nton ( , ) ppli d to it n m q tlateca n a a e th e t r e an d a e th e , from the pri cip l vill g of ib , pl c d it in r i as e a . A s et e h a e Yum n stock y , howev , th s not b en cc pted by linguists . Professor Starr (67 ) insists that there w as no necessity for th e a e a e a e r as th e e e a e ch ng of n m m d by Doctor B inton , p opl c ll th m e selves Chontal an d their langu age Chontal . H says also tha t Oro zco y Berra is in error in c alling some of th e most important town s Trike pueblos ; an d that o n e in th e list of Chontal towns h e — — ea an d e mar a gives Tl acolulita is in reality Z apotec . L n B l h ve assigned the language to th e Nahuatlan stock . A s th e n ame Chontal applied to other groups should be superseded r rr e ere a ea be ea by mo e co ect titl s , th pp rs to no good r son why it be e a e th e a a a r e as th e a e th e could not r t in d for O x c n t ib , this is n m e e a e e e fo r th e re e ee e e p opl pply to th ms lv s , but p s nt it is d m d b st , r a as a a th e a following B inton , to pply to it linguistic f mily n me

Tequistlatec an . HUAVE

S n o n ms : a uave a a ( y y Hu bi , J , Gu vi , W bi)

a r e e e th e a e e a th e A sm ll t ib r sid nt on Isthmus of Tehu nt p c , mong ar e th e a ﬁ a at th e ere th e a e an d m sh s on P ci c co st , point wh Z pot c ’

e err r ee as a e r erra ma . e Zoqu t ito ies m t , loc t d on O ozco y B s p Th y at re e r l a e o n e e o e occupy p s nt only fou vi l g s , of thos menti n d by r — — O ozco y Berra Ixhuatan long since havin g been abandoned . According to their tra ditions th ey c ame from some coast region far r — - the to th e south th e l ast named writer says from South Americ a . ra e de r r 1 3 a a au a e B ss ur Bou bou g ( III , ) s ys , on wh t thority is not st t d , a a e e e s s e e th e r e e a e e th t in p st c nturi s th y po ss d p ovinc of T hu nt p c , an d a e h ad ee a er a an d h ad en e th t th y b n m st s lso of Soconusco , ext d d — — e r e a a a la ra e th e a e . th i conqu st to X l p G nd , of Z pot c far as n n th e a ua e c an be a e an re i e So k ow , l ng g not ssign d to y cogn z d a eah an d e ar e e e be e a e th e a a stock , lthough L B lm b li v it to r l t d to M y ; therefore for th e present it must remain as th e representative of a am distinct f ily . B U 44 60 BUR EAU O F AM ER ICAN ET HN O LO GY [ LL .

MIX E

(S yn o n ym: Mize)

Accordin g to Orozco y Berra (1 : 176) th e territory of th e Mixe e a e a th e r a a l a- a an d eb a mbr c d p rts of dist icts of Tl colul , Vi l Alt , T u n

e e a a a er th e ea h h a th e a a e . t p c , in O x c , bord ing on st wit t t of Chi p n c Professor Starr (53 ) loc ates them at present in th e districts of Yan te - a 60 ec a A l a an d e an e e . a a p , Vill t , T hu t p c G r y s ys ( )

Th e xes co n st tute o rmer a o wer u n at o n an d t e st o ccu th e an Mi i d f ly p f l i , h y ill py l d rr n In h Is ro m th e e a o rt o f T e uan te ec to th e str ct o f C a as . t e t mus f Si , h h p , di i hi p h t e nh a t o n th e i a e o f G u c co an d a sma o rt o n o f th e erra w c h y i bi ly v ll g i hi vi , ll p i Si , hi h is n r is te eve v i d .

Seemingly forgetful of his statement in regard to th e ancient terri r th e a e o r a n a ffere era ra s e r de to y of Hu v s , lludi g to di nt , B s u Bour r 1 : III 34— 35 a th e e e e a e th e rea e bou g ( , ) s ys Mix s poss ss d nci ntly g t r ar e a e e an d th e a e a area n p t of T hu nt p c , Soconusco , Z pot c n , givi g

h o e a a re a r . Burgo a as his autho rity . T e Pop loco of Pu bl b anch Th e l anguage of th e Mixe is n o w fully recognize d as rel ated to th e e an d th e th e ie th e ea Zoqu , two form ch f idioms of Zoqu n family . ZO Q UE

Orozco y Berra (1 : 170 ) describes th e territory of th e Zoque as a n ar a a a a an d a a a n th e embr ci g p ts of Chi p s , T b sco , O x c , joini g on r th e e a an d a area th e e as th e e a Zo tzil no th M xic n Chont l s , on t Tz nt l , , an d a a e th e th e e an an d th e e th e Chi p n c , on south M xic , on w st r l a s 22 s a s : Zapotec an d Mixe a eas . Wil i m ( 5) y

Th e o ues n a t th e mo un ta n o us re o n to th e eas t ro m th e a e o f th e Z q i h bi i gi , f v ll y i l r n h r n C ca a o n th e so ut to th e R o d e C o te o t e n o rt . O a o ccu in a s ma hi p h , h igi lly py g ll ro n ce n o n th e co n ﬁn es o f T o asco t e w ere s u u ate th e ex e t o n p vi lyi g b , h y bj g d by p di i r r n to C hiapas un d e Luis Ma i .

Th e a ua e n o w e o a e as th e a th e l ng g , w ll kn wn , is t k n typic l idiom of

Zoquean family . Doctor Brinton includes in his cl assific ation of this family “ ” r e th e a a a a r e th e e two subt ib s , Chim l p s , subt ib of Zoqu s (no a e an d th e a a a e d e la erra evi loc lity giv n) , T pijul p n s on Rio Si , e o r a s h m T den tly th e Tap achult c a ( T p achul a a on t e ap) . h e author h as ee e fi th e a o n th e fi a e not succ d d in nding uthority which rst is b s d , ’ r is be a e as a a difl r a or whethe it to t k n indic ting e en t di lect . How e e re ea e ra s er e Th e e ma a v r , this is p t d by G s i s cond y be b sed on t h e a e e 236 e er a ua e quot tion in Pim nt l (II , But wh th the l ng g e e erre be s ere difleren t r ea her r f d to is to con id d f om Zoque is not cl r, unl ess this inference be deduced from th e few wo rds an d expressions Th e e e hi a ea h ar . a h o f T a giv n , w ch pp r dly to justify it r l tions ip

achulteca uea e er ﬁr e b a e . p to Zoq n is , how v , con m d y S pp r m o m s ] IN D IA N LANGUAGES O F MEX ICO A N D CENTR AL AMER ICA 61

CE NTR AL AME R ICA

e e ﬁ e e a A er a e th e e As h r de n d , C ntr l m ic includ s not group of r pub l e th e a e is ua a th e eo ra a an d i s to which n m us lly pplied , but g g phic l e e ra er a e e th e hm e a e e thnic C nt l Am ic , lying b tw en Ist us of T hu nt p c an d th e South Americ an continent .

CHIAPA NEC

a a e w as e th e e th e a e a a Chi p n c spok n in int rior of st t of Chi p s . a e d e 2 : C L vrr X X a e th e e e ee th e Br ss ur Bourbourg ( , C CI ) pl c s trib b tw n Zo tziles or Quelen es on th e south [east] an d th e Zoques on th e north es o e a 1 : 172 a a a i d el e [w t] ; Orozc y B rr ( ) s ys , in Ac l d strict C ntro , an d th e a e a a an d in a a th e e in vill g of Chi p , Suchi p , district of w st . i ar in e a e rn an d a r e 5 a a P n t ( pr f c to Albo oz B r i ntos , ) s ys , prob bly fol n e a a a a e w as e th e a lowi g Orozco y B rr , th t this l ngu g spok n in vill ge a a at a a hia a an d e e a e th e a of Chi p , Ac l , Suc p , som oth r vill g s of s me h a t e e a e a a . loc lity , in d p rtm nt of Chi p s Th e a a e a as et hl e fﬁ e l ngu g , lthough y not thoroug y studi d , is su ci ntly kn own to make it th e type of th e small stock bearing th e n ame a a e a h re e e e at e ree far Chi p n c n , w ich is pr s nt d som two or th points ther south . CHO NT AL 1 (O F TAR ASCO )

a e a e e e h as ee fu in th e o f the As st t d bov , th r b n much con sion use a e h a h as ee a e to e a a a a a n m C ont l , which b n ppli d trib s in O x c , T b sco , a e a a an d a a a e n ee ffe e Gu t m l , Nic r gu , b longi g to thr or four di r nt lin uis ic e h e e e e e t . are e e e e h a is g stocks Thos r r f rr d to , or w r , r sid nt in w t th e a e a a e e a a 11 d ec 3 2 1 1 a in a a now st t of T b sco . H rr r s ys ( , . , ) th t T b sco h ee a a e ere e : a e th e ea e a the t r l ngu g s w spok n Chont l , us d by gr t r p rt of a an e e th e e a an d e a w as inh bit ts ; Zoqu , spok n in si rr s ; M xic n , which brought into this region by th e garrisons of th e two forts Monte a h ad e a e n a e a a an d a a h a zum st blish d in it , m ly , Zim tl n Xic l ngo . T t o e a h as a e th e a a th e a e e e Or zco y B rr mist k n pplic tion of n m is vid nt , yet it does not follow that h is map is incorrect as to th e areas marked e e th r on . Docto r Brinton (3 : 149) in forms us that it is seen from a manu a a th e a a e e e h a th e a script voc bul ry of l ngu g by Doctor B r ndt , t t Chont l of Tabasco belongs to th e May an family an d is practically identical th e e a a e e e 2 : 137 ﬁ an d with Tz nt l di l ct . Doctor B r ndt ( ) con rms this states that it shows only a dialectic variation from Tzental an d ’ Zo zil e a ﬁ t . a e a a This corr sponds with Stoll s cl ssi c tion , whos voc bul ry s h a e th a e r u as th e e n hows t t it b longs to e s m g o p Tz nt al a d Chol . h a a e 2 : 359 an d a e VIII et l e Althoug C rl S pp r ( C rt a . ) r cognizes

'‘ l l h is a ect an d t o se w c o o w as far as Ma a n c us ve exce t T a ac u teca be o n to th e di l h hi h f ll y , i l i , p p h l , l g Ma n uis t c am yan li g i f ily . B L L 4 4 62 BUR EAU O F AMER ICAN ET HNO LO G Y I U . th e a h h e n e th e a ea in th e e Chont l t rough Stoll , i clud s r Chol typ in h e h e e i th e e his maps showing t distribution of t typ s of ru ns . On oth r an a I 14 a e a e e th e e th e e a h d, Ju rros ( , ) pl c s P l nqu in provinc of Tz nt ls . e e e is fﬁ e e as e e n a e With this vid nc only , it di cult to d cid to ith r m or a ea an d th e a h as e e e e a e w r , uthor conclud d , th r for , th t it is b st to follo ’ e a a a ea be at ea a a Orozco y B rr s m pping , which pp rs to l st subst nti lly e e a th e a e a e a th e a corr ct , r t ining n m Chont l t mpor rily , with ddition of “ ” ’ a a a e a e are the words of Tab sco . S pper s rch ologic l typ s too n e as u e in e e u certain to be us d a g id this r sp ct .

TZO T ZIL

(S yn o n ym: Zo tzil)

s is o n e the w e - n a a e the a a a it As thi of ll know l ngu g s of M y n f mily , is e e a nl a e th e a in hi w as e an d n c ss ry o y to indic t loc lity w ch it spok n , e n th e possibl sy onyms . T h e nl e th e a e e e a s es is e e th e o y qu stion in l tt r r sp ct which ri , wh th r uelen e are be e e th e a e as th e e e Q to consid r d s m Tzotzil , or wh th r they e ea th e a e ffe e a e h w re two groups sp king s m or di r nt di l cts . That t e a e uelen e e i e h as e us e is e e n m Q for som t m dropp d out of vid nt . e 11 ec 4 220 a a th e e e a d . hia a w as e H rr r ( , , ) s ys th t provinc of C p s divid d a a n iffe e a a e — th e a a e a e mong four n tio s , with d r nt l ngu g s Chi p n c , Zoqu , Zeltale e a an d th e uelen es an e h e (Tz nt l) , Q , omitting y m ntion of t e ai e e in a a Th e i e e . s Tzotzil , who c rt nly r sid d Chi p s nf r nce from thi a a uelen e w e are e a e f ct is th t by Q to und rst nd Tzotzil . On the oth r h a arr 1 : I I 32 e his a a an d e nd , Ju os ( , ) m ntions in list of M y n n ighbo r a e an d th e e a uelen e ing di l cts the Tzotzil Tz nt l , but omits the Q . “ ” Orozco y Berra (1 : 168 ) thinks that from th e Quelen e result the an h e e a h Tzotzil d t Tz nt l . Doctor Brinton omits t e Quelen e from consid eration ; but Stoll says h e ﬁn ds the Tzotzil “ ” a e a s a e th e a e uelen es llud d to by the Sp ni h histori ns und r n m Q . The a e a ea be th e e l tt r conclusion pp rs to corr ct one . ’ In markin g th e territory of this tribe Orozco y Berra s map h as been e th e a a his s a is as e follow d in m in , which , ccording to u u l custom , b d on th e e in th e a a e w as e a th e pu blos which l ngu g spok n . In ddition to e e a an d e e s r B a a e work of R m s l oth r publish d work , O ozco y err m d a a e th e a a use of m nuscript furnish d him by Bishop of Chi p s .

TZENT AL

The territory of th e Tzental is given by most authorities as e th e e e a a as a e 236 a includ d in pr s nt st te of Chi p . G g ( ) s ys

Th e ro in ce ca e Zeld ales T en ta s l eth e n this o f th e o ues fro m th e p v ll d [ z l ] y b hi d Z q , N o rth Sea wit n th e co n t n en t run ni n u to w ar s C a a an d reac es in so me hi i , g p d hi p h f ma t n r w s arts n ear to th e o r ers o C o t a n o t e t . p b d i l , h m o m s ] INDIAN LANGUAGES o r MEX IC O A N D CENTR A L AMER ICA 63

r e a 1 : 169 a th e a a e e a a a an d O ozco y B rr ( ) s ys l ngu g is p culi r to Chi p s , e e e a e A s w e a this conclusion is follow d by most r c nt uthoriti s . h ve e uarro s e a e th e a ea a a w as s en , J includ s P l nque in r in which this l ngu ge e a e d e 1 I 63— 64 e a e e e e a spok n . Br ss ur Bourbourg ( , ) h sit t s b twe n Tz nt l an d a a e th e n a ee e e th e me M y (prop r) , but i scriptions gr b tt r with for r h e a e th e a e e than with t l tt r . According to st t m nt of Stoll Doctor Berendt affir mS that later th e language spoken there w as ’ an d e a ma an d h Chol , this corr sponds with Orozco y Berr s p wit ’ Sapp er s conclusion It is therefore an undecided question h o w far a th e e a e e e at th e a e e northw rd Tz nt l t rritory xtend d d t of discov ry . ’ If Sapper s districting of th e ruin - types (2 : map VIII) could be a e e as a e a i n th e m cc pt d corr ct m pp ng of eth ic divisions , Chol for erly e e e e th e a a ea th e a e e e an d th e e xt nd d ov r Chont l r , P l nqu r gion , s ction e h e e e a a e e e O ccupi d by t w st rn L c ndon . This vid nc is not of a char a e be a a e e e e e e a ct r to s tisf ctory in d ciding this qu stion , how v r , sp ci lly as n an d a a e e e a e e e a e a Bri ton , pp r ntly B r ndt lso , consid r th m r l tiv ly l te e re Th e r e h as ee a e fin com rs to this gion . w it r b n un bl to d data hi a e a e a h e on w ch to b s conclusion r g rding t is qu stion , but is inclin ed to agree with Sapper in considering th e ruin s of th e middle an d lower Usumacinta valley as more nearly allied to those of Copan an d ua a e th e e e a e e e e Quirig th n to thos of int rm di t P t n r gion . In this a s be e e a as e as e e a r comp ri on , which must clos , d t ils w ll g n r l fo ms be a ea e e e n th e a must pp l d to . Th s bri g ruins of Quirigu (which are as cribed by him to th e Chol) an d those of Copan (which he ascribes th e e ea e e a e e e a to Chorti trib ) n r r to thos of P l nqu , Pi dr s Negras s ee ahl e an d e e e in th e a a a le a ( M r) , M n h Usum cint v l y th n to those of h e e e e e ll be t . e e P t n r gion This qu stion wi further discuss d , howev r , Th h e un . e e as e a e der Chol writ r follow d Orozco y B rr chi fly , though e a i n th e a ea th e a a a e not x ctly , in outl ni g r of Tzent l l ngu g .

CHO L

Th e authorities differ widely as to th e area over which this idiom e e a 1 : 1 67 a th e h e w as spok n . Orozco y B rr ( ) s ys C ol constitut d a e e a e e e i e in a e a a w as trib st blish d from r mot t m s Gu t m l , which divided a th e th e a a O n e o f into two f ctions by incursions of M y . these divi ns he a e n e e ea e a a an d e r sio , s ys , is ncou t r d in st rn Chi p s , the oth r , ve y e e a Paz He a nl th e e s a . a isol t d , in V r m ps o y west rn division, the la e th e e a un a a e e . his oth r division y b yond M xic n bo d ry S pp r , in ma V a e e e e a mall p , which rel t s to pr s nt conditions , limits th m to s a ea e a a ma VIII th e a eas r in north rn Chi p s , but in his p , showing r of th e n - e th e e e s rn rui typ s , Chol typ is in two s ction , of which the weste covers eastern Tabasco an d northeastern Chiap as extendin g into northwestern Guatemala ; th e eastern division in cludes the extreme h e e e a e a a n nort as t rn corn r of Gu t m l a d a. strip of Honduras along its 4 BU R E o r R E T HN BU L L 44 6 AU AME ICAN O LO GY I .

e t e m e . a an a ea e e northw s ern bord r Stoll , in his p , giv s r xt nding a s - e a a e a a ea a cro s the north c ntr l portion of Gu t m l , spr ding out to s e a e e e a the e Th e a con id r bl xt nt round Gulf of Dulc . f ct that a por tion of th e tribe still resides in th e vicinity of th e Gulf of Dulce is ’ ﬁ e a a ma e a con rm d by M udsl y . As Stoll s p r l tes to an earlier date a e e e an d a e e a a e th n ith r of the oth rs , is b s d chi ﬂy on the d t furnish d a r a e th e e e e w as e a by Ju r os , who n m s pu blos wh r it spok n , it prob bly e re th e a ea e e the e gives mor cor ctly r form rly occupi d by trib . As this a ma a e a a th e a ea a a is uthor (Stoll) limits his p to Gu t m l , r in Chi p s not e e e e e re e as th e giv n ; how v r , it is r f r d to in his t xt including e a del a e e S an e a a a a d e a pu blos S nto Domingo P l nqu , P dro S b n , S lto Agu , a a n d a ia a He a a a few a are Tumb l a Til in Ch p s . dds th t Chol f milies u e e in a a He a e al a e e fo nd in T nosiqu T b sco . st t s so th t th y claim th ir territory formerly extended from th e borders of Chiap as to the ul e a e 96 a th e e e a 23 G f of Dulc . Ch renc y ( ) s ys Chol comm nc bout e e a a be e e leagu s ast of C h bon . How this is to und rstood is not v ry

ea Th e . area as e ma is a iﬁ a cl r . given on the pres nt p mod c tion of ’ ma as a e the e a e Stoll s p , so to form compromis with oth r uthoriti s . e e an d r er a a as a Pim nt l O ozco y B r give Mop n synonym of Chol, e r ere a e a r e though by oth s it is consid d a subdi l ct of M ya p op r .

CHANABAL

(S yn o n ym: Toj o labal)

Th e small tribe speaking this idiom is located by Orozco y Berra along th e southeastern border of Chiap as where it joins th e Guate ’ a a e a e ma v a a eas o n e n m l n t rritory ; S pp r s p shows two sm ll r , withi th e bounds given by Orozco y B erra between th e areas assigned th e acalteca an d th e C h ico mucelteca an d th e e a th e e J , oth r bout pu blo n d e a e in th e e a e : ma of Comitan a wholly mbr c d Tz nt l t rritory this p , e e e a e e e o e a ee how v r , r l t s to pr s nt conditi ns . Orozco y B rr s ms to a e e th e C hico muceltecan ul a as o n e h v includ d portions of pop tion , e o h e e 1 : 16 e a e e 95 of th e pu bl s nam s ( 7 is Chicomuc lo . Ch r nc y ( ) e e e h e a a limits th trib chi ﬂy to t p rish of Comit n . Th e Chanabal (Berendt writes C hanca bal) is placed by Stoll in his ll e e e a a a ﬁ a e a a . Tz nt l group , cl ssi c tion which is now gen r y cc pt d Th e a a as a e the e e a e e ee re , m pp d in pr s nt work , is compromis b tw n a a e an d ra as th e e as e th t of S pp r Orozco y Ber , form r is b d on the es e a e th e e e th e a e e a eas pr nt reduced st t of trib , whil l tt r includ s r e e e a e e 1 : 1 32 b longing to oth r trib s . In subs qu nt work ( ) Stoll e e h e e e t r includes th e Jacalt nango pu blo in t Chuj (or Chuh ) er itory , an d co rrects th e mistake into which h e h ad been led by Juarros in e e a naming th e languag of this s ction Pokom m .

B L L 44 66 BUR EAU O F AMER ICAN ET HNO LO G Y I U .

e e an d th e w er ma e e a e ll a e is v ry bri f , if rit y judg , not v ry c r fu y t k n , a d a h as ll e an d acalteca notwithst n ing th t Stoll fo owed it . Chuj J (of w e a a fu a a are ai e e all e which h ve ller voc bul ry) cert nly v ry clos ly i d . Th e latter w as spoken througho ut a small area around th e pueblo a a e a ea th e e e u a a e a a of J c lt n ngo n r northw st rn bo nd ry of Gu t m l . ’ err e th e area a e xv ll ma This t itory is includ d in m rk d on Sto s p . l n arr l h as ar e th e red area ar acalten an o Mis ed by J es , Sto l m k d ound J g

as a e r r an err h e e e rr e . See Pokom m t r ito y , or subs qu ntly co ect d (

Po ko mam. a e th e re e ma e i th e e ) It is loc t d on p s nt p , p nd ng discov ry o f e as e a th e e further evidenc to r l tionship with Chuj .

CHUJE

(S yn o n ym: Chuhe )

at e n a e as a a e s t l This idiom , pr se t cl ss d di l ct of Chol , is mo close y a e e a acalteca a rel t d to , if not id ntic l with , J ; it is spoken now , ccord l r e S an e a a th e ea ing to Stoll ( f om N nton to S b sti n on st . Th e area as marked by Sapper is in Guatemala near th e western e a th e Jacaltecan e r th e d es bord r , djoining t r itory on north , but o e e en as h e e ea a e not includ N nton (or N ton , writ s it) , l ving it littl to h e th e e th e u a e . a e e w st of bo nd ry giv s His m pping is h re follow d , a th e ar a r e e a e e except th t bound y is c r i d w stw rd to includ N nton .

A C HIS

It is said that this dialect (now extinct) w as formerly spoken in G ua — 3 158 a in ea e a e a a et h e temala Brinton( ) s ys st rn Gu t m l . As y t writer h as foun d no data on which this conclusion could be based except a mere mention by Palacio As h e names this tribe in conn ection th e M am e a in th e ea e a th e e ul with , th ir loc tion st rn p rt of r public wo d e e e e e a seem to be incorr ct . Is it not possibl th y w r the Aguac teca th e acalteca e er th e M am e r ? rs e s or J , trib s bord ing t r itory Of cou thi e e h e ma name h as not b en plac d on t p .

(S yn o n ym: Zaklohp akap)

a a e e o n e th e a a As this l ngu g , which is consider d of most rch ic of th e a a a e a a a ef r h e M y n stock (Hu st c lone st nding b o e it in t is r spect) , as ee a e a efu e s a a a e n h b n r th r c r lly studi d , it is nece s ry to c ll tt ntio e a a th e w as e o f only to th h bit t of tribe . This the west rn portion a e a a e e e a a s a c us Gu t m l , xt nding w stw rd for short di t nce into So on co ’ n d a th e a ﬁ ea ma e to a southw rd to P ci c Oc n . As Stoll s p is restrict d a e a a e th e e e us r Gu t m l , it do s not show xt nsion into Socon co . O ozco y Berra marks a small area Mame in th e extreme southeastern corner a e e a a e e e a has een of Soconusco , but S pp r giv s l rg r xt nsion ; the l tter b m o m s ] INDIAN LANGUAGE S O F MEX ICO A N D CENT R AL AMER ICA 67

w e e in th e ma a a i a e follo ed in this r sp ct p ccomp ny ng this p p r , though ’ h as e th e r e e as th e at e a a Stoll be n w it r s guid to portion in Gu m l .

a a e l M am th e a a o c This di lect is pl c d by Stol in his division of M y n st k . the an a e ell e u e a As l gu g is now w no gh und rstood to cl ssify it properly , e e a a w e t e th e a a the a it is n c ss ry th t no e her only h bit t . Stoll , uthor in a e a th e a a u e th e e ity followed this c s , loc tes re occ pi d by trib slightly e e e a e a a c th e e a w st of the c nt r of Gu t m l , in luding pu blos of Neb j , d a as the e e a an a . Cotz l , Ch jul chief c nters of popul tion As giv n by th e e e a e a th e him , Rio N gro or Chixoy form d the e st rn bound ry of a e at me ma e a e Th e e trib l t rritory the ti to which his p r l t s . r duced ea a e n e a e ll ar given by S pp r is i clud d in th t giv n by Sto . According th e a e la ee th e M am a ea th e w e an d a to l tt r , it y betw n r on st th t of the h e e th e e e r th e e t a . K kchi on st , joining Kich t r itory on south

AG UACAT ECA

This idiom also is placed by Sto ll an d philologists gen erally in the M am Th e a a ea e th e e ua division . sm ll r occupi d by tribe includ d Ag a e a an d th e e e e e e an i i th e M am a ea th e c t c pr s nt Hu hu t n go , jo n ng r on an d an d th e e r ea an d s north west , Kich ter itory on the st outh . The reduced area given by Sapper falls within the bounds indicated a e t a r a M am by Stoll . Although the di l c g ees most ne rly with , the strong inﬂuence of th e neighboring Kiche an d Ixil dialects is e a la app ar nt in the voc bu ry . KICHE

(S yn o n ym: Quiche )

The Kiche (or Quiche) dialect is second in importance an d terri to rial extent only to th e Maya (proper) of th e languages of th e a an h is e k a c e are M y stock ; owever, it now so w ll nown th t omm nts h h s un n ecessary here . Stoll makes it t e basis of is Kiche divi ion of the stock . Th e area occupied by the tribe w as an d still is quite ens e i l d a e e e a a e a a ext iv , nc u ing consider bl t rritory in c ntr l Gu t m l a ea a er a a an d e e n a bout the h dw t s of Rio Mot gu , xt ndi g thence round e a e a a th e a ﬁ a the western sid of L k Atitl n southw rd to P ci c Oce n, this southern extens ion being in contact with th e M am territory on th e n a rr r west a d th e C kchikel te ito y on the east . Included are th e fol lowin g among th e more irn po rtan t towns or pueblos : Santa Cruz e a a a a e a d a e a an a a . Quich , R bin l , Totonic p n , Qu tz lt n ngo , M z ten ngo Th e somewhat diminis hed area design ated by S apper i s in cluded in the bounds given by Stoll . CAKCHIKEL

This is o n e of th e dialects embraced by Stoll in his Kiche division : a a T a e t e e . e l e it is , in f ct , but subdi l ct of h Kich h tribe iv s in th e n w 44 68 BUR EAU O F AMER ICAN ET HNO LO GY ( e .

e central part of southern Gu atemala . Th ir territory formerly in cluded th e area between Lake Atitlan an d th e vicinity of the present a e a a an d e e e ar th e a iﬁ ea city of Gu t m l , xt nd d southw d to P c c Oc n , ra n n d Ixim i i a e emb ci g th e noted ruins of Santa Lucia a ch . Th s r a an d e i a th e i e an d th e connects on the north w st w th th t of K ch , on e n r r e ast with the Pokomam a d th e Pipil te rito y . Among th impor a e are a e a C humalten an o an d A n t nt towns includ d Solol , T cp m , g , ’ T imini m tigua . h e d shed area on Sapper s ap is included in that given e e at th e ea ere a e e e ar by Stoll , xc pt north st , wh S pp r xt nds it northw d to th e Rio Grande (M otagua) . This discrep ancy is due chieﬂy to th e f e di fer nce in th e maps with respect to th e loc ation of th e river . Pupuluca (a) — Th e voc abulary on which this supposed dialect is 2 — e ar e 7 at . ar a bas d w as taken by Dr . K l Scherz r ( 8 3 ) St M y ne r

a e th e a e r . Antigu , which is includ d in C kchikel t rrito y Doctor Brin ’ “ ton s assertion (3 : 153) that it is nothing more than th e ordinary ” Cakchiquel dialect of that loc ality seems to be justified by a com ari th e a ar e th e ffe e e a i e p son of voc bul i s , di r nc ris ng chi fly from ’ th r S ch erzer s method of spelling an d e ins ertion of prefix es . Scherze “ ” e a a e as a names it Pupuluc a C akchikel . It is not entitl d to pl c a di lect . TZUT UHIL

(S yn o n ym: Zutuhil)

This is a dialect of th e Kiche division spoken over a small area a th e e e a e a th e a e a round south rn shor of L k Atitl n , with nci nt Atitl n T th r e e in e ee as its chief pueblo . h e territory of e t ibe is w dg d b tw n Th n e an d S a th e Kiche an d Cakchikel areas . e bou ds giv n by Stoll p per are substantially th e same an d are followed on the accompany in g map . U SPANT ECA

d a e a a r e a e a th e e e a e a a The i l ct of sm ll t ib situ t d ne r c nt r of Gu t m l , s e at th e ee n th e i e i an d ter preci ly m ting poi t of K ch , Ix l , Pokonchi ’ rito ries an d a ma th e ea e th e , , ccording to Stoll s p , in gr t b nd of Chixoy ii n S e e T e e e S an e U s a ta . a riv r (Rio N gro) . h chi f pu blo is Migu l p p ’ per s map places th e area slightly farther from the river .

KE KCHI

’ (S yn o n yms : K aktchi or Quekchi)

Kekchi w as spoken by a considerable tribe in central Guatemala . The area occupied spread out on both sides of th e upper Caha bo n e e e a i i th e river, xt nding w stw rd to the river Ch xoy , ncluding

a S an e ro ar h a a a an d a u n e . i a Cob n , P d C c , C h bon , L nq i pu blos P n rt (4 preface) says this language is spoken th roughout th e ancient

e a Paz an d a h as ar a e . c a s e province of V r , th t it v ious di l cts It is l s d m o m s ] INDIAN LANG UAG ES O F MEX ICO A N D CENTR AL AMER ICA 69

’ T r by Stoll in his Pokonchi division . h e write h as followed Stoll s ’ m e r f r a a a ee a as h e h as e th e a ea . p , with which S pp r s g s so giv n r

PO KO NCHI

i a a ia e hi h as a e th e e is Th s M y n d l ct , w ch Stoll m d typ of h Pokonchi v s w as e a a r e e e e r di i ion , spok n throughout f i ly xt nsiv t r itory in the e e G a e a a a th e ea a er th e ah abo n e i c nt r of u t m l , bout h dw t s of C riv r, wh ch e aw a a n d i e th e a a . nclud d pu blos T ctic , T j , Tucuru Its northern e e e e th e e err r e e e a a bord r , wh r it join d K kchi t ito y , xt nd d short dist nce ’ m ’ a . a has ee e as a e south of Cob n Stoll s p b n follow d , S pp r s shows no e h difference except in th e ext nt of t e area .

PO KO M AM

(S yn o n ym: Pokam)

a a a e a e e e s as th e e t e This M y n di l ct , t k n by som stud nt typ of h hi o f th e w as e a Po konc division stock , spok n throughout consider ab e e in ea er a e a a th e a a t e l r gion south st n Gu t m l , including c pit l of h e e e r ar th e G ra e e a a r public , xt nding no thw d to Rio nd or upp r Mot gu , th e n a e e ee G a e a a n d a a an d eastward to bou d ry lin b tw n u t m l a S lv dor . e a d e e are a a a a e a a an a . Oth r pu blos includ d Am titl n , J l p , P t p , Mit Th e territory given on th e accomp anying map is in accordance with T th e eastern Pokom am are a given by Sto ll . h e smalle r western area around Jacalten an go marked Pokomam w as so given erroneously n s r T h rr a r o f a re a a e a a e . e e r e e on the utho ity J r s , l dy st t d or is co r ct d ’ by Stoll in his D ie Sprache d er Ixil- Indianer ( 1 : 152 Sapper s ma a e a e a ea o n e at th e e e e emi p shows two sm ll d t ch d r s , w st rn xtr ty an d t e e ea e a th e area a e h oth r in the st rn p rt of ssign d by Stoll , the remainder bein g marked as now wholly Spanish .

CHO R T I

an a e n e ee This l gu g is i clud d by Stoll in his Pokonchi division , s m ine on th e strength of th e opinion expressed by B rass eur d e Bour ul r 2 : . xx x e as he e a ar bou g ( pp l xiv , lx xv , not giv s no voc b y , but i Sapper is inclined to place it in th e Tzental group . Judg ng by the r e a ul a e affini eems be an d Tzen b i f voc b ry , its clos st ty s to with Chol ’ tal i a n a a e n , ndic ti g th t S pp r s conclusion , in which he follows Bri ton, T e e ri w as e is correct . h t r tory throughout which Chorti spoken li s a th e ea er r er O q atemala e e i i ra an d in long st n bo d , xt nd ng nto Hondu s 2 : n e a . e as e 107 n cludi g the sit of Cop n Eis n , quot d by Stoll ( ) i cludes in the area Copan (in Honduras ) an d th e high mountains around “ a e e 6 h Jocotan (in Guatemala) . Ch r nc y (9 ) says t e Chorti flourished u . h in all th e province of Chiquim la (R ep . Guat ) up to t e banks of th e G ulf of Honduras [Dulce an d along the borders of the Rio Po lichic [Motagua] In his map (VIII) of ruin sites Sapper gives an n w 44 70 BUR EAU O F AMER ICAN ET HNO LO GY ( o . area of Chorti types extending from Esquipulas (o n the boun dary line e ee a e a a an d ra the s ar an d b tw n Gu t m l Hondu s) on outh , northw d to n i uir a an d ui ul a a e a a the e i clud ng Q igu , from Chiq m (Gu t m l ) on w st to o n h e i i m V a a a a t e a a . h s a S nt Ros (Hondur s) st , includ ng Cop n In p , h i e e th e e ai s the e are mi d a s ow ng pr s nt conditions , r m n of trib li te to a e hi l n o few e a a e a e a u a a d a . v ry sm ll isol t d r s , chi fly bout C quim C p n ’ In th e map accompanyin g th e present volume Sapper s boun daries ma a e ee a e a e a ifie f on his p VIII h v b n dopt d in som wh t mod d orm , ’ as Stoll s area does not appear to extend far enough northward ; m h r re e es a a t e as . mo ov r, he do not m rk on his p po tion in Hondur

MAYA PR O PER

S n o n m: a a a ( y y M y th n . )

a a e e e e e in e e a a r This l ngu g , h r t rm d its limit d s nse M y prope “ which Berendt (2 : 13 7 following Landa designates Maya a a th e a e a 30 w as e t th n , ccording to l tt r uthor ( ) spok n throughou ’ e e a n e e a e e a a d a h as th p ninsul . K owl dg obt in d sinc L nd s y shown a th e a a e e a e w as e th t l ngu g , including som minor di l cts , us d not only thr oughout th e peninsula but h ad penetrated th e borders of s ome of h e e e a 148— 149 a a a a c t adjoining t rritori s . G lindo ( ) s ys th t in dv n e of th e conquest by th e Sp aniards th e people speaking this language e all e a a a th e s occupi d the p ninsul of Yuc t n , including di tricts of e e a an d th e a e a a a m P t n , British Hondur s , e st rn p rt of T b sco ; Pi entel 3 a all a a e a e e tec s to (II , ) s ys, Yuc t n , Isl of C rm n , Pu blo of Mon ri in n e in a a Th e e e e h a a a d a . as e T b sco , P l nque Chi p s vid nc which b en presented an d a comparison o f th e in scription s an d ruin types tends a e e to exclude P l nqu . M AYA DIALECT S

Besides th e chief language spoken throughout the penins ula— the a a e — e e e ee a e a e a ts M y prop r ther w r thr di l cts , or r th r subdi lec , the ffe e e e a e di r nces b ing too slight to constitut distinct di l cts , though , r a e e th e a e e e e e a a e with the p ob bl xception of l st , th y r pr s nt s p r t e e e a e e e are a a trib s . Th s , which h v be n notic d by philologists , L c n

a e e an d a . don , Itz (or P t n) , Mop n — e e ea a a th e a an do n . s L c The p opl sp king this di lect inh bit , or in pa t a e a e th e a e th e e u ac n a h v inh bit d , mount inous r gion of upp r Us m i t e n d e E e r e e a a a a a a a . s co ar riv r , in no thw st rn Gu t m l stern Chi p s b (94) s ays :

r n th rn E rn L n l A distin ctio n o ught to be d awn betw ee e Weste an d as te acan dé es . A l h s r f C u a n th e co un tr n o n th e W . etw een t e o c o ea a d th e rovin ce y lyi g , b bi h p i i d d R l p L h o f Vera Paz w as o n ce o ccupied by th e Western acan dén es . T e co un try o f th e E as tern L acan dén es may be co n s idered as exten din g fro m th e mo un tain s o f C amma a d a an d a a ro m C o han a o n th e o rders o f th e R io d e la asio n to h , y h lf f , l g b P

Petén o r e en art er . . v f h m o m s ] INDIAN LANG UAGES O F MEX ICO A N D CENTR AL AMER ICA 71

2 1 a e th e a a th e a n r r Juarros (2 7 ) pl c s L can don long P ssio ive . Squier (2 65) gives as their habitat th e vast region lying between ” h e e a a hi a a a a a an d t at . C ap , T b sco , Yuc t n, republic of Gu m l Berendt (l 425 ) says they are reduced to-d ay to a very insigniﬁcant d a an d a l an a . number living on ne r P ssion river its tribut ries Sto l , e ma a e a a i a e s e e an whos p is limited to Gu t m l , ndic t s for thi p opl only h e e e e e e s e l a e area in t xtrem northw st rn corn r of thi r pub ic . S pp r marks on his map v th e Lacandon area as p artly in Chiap as an d ar in a e a a th e e r the me l e th e p tly Gu t m l , t r itory in for r , which inc ud s

‘ a e e n a e a a e e a a l rg r portion , b i g situ t d in tri ngle w st of th Usum cint e a n th e a a ea an d th e a e as e e a riv r , djoi ing Tzent l r ; l tt r xt nding in a r a th e r a n r ow strip long Chixoy , or Rio Neg o , southw rd into the h e e e r r border of t K kchi t r ito y . a e e a e a th e e e L acan do n es It is st t d by som uthoriti s th t W st rn , e a are e e a a a e d f e e who th y cl im now xtinct , spok l ngu g i f r nt from that e h e ea e e e a a h used by thos of t st . A subs qu nt x min tion as shown that e e a e e th e r a the former p opl prob bly b long d to Chol g oup , conclusion a u a e are e which would cco nt for the supposition th t th y xtinct . Charn ay (437 ) places them on both sides of th e Usumacinta in th e L o rillard e e e ar region of City (or Men h ) . Th y e not indicated o n th e e a pres nt m p . ’ e en — l ma e eﬁn e e Itza (or Pt ) . Stol s p giv s no d d ar a for th e people a e u e ea a a . sp king this di l ct , including it nd r M y This course is e a e a ma v ma follow d by S pp r lso , on his p ; but in his p VIII , showing th e th e - e h e a as th e a ea h e distribution of ruin typ s , m rks r of t Peten tribes all th e northern p art of Guatemala (except a small strip on th e e e e e ee a a e the w st rn sid ) , xtending south to the sixt nth p r ll l , or to

e th e e e r an d ea a th e a ea s ea bord r of K kchi t r itory , stw rd to C ribb n , omitting th e middle portion of both th e Chol an d th e Mo p an areas ’ ’ e th e e Vill as giv n by Stoll . From writ r s study of agutierre s History of th e Conquest of th e Itza h e receives th e impression that at th e height

. of their power th e Itza h ad extended their territory for some distance a the a r a e i th e e h northw rd , in form of t i ngl , nto south rn p art of t e a e e a e a a a 4 st t now d sign t d Yuc t n . This uthor says ( 89) that they hold toward th e south the province of Vera Paz in th e kingdom of Guatemala ; toward the north provinces of Yucatan ; toward the east th e s ea a th e e a a an d ea th e e to ; tow rd w st to Chi p s , south st to bord rs a e re e of Hondur s . This r gion cor sponds v ry nearly with the area ’ ar e a ma V n e m k d on S pper s p III , but it u qu stionably encroaches on th e er e e s t ritory of oth r p ople . Th e language of the Itza w as but slightly different from pure Maya ; the language s poken by th e inhabitants o f Chichen Itza in th e e ul a es a a a e ee e a e a a p nins do not ppe r to h v b n oth r th n pur M y . — M o an . e k e a a a e as p Very littl is nown in r g rd to this l ngu g , no Vo ca ula o f it was ever o a e far as r er is a ar b ry bt in d , so the w it w e , B L 44 72 BUR EAU O F AMER ICAN ET HNO LO GY [ U L .

e as h e e th e few a e e a e e unl ss , suppos s , words g th r d by S pp r b long to it . e e far as e ee ﬁr the a e e e a Th s , so th y go , s m to con m historic l vid nc th t th e a a e w as er e ela e e a a a l ngu g v y clos ly r t d to , if not id ntic l with , M y e e e an d erra e a as a prop r . Pim nt l Orozco y B giv Mop n synonym l a e a n e a e a ea e n a e of Chol . Stol ssigns to th m co sid r bl r in north r Gu t mala in th e form of a belt acros s th e state between th e Chol an d Itza areas “ as a a e e as th e area a a S an l id down by him . S pp r giv s of his M y of Luis (which h e identiﬁes as th e Mo p an) a small belt extending across th e e e e s a an d e a e south rn xtr mity of Briti h Hondur s , w stw rd b yond the e a e a a S an l a 2 94 a bord r of Gu t m l , including Luis . Sto l s ys ( ) th t the M o an as h ad th e th e o le th e ea an d the p on south Ch s , on st north a an d th e e th e L acan do n es ma e Itz s , on w st , As his p is limit d to a e a a e e e th e area a Gu t m l it do s not xt nd into British Hondur s .

A L A G U IL A C

a a e is e th e e e e e e e Although this l ngu g now xtinct , vid nc pr s nt d by Doctor Brinton in a p aper read before th e American Philosophical e e e 4 1887 e e o a e Soci ty , Nov mb r , , prov s b y nd doubt th t it b longed to th e a a a a an d w as el e a e a N hu tl n f mily clos y r l t d to , if not identic l h e a e e in th e e r a n t . with , Pipil di l ct spok n t rrito y djoi ing According to this evidence the area throughout which it w as spoken w as sub s tan tiall the a e as a a — a e in the y s m th t l id down by Stoll n m ly , ea e a a a a th e a a e th e st rn p rt of Gu tem l , on Rio Mot gu . It includ d e S an r o a a a a a C himala an a a an d pu blos C ist b l Ac s gu stl n , p , Usum tl n , d o a s S an n Th T eco lutan an as a . e , , D ctor Brinton st tes , l o Agusti ’ data thus made known since Stoll s work w as published require a ﬁ a h e a e e e slight modi c tion of t bound ri s giv n this trib by him . Doc a w as e in th e a a ea ll tor Brinton s ys Chorti spok n djoining r , but Sto th e o er a th e a e a ea an d th e surrounds s uth n h lf by det ch d Pipil r , er a th e o area north n h lf by Ch l . PIPIL

e n an a e e o a a a t As is w ll know , this l gu g b l ngs to the N hu tl n s ock an d e ela e e e a a a e a is clos ly r t d to Azt c , b ing , in f ct , but di l ct of th t e languag . The early habitat of th e tribe as determined by Stoll an d Sapper a ee e a e e 4 3 48 an d uarro s l II 8 gr s so clos ly with th t giv n by Squi r ( ) J ( , an d th e e a o th e e as a a in 1524 a is r l ti n of trib s found by Alv r do , th t it necessary to describe here only their situation as s et forth by th e first n Th e e e e e a e i e a a e a ea . two authoriti s . Th y w r loc t d two s p r t r s . larger territory lay chiefly alo ng th e Pacific coast in southeastern a e a a f o th e e a a ea a i a a Gu t m l , r m m ridi n of Escuintl stw rd nto S lv dor h e e ar e th e e a e hi e to t low r southw d str tch of L mp riv r . T s t rri w as er e ed e er a th e i a e an d a tory int c pt , how v , by th t of X nc trib by the e a e n a in colony of L nc n stock , b i g thus divided into two p rts , one

44 74 BUR E A U O F AMER ICAN ET HNO LO GY [ B UL L . mistake of Stoll in callin g the Pupuluca (b) a Mixe dialect is pointed out by Brin ton (3 : Th e latter author appears to a a e e e th e a e a e e e a o n h ve m d pr cis ly s m mist k , how v r , in his p per a n ia ea e re the e a al o e the Xinc I d ns , r d b fo Am ric n Philosophic S ci ty , 1 1 4 ma I a e ace e o r 7 88 . a an Oct be , On his p VI I S pp r pl s L nc colony possibly intended to correspond with Pupuluca (b) — s lightly farther to th e ea a the al e t l s north st th n loc ity giv n by S o l , who follow The a t- a e a 98 e o ac Juarros . l s n m d uthority ) m ntions C ngu o the e th e e e ea n s a e hi the a ea as pu blo of p opl sp ki g thi di l ct , w ch is in r Th e e a e t e e G ua i ero In tibuc a e . u at m rk d by him oth r di l c s w r j q , , a an d Similito n e e a a in an d a Op toro , , spok n in c ntr l Hondur s bout h e e th e a a e e e e a t . pu blos of s me n m s , r sp ctiv ly S pper

e al as a e a a an d G uati i ua e . an d m ntions so di l cts Chil ng j g , spok n in a lla e ame ea e a a He ai s bout vi g s so n d , in north st rn S lv dor . f l , e u s a ul a e to e e m e e a howev r , to f rni h voc b ri s by which d t r in r l tion a a n e it ee e th e m ship , h ving obt i d , s ms , only tw nty words of for er e e e e s as th e e r th e e e e a . a e a di l ct Nev rth l s , pu blos in r gion wh r Lenc e a e e e can be but e a e are al a a pr v il d , th r littl doubt th t th y loc v ri tions a e a e h of that l nguag . No tt mpt as been made to mark th e areas e e e th e of th s dial cts on accompanying map . It is possible the C h o n d al e e el w be e e a dia e t of Squi r , m ntioned b o , should consid r d l c , for it app ears from a statement by Brinton tha t Désiré Pecto r termed e a - e a th m Chont l L nc s . From th e data o btain able it is impossible to defin e accurately the e th e e e a a e Th e wr e h ee boundari s of chi f L nc n r a . it r as b n guided s e e hie e 8 et n o f r in thi r sp ct c fly by Squi r omitti g , cou se , his conclusion that th e Jicaque an d Paya belong to th e same stock h e e a He w as n e e e as t L nc . i clin d to includ g ographically not only th e dep artment of S an Miguel in Salvado r an d those of San ta a a a an d a a a n a a a an d a B rb r Com y gu in Ho dur s , but lso Cholutec p rts e a a a an d th e a e a e as r of T gucig lp , Ol ncho , Yoro in l tt r st t ( they we e e efin e a s th e la a a an d a a a fter th n d d) ; l o is nds of Ro t n Gu n j . A elimin ating th e territories of th e Jicaque an d Paya th e writer h as outlined th e Lencan territo ry to correspond as nearly as poss ible the e e a a a e a a m a with most r c nt d t . As m pp d it ppe rs to confor , t ’ a a e e a w a a e e e a e th at it le st in g n r l y , with S pp r s d t rmin tion , xcept ’ a ds a a e e a a a c e G ho n dal d sm ll xt nsion into Nic r gu to in lud Squier s , a i are e a in s th who , ccording to Br nton L nc . It clude at art S an a a a th e e a er th e de art p of S lv dor e st of L mp riv , modern p e ara e a a L a Paz a a a ua an d m nts of P iso , T gucig lp , , Intibuc , Com y g , a a a a a a an d ra a a an d e e s in to th p rts of S nt B rb r G ci s in Hondur s , xt nd e a e a a a a s outhern p rt of S govi in Nic r gu .

T L A S C A L T E C A

a a e th e a a a a c e a d to the This is di l ct of N hu tl n f mily , los ly llie an f m a o f e ze 456 a ears to Tlascal , which ro a st tement Sch r r ( ) pp m o m s ] INDIAN LA NGUAGES O F MEXICO A N D CENT R AL AMER ICA 75

a e e b a a h v be n spoken y a small colony in Salv dor bout Izalco . It a e a a e as a is prob bly mer ly subdi l ct of or pure Pipil , the l tter is , or w as th e a a e m a e h as ee e , l ngu g com on to th t s ction . It not b n not d th e a a ma o n ccomp nying p . JICAQ U E

(S yn o n ym: Xicaque)

his a a far as n at e e w as a an T l ngu ge , which , so know pr s nt , th t of e e e e e a a ea w as e a ind p nd nt stock h r n med Jic qu n , is , or , spok n by e a l e trib of Indi ns iving in north rn Honduras . According to Squier (4 378 ) their territory extended from the Rio Ulva on the west to the e a e a a e i th e ea Rio N gro (or Bl ck riv r , lso c ll d Rio T nto) on st , though his ma e are e e ee l a an a er on p th y plac d b tw n the U v d Rom n riv s . far a th e e e e a e How b ck into int rior th ir district str tched is not st t d , a a but it is known that it did not include Com y gua . Although en 195 h as a hi h e a i a Membr o ( ) note on t s tribe , f ils to ndic te the locality further than by presenting the vocabularies of two dialects “ “ ” — e l a He o f th e language Jicaque of Yoro an d Jicaqu of Pa m r . “ ” speaks of th e latter as cerca de S an Pedro the other pre a w as e as th e a ul a e sum bly spok n in the district of Yoro , voc b ry giv n The appears to have been obtained by an o ﬂicial of that district . diff erence between these two dialects as shown by the vocabularies as ea ea a a e th e a a e an d is gr t , if not gr ter , th n th t b tween M y prop r a e Th e a e r e a e a a the C kchik l . r a for this t ib m rk d on the ccomp nying ’ map is de termined according to the writer s best judgment from the e a a a a le bri f d t obt in b . PAYA

e th e e e a a e a a m a. hi Lik pr c ding l ngu g , P y for s distinct stock w ch , f th e e e a e M a ell h as ee a e ollowing rul st blish d by j . J . W . Pow , b n n m d “ a a e a 4 Th e a e ea e the P y n . Squi r s ys ( Xic qu s , gr tly r duced , th e i e ee l a an d exist in d strict lying b tw n the Rio U u Rio Tinto , an d th e a a th e a e e ee th e s ea an d th e P y s in tri ngl b tw n Tinto , the , ”

a e a . ma e e e e e Rio W nks , or S govi On his p, how v r , he xt nds th m ar e r M emb o 195 a westw d to the Riv r Roman (o Aguan) . reﬁ ( ) st tes a th e n a e e th e a a th e e C l th t pri cip l c nt r of P y is pu blo of ulmi , or Du ce e the e e the a ea a th e ac Nombr , slightly south of c nt r of r m rked on a a ea n d a a e re to comp nying m p . This ar a th t of the Jic qu a supposed represent th e territory of these two tribes before the incoming of the a a e 258 a e a C rib , now occupying the co st . B ll ( ) s ys th y inh bit the a a e o f th e a an d Pato o k r e e e the he dw t rs Bl ck rive s . Squi r expr ss s i a th e e th e e a e e a op nion th t t rritory of L nc ext nd d to the north co st , but it must be remembered that h e in cluded th e Jicaque in the Le a e e e e nc n group . Wh th r the Chol t rritory extend d eastward to the R io Ul a is so m at o ful a o t a f r u ewh d ubt ; S pper do es n pl ce it so a . R O F R T O n e w 44 76 BU EAU AME ICAN E HNO L GY ( .

a in e a th e e e a a a e As no inform tion r l tion to int rv ning strip is v il bl , e e e a th e a e it is consid r d best to conn ct it with th t of Jic qu .

CAR IB

As th e Carib of the gulf co ast of Honduras were not established

in e u ea th e e ee e e this r gion ntil n r close of the ight nth c ntury , th y ma be e e e e n e a e as e a e ee y omitt d from xt nd d co sid r tion h re , th y h v b n e is e e a e a fro m th map . It n c ss ry to r m rk only that they are conﬁn ed to h e e a a But o n e t north rn co st of Hondur s . dialect h as been noticed th e — a a a e M embreﬁo He Moreno voc bul ry of which is giv n by . refers to th e pueblo of S an tafé d e Pun ta-hicacos as inhabite d by

e . o a e a a a e at Mor nos Stoll l c t s sm ll colony bout Livingston , the e e th e R io e th e o ea o a a e a a mbouchur of Dulc , on n rth st c st of Gu t m l .

MAT AG ALPA

This is the chief if not the only language of a small stock named by 4 th e a a al a e a e th e Brinton (3 1 9) M t g p n . Squi r ppli s name C h o n d al (Chontal of Oviedo an d Gomara ) in p art to th e people sp eaking this e n is a a e a . e l ngu g , but without m ntion of y d tinction R cognition of this distinction is due to Doctor Brinton (3 who obtained among h e a e e e a a a th e a a e Th e t p p rs of Doctor B r ndt voc bul ry of l ngu g . a ea e a th e a a a a as e ra em r occupi d , h ving city of M t g lp its c nt l point , a e a ar e a th e a a a a r an d e e n th e br c d l g p rt of M t g lp dist ict , xtend d i to e a an d o a e a a a a e 1 : 29— 30 districts of S govi Ch nt l s in Nic r gu . S pp r ( ) “ s a e e th e a a a a a a e e as an o a e ys , At pr s nt M t g lp n l ngu g is spok n is l t d dialect only in th e Salvadorean villages Cacaopera an d Lis lique by e h e e a e f e an e e some p rsons . W th r this di l ct di f rs in y r sp ct a e a e T he a e e from Matagalp prop r is not st t d . two vill g s m ntioned e in th e e e e o ea e e al a are situat d xtr m n rth st rn corn r of S v dor . As are a e a e a e r a a a a e a they consid r bl dist nc f om M t g lp , it is best , p rh ps , to consider the l anguage spoke n in them as a subdialect of Matagalp a proper . MANG UE

(S yn o n ym: Cho lute c a)

Extending along th e Paciﬁc co ast from th e B ay o f Fons eca in a the a in o a a an d v e ee Hondur s to Gulf of Nicoy C st Ric , li ing b tw n th e a an d th e ea e e e e a a e e l kes oc n , w r s v r l sm ll trib s b longing to f e : ee— a e a a — th e di f rent linguistic stocks thr M ngu , Diri n , Orotin n to Chiap anecan ; o n e— Niquiran— to th e Nahuatlan ; an d another — en Subtiaban fo rming an independ t family . a e e a as e e a e a hia a e an dia M ngu , or Cholut c , Squi r d sign t d it , C p n c e w as e e e th e e e th e a ea e l ct , the most northw st rly trib of s ri s , r occupi d e a co di ter 3 II a the ext nding, c r ng to this wri ( , northw rd from m o m s ] INDIAN LANGUAGES o r M E XICO A N D CE NTR AL AMER ICA 77

’ territory of th e Subtiaba (Squier s N agran d an s ) along th e Gulf of a a a Th e a e Fonsec into wh t is now Hondur s . dist nc it extende d into the e o i e r e h as ee a r e int ri r of th s t r itory is not giv n , but it b n c r i d on th e map in this direction to the southern boundary of th e Lencan ter rito r a e a th e a a y , though it must be dmitt d th t d t on this point are e ee n ea e an d a a a n th e e xc di gly m g r uns tisf ctory . In loc ti g trib s form erly dwelling along th e Paciﬁc co ast of Nicaragua w e have th e beneﬁt ’ of Doctor Beren dt s statements in his address (2 132 which ’ a ree e e e e e a g v ry clos ly with Squi r s conclusion , though n ith r indic tes th e e e i e e e w e e a xt nt into the nt rior , xc pt h re limit d by the l kes . Gomara (l 264 ; 2 457 ) an d Herrera mention a tribe (th e Corobici) ee be e a th e a e e a which s ms to id ntic l with M ngu (or Chorot g ) . The “ a e a a d ec 3 a a a a a a l tt r uthor s ys (II , . , H bl b n en Nic r gu cinco ” e as e e e C o ribici ue a a en C hulo teca etc L ngu dif r nt s , , q lo h bl n mucho , . e e h le era a hi s th e C o ribici ere th e a e r th e N v rt e ss , P lt t nk w nc sto s of e a e i o h Guatuso (see below) . It would s em th t Mangu s a c mpre en e e e e e i a e e a er e a siv t rm pr cis ly qu v l nt to Chorot g , prop ly us d , th t is , n e th e a a e a e e e e — C a an to i clud Chi p n c n l m nt in this r gion holutec , Diri , d a e as e 3 3 1 1— 3 12 h as ea e an . Orotin n Howev r , Squi r ( ) cr t d con th e us e e C h o ro te an an d C h o lutecan e fusion in of the t rms g , it is b st to follow Brin ton in restoring the old term Mangue to superse de Cho lute a c .

S U B T IA B A N

S n o n ms : N a ran d an a ( y y g , M ribi)

s a a e a n a th e a Thi l ngu g , which forms disti ct f mily known by s me ’ ’ h e e s N a ran d an an d B eren dt s a a e t a e as . n m , is s m Squi r g M ribi Th e territory thr oughout which it w as spoken is described by Squier 3 : 3 10 as th e a L eOn s e e th e e ( ) Pl in of , or di trict b twe n northern xtrem ity of Lake Managua an d th e Paciﬁc ; this probably included the o e th e a e a a e greater porti n of th e district of L on . As s m uthor st t s a e a e w as n e th e e th e e in noth r pl c , it bou d d on northw st by t rritory i e a a e . a a of the Cholut c or M ngu This l ngu ge , which , judg ng by ’ a e ma 1 is et e el e a e e S pp r s p ( ) not y ntir y xtinct , though S pp r giv s no a a is e e a l c e e be nn ct voc bul ry , g n r l y onc d d by philologists to not co e ed an a an d th e a a fu e 3 with y known f mily , voc bul ry rnish d by Squier ( ) a a hs a a e e ppe rs to justify this conclusion , no twit t nding slight r s m blance to th e D o ras que on th e o n e hand an d to th e Matagalpan on th e other . D IR IAN

a a e e th e a a e a am w as This l ngu g , which b longs to Chi p n c n f ily , spoken by th e p eople who formerly occupied th e territory between th e re a e ara a the e a a an d e upper xt mity of L k Nic gu , riv r Tipit p , the s n h e iﬁ ir a outhern half of Lake Managua a d t Pac c . The princip l 78 BUR E AU o r AME R ICAN E T HNO LO G Y

wn s er a d e e n o w a d th e i es an a a as a a to w e situ te wh r st n c ti of Gr d , M y , n d M a a ua an d i a e a a i an d am a n g , the v ll g s of Tipit p , Dir omo , Diri ba . 3 e are e be n o w e n n e t . ame (Squi r , Th y suppos d to xti c The ” ﬁ e e the ll Di rian sign i es p opl of hi s .

NIQ UIR AN

h a a e el th e a a a a i an d is T is l ngu g , which b ongs to N hu tl n f m ly , e a e i an d t w as n a a clos ly rel t d to Pip l Az ec , spoke by colony prob l m th e i i a a an d ate a a a ea b y fro P p l group of S lv dor Gu m l . The r occupied w as the narrow strip between Lake Nicaragua an d the f e an d th e e n s an a f ac c a . ac t P i ic O n , n ighbori g i l ds of the l ke The “ that these Indians belong ed to the M exican (N ahuatlan) stock d th w e e a to e e am N u an s . as notic d by Ovi o , who pplied th m n e iq ir E ven the short vocabulary given by Squier makes the relation c ea s t at the e e n o w e c d e a n e tain e to l r , howing h p opl und r onsi r tio p r d he A z e o an d e e clo s elv e ate the t t c gr up w r r l d to Pipil .

OR O T I N AN

This third C hiapanecan dialect o f the so uth ern s ection w as spo ken thr ougho ut an area in northw es tern Co s ta Rica extendin g fro m the s o uthern s hore o f Lake N icaragua s o uthward to an d along bo th s o r es o f the G N c y a fo r the eate a t o f its le t an d h ulf of i o gr r p r ng h , “ to he fic cea S ie 3 1 ) s a e l wes tw a d t ac . 3 : 0 re o ccu r P i O n qu r ( ys m y , py n the co n t y a o u the N c y a an d to the s o u w ard o f g u r r nd Gulf of i o . th B cur dc o b our l II 1 1 La e N ca a a . raw 0 s a s the k i r gu B ur g ( . ) y O ro tin as in the vicinity o f the Gulf o f N ico y a have as their prin cipal g N o y a r oti a C a tre an d C o ote vied IV 1 v a es c . . . o 08 ill i O n . n n h r O ( , ) es e bo he lulf o f N y a e a ta l 2 als o lo cat th m a ut t ico . P r l ( 7 0 ) gives

' the ver Ba an ca as t eir s o ut e n i . o n the eas t s d e o f the ulf ri rr h h r l mi i g . F ern an dez ( 1 : 5-18 ) gives the latitude o f t he c it y o f Pun ta A ren as as e o ut e n it o n the eas t co as t a rw in c o s e y in hi th ir s h r lim . g g l l t s res pect ' w Pe al s co n c us o n ith r ta l i . T he w te has n o vo cab a y o f t s articu ar co lo n y but fro m ri r ul r hi p l , their d is co verv bv the S pan iar ds in the s ixtee n t h cen tury his to ry ‘ e ks o f t e m as t ho mte an s t s m n n w tin them with h s p a h g . hu g t e n n d D i n t r b es A dd io n a w marks o n M a gue a ir a i . it l this tribe w ill be e n e t in o f t he eo es o f C o s t R ic mad i ( h a g p pl a a .

l '

‘ ( S immzvm S umo

A s t he dat a a t han d a re t o o meage r t o jus t ify an at tempt to in di ' cate o n the ma t he imit s o f t he t r ba are as o f t he I lvan famil p l i l y , n o w o e dealt w th it s ee ms bes t t o ve o n ly the bo un duiee o f t b i . gi m o m s ] IND IAN LAN G U AG E S O F M E X IC O A N D C E N TR AL AM E R ICA 79

the area e the e re ami a i the a occupi d by nti f ly , indic t ng trib l or sub a a es at e ei as th e e e e a e trib l n m such points th r n , from b st vid nce cc s e a ea a e ee e e e e e Th e a sibl , pp r to h v b n occupi d by th m r sp ctiv ly . f ct be e in i e e a e e e e must born m nd , how v r , th t the v ry xist nce of som of e e e e e th s trib s or subtrib s is disput d . After comp arin g what is said by Squier an d other authorities o n th e e n th e ri a a e e l e in the subj ct , Bri ton , p ncip l uthority h r fo low d a ﬁ a th e a r e e 3 : 1 62— 163 th e n cl ssi c tion of Ulv n t ib s , giv s ( ) followi g with th eir resp ective habitats :

C ar h as o r ukras o n th R io co a o e th at ls c C e e ac F a . , , Mi , b v M l k l th R io o o e o a C o c o s o n e C c . , (S g vi ) e c o ras o n th e R io d e los amas Blueﬁeld s M l h , R ( ) . th R io co cos o e . Mi , n Mi F m in th e u er as n o f th e R io o an tas as C o c . , pp b i s h R i Parras tah o n t e o co . , Mi i i R i S u as o n th e u er o co . q , pp Mi R i u iro n as o n th e o o co . S b , C

T ao cas o r T w akas at S an as o n th R io T w k e a a . , , Bl , as o o w as o r mo o s o n th e ea w aters o f th e Blueﬁeld s r er Ulv (W l S ) , h d iv .

be a e e e a e It must dd d , how v r , th t Brinton do s not furnish his a e e e a e an d a e an d a a uthority for som of th s n m s loc liti s , th t S pper (l 29) seems to doubt th e correctness of his lis t an d peoples th e areas r e th e He a : very la g ly with Sumo . s ys

Th e Sumo s are men tio n ed by Brin to n un der th e n ame Ulvas ; as ide fro m th e In dian s en as u u s C at c as C o co s co s Parras tah s F an tas mas e c o ras Si uias giv B lb l , h , , Mi , , , M l h , q , mo o s Subiro n as T w akas an d o o w as all o w e er seem to e o n to th e umo s S , , , W l , h v b l g S .

e an d e a e e th e Tw aka ra an d Ul a Squi r oth r uthoriti s m ntion , Cuk , v ; an d e 283 a e a th e F a a a e a a R clus ( ) n m s in ddition nt sm , M lchor , Siqui , an d a a Th a - a e a a es his ma th e L m n . e l st n m d uthor loc t on p most of a e h e e e e e n m s giv s , but not consist ntly with his t xt . B ll 268 e th e i e : Th e th e me ) m ntions follow ng trib s Smoos , most nu rous ” e th e ea a e all th e e r Bluefields Pato o k trib , on h dw t rs of riv rs f om to “ ” a a the T w aka a r e a th e T w aka e a [P tuc ] ; , t ib of Smoos , long riv r , ra th e i a a th e T o o n la a the e a the b nch of Pr nz Aw l ; g , long oth r br nch of a e er— a e ra e an d a th e C o o kra s m riv mix d c of Smoos Mosquito Indi ns ; , ar Bl efields ound u . Young (80) says th e princip al residence o f the T w aka at that time w as a the ea the a a r er e 4 a e e bout h d of P tuc iv . Squi r ( ) loc t s th m , on ma th e e e e a e s in a his p , on middl s ction of S govi riv r , which form p rt th e ar n e e ee ra and a a a e s 26 1 bound y li b tw n Hondu s Nic r gu . R clu ( ) makes th e tribe a member of the Lenca group an d locates them on the ffl en h e e upper a u ts of t Patuca riv r . e e e a e th e C o o kra u a a a As b for not d , Brinton loc t s (C kr , C rch ) on the ’ e a n e m h e a a a . a t Rio Mico bov M tl ck F lls Accordi g to Squi r s p , Mico is th e a e as th e Bluefields e h as e e e a th e a s m riv r , which r c iv d lso n me an d w as th e a a e a a an d Si uia th e a e Escondido , by Indi ns c ll d L m g , l tt r a e e e n r a a a e a e n m r f rri g p ob bly only to tribut ry . Squi r pl c s the L L 4 4 80 B UR E AU O F AM E R ICAN E T HN O LO G Y [ BU .

u a th e e w a e ee the Bluefields an d e a C kr in int rior , mid y b tw n S govi 2 a e e h e e his e e s 83 e t a . riv rs . R clu ( ) loc t s th m w ll up S govi river T a w e e es th e a a as a iffe e e uthor , ho v r , giv C rc d r nt trib . h as ee ee n a e the a l a a a a As b n s n , Bri ton pl c s Ulv (U u , Woolw , W lw , th e ea a e th e Bluefields e e Smoos , Sumo) on h dw t rs of riv r ; Squi r , on th e e e h e a e r e e a e the e a middl cours of t s m iv r . Squi r loc t s M lchor a e a o f th en d a ar ua Th e a e immedi t ly e st e southern of L ke Nic ag . n m a ear be e a e efi e e Sumo (or Smoos) pp s to us d r th r ind nit ly , but mor generally as an equivalent of th e stock name (Ulvan) , the people e a e ei e e as e n o n e r e an d th e mbr c d b ng consid r d prop rly formi g but t ib , - n above named supposed tribes as mere minor a d local subdivisions . a e a th e a a e e e re a e a It is prob bl th t Ulv n di l cts w r l t d to Chibch , but e i for th e present it h as been thought b st to keep them dist nct .

R AM A

a e i an d a e th e a ea an a e As st t d by Br nton S pp r , Indi ns sp king this l gu g are e e at re e to a a a th e Bluefields a an d r strict d p s nt sm ll isl nd in l goon , were confined to th e s ame island at th e time Bell lived in th e Mos e 1846 e e e e e e e a e quito t rritory ( Th r is vid nc , how v r , th t form rly e e a ar e a ea the e r a n la th y occupi d much l g r r on n ighbo ing m i nd , but whether this region lay along th e Bluefield s river or farther south it e e r th e e e a a a e is impossible to decid with c rtainty f om m ag r dat obt in bl . Bell (259) says :

Th m s x m Bl ld s n e Ra as in habit a s mall i lan d at th e s o uthern e tre ity o f ewﬁe lago o . They are o n ly a mis erable remn an t o f a n umero us tribe that fo rmerly lived o n th e s d o t er r rs in t at n e o r o o A r t n um er o f t em s t e a St . o n an ea t J h h ive h ighb h d . g b h ill liv th e ea o f th e R io F r c run s n to th e t n s r er R io San uan t an o w S . o a S h d i , hi h i J h iv [ J ] C ar o s o rt l f .

e at the ea the r a a are Thos h d of Rio F io , Cost Ric , without doubt the a Gu tuso . Squier (4 : 3 66) locates them betw een th e Blueﬁelds an d S an Juan

e a as e e a e e e a a . riv rs , indic ting , do s B ll , form r mor south rly h bit t This conclusion agrees with th e indications furnished by th e very e a a o f th e a a e h as ee a e an d bri f voc bul ry l ngu g which b n obt in d , which afﬁ th e a a a a a e a e e a shows slight nity with T l m nc n di l cts , but clos r r l e o f th e ra ea th e a a tion with thos Do sk n group of Chibch n f mily . l n i th e e h as a a e th e a e Fo lowi g Br nton , writ r ssoci t d it with l tt r . ’ Bell s supposition that th e R ama are identical with the p eople living th e a a— a s a the a o — is on Rio Frio , Cost Ric th t is to y , with Gu tus , e e an e as a ear r ar th e a a e how v r , rror , pp s f om comp ison of l ngu g s of the two p eoples an d fro m th e great difference in their characteristics s o f ar as a o e th e a . known , lthough b th b long to Chibch n stock

MO S QU IT O

Th e mixed race designated by this name inhabits th e Gulf co ast of Honduras an d Nic aragua from C ape G racias southward to a point

“ 82 BU R E AU o r A M E R IC A N E T HN O LO G Y tam .

Pe ralt a ( 1 : 7 2m Q ay s t heir s eat w as n o rt h o f t he R io Barran ca an d so ut eas t ro the R io a an d o r e s ue the r ver w hich h f m Z p i ( T mpi q ) , i ﬂo w s so uth an d enters t h e G ulf o f N ico va at its ext reme n o rthw es tern he s t a e en o f F em an dez ve a ve c h e po in t . But t t m t gi n bo in ludes t w es te rn e ins a as d o es t at o f ras s e r de Bo urbo r men tio n ed p n ul . h B u u g, “ v 1 1 Th e he ﬁrs t re eren ce t o th e r t a . ed III 1 s ay s in t . f O o in O i o ( ) , ” y ar In dians o f N ico a an d Oro s i e o f t he lan guage o f t he C h o ro tegas . This a pparentl y includes t he area n o w embraced in the dis trict o f a acas te w ic c d es t he enin s a an d is ro b ablv w h at S u er Gu n , h h in lu p ul . p q i " as e his c c s o n t he w o r ro te as be n us ed here in a b d on lu ion . d Cho g i g h e er c sens e an d e ce c t e O r t n a . era t a s a y s g n i , h n in luding o i P l n te t at N c a the e i s a th e r t i a a ua e w as s o ken o ) h in i oy ( p n n ul ) O o n n l ng g p , as c n ect re bv r c y Be r a o l o w n v ed o an d o r ue o j u d O oz o r . f l i g O i T q The at a s ee t o s t f y t e re o re o tl n in the O ro t n an ad a . m d m ju i . h f . u i g i a y area as on t he accomp n ing map . b w It a e ars r a ater a e r y era t a ever t at h e. in cludes pp f om l p p P l . ho . h as Orot in an t errit ory t he are a n o w emb raced in t he dis t rict o f G uan a ' s r h e r m s a r w as re b ca te as ma ke d on t w iter s ap . Thi p pe p pared y Peralt a as part o f h is report as commis s ion er o f C o s ta R ica to the 2 N h v Columbian His t orical Expos ition at M ad rid in 189 . o t a in g acces s t o the r a a e r the w r t er ere u tes ro t he extrac o igin l p p . i h q o f m t given b y Do ct or B rint on ( 5 : 40 o n e o f the co mmiss io n ers o f th e ' o A s e a s Un ite d St ates to that expo s iti n . P r lt a paper bears o n th e et n a y t he e t re te t ry o f s t a R ca the o rt on h ogr ph of n i rri o Co i , p i relating t o the e thnogra phic dis t ribution is quoted in full fo r th e purpose o f furt her reference :

O n th e s o res o f th e ac ﬁc in th e e n n s u a o f N co y a in all t at te rr to r which h P i . p i l i . h i y n o co n st tutes th e ro v n c e o f G uan aca s te an d em rac n all th e vicinit o f th e w i p i . b i g y u o f N co y a to th e o n t o f erra ura l e th e C o ro t e as o r M an ues divid ed g lf i p i H d . iv d h g g ,

‘ n to ar o us t r bes o r ch iefta n c ies feud ata ries o f th e t ac i ue o f N c o a to wit D iria i v i i . q i y . , ,

‘ C an en Za an c i Po c o c i Pam O ro t n a an d t h o ro te a ro er y so ca ed in th e g , p . . . i . g . p p l ll , vall o f th R io ran B th s o f t s w lt th e mm r n t Nah wh e e G e . e e e e e a o as o y d y id h d i ig , carr ed t s far th e art s an d t ra t o n s o f t h e A ztec s an d th e c u t atio n o f cacao an d i hi di i . l iv , ‘ s a r h r v s n s Th ( h o ro t s s k th o btain e d a uprem c y o ve t e p e io u in habita t . e ega po e e f th sa m n am o r h M an u a ra n c n t th e trun an d ri in f an ua e o e e e t e e . . o o o l g g . g b h if k g , a n Th N a uas w h o s e mo s t m o rta n t co o n es co n tro ll th th e C a ec . e ed e hi p h . i p l i s t mus o f R i as et w ee n La e N cara ua an d t h e ac ﬁc w ere es ta s ed in Nico a i h v b k i g P i . bli h y s x can r N a at n a an d po ke th e Me i o hu l la gu ge . A exican co o n y a so ex s te in th e alley o f T elo rio a ey o f th e B u o r o f th e M l l i d v ( v ll y , exican s n ear th e Bay d el A lm ra n te an d n a te th e s an o f T o ar o r Zo mbato M ) i . i h bi d i l d j ,

‘ n o w o f C o um us an d th e to w n s o f t h icaua o y an a ue uex ue an d C o ro ta a ( l b ) , . M . Q q q . p , lan t s e n th e art es t cas t w ard in C o s ta ca o r in C en tral A merica o n th e ma n . i d , hi b i g f h Ri , s s f r is t v d en ce r o s to w c th e N a ua reac e o a as e x n e e . hi h h h d . i g i p v etw n th e La e o f N cara ua an d th e u o f N co a to th e eas t o f th e vo lcan o B ee k i g g lf i y . ° f ros an d th e ri er T em s ue n ear o n tu e 83 w es t o f G reen w c welt th e m s o O . i v pi q l gi d i h , d y C s rs s uatus os io us n at o n o f th e C o ro bic ies o r o rbes ics an ce to o f th e ex t n G . ter . i . i i g eas t o f th e same mer d an w ere th e Vo te s o ccu n th e so uth ern sham o f To th e i i . pyi g n o h a o f th e S ara u the R io 88 11 Jna t t e v lley piq i . THO M A S ] IN DIA N L A N G U A G E S O F M E X IC O A N D C E N TR A L A M E RIC A 83

T o th e eas t o f th e ara u an d ro m th e mo ut s o f th e San uan o n th e A tlan t c S piq i , f h J i to th e mo ut o f th e r er at n a was th e m o rtan t ro n ce o f uerre e o n n h iv M i , i p p vi S , b l gi g to th e G uetars wh o o ccu e th e ro un to T urr a a an d A t rro in th e al e s o f , pi d g d i lb i , v l y th e e en ta o n an th r r u rr o r a uar R v z d e ive S e e P c . Betw een th e river N atin a an d th e river T arire w ere th e pro vin ces o f Po co ci an d o f th T ariacas T th e eas t o f th T ar re to th e Ba d el A m ran te w e t th e Vi eitas e . o e c i y l i , d l , C ab ar n T rr r s r T iri i s ec es a d erra as T e ebes T e o b e . , b ( , bi , ) O n th e Bay de l A lmira n te to Po in t So ro beta o r T erbi there was th e C hichimec co o n a rea re erre to w o se cac ue Izto lin co n ers e in th e ex can an ua e l y , l dy f d , h iq v d M i l g g w t u n as r n a in 1 4 i h J a V quez d e C o o do 56 . Th e C h an n cu e th o r s ts a o ut th ea w at rs o f th e R io R avalo gue es o c pi d e f e b e h d e . Th e D o races so ut o f th e La un a o f C ir u an d at th e o o t o f th e C o r era , h g h iq i , f dill , adj o in ed in the valley o f th e river C ricamo la o r G uaymi with th e warlike n atio n o f th e atter n am l e . Th e G uaymies o ccupied th e co as t an d th e in terio r lan ds s ituated betw een th e rivers ua m an n n f a G d C o ce tio o era u . y i p , V g In ro n t o f th e al e o f th e G ua m es th e Is an d el E sco d o th e o ern men tal f v l y y i li l d , g v limit o f C o s ta Rica ; so that th e G uaymie w ere dis tributed in n early equal parts be n h r r twee t e ju is dic tio n o f C o s ta Rica an d o f Ve agua . In th e n ter o r in th e an s a o ut C arta o o n th e s o es o t o f th e A t an t c i i , highl d b g , l p b h l i an d th e ac ﬁc w ere th e ro n ces G uarco T o o an an d A serr art er w es t to w ar P i , p vi , y p , i ; f h , d th e u o f N co a acaca G ara to an d C o mes a o n e a o n th e s umm ts o f g lf i y , P , bi , h dj i d l g i L r r a He radura an d T ilaran w ith th e C ho o tegas . T ese ro n ces o rme th e terr to r o f th e Huetares o r G uetares uei tlalli in h p vi f d i y , , , “ ” Na uat reat an a en era term w c n c u e ar o us tr es an d chieftan h l , g l d , g l , hi h i l d d v i ib c es o f th e same n u s t c s to c o n e en tire ers e ro m t o se o f th e n e o r n i li g i i k , ly div f h ighb i g an ues an d N a uas to war w o m t e w ere un r en a t o u ma n ta n n M g h , d h h y f i dly , l h gh i i i g co mmerc a re a o n s i l l ti . Th e pro vi n ce o f G uarc o w as co n s idered by bo th th e n atives an d th e Span iards as o n e o f th e mo s t a o re o cal t es in th e co un tr an d fo r t at reas o n w as s e ecte f v d l i i y , h l d by

h r s s h s f r r n a to wn I o s r t e G ueta e an d ater th e w tes a t e te o t e c . t w a e e , l by hi , i h i p i ip l h Th e n ame is a o rru o n o f th that th e city o f C o sta Rica w as fo un ded in 1568 . c pti e “ “ ” l n r n n h o c s uffix Na uat ua ca o m ualli o o co n e e t w t t e at e can . h l Q , f q , g d v i , i h l iv ’ ualcan mean s t ere o re o o ace o r as it is tran slate in o n a s o ca u ar Q , h f , “g d pl , d M li V b l y , a l -s r d s r w an s w rs w e to th e a e o f C ar a o w e e te e an e a e ace c e t . l h l d d i bl pl , hi h ll v ll y g o ut eas t o f C o ro te a an d th e e ts o f erra ura an d so ut o f th e G uetares S h h g h igh H d , h , exten n to th e ac fic O c ean etw een th e r ers rr s an d G ran e o f T erra a di g P i , b iv Pi i d b , was th e ro n ce o f th e ue o s o f w c th e an s G o ern men t o rme th e dis p vi Q p , hi h Sp i h v f d r t f u o w o s xtr m m t w ar th so u as t w as th e o ld C r u r t e o e e e e e to e t e e . i Q p , h li i d h hi iq i Riv A cco r n to th e mo s t ro a le c o n ectures th e ue o s e o n e to th e am di g p b b j , Q p b l g d f ily s s T w re a s o n m s o f o f th e G uetares an d e re eren ce o n th e co a t . e e e e e liv d , by p f , h y l i th e an ues an d th e C o to s an d o rucas an d in co n s e uen c e o f t e r wars wit t em M g B , q h i h h an d w t th e w tes an d w t th e ur en o f a o rs a u o n t em th e atter i h hi , i h b d l b l id p h by l , their to wn s disa ppeared in th e middle o f th e eighteen th cen tury w itho ut leavin g an y s s w n n s n ir r in po itive trace which ill e lighte u upo the o ig . A o n n th e ue o s th e C o to s o r C o c to s O Ccu ied th e u er a e o f th e r er dj i i g Q p , p pp v ll y iv T rra a o rmer n o wn as th e C o to e . b , f ly k T s m n um r s an r r s in t f en s e an d n s e e o r e a e o u d w a e t e u o o e e e . h f d lik ib , killf l b h f d f T hey are n o t kn o w n in C o s ta Rica by this n ame ; but there is n o do ubt that th e B0 r t r s n n T s ucas o c u th e re o n a o ut G o o u ce rucas a e e e ce a ts . e e o r c e h i d d h B pi d gi b lf D l , o rmer th e u o f O sa eas t o f th e r er T erra a an d a e t e r n ame E nr cas f ly g lf , iv b , g v h i i . Burucas o r Brun cas to th e ro n c e o f o r ca s co ere th e L cen t ate E s n o sa , p vi B i , di v d by i i pi in th e firs t o a e o f ex o rat o n ma e th e an ar s to t s re o n in 1519 an d v y g pl i d by Sp i d hi gi , ° in t 8 n o rt a so to o n t ur ca th e extreme so ut ern m t o f C o sta ca at u e . l P i B i , h li i Ri , l i d h LL 44 84 BUR E AU O F A M E R IC A N E T HN O LO G Y ( BU .

T h e ro n ce o f Burica, e xten e to war th e eas t to th e Llan o s o f C r u an d p vi d d d hi iq i , art o f the o ern men t o f ue o It be o n s to d a to th e s tr ct o f un ta fo rmed a p g v Q p . l g y di i P A r enas .

Th e T errabas wh o ha e en t e r n ame to th e r er o rmer ca e th e C o te d o , v giv h i iv f ly ll d , n t l n to th tr s o f th ac fic e T e w ere bro u t th tio n th ere o e o e e e o . to e oca b g ib P i Sl p h y gh l , w c t e n o w o ccu in A ea o r T erra a artl th e ersuas o n o f th e mis hi h h y py , ld b , p y by p i s io n ari es art o rce a n een o e to a an o n th e ro u h mo un tain s to , p ly by f , h vi g b blig d b d g th e n o rt a o ut th e ea waters o f th e T ilo rio o r R io d e la E s tre a th e Yur uin an d h b h d ll , q , th h ar 1 97 T n ar us c l T er s T err s e o alo a o ut t e e 6 . e a e ee o a e ebe R v , b y h y h v b v i ly l d bi , , T erra as an d T irribies but t ere are n o fferen ces o f alec t etween th em an d b , , h di di b t e r re at es to th e n o rt o t er t an wo u n ec ess ar ta e ace in a to n ue h i l iv h , h h ld ily k pl ny g r m s n f s n f o a eparatio o thi l e gth . A t th e t me o f th e C o n ues t t ere o re th e tr bes o c cu n th e terr to r o f C o sta i q , h f , i pyi g i y ca were Na uas an ues G uetares Viceitas T erra as C han uen es G ua mies Ri h , M g , , , b , g , y , s rucas ue o s C o to an d o . Q p , , B It is almo s t impo s s ible to determin e th e eth n ic affin ities o f th e G uetares as o n as n o o ca u ar es o f t e r to n ue can be o un t o u s uc were certa nl l g v b l i h i g f d , h gh h i y wr tten s uc a e n u s ts as F ra e ro d e etan o s F ra L o ren o d e Bien ve i by h bl li g i y P d B z , y z n a F ra uan a t s ta an d o t er F ran c scan s w h o o un e m ss o n ar es ta l sh id , y J B b i , h i , f d d i i y b i men ts an d taught th e n atives aro un d C artago ; but th e tes timo n y o f archaeo lo gy ro es t at t e w e re n o t re ate to th e N a uas t e w ere s u ect to t eir in flu p v h if h y l d h , h y bj h en t'e er a s t ro u th e ac t e co mmerc e t e h ad w t th e C o ro te as an d N a uas , p h p h gh iv h y i h h g h a o t th u o f N co a b u e g lf i y . A s to th e G ua m es T erra as C h an uen es an d o rucas t e r affin t es to y i , b , g , B , h i i i th e tr es to th e eas t o f t em are w el mar e an d it w o ul n o t be s ur r sin th e ib h l k d , d p i g if y w ere a s o c o s e re ate to th e n at ves betw een Paris an d ar en an d e en wit th e l l ly l d i D i , v h C bchas o f C o o m a as h as een ma n ta n e r n to n hi l bi , b i i d by B i .

G UAT US O

The eastern an d western bound aries of the Guatusan area on the ma are a ed a e e e e ra e a e e e e p b s l rg ly on inf r nc , th r th n on positiv vid nc . That th e tribe occupied th e valley o f the Rio Frio to th e S an Juan e an d th e re a th e ea a e th e me is riv r , gion bout h dw t rs of for r , the e era o e o f h e a r e e e e e e e g n l c ns nsus t utho iti s . Th r is som vid nc also a e re e a d ere w th e S an a e an d a th t th y f qu ntly w n d do n C rlos riv r , C rl a e 1 3 1 ea a a d a a a a S pp r ( ) sp ks of sm ll bo y on br nch of the S r piqui . G abb (483 ) states merely that at th e time of his visit They o ccupy a part o f th e b ro ad plai n s n o rth an d eas t o f th e high vo lcan ic chain o f N o rt - es tern C o s ta ca an d s o ut o f th e reat a e o f N cara ua es ecid l a o ut th e h W Ri h g l k i g , p y b rs f h R i F r headw ate o t e o io .

Fernand ez (3 676 ) Says :

T h e lan s o ccu e th e G uatuso s are er exten s e e e ert e an d in ter d pi d by v y iv , l v l , f il , s ected n a a e r vers w t a s t n cl n e ro m th e r t an o f th e San uan by vig bl i , i h ligh i i f igh b k J ‘ r er to th e ( en tra C o r era w c v es th e waters o f th e A t an t c an d aciﬁc iv l dill , hi h di id l i P .

Bishop Thiel (2 12 ) s ays they live dispersed in th e skirts of the e ad o f th e e r o a n d o n th e a k th e afﬂuen ts th e Cerro P l o , T no i , b n s of of io r a e w ee th e a a e th e e e th e u a ac a Rio Fr , p incip lly b t n P t st , Mu rt , C c r h , n d th e e d He a ear a e ee e a n a a V na o . pp s to h v succ d d in obt ini g a a e r a a e n r a e n tes voc bul ry of th i l ngu g , judgi g f om th t giv n in his Apu m o m s ] IN DIA N L A NGUAGE S O F M E X ICO A N D CE NTR AL AM E R ICA 85

L exico aﬁco s A S i a i th e e a ma e e gr . ndic t ng south rn bound ry y b cit d th e statement by G abb (484) that th e town of S an R amon is not far ” th e e th e a un e r e e from bord rs of Gu tuso co try . Att ntion is di ct d likewise to what is said of this tribe by Peralta in th e extract from his a e e a e p p r giv n bov . A S will be seen by reference to the List of Families an d Tribes on th e ma th e e h as e th e a i th e p , writ r follow d philologists in pl c ng a a e th e a a e a a ea Guatus n di l ct in Chibch n f mily . This r l tion pp rs to be e th e ca a e a e a e born out by vo bul ri s , though not to v ry m rk d e e xt nt . G UE T AR E

(S yn o n ym: Huetare )

DoctorBrin ton (3 146 ) at ﬁrst associated this idiom with th e Chiap a n ecan a e a d 4 : 498 e e o a e a linguistic stock , but ft rw r ( ) d cid d fr m m t ri l which h ad come into his possession that it p ertained to th e Talaman n n r h e it is e a e i ca li guistic g oup . W il v ry prob bl that Doctor Br nton e a e ere e th e e e e is corr ct in his l t r conclusion , which is h follow d , vid nc e re a i a the h e presents is not nti ly s t sf ctory . This consists in com a s er r e a ar e as : p ri on of v y b i f voc bul i s , follows

G U E T A R E O T HE R T A LA M A N C A N D IA L E C T S e elill e e ti é= vir p j i p j t ll . palacralc palacralc cagun e cagun e

mo o n tura

ﬁre yo cé

w ater diere head e e se uebra o r wo hra y g , ear zgo -Icu mo uth lco -Icwu n o se jilc to n gue ko k-tu to o th han d fo o t Icru-Icwc

h o use

Th e a ee e e ee th e as e e ef gr m nt b tw n two idioms , shown by th s bri e a e ma be ere as o n e an d th e a e lists , is so clos th t th y y consid d s m a a e e the e e e e e l ngu g . In oth r words , vid nc prov s too much in vi w of th e a a the e a e a a w as a e f ct th t Gu t r voc bul ry , which obt in d by Doctor “ e e w as ar e him e a a a a an d B r ndt , m k d by Anci nt T l m nc , not e a e e e w as a e a - ea a o Gu t r . Mor ov r , this obt in d bout forty four y rs g e a es e ear S an de a a a from som n tiv r siding n José Cost Ric , but not ee w as a e a e r e a the e a e word , it s ms , s id in r g rd to th i r l tion to Gu t r “ e n a b a b . a e a a a a ut M r G b trib Doctor Bri ton dds , It is c ll d T l m nc , . ,

1 r m F o G abb . 44 86 B UR E AU O F AM E R ICAN E T HN O LO G Y tn m .

e be iffe e a The r a s aw to a ct . who it , pronounc d it of d r nt di le e l e e e e e e e th e a a o a uar w as vid nc , th r for , is limit d to f ct th t the v c b l y obtained from Indians living in th e region formerly embraced in the e a e e ee e a e e in lude the Gu t r t rritory . It is d m d s f st , how ver , to c h e e e th e a a a a idiom for t pr s nt in T l m nc n group . Although it is difﬁcult at this late d ay to mark th e boun daries o f the Guetare territory as they existe d at th e time of the Spanis h co n e th e a ea in a e e a e e ea d e e e hi o r al qu st , r g n r l s ns is r dily t rmin d from st ic n d e a a a oth r d t . 2 2 1 e 9 ca . a Ovi do (lib . , p ) s ys

L o s G uetares s o n muc a en te e en en ma d e las s erras d el uerto d e L a erra h g , viv ci i p H ura é s e ext en en o r la co s ta es te o l h o N co a al o n en te d e la an a d el d , i d p d g p [ i y ] P i b d s r s N o rte has ta el co n ﬁn d e lo C ho o tega .

s a e e th e e th e e ea e th e According to thi st t m nt , t rritory of trib r ch d Paciﬁc co ast an d extended along it toward the northwest to Pun ta e a a a a th e m as a e a e th e ern Ar n s or Rio B rr nc , li it , st t d bov , of south e th e i a e a as e e e A s ext nsion of Orot n , or Chorot g s Ovi do t rms th m . the e e e de a th e e a eh e a a ba eir trib xt n d b ck into si rr s b ind H rr dur y , th er a e e a e th e e a de Turrubales as a d t ritory must h v mbr c d Si rr s , st te e a e l : 34 e by F rn nd z ( , not f e a a 1 : 768— 769 e e e a r e h h e a s P r lt ( ) m ntions s v r l p ovinc s w ich , s y , e e e e th e a e as : w r p opl d by Indi ns of this trib , follows

G ara to C ata a T ce an d o to o to co m re en n th e terr to r so uth o f bi , p , i , B (V ) , p h di g i y Lake N icaragua an d San Juan river to its co n ﬂuen ce with th e R io Sarapiqui (so uth ) h n n s r In u n th a f C h w n to t e mo u tai o f Ba ba . cl di g e v lley o o yo c e bet ee th e rivers arran ca an d G ran e A ra o r C urriravo C urr a at an d T a o an A ccert an d B d ; b ( , id b ) y p ; i uar o t n th r rs T aras T r r a r a a G c e wee e e an d o o s . T b o T urr al a ac c . e urria P , b iv y g ( i b ) r Th a r s f t es r n c s r u n C c o C o t . e o n w tar a d o o ( ) b igi e o h e p o vi e e e G e es .

e th e o r a th e e a e w h o This includ s Boto , Voto , Indi ns in Gu t r group , , Peralta s ays (1 : were S ituated on th e right m argin of the Desa a e S an a e ee th e an d a a e gu d ro ( Ju n) b tw n Frio , Pocosol , S r piqui riv rs . th e r e e e as h e e th e e a e a e Adding p ovinc of Su rr , do s in xtr ct giv n bov , would make th e S an Juan river from its mouth up to th e Rio Frio th e e a th e e a e er A s th e a north rn bound ry of Gu t r t ritory . mount ins of Barba are in th e district of He re dia an d those of Turrialba are along ‘ th e e ar e i a a e north rn bound y of th d strict of C rt go , this d scription applies to a w ide strip extending from th e S an Juan river on th e r an d th e a ea s ea th e ea th e a ﬁ ea no th C ribb n on north st , to P ci c oc n th e th e a e th e ea a a a on south , co st lin on south r ching from B rr nc e at th e e a ea th e a riv r northw st prob bly to , or n rly to , Rio Gr nde de e th e ea T rraba on south st . er a e 1 : e a C avallo n e ms to F n nd z ( quoting from Lic nci do , s e u e th e r ar a the e a e r e a d incl d dist ict of C t go in Gu t r territo y . In r g r th e S ea th e r e e he a e 6 to t of Voto t ib or subtrib , s ys not ) B o to o r Vo to in cludes th e In dian s wh o o ccupied th e s o uthern co rdillera o f C osta ca ro m th e r er o f ar a u to th e R io d e O ro si ca e erra d e Tilaran Th Ri f iv B v p , ll d Si . e n ame is reserved in t at o f the Vo can o de 10 5 Vo tes o r de uas p h l P . m o m s ] IN DIA N L ANGUAGE S o r M E X ICO A N D CE NT R AL AM E R ICA 87

” Th e er a i ara as ar e th e ma a a e Si r de T l n , m k d on p of Cost Ric , xtends a th e e re e r e er e the a e a long xt m no thw st n bord r of district of Al ju l , i e th e a a o r a th e e e e ea e wh l volc no of Pu s ( Po s) is on xtr m stern bord r , h e a a th e er a d e r where it joins t e district of Her di . Th t Si r Tila an formed th e extreme southern bound ary of th e Guatusan territory is

er a . a o n e r a e e d e c t in In f ct , po tion of it is n m d the C rro los hi ua . ee ere re a a e w e a e G tusos It s ms , th fo , th t the r ng to ch F rn nd z refers is tha t which extends east an d west across Heredi a an d th e southeastern portion of Alajuela ; but what stream is referred to by “ ” “ ” the a e ar a u e a S a a n m B v is nc rt in (possibly it hould be Br v , though this does not solve the difﬁculty with the limited d ata at a h nd) . The statement made by Peralta in th e excerpt from his pen on hi Th a e 83 a ree s u as a e a e . e a er p g g s with concl sion , st t d bov ss tion “ ha th e ea th e ara u an d th e s the S an t t to st of S piq i , from mouth of ua th e a u the e a a w as th e J n on Atl ntic to the mo th of riv r M tin , ” I r a r e erre e the e ar e to mpo t nt p ovinc of Su , b longing to Gu t s , is op n

e e er as ere ea ar the a a e . qu stion , how v , th is no m ns of comp ing l ngu g s

e er e e th e r e h as e e a a th e a a N v th l ss , w it r follow d P r lt in ccomp nying m ap .

Vo T o

(S yn o n ym: Boto)

r all th e e e e e a ni e hi r e en Acco ding to vid nc r m i ng on r cord , t s t ib oc pied the country S outh of th e Rio S an Juan from th e river S an Carlos th e ara e e r e en u ar an d a to S piqui , th ir t r itory xt ding so thw d to , prob

a r th e e e a an d th e e a a e a . bly c oss , district of H r di south rn p rt of Al ju l Th e writer h as failed to ﬁn d th e d a ta on which Peralta an d others base th e conclusion tha t th e people of this tribe were con 1 : 1 ea e as a n ected w ith the Guetare . Carl Sapper ( 3 ) sp ks of th m A S di r e a u al u e e e a s . stinct t ib , ltho gh not l ding to th ir thnic r l tion no a u ar e e a few w r e r a a e h as ee re voc b l y , not v n o ds of th i l ngu g , b n p e e S O far as afﬁ e can be l e e at nf e e s rv d , known , its niti s on y gu ss d or i rr d I a ere the a a ar fr e a a . S e e om oth r d t it not possibl th t th y w R m , p t of his a e e w as h . ee whom Bell mistook fo r t e Guatuso (S p . If st t m nt a e e ra the ma be w ratui b s d on som t dition , supposition y not holly g th e ere e the re tous ; otherwise it is . On e whol it is consid d b st for p s en t e e th e a a au r e are r to follow h r Cost Ric n tho iti s , who on the g ound an d familiar with th e history of their country so far as recorded ; e e th e are a e th e e ar e r a h nc Voto ssign d to Gu t e t rrito y , lthough not r e e the ma ef rr d to on p . SUE R R E 2)

e hi a It is doubtful . whether the territory included und r t s n me h ea s ould be cons idered a separate linguistic ar . In the extract 88 B UR E AU o r A ME RIC A N E T HN O LO G Y [ B UL L -14

’ 3 era a a r h given above (p . 8 ) from P lt s p pe on t e ethnography of a a an d r ere re te 1 : 69 e h e Cost Ric , in his wo k h tofo ci d ( 7 , not says

T o th e eas t o f th e ara u an d ro m th e mo ut s o f th e San uan o n th e A t an t c S piq i , f h J l i to th e mo ut o f th e ri er at n a w as th e m o rtan t ro n ce o f uerre e o n in h v M i , i p p vi S , b l g g to th G uetare wh o o ccu e th e ro un to T urr a a an d A tirro in th e va e s o f e , pi d g d i lb , ll y n o n an d th e r er uerre o r th e Reve taz iv S Pacuar .

The chief evidence of th e rel ation of the people of this province to the Gue tare is fo und in th e letter of Juan Vas quez d e Coronado e e e 1 1 1562 e era a 1 : 760 — 765 ere e (D c mb r , , giv n by P lt , ) wh , r ferring to th e expedition of C avallo n an d the submission of the provinces of the e are h e e th e r e er e an d T urucaca Gu t , m ntions p ovinc s of Su r , the former on th e S ea of th e North an d the l atter on the S ea of the South Th e is re e rre to th e a m a ma e nam not f d on cco p nying p .

QUE PO ( Z)

Th e same uncertainty as to linguis tic distinction exists in regard to th e people occupying th e s ection kn own under this name as in the c ase of th e Suerre . era a 1 : 769 e 2 a e w as a r e P lt ( , not ) s ys Qu po p ovinc south of the ° ’ era d e la a e ar a th e a ﬁ ea at 9 30 Cordill C nd l i , upon P ci c Oc n , north ” th e e ra r his a er e a e h e a a e . l titud In xt ct f om p p , giv n bov , loc tes e ea r e a an d th e ei t e a ra an d th m south st of Cho ot g h gh s of H rr du , th e e are e e a ﬁ ea e ee south of Gu t , xt nding to the P ci c oc n b tw n the rr an ra e e ra a H a a e d . e a fu e riv rs Pi is G nd of T r b dds rth r th t , ccord th e r a e e e e e e ing to most p ob bl conj ctur s , the Qu po b long d to the a th e e are an d a e C o te f mily of Gu t , th t th y were the enemies of the a an d th e Boruc . e e a eme e e a e e the a Th s st t nts , wh n clos ly comp r d with thos of s me a a re e es w e o u e er fo r rea uthor in wh t p c d , sho som c nf sion ; mor ov , hi a ear r e th e r e e are sons w ch will pp fu th r on , w it r is not pr p d to accept th e S tatement tha t th e Guetare (the Quepo being included) e e e u eas to th e ra e d e la erra a as th e a e xt nd d so th t Rio G nd T b , v ll y er ar at eas w as u e th e e a a an d of this riv , in p t l t , occ pi d by T rr b the h r a n o t a e o n t e ma . Bo uc . It is indic t d p

TA LA M A N C A

h as ee o o s e e e e r e an d It b n f und m t conv ni nt for pr s nt pu pos s , not n e re a ﬁ a e a n a e a a i consist nt with cor ct cl ssi c tion , to r t i the n m T l manca for that group of closely allied dialects spoken by certain tribes of Indians inhabiting both S ides of the cordillera in eastern a n d ea er a a e e a e e th e south st n Cost Ric . Th s di l cts , which b long to hi a a are n o n b w ames : B a r r C bch n f mily , k w y the follo ing n oruc , B ib i ,

B E B L L 4 4 90 UR AU O F AM E R ICAN E T HN O LO G Y [ U . o f th e Talamancan area ran slightly south of west from th e mouth o f th e a a ear e th e e th e e Rio M tin , n ly or quit to middl of north rn boun a a a e e e d ry of C rt go district , wh r it turn d south .

a th e a e e e a a e a e a Notwithst nding st t m nt by P r lt giv n bov , th t the Guetare territory (includin g that of th e Quepo) extended southea st ’ th e a e e a a S w a e ma a to Rio Gr nd T rr b , it is ho n by S pp r s p th t the e ra a an d th e u a a e are a e e e at T r b Br nc (or Boruc ) trib s loc t d , v n the e e d a in th e al e e hie th e e e pr s nt y , v l y of this riv r , c fly on w st sid . The a e the e e a a a s fi a h as ee e n m of riv r (T rr b ) is l o signi c nt . It b n d cide d e e e e n s e at ea all e e ea b st , th r for , to i clude thi riv r , or l st xc pt its h d a e in th e a a a a e Th e a fi ea w t rs , T l m nc n t rritory . P ci c oc n forms the ’ S e a a e r e outh rn bound ry . It is app r nt f om Sapp r s map that th e eas e th e a ifi S e can be S ea ea at all t rn limit on P c c id but lightly st , if st , a a as mme a e the ea are e n e e of Punt Boruc , i di t ly to st of it ncou t r d h e a ea e e e t th e e a e e a t Dor sk n l m n . In xtr ct giv n P r lta evidently e th e a e i a in a ea e Th e ea e includ s Boruc p n nsul Dor sk n t rritory . st rn boun dary of th e Talamancan territory on th e Pacific slop e falls e ee th e a e i a an d th e r e b tw n Boruc p n nsul Rio Chi iqui Vi jo . Th e ea e a th e a a a a e th e a st rn bound ry of T l m nc n t rritory , on Atl ntic be e e e e can e a . a s e r slop , not x ctly d t rmin d Th t thi t rrito y did not e th e a a th e e e e r includ Rio Rov lo , which f lls into w st rn sid of Chi iqui a ee e a an d a th e a ea e e l goon , s ms c rt in ; th t Dor sk n t rritory includ d e the e a e th e T elo rio a ee s e a n som of upp r tribut ri s of lso s m c rt i . Pin art S ays th e Doraskean tribes were S ituate d b ack of th e r a an d the a e i e e e e e ter Chi iqui l goon , from n m is incl n d to b li v th ir rito r r e e e e th e C h an uin aula r er a n a y fo m rly xt nd d north to g iv , Ch ngui i e a a e e e a e e . s b ing n m som tim s ppli d to th m Thi condition of th ngs , if c e a e a e ai e e er e e th e n orr ctly st t d , must h ve pr v l d , how v , b for incomi g h e e a Th e e re e e e th e a a of t M xic n colony . lin pr s nt d on ccomp nying e e e e far r map do s not xt nd quit so no th . — Starting w ith that p a rt of th e territo ry belongin g to th e a S e an d the fi s r e w ere is an Atl ntic lop going south , r t t ib of hich th y i i re r 4 1 e notice is th e T ar aca . This tribe is cons de d by F ittie ( ) id ntic al h r e s o with th e Chirripo of Thiel . T e egion occupied s em t ha ve extended along th e co ast from th e Rio Matina w ell down toward th e li e e ere e a th e rr th e r e is Rio T e ri. Unl ss th y w id ntic l with Chi ipo t ib extinct an d nothing is known of their l anguage ; but accepting Pit ’ er e e th e hi rr as the r er ti s sugg stion of id ntity with C ipo , w it is ’ e ere e e e hie a ar 1 a e inclin d to do , th is vid nc in T l s voc bul y ( ) th t th y r 1 2 e r belonge d to th e Tal amanc an group . Although Sappe ( : 3 ) app a s r r a re ar th e T ariaca r F er h e evi to d aw his info m tion g ding f om itti , den tl e e r th e rr as h e a s : y distinguish s th m f om Chi ipo , s y

‘ N o rth o f th e dis trict o f th e ( h irripo an d Bribri In dian s alo n g th e A tlan tic co as t are to be fo un d th e fo rmer d w ellin g places o f th e T eriaca (taken fro m F ittier) o f w hich trib e r to th r s en t t me n o thin g has been pres e ved e p e i . e m s ] IN DIA N L A NGU AGE S O F M E X ICO A N D CE NT R AL AM E R ICA 91

It is probable that a remnan t ﬂeeing from Sp anish a ttacks foun d refuge in th e s ierras w h ere r a a a e e ec a e hirr as . , f om loc l n m th y b m known C ipo r — h e e e 0a beca . Although in t stat m nt quoted above Sapper implies that th e T ariacan territory lay immediately north of an d adjoining a th e r r dian ma h e a e th e a e r e ee th t of B ib i In s , in his p pl c s C b ca b tw n the tw o e a s a h e a e e th e r trib s ; th t is to y , loc t s th m north of B ibri m “ e o . a a ea be e as G abb 487 a The t rrit ry His p pp rs to corr ct , ( ) s ys , C abecars occupy th e coun try from the frontiers of civilization to the ” r h h i weste n [left] side of t e Coen branch of t e Tiliri or S cs o la river . F er a ere a e the a e th e e e itti s ys m ly th t th y occupy v ll ys of upp r Co n , h mi e r h e T liri T riri r i l t e a t e e o S cs o a . ddl b nch of ( , ) Bribr i — According to G abb (487) th e Bribri oc cupied th e region W a ere th e ea e a e th e T eliri an d a s a a th e t d by st rn br nch s of , l o th t bout hi er e r th e e e w ee the e mouths of t s riv ; in oth r wo ds , r gion b t n Co n on h e e n d the C h uin ul th t w st a an g a a on e east . Tirribi — Accordin g to G abb (487) an d other authorities the Indians s peaking this dialect occupied the region w atered by th e Rio Tilo ri o h n in l o r upper C a gu au a . r r — h Tucur ic ( C uque i) . Judging by t e statements of Thiel th e ea e e e n a e 1 : 3 7 1 an d G abb rly docum nts quot d by F r nd z ( , th e Indian s speakin g this dialect were located in th e central ar a as a a r th e ea a er p t of wh t is now known the C rt go dist ict , on h dw t s h e r r of t e R vantazon ive . “ E r — hi hi s t ella . e e a c a ar s e Thi l giv s vo bul y of t s idiom in Apunt s , r r but unfo tunately omits to state whe e it w as obtained . It is under a th e a ea i it e th e a e o f re a r e stood th t Indi ns sp k ng liv d in v ll y Est ll iv r , a rea e er th e s ea a r a e th e erri st m nt ing sho t dist nc south of Limon , in t h e T ri r b h tory assigned to t a aca (or Chirripo) . These app ea to e t e people spoken of by G abb who says :

O n th e No rt o r E s tre a r er an d o n th e C hiri o t ere are a few mo re C abecars h ll iv , p , h wh o a e tt e co mmun cat o n wi t th e ead uarters o f th e tr e but w h o are in th e h v li l i i h h q ib , a t o f o n o ut to L mo n o r at n fo r w t t r r h bi g i g i M i a ha little trad e hey equi e . ’ A s a e e o c a a th e a a e a a indic t d by Thi l s v bul ry , l ngu g is subst nti lly e a th e hirr a ea a ea fo r e a id ntic l with C ipo ; in f ct , no good r son pp rs r t in h iﬂ n ing t e name as that of a d ere t di alect . r r — B o uca (o r B un ca ) . Passing over th e dividing range to the Paciﬁc e w e rea th e e ri e e th e e a e th e a a a slop , ch t r tory wh r oth r di l cts of T l m n n r r Th r ca e e e . e e o n e o f e e w as a linguistic g oup w spok n chi f th s Bo uc , ’ o r r a . r a er ma e ea th e B unc Acco ding to S pp s p , thos who still sp k a a e e s e re a w th e erra a th e i e an d l ngu g liv in clo l tion ith T b , in m ddl w e ar s th e e th r rr lo r p t of vall y of e Rio G ande de Te aba . Judging by a a e an d er a a r a e a th e err r the loc l n m s oth d t , it is p ob bl th t t ito y of Bo ruc a in thei r p almy days extended eastward to an d included th e r peninsula of Bu ica . rr — r T e aba . Te raba is at most merely a subdialect of th e Tirribi an d r a r s r abb 487 p ob bly should not be conside ed a distinct theref om . G ( ) 92 B UR E AU O F A ME RIC A N E T HN O LO G Y ( s o m e;

e re r e w th e Tiri i r says the T rrabas a t ibally id ntic al ith b s . A t a di hi ee e a e a e a a the i ee h tion , w ch s ms w ll uth ntic t d , s ys th t in s xt nt e r th e e e th e ra a r ar a o f c ntury , th ough inﬂu nc of F ncisc n f i s , portion the Tirribi w as p ersuaded to break away an d p as s over to the Paciﬁc b a e an d G a b . S lope . (S pp r ) C o te — So far as n n a l a hi a e h as ee re k ow , no voc bu ry of t s di l ct b n p e in a e n a e e w as a serv d ; f ct , it is not positiv ly k own th t th r such

a e . A s ere e e e e er a re w as a di l ct th is positiv evid nc , how v , th t the tribe known by this name which cannot be identified with an y of e e e o n e fie us th e a e as a a thos m ntion d , is j usti d in ing n m th t of dis h r . t e e e tinct dialect or l anguage In p aper h tofore quoted (p . 83 ) e a a a s e e th e e a e th e erra a fo r P r lt s y th y occupi d upp r v ll y of Rio T b , r He i s e e c n b merly known as Coto rive . th nk th r a e no doubt tha t th e Boruca are their descendants . e e th e th e a a a a a e e This compl t s list of T l m nc n di l cts , non of which a e ee a e th e ma e e a a er r h v b n loc t d on p, but b for p ssing to noth g oup ’ “ the r Pittier s re G eo rafico s e e ar following f om No'mb s g is giv n in r g d th e r e as the r a to Bribri t ib , throwing light on t ib l distinctions of th e group . Th e e w as e r — th e —uak an d th e trib divid d into two g oups Tubor , - D - k rr ee r th e e uak o r bar ua . a a e e e a Kork , j M i g b tw n p sons of s m ’ e e e the e group o r division w as forbidden . Childr n b long d to moth r s Th th e r ere as : cl an . e cl ans or subdivisions of g oups w follows

l tubo r-ualc surilz-ualc d eer clan da tz-ualc bird clan bo lair-ualc

sarIc-ualc mo n key clan dagdi-uak (river n ame) o rori-ualc falls o f th e A rari river clan kugdi-ualc falls o f th e Uren river clan tlciut-uak ho us e-s ite clan duri-ualc bro k en clan arau-ualc ara t un erc a u o us e , h d l p ; , h - - n ear a rij ualc an t eati g b . ko rk-ualc dj bar-uak diu-uak

t to 15 in n um er e c . ( b ) G abb (487 ) st ates that there is n o authority fo r th e us e of th e n ame B eceita o r Veceita re e a e as a ri a a e an d a , , f qu ntly ppli d t b l n m , th t it is unknown to th e Indians of Costa Ric a .

SIG U A

S n o n ms : X ic a ua a a C hich a ua e a Sh elaba (G a bb ( y y g , Chic gu , g , S gu , , ex a s F ern and ez 1 : 107 M ic no ( , )

Th at there w as a Mexic an o r N ahuatl an c o lony o n th e n orthern co ast of Cost a Ric a in th e neighborho od of Chiriqui l agoon h as been

1 u ” “ ” Ua k s ign iﬁes p eblo o r clan .

s m 4 4 94 B UR E A U o r A ME RIC A N E T HN O LO G Y ( u .

en a th e e a a th e ea at r o f th e spok , by Indi ns living in si rr s bout h dw e s s a e a a r a i C h an guin aula . If th e suppo ition th t th y spe k Do aske n d a ’ e be rre th e a e ﬁr Pin art s e o h a t l ct co ct , f ct t nds to con m sugg sti n t th e an u a r er e th e a e th e C h an uin aul a Ch g in fo m ly occupi d v ll y of g , th e r e re e v a e as Pittier 9 a a r m th e iv r c i ing its n m , ( ) lso s ys , f o Th e a er a r e e a er a a ui a . o Indi ns l tt utho , how v r , ss ts th t it is Mosq t

n ame . C ha n guin a — A ll that is known in regard to th e Indians speakin g this dialect is that Pinart obtained his vo cabulary fro m some th ree a i at Bu ava th e a ﬁ d e or four Changuina Indi ns liv ng g on P ci c si . G abb (487 s ays it w as reported to him that a part of th e tribe s till “ e th e ea a e th e C h an uin aula a e e liv d on h dw t rs of g , but th t th ir v ry ” e e e kn a e e e r a a e e rs xist nc is own only by v gu r ports of th i s v g n ighbo . e a e e e e a a a a a a a It is possibl th t th s w r not Ch nguin but T l m nc Indi ns , e iﬁe th e h aliva otherwise they must be id nt d with C . C humn la — kn re ar a e e e at . Nothing is own in g d to this di l ct xc pt th info rmation respecting it w as obtained by Pinart from Indians living n e h e e r at Caldera a d Potr ro in t int rio . D o ras k e — Th e as a r e e 1 882 (prop r) . l t Indi n of this t ib di d in (Pinart 2 : Th e vocabulary given by this author w as taken from a s a re a s ra a e at ua a a a m nu cript of P d Bl s Jo é F nco , obt in d G l c in the D o r h o e i e r e e er r . a ac as a ea int io Dor sk (or , som t m s w itt n) do s not pp r to be a a e e e th e ear a rs at ea a n m m ntion d by ly utho ; l st B ncroft , who certainly made a careful examinatio n o f their w ritings (be o ur “ i a m a a 111 Th e es op nion of his conclusions wh t it y ) , s ys ( , Tul ,

‘ D arien s e D o rach o s S avan erics a an d a a are n ew , Chol s , , , Cun s , B y mos e an th e o e e W a ar names not mention d by y of ld r writ rs . h t p ticular e th e a e a e e e e n k s ction Dor sk prop r origin lly occupi d is th r for u nown . n alaca — e e a e re re s e th e a G . Knowl dg of this di l ct sts on p ci ly s me e e e as a e a i th e as r e n a e th e vo cabu vid nc th t r g rd ng Dor k p op r , m ly , lary of Padre Blas Jo s e F ran ce as given by Pinart It w as — o a e at th e a e a e a a a th e er r e e a er bt in d s m pl c Gu l c in int io , wh r S pp o e e l cat s his int rior group . — This is given by Brinton (3 17 5 ) as o n e of th e dia

e n — e e th e as ea ro He l cts of his Changui a stock h r Dor k n g up . gives ” h e r o f R io T e e e as t e a a a a a . loc lity , n r Rio Pu n , b nch l ri The writer h as been unable to ﬁn d th e autho rity o n which th is habitat

is e h e h as acces s to all th e w to w ic a cr giv n , though orks h h B n oft e e n e n a ere en io n s th e n a e r f rs in this co n ction . Pi rt m ly m t m

ar a an a ar a a a e . s without p ticul rs , nor is y voc bul y v il bl Po sibly u k e e fo r h aliv T el s ie is only anoth r nam C a .

GU A YM IE

s a e e e e as e e a an d a t a Thi n m is h r us d mploy d by Pin rt Ad m , h t is , a e as e n a a a n n e era d a ec ts r th r d sig ting group , or subf mily , i cludi g s v l i l , a as a e a a a e n a e e th n the n m of l ngu g . Accordi g to Pin rt th r m o m s ] IN DIA N LA N G UA G E S o r ME X IC O A N D C E N T RA L A ME RIC A 95

e e ree r a a e : T h e e- a e e a e a w r th p incip l di l cts Mov V li nt , c ll d lso the r en the ania uri - u ue a a e a the No t o by Sp rds ; the M re B k t , c ll d lso a a e th e a a s an d the e a e e S b n ro by Sp ni rd ; Muoi . Luci n Ad m , how v r , a e h e a ran e : 1 counts six di l cts , which r g s in two groups , thus , Muoi, e an d a a e 2 a e e a e an d e Murir , S b n ro , V li nt , Gu ymi , Nort no . Th e latter arrangement appears to be th e correct o n e an d that ar h as ea e a a e n o tw ith which Pin t in r lity follow d in his voc bul ri s , a re a a e e st nding his p limin ry st t m nt . i a 3 : e a e th e r e at th e i e According to P n rt ( pr f c ) , g oup occupi d t m of th e Conquest that p art of th e Panama district extendin g on th e o r r r a to a e e an d th e n th f om Chi iqui l goon Ch gr s riv r , on south , or a ﬁ e ro e a th e e a th e ear an d t e P ci c sid , f m Chorr r to Rio Fons c ; P l o h r a th e a a a an d C ebaco a Jicaro n an d e isl nds of Gulf of P n m , , Coib , , oth r a th e r a e a a e isl nds in vicinity of Chi iqui l goon . P r lta s ys in th p ap er “ e e e e 3 a th e a e e h e h r tofor quot d (p . 8 ) th t Gu ymi s occupi d t coas t an d th e interior lands situated between th e rivers Guaymi an d ”

e e a a . n a e e a e Conc ption , of V r gu Accordi g to Pin rt th s di l cts appear to be spoken at present only in th e plains an d sierras in th e th e ea e en d a th e a e vicinity of st rn of Chiriqui l goon , in V ll y “ a a o r a m e an d en las e a d el e a d e e a a Mir nd ( Gu y i ) , si rr s min r l V r gu s . He es e e at th e en d ar 2 a o f th e a e giv , how v r , of his p t , list n m s of a e e etc pl c s , riv rs , .

erta n n to th e a ects o f th e G ua m e an ua e in th e e artmen ts o f an ama P i i g di l y i l g g , d p P , C o o n C o c e Vera uas L o s an to s an d C ir u an d a so in th e co marcas o f al o a l , l , g , S h iq i , l B b an o cas - el-T o ro d B d .

T h e a e er e e th e a re e bov t ritory xt nds to Ch g s riv r . Sapper (1 ) very wisely h as a ttempted to indica te on his map only h e a e th e a e th e e e e t r a of Gu ymi in group s ns . Ev n this is not a r e th e re e m a e e t e ras ea are a h . m k d on p s nt p, b ing includ d in Do k n Th e linguistic m aterial collecte d by Pin art h as enabled philo logists to as sign these dialects to th e Chibchan family with re asonable cer

n a e e o o w e o s ix e n d r a . a a n a t i ty Ad m is h r f ll d in c unting di l cts , Pi t in ac e a ar es f t giv s six in his voc bul i .

CU N A

s a a e c s o n o c ear afﬁ an er lan Thi l ngu g , whi h h ws l nity with y oth a e in s e er a n ea in a a o e gu g , pit of c t i l n gs tow rd Chibch n , c nstitut s

s e w h e n e is a ed r w s a c c t a a . a a to k in its lf, to hi h m Cun n ppli Pin t

in e n e w th e a ea s u es incl d to co n ct it ith C ribb n group , but this gg o h as ee acce e s e e a Th e u a ti n not b n pt d by philologi ts g n r lly . C n a e ee en io e n de ar o us a es as a d n a ar e h v b n m t n d u r v i n m , M n i g , D i n Indi an s C h ucun a ue n ac a a a Tule Yule S an a d a , q , Cu un , B y no , , , Bl s In i ns , etc an d th e an s n a e e a als e ers to e . , old Sp i h m Cu v o r f th m . Ac co rdin g to Pin art (l preface ) th e bound aries o f th e Cunan territo ry at th e time of th e Co n quest were as fo llow s : On th e west a 96 B UR E A U o r A ME R IC A N E T HN O LO G Y ( s o m e ;

li ne running from the Rio Chagres on th e north coast to Cho rre r a on th e Paciﬁc co ast ; on th e east an d south it w as separated from th e “ ” e aca ca th e e a d el a o Choco t rritory by the Rio C ri , si rr Espiritu S nt , d h e A s li e run r as an t a . a th e re Rio S mbu the n s f om co t to co st , gio n ea l a e is si y indic t d . a en d th e a a e hm a me a th e u th e With Cun l ngu g s of ist i n A ric on so th , next language (Choco) bein g included geographically in th e con ti n me ne t of South A rica .

ETHNIC DIVIDING LINE BETWEEN N O R T II AMERICA A N D SOUTH AMERICA

It h as long been conceded that th e linguistic element (if it m ay b e e e er a at the e a e s t rm d so) of South Am ic , tim of the Sp nish Conqu t , e e n th e e e e a me a xtend d i to south rn s ctions of C ntr l A ric . Brinton s ay s (3

Th e mo un ta n c a n w c se arates N cara ua ro m C o sta ca an d th e ea wa ters i h i hi h p i g f Ri , h d o f th e R io F r o ro m t o se o f th e mo re so ut ern an d eas tern s treams is th e et n o ra i f h h , h g p hic un ar o f N o rt A merica e o n it o n so ut w e co me u o n tr s bo d y h . B y d [g i g h] p ibe w ho se i fﬁn s o n o w ar s h so ut ern co n t n en t uc ar h T al n u s t c a t e t t t e . e t e aman c as li g i i i p i d h i S h , ua m s a i n s an o t rs G e e te d e . y i , V l , h

far as th e e e w r e a a e e e a e is th So pr s nt it r is w r , how v r , S pp r e fir la defi e e ma e st to y down nit ly this dividing lin on a p . B ginning at th e e e e e e e u a e e ee th xtr m northw st rn corn r of Hond r s , wh r it m ts e ba u e e ea a a i e e th e ea e n y , it r ns th nc south st lmost in d r ct lin to st r en d of Lake Nicaragua ; an d thence in nearly th e same direction to th e head of th e Gulf of Dulce on th e southern coast of Costa a e a a n a th e n fi a is Ric . This d m rc tio , llowing followi g modi c tion , a e e : a th e e ro th e a en d n ear the ea en d cc pt d C rry lin f m e st , or st , of Lake Nicaragua almos t directly south to th e mouth of th e Gulf of a th e e ea s e— th e a e a a th e a Nicoy , trib s st of thi lin Jic qu , P y , Ulv n e a o a a an d all r e a a trib s , C rib , Mosquit , R m , the t ib s of Cost Ric e e th e i a an d e a a a— e n e e as ( xc pt Orot n ) , thos of P n m b i g consid r d ’ e er i en r i belonging ethnically to th south n cont n t . B inton s divid ng line w as laid dow n before h e h ad dis co vere d th e correct rela tion of th e a a He a e th e ca e a a an d a to R m . ssign d Ji qu , P y , Ulv n group the ’ e e th e d e the w e a e north rn contin nt , but , in ju gm nt of rit r , S pp r s h e e e o n e s o th e es o division is t b tt r . On thi p int only qu ti n in doubt e er n o t th e X i can e a a a a a an d Subtiaban is , wh th or n , L nc n , M t g lp n , e e th e d v idin in e u raw als be a ed trib s , w st of i g l th s d n , should not o dd

h e mer c an s t to t South A i li .

B . E . B IBLIO G RA PHY [ A .

A N E N 1 N o t ias aca G A T S C II E T A B E R T C C IO LO R O . ﬁ . c C lass . cat o n o , D Z ( ) i S , L S i i in t das d e lo s A uto s so bre la fuga que Seven Lin guis tic Sto cks O f Wes tern In hi c ero n lo s In dies d el ue o d e Sua ian a ects co n ta n e in F o rt i p bl d Di l , i d y I D s t M x 4 s r l o ca u r es th . vo a . n R ui . n o c . e . I e . e . . . . G eo r q Hi , , V b l i p U S g . 1 ur h 1 . f t I xi 56 . es t O h e co 8 . e 00t er an vo l M , S v W M idi , .

2 t r I II 1 VII . as n to n 1 L . 5 . 79 . e te . 8 6 8 ( ) bid , , W hi g , A R E N E Y L e o mte de G IL I A R I O N O M E R a d e O . C C C . n es emo r a I H , Mél g , H L R M i . n B l So A m o . M e o t a o ra h e er c . x r o e e d e . eo E G . et t v s . m . Phil l gi P lé g p i i g , s 18 3 ex co 1 60 ca n es . ar 8 . 8 . i P i , M i , E R E T A t C t s O A R A F R A N I C A R N A Y S I . h e n c en e G M C S C O LO E Z D E . to r H , D i i i , P His i e o f th e N ew o r tran s a te ro m th e G en eralle d es In es O cc en tale s W ld ( l d f d id . r r 18 7 T ra u t N ew o 8 . e en F F en c . ran co s l ar e . d h) Y k , d i i p S e

L A VIG E R O F R A N C E S C O A V E R IO . G en e rt F umee C . a . is 1 . ar 6 06 . , D S ill M P ,

Th e s to r O f ex co . E n s tran s G R A S S E R I E A O U D E L LA . an Hi y M i ( gli h , R L gue s I II at o n C ar es C u en . o . . o ue et Lan ue xe G ramma re l i by h l ll ) V l , Z q g Mi ; i , L n 17 7 ct o n n r T o o n 8 . a e ex tes tra u ts et an a d , Di i i , d i V N E A r ma s s r 1 9 R D A A D t d el I o . a s 8 C O O U . e 8 . , J di ly é P i , r 1 A N B O O K A E r o e a 886 . D O F M R I A N IN D a o teco . e n t C IA N S N o r Z p (R p i ) M li , H th f r ri M Exico . o x o 3 M E T l s to a e e c . d u . 0 1 2 O C U N O S a a a ts . ureau o f D p Hi M i B ll , p , , B

1 — 1 7 A m r s 2 ex co 853 85 . e can E t 4 r s 0 o s . n o o se e . a n to n i , v l M i , i h l gy W hi g , A N D E A un t o f th e 1907- 1910 E S C O B A R O S O . cco . , L

r Pz I o ur R o . A S S E G . an d C an n a ich r c o f e a . n . b F o n e a . G . P vi V J y H L , , , J . R . 1 41 Vo lls t n di e un d n e s v l x1 . o n o n 8 . a ue e E r o . L S c o . t d be G eo . r s ch re i g , d , g A N D Z L E ON 1 t r a d un vo m re c e ex F E R N E . s o e co G uatemal , ( ) Hi i b g i h M i , a. ta uran te la D o min acién E s un d e t n en r C o s ca s . e ma 1824 Ri d W i di W i , . ﬁ l 1 2— 1 21 M r 1 E R R E A 50 . a 8 9 R A N T N o . 8 8 . O I D E a a O . s to r a G e p d id , H , Hi i n e 2 L n In d en as d e C n tro r l 4 r 1 2 — e uas e a . o s . a 7 6 30 . ( ) g ig v l M d id , ’ m r X III E V A l o . se tm co a R A S R E Z e ca en c LO N O . C ata o o d e las L e i Sigl V g pi H , l g n l A r In as San o s d as l d e c o d e . e u d e as N ac o n es C o n o c l as . Vo 1 hiv di J é g i id . s 1 92 en uas N ac o n es A m r C o ta ca 8 . L e can as M Ri , g y i i . ad 3 h t s I n f rid 1 00 T e G ua u o n a s o C o s ta 8 . ( ) di ,

IE W ITT . . N . C m mi rt fo r 1 2 I . o r L In t so n an e o 88 . a t ca . a e ex Ri S h i R p , J B H p iv i c l n 1 h A n n o o I t . e . B 4 . 7 ur . as n to n 188 . t A m W hi g , gy R p . E 1 a n h . t . to n 1 8 th I n t s 89 . G A B B I IA M . O n e n a , W LL M di , p , W hi g , o R D IC KA A L E S 1 N o t th Tri es an d Lan ua es o f C s ta ca . es o n e I . n b g g Ri H L , ( ) ian s o f o n o ra M ex co I A m A r A m r o s S o c vo l x i v . . n n t I o c e . . . n . . . h r . P Phil , d S , i v 4 r Pa . 19 . s v l 1 . L n t 0 1 7 n . . o . a cas e a . 8 5 Phil , . , , E T HO M A s T h e E n is -A mer can 2 Th e re o n o f th e an c en G A G . t , gl h i ( ) gi i “ i m I o l v 19 C c cs . . v 3 n n : r e 0 . h is tra a sea a d a o a n ew . v il by l d , h hi bid , , ’ - I Z R A L E T A A I A IA C o l I a s A C O N G R C . s ur e o f th e es t n . Lo n o n C U ec v y W di d , , J Q 1 4 c io n d c D o c ume n to s ara la s to r a d e 6 8 . p Hi i l 1 I M x 5 — x s I . é 1 M e . o . c 8 8 66 N D A N esc r tio n ( 10 la R v co o . G A I O U . L , J D ip i i i V , i , ' r m in ta an s le G uatima a In O U R N A L o f th e A mer can G eo ra cal e e U su as d l . J i g phi t o f o r N ew . o l r o c e 8 . e vo l 63 a s 18 4 V . N w v A n . o . . . V 3 . N en . n y , P i , S i y Y k E o n o m n to o rk 187 Y S D E c c e d l 8 . G A R A O . e e , J R i i Y , 1 44 A R R o s D M IN 1 m T n c . 8 O G O C o n o e JU . e d e Is tmo d e e ua te . h p , ( ) p di N IS C ar o rr t r la s to r a d la C ud a d uatema a E R A O . e o e e G F C e o . G A R C S . , Di i y d Hi i i d l - D is t M ex 2 1 0 - 1 1 I o c . . . d o 1 II u t m l 8 . 1 7 1 776 n s . G a e a a 8 8 8 7 5 . . H , V l , ,

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Lo n o n 1 28 IME N T E . F R A N IS C O . C ua ro d e I II . 8 . C , d , P L, D d T h scr t e co m arative d e las Le C G E E . e er In i n In 1 7 th n uas M W J S i d a s . ip iv y p g In i n x co d e . o I m e as s . II R ur A E t 1 . B . . n o . t as e . p h l , p . . W h d g Mé i V l , x o 1 62—1 65 i o n 1 c 8 8 . n t 898 . g , Mé i , 1 A T A . L lar T E B E R T IN R . o ca u o C as A E R O . esearc es in th e te a M L , R h P , ( ) V b i ll — n is 1 90 u a . ar 8 C en tra o rt o n o f th e Us uma ts in tla n o C . l P i P , In M em o r 2 o ca u ar o C as te lan o -D e . M u o a . ea s . a V ll y P b dy , H v . ( ) V b l i l n r u a ec tos C umu u G l 2 1 . m 1 e ua n . vo . o C a 1 as aca . r e 90 . U iv , , b idg , q , Di l h l , l , y r s 1 90 C u n a . A U DS A Y A F R E D E x an a 8 . . o rat o n o f M L , L P pl i h g i P i , th e u n s an d te o f C o an C en tra 3 o ca u ar o C as te an o -G ua R i Si p , l ( ) V b l i ll y r ca I r R r mie a ecto s o e- a en te o r A me . n o c . N ten o o . So c . G o . i P y e g , , Di l M v V li , mi -P o m n 1 2 v l III n 1 A ua e en o n e o . ar s 8 o . . Lo n . o 886 so s e a G 9 . V d , ( l p y y P i , ’ ’ ra e 4 o ca u ar o C as te an o -K ak t . ) ( ) V b l i ll 1 E MB R E NO A B E R T H fi m chi ar s 897 . O . o n dure is s o . M , L P i , ’ Vo cabulario d e lo s Pro vin cialis mes d e (5) L es In dien s d e l E tat d e Pa ’ r T 1 m n e u d E th n o r h i uci a . I e a e VI o n u as . e a a 897 n a H d g g lp , . R v g p , , A U T D aris 1 7 U A N G IN 88 . O R F I S E . a e d e M , J Vi g P , I ie ar - PIT TI E R N o m res G eo r h i o s n d s o d el N uevo x co . a c d e y Di i Mé i . , H b g p rt 4 3 s r s c 1 T a aman c San o s a d e e D t M x C o s ta a . . a . o c . s e . P , i , Hi . , Ri l J é e co A ta ca 1895 x so se r o l d e C o s . a ate v . M i , ( l p ) Ri , T A DIL A A T IA S D E an d A G IN I C E n sa o L xi o O A t r G . e c L A . s o a M P L , M Hi i , y d e la C o n u s ta d la ro rafico so re la Len ua d e T erra q i e P vin cia d e la g b g ba . - 1 1 2 N ue a a c a . x ca 89 G e co 870 San o s é d e C o sta . v li i M i , . J Ri , F R E E K T E e o s A U E R D R IC r r A N A R Lo s T c In M . u ss r C F . . n . us . G n d e M LL , d i PL , rac w ss n s ft o l A fio s e un r e c a V II en o a an o a . o e . c c . a Sp h i h . . Wi , Mi h g d M li , 1 82 8 . 1 9 88 .

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2 G o t a 1901 . . , , A T E R O HA N N E V E R IN th r ates H h V , J S . Mi id r li t -A m r 2 D as N 6 d ch e te e a . m er a e n S h k n d o s . ( ) Mi l ik O d llg ei e prac en u e . V l r sc w e 1897 - - aun , I Iv r in 1806 181 . e 7 . B h ig B l , E E R KA R In i Ka s A a S t . . . S C R , . E A S O O S E F R A N C IS C 1 ti i H L C O . N o c as Z i k d V L , J ( ) - s t . ass e . ss en sc aften o s . C E s ta is ticas d el E s ta o I Wi h Phil Hi l d d d e So n o ra . n 185 en an . 5 . . 15 . J l Bo . M ex . eo r E l V , So c G . s t . . III , . vo . B Wi g y , A R N o t ce s ur les n ues S E E R E DU D . La x c 1860 L , e o . i g M i , e M ixte ue o n res I Za o e ue t . C n p t q q g (2) C o n tin uacio n d e la E s tad is tica l A m rica s C o m t tern atio n a d es n tes . e x 1 d o n ra . . vo l 3 e o I 86 . é i p S bid , , ‘ r 1 th ess . a s 8 s 890 . en u. , E N E G A S IG U E . N o t c a d e la C a i R d P i V , M L i i l H urn e to x E VI N . o e co n , C . I fo rn ia d e eu C o n u s ta T em o ra S J y M i y q i p l , y

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