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Little to No

Indigenous Latin American Children in New Jersey

July 14, 2012

Version 2

Aggie Sung Tang, producer and host of a public access television show called Education Round Table, based out of Princeton Community TV of Princeton, NJ.

[email protected]

609-802-8788

1

Statement

Many different LDTCs, Bilingual, ESL and preschool teachers in New Jersey state they have come across Latino children described as having “Little to No Language.” Educators stated that these children were assessed in Spanish and not English. These children are as young as 3, who have been admitted to either Abbot school districts’ preschool programs or Special Education preschool programs. Others are in elementary school up to age 8. These children are more likely to be placed in Special Education, because they are assessed to have “Little to No Language.” The three top reasons from educators that explain this phenomenon are the following:

1. Latino parents of these children have to work multiple jobs, so they do not have time to speak to their children. 2. Latino parents have so little education that there is no language to pass onto their children. 3. These Latino children have learning disabilities.

2

Analysis for reasons to “Little to No Language”

Getting a better understanding of where New Jersey’ Latino population originate may lend a better understanding to this “Little to No Language” description. The passenger traffic data from the New York New Jersey Port Authority, who runs all the airports in the area including Newark, JFK and Laguardia, indicate that the majority of the passenger traffic (arrivals and departures) involve 2 market groups: 1. Bermuda and Caribbean 2. Latin American (Central and ).

Figure 1 - JFK International Airport Passenger Traffic by Market Group (Arrivals and Departures) and by Year (see Appendix Table 3)

4,500,000

4,000,000

3,500,000 Puerto Rico 3,000,000 Bermuda and Caribbean 2,500,000

2,000,000

1,500,000 Canada

1,000,000

500,000

0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

3

Figure 2 - Newark International Airport Passenger Traffic by Market Group (Arrivals and Departures) and by Year (data from New York and New Jersey Port Authority see Appendix Table 4)

1,600,000

1,400,000

1,200,000

1,000,000 Puerto Rico

800,000 Bermuda and Caribbean 600,000 Mexico

400,000 Latin America

200,000 Canada

0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

4

Figure 3 - Laguardia Airport Passenger Traffic (Arrivals and Departures) by Market Group and by Year (data from New York and New Jersey Port Authority see Appendix Table 5)

1400000

1200000

1000000

800000 Puerto Rico

Bermuda and 600000 Caribbean

Mexico

400000 Latin America

Canada 200000

0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

5

There is evidence that the phenomenon of Latinos with “Little to No Language” can be explained that there are indigenous speakers from the Caribbean and Latin America living in New Jersey. Throughout Mexico, Central and South America, there are over 500 indigenous and over 2,000 tongues (language and dialects). From 2000 to 2010, there are more Latinos who self-identify as American Indians or some other race1. A comparison of the 2000 and 2010 U.S. Census shows there is a approximately 35% increase in the number of Latinos who identify as Asian and approximately a 35% increase in the number of Latinos who identify themselves as Hawiian or Pacific Islander. In addition, there is about 18% increase the number of Latinos who identify as Native American and Alaskan Native. There is growing usage of the term Amerindian to describe all the indigenous peoples throughout the Americas.

Figure 4 - US Census Bureau Latino Population's Race Identification (See Appendix Table 1)

Percentage Change 2000 to 2010

250,000,000

223,553,265

211,460,626

40.00% 36.60% 35.40%

200,000,000 35.00% 32.00%

30.00%

24.40%

150,000,000 25.00%

20.00% 18.40%

15.00% 12.30%

100,000,000

10.00%

5.70%

5.00%

38,929,319

50,000,000 34,658,190

0.00%

19,107,368

15,359,073

14,674,252

10,242,998

2,932,348

2,475,956

540,013 398,835 0

2000 2010

1 “More in U.S. Calling Themselves Indian,” New York Times, July 3, 2011 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/04/nyregion/more-hispanics-in-us-calling-themselves- indian.html 6

Specific to New Jersey, according the Census Bureau, in 2010 New Jersey has a Latino population of 8,791,8942. 18.1% or 1,555,144 were .3 Latinos in New Jersey have already been identified as speaking various languages. In a single classroom in Trenton, NJ, two children have been identified as indigenous speakers. In the NJ Department of Education database containing language data, 172 languages are listed (see Appendix List 1), and some of them are indigenous languages: Zapotec (indigenous pre-Columbian language largely found in Oaxaca, Mexico), Quechua (Peruvian indigenous language), (indigenous that belong to the Uto-Aztecan that is largely spoken in Central Mexico, but originate in South Western ), and Central American Indian. In Cumberland County, students have been identified to speak Zapotec and what the DOE terms Central American Indian. In Ocean County, there are 40 identified students who speak one of the Nahuatl langauges, which indicate a large number of from Oaxaca.4 The 28+ variations of Nahuatl are spoken by an estimated 1.5 million Nahua people, most of whom live in Central Mexico.

40 36.54

35

30

25

20

15

10 2.99 5 0.8 0 Ocean County SOUTHERN TOMS RIVER Vocational REGIONAL REGIONAL Technical Schools

Figure 5 – Number of school children in Ocean County’s school districts speaking a Nahuatl language Data compiled from NJ DOE 2010-2011 RC11 datacase, Language table and NCLB Reports

2 http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/34000.html 3 http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/asrh/2011/SC-EST2011-03.html 4 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatl 7

The Census Bureau tabulated results of languages spoken across the nation and by individual states. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, there are just a few hundred Mayan and Arawakian (aka Arawakan) speakers and speakers of unknown languages. However, we know that the numbers presented by the Census Bureau are most likely underestimated, because undocumented Latinos in New Jersey would probably not fill out a census form. While are predominantly in Mexico and , Arawakian languages are indigenous to Guatemala and the Caribbean.

Figure 6 –2006- 2008 U.S. Census on Estimates on New Jersey Language (see Appendix Table 2)

600

500

400 Margin of Error Number of Speakers 300

200

100

0 Mayan languages Arawakian

8

Taking a closer look at the different groupings of Latinos in New Jersey, there are Caribbeans, Mexicans, Central Americans and South Americans. The following sections will dive into each grouping. Of particular interest is specifically the country of Guatemala in Central America, because there is evidence suggesting the bulk of the “Little to No Language” phenomenon may be attributed to the percentage of indigenous speakers from Guatemala.

CARIBBEAN

While the Caribbeans are mostly Spanish speakers, there are French, Spanish creole, and indigenous speaking immigrants. Three of the indigenous languages are Arawakian languages: Arawak, (which is also found in Guatemala) and Taino. The original form of Taino is currently being revitalized, and the creole

TRIBES IN THE CARIBBEAN5 Geographic Locations LANGUAGE Number of speakers bullet point denotes individual language, slash denotes alternative names. parenthesis denotes dialects of an individual language Arawak Indian , , , and Lokono/Arawak 2,500 in Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana, and Arawakan language Venezuela speakers Caquetio Caquetio (extinct) Carib Indian Venezuela, Suriname, French Guiana, Guyana, and Carib 10,000 in Venezuela, Suriname, French Guiana, Guyana, and Cariban language speakers Brazil Garifuna Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Garifuna 100,000 speakers in Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Belize Arawakian language speakers Inyeri Indian Inyeri (extinct) Island Carib Kalipuna (extinct) Shebayo Indian Shebayo (extinct) Taino Indian Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic and the Taino (original, and Spanish-Taino creole) No statistics available Arawakian language Bahamas speakers form of Taino utilizes and Taino vocabulary. Statistically, the probability of a child speaking one of these languages in New Jersey is very small. However, the Caribbean population may be contributing significantly to the Arawakian language speakers noted by the U.S. Census Bureau.

5 Data compiled from Native Languages (http://www.native-languages.org/guatemala.htm) and (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=gt) 9

MEXICO

Oaxaca has over 50 tongues, and Mexico overall has over 300 tongues (see Appendix List 2) spoken by over 6.25 million6 out of 115 million7 people in Mexico. The Uto-Aztecan language family includes the 27 or so Nahuatl languages, which has been captured as a language by the NJ DOE. It is spoken by 1.5 million people who are Nuhua. They primarily live in Central Mexico. The map from Ethnalogue.org displays where the major language families are being spoken in Mexico.

6 Data compiled from Ethnalaogue.org http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MX 7 Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx.html 10

CENTRAL AMERICA

As the data from the New York New Jersey Port Authority indicated, there are many Central Americans in New Jersey. There are over 60 groups of languages in Central America. The number of tongues is unknown.

8 9 Central American Countries Demographics LANGUAGE GROUPS OTHER THAN DISTRIBUTION

Belize 327,719 (July 2011 est.) Belize Kriol, Garifuna, Kekchí, Mayan Spanish 46%, Creole 32.9%, Mayan dialects 48.7%, Creole 24.9%, Maya 10.6%, 8.9%, English 3.9% (official), Garifuna 3.4% Garifuna 6.1%, other 9.7% (2000 (Carib), German 3.3%, other 1.4%, unknown census) 0.2% (2000 census)

Costa Rica 4,636,348 (July 2011 est.)white Boruca, Bribri, Cabécar, Limón Creole Not available (including mestizo) 94%, black 3%, English, Maléku Jaíka, Ngäbere, Teribe Amerindian 1%, Chinese 1%, other 1%

El Salvador 6,090,646 (July 2011 est.) mestizo Kekchí, Lenca, Pipil Spanish (official), Nahua (among some 90%, white 9%, Amerindian 1% Amerindians)

Guatemala 14,099,032 (July 2011 est.)Mestizo Achi', Akateko, Awakateko, Chicomuceltec, Spanish (official) 60%, Amerindian (mixed Amerindian-Spanish - in Ch'orti' Chuj Garifuna, , Itza', Ixil, Jakalteko , languages 40% local Spanish called Ladino) and Kaqchikel Kaqchikel-’iche’ Mixed note:there are 23 officially recognized European 59.4%, K'iche 9.1%, Language, K'iche',Mam, Maya,Poqomam Amerindian languages, including Quiche, Kaqchikel 8.4%, Mam 7.9%, Q'eqchi Poqomchi',Q'anjob'al ,Q'eqchi', Cakchiquel, Kekchi, Mam, Garifuna, and 6.3%, other Mayan 8.6%, Sakapulteko,Sipakapense, Xinca indigenous non-Mayan 0.2%, other Tacanec,Tektiteko, Tz'utujil ,Uspanteko, 0.1% (2001 census) Zinka (according to some sources, this language is extinct)

8 Central Intelligence Agency. The World Fact Book. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bh.html 9 Central Intelligence Agency. The World Fact Book. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bh.html 11

10 11 Central American Countries Demographics LANGUAGE GROUPS OTHER THAN SPANISH LANGUAGE DISTRIBUTION

Honduras 8,296,693 (July 2012 est.) mestizo Ch'orti', Garifuna, Lenca Mískito, Pech, Not available (mixed Amerindian and European) Sumo,Tawahka, Tol 90%, Amerindian 7%, black 2%, white 1%

Nicaragua 5,727,707 (July 2011 est.) mestizo Garifuna, Mískito, Rama, Sumo-Mayangna Spanish (official) 97.5%, Miskito 1.7%, other (mixed Amerindian and white) 69%, 0.8% (1995 census) white 17%, black 9%, Amerindian note: English and indigenous languages 5% found on the Atlantic coast

Panama 3,510,045 (July 2011 est.) mestizo Buglere, Emberá, Emberá-Catío, Epena, Spanish (official), English 14% (mixed Amerindian and white) 70%, Kuna, Ngäbere, Panamanian Creole, Teribe, Amerindian and mixed (West Woun, Meu note: many Panamanians are bilingual Indian) 14%, white 10%, Amerindian 6%

10 Central Intelligence Agency. The World Fact Book. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bh.html 11 Central Intelligence Agency. The World Fact Book. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bh.html 12

SOUTH AMERICA

The bulk of the Latin American population derive from South America. There are over 30 language families and over 1,000 tongues.

12 13 14 South American Demographics INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES LANGUAGE DISTRIBUTION Countries

Argentina 42,192,494 (July 2011 est.) Abipon; Aymara, Central; Chiripá; Chorote; Guaraní, Mbya; Guaraní, Not available Western Argentine; Kaiwá; Mapudungun; Mocoví; Nivaclé; Ona; Pilagá; white (mostly Spanish and Puelche; Quechua, South Bolivian; Quichua, Santiago del Estero; Italian) 97%, mestizo (mixed Tapieté; Tehuelche; Toba; Vilela; Wichí white and Amerindian ancestry), Amerindian, or other non-white groups 3%

Bolivia 10,290,003 (July 2011 est.) Araona; Aymara, Central; Ayoreo; Baure; Callawalla; Cavineña; Spanish (official) 60.7%, Quechua Chácobo; Chipaya; Chiquitano; Chorote, Iyo'wujwa; Ese Ejja; Guaraní, (official) 21.2%, Aymara (official) Quechua 30%, mestizo Eastern Bolivian; Guaraní, Western Bolivan; Guarayu; Ignaciano; 14.6%, foreign languages 2.4%, (mixed white and Amerindian Itonama; Leco; Movima; Pacahuara; Quechua, North Bolivian; other 1.2% (2001 census) ancestry) 30%, Aymara 25%, Quechua, South Bolivian; Reyesano; Sirionó; Tacana; Tapieté; Toba; white 15% Toromono; Trinitario; Tsimané; Uru; Wichí Lhamtés Nocten; Yaminahua; Yuqui; Yuracare

12 Central Intelligence Agency. The World Fact Book. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bh.html 13 Indiana University Blooming Library http://www.libraries.iub.edu/index.php?pageId=7090 14 Central Intelligence Agency. The World Fact Book. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bh.html 13

15 16 South American Demographics INDIGENOUSLANGUAGES LANGUAGE Countries DISTRIBUTION17

Brazil 205,716,890 Acroá, Agavotaguerra, Aikanã, , Amanayé, Amundava, Anambé, Apalaí, Apiaká, Apinayé, Not available (July 2012 est.) Apurinã, Arapaso, Arára, , Arára, Pará, Araweté, Arikapú, Arikem, Aruá, Arutani, Ashéninka, Ucayali-Yurúa, Asurini of Xingu, Asurini, , Atorada, Aurá, Avá-Canoeiro, Awetí, Bakairí, Baniwa, Borôro, , Cafundo Creole, Caló, Canela, Carib, Cashinahua, white 53.7%, Chiripá, Cinta Larga, Cocama-Cocamilla, Cubeo, Curripaco, Dâw, Dení, Desano, Dutch, Enawené- mulatto (mixed Nawé, Gavião do Jiparaná, Gavião, Pará, Guajá, Guajajára, Guana, Guanano, Guaraní, Mbyá, white and black) Guarequena, Guató, Himarimã, Hixkaryána, , Hupdë, Iapama, Iatê, , Ingarikó, Irántxe, 38.5%, black Jabutí, Jamamadí, Júma, Jurúna, Kaapor, Kaapor Sign Language, Kabixí, Kadiwéu, Kaimbé, , 6.2%, other Kaingáng, São Paulo, Kaiwá, Kamakan, Kamayurá, Kamba, Kambiwá, Kanamarí, Kanoé, Kapinawá, (includes Karahawyana, Karajá, Karapanã, Karipúna, Karipuna, Karipúna Creole French, Karirí-Xocó, Karitiâna, Japanese, Arab, Karo, Katawixi, Katukína, Katukína, Panoan, Kaxararí, Kaxuiâna, Kayabí, Kayapó, Kepkiriwát, Korubo, Amerindian) Krahô, Krenak, Kreye, Krinkati-, Kuikúro-Kalapálo, Kulina, Kulina Pano, Kuruáya, Kwaza, 0.9%, Lakondê, Latundê, Machinere, Macuna, , Makuráp, Mamaindé, Mandahuaca, Mapidian, unspecified Maquiritari, Maritsauá, Marúbo, Matipuhy, Matís, Matsés, Maxakalí, Mehináku, Miraña, Miriti, 0.7% (2000 Mondé, Morerebi, Mundurukú, Nadëb, Nambikuára, Southern, Nhengatu, Ninam, Nukuini, Ofayé, census) Omagua, Oro Win, Oti, Otuke, Pakaásnovos, Palikúr, Panará, Pankararé, Pankararú, Papavô, Parakanã, Paranawát, Parecís, Pataxó Hã-Ha-Hãe, Paumarí, Pemon, Pirahã, Piratapuyo, Plautdietsch, Pokangá, Portuguese, Potiguára, Poyanáwa, Puri, Puruborá, Rikbaktsa, Sabanês, Sakirabiá, Salumá, Sanumá, Sateré-Mawé, Sharanahua, Shenenawa, , Siriano, Suruahá, Suruí, Suruí do Pará, , Talian, Tapeba, Tapirapé, Tariana, Tawandê, Tembé, Tenharim, Terêna, , Tingui-Boto, Torá, Tremembé, Trió, Truká, Trumai, Tucano, Tukumanféd, Tuparí, Tupí, Tupinambá, Tupinikin, Turiwára, Tuxá, Tuxináwa, Tuyuca, Uamué, Umotína, Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau, Urumi, Uru-Pa-In, Waimaha, Waimiri- Atroarí, Waiwai, Wajiara, Wakoná, , Wasu, Waurá, Wayampi, Wayana, Wayoró, Wiraféd, Xakriabá, Xavánte, Xerénte, Xetá, Xipaya, Xipináwa, Xiriâna, Xokleng, Xukurú, Yabaâna, Yalakalore, Yaminahua, Yanomámi, Yanomamö, Yawalapití, Yawanawa, Yuhup, Zo’é18

15 Central Intelligence Agency. The World Fact Book. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bh.html 16 Indiana University Blooming Library http://www.libraries.iub.edu/index.php?pageId=7090 17 Central Intelligence Agency. The World Fact Book. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bh.html 18 http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=br 14

19 20 21 South American Demographics INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES LANGUAGE DISTRIBUTION Countries

Chile 17,067,369 (July 2011 est.) Aymara, Central; Huilliche; Mapundungun; Qawasqar; Quechua, Not available Chilean; Rapa Nui; Yámana white and white-Amerindian 95.4%, Mapuche 4%, other indigenous groups 0.6% (2002 census)

Ecuador 15,223,680 (July 2011 est.) Achuar-Shiwiar; Awa-Cuaiquer; Chachi; Cofán; Colorado; Epena; Media Not available Lengua; Quichua; Secoya; Shuar; Siona; Waorani; Záparo mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%, Spanish and others 7%, black 3%

Paraguay 6,541,591 (July 2011 est.) Aché; Ayoreo; Chamacoco; Chiripá; Chorote, Iyo'wujwa; Guana; Not available Guaraní, Eastern Bolivian; Guaraní, Mbyá; Lengua; Maca; Maskoy mestizo (mixed Spanish and Pidgin; Nivaclé; Pai Tavytera; Sanapaná; Tapieté; Toba; Toba-Maskoy Amerindian) 95%, other 5%

19 Central Intelligence Agency. The World Fact Book. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bh.html 20 Indiana University Blooming Library http://www.libraries.iub.edu/index.php?pageId=7090 21 Central Intelligence Agency. The World Fact Book. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bh.html 15

22 23 24 South American Demographics INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES LANGUAGE DISTRIBUTION Countries

Peru 29,549,517 (July 2011 est.) Achuar-Shiwiar; Aguaruna; Ajyínka Apurucayali; Amahuaca; Spanish (official) 84.1%, Quechua Amarakaeri; Arabela; Asháninka; Ashéninka, Pichis; Aymara; (official) 13%, Aymara 1.7%, Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Bora; Cahuarano; Candoshi-Shapra; Capanahua; Caquinte; Ashaninka 0.3%, other native Amerindian and white) 37%, white Cashibo-Cacataibo; Cashinahua; Chamicuro; Chayahuita; languages (includes a large 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and Cocama-Cocamilla; Culina; Ese Ejja; Huachipaeri; Huambisa; number of minor Amazonian other 3% Huitoto, Minica; Huitoto, Murui; Huitoto, Nüpode; Iñapari; languages) 0.7%, other 0.2% (2007 Iquito; Isconahua; Jaqaru; Jebero; Machiguenga; Mashco Piro; Census) Matsés; Muniche; Nanti; Nomatsiguenga; Ocaina; Omagua; Orejón; Pisabo; Quechua; Resígaro; Secoya; Sharanahua; Shipibo-Conibo; Taushiro; Ticuna; Urarina; Yagua; Yaminahua; Yanesha'; Yine; Yora

Suriname 560,157 (July 2011 est.) Akurio, Kalihna, Trióó, and Wayana from the Cariban family; Not available Arawak from the Arawakan family; and Warao, a language Hindustani (also known locally as 25 isolate "East Indians"; their ancestors emigrated from northern India in the latter part of the 19th century) 37%, Creole (mixed white and black) 31%, Javanese 15%, "Maroons" (their African ancestors were brought to the country in the 17th and 18th centuries as slaves and escaped to the interior) 10%, Amerindian 2%, Chinese 2%, white 1%, other 2%

22 Central Intelligence Agency. The World Fact Book. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bh.html 23 Indiana University Blooming Library http://www.libraries.iub.edu/index.php?pageId=7090 24 Central Intelligence Agency. The World Fact Book. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bh.html 25 Brigham Young University http://linguistics.byu.edu/classes/ling450ch/reports/Sranan1.html#3 16

26 27 28 South American Demographics INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES LANGUAGE DISTRIBUTION Countries

Trinidad and 1,226,383 (July 2011 est.) Not availble Not available Tobago Indian (South Asian) 40%, African 37.5%, mixed 20.5%, other 1.2%, unspecified 0.8% (2000 census)

Uruguay 3,316,328 (July 2011 est.) Not available Not available

white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian (practically nonexistent)

Venezuela 28,047,938 (July 2011 est.) Akwawio; Arawak; Arutani; Baniwa; Barí; Chaima; Cuiba; Not available Curripaco; Eñepa; Guahibo; Guarequena; Japrería; Maco; Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, Macushi; Mandahuaca; Mapoyo; Maquiritari; Nhengatu; Ninam; German, African, indigenous Pemon; Pémono; Piapoco; Piaroa; Puinave; Pumé; Sáliba; peopleSpanish, Italian, Portuguese, Sanumá; Sapé; Sikiana; Tunebo; Warao; Wayuu; Yabarana; Arab, German, African, indigenous Yanomamö; Yukpa; Yuwana people

26 Central Intelligence Agency. The World Fact Book. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bh.html 27 Indiana University Blooming Library http://www.libraries.iub.edu/index.php?pageId=7090 28 Central Intelligence Agency. The World Fact Book. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bh.html 17

GUATEMALA

NEWLABOR.ORG and LALDEF.ORG, Latin American support groups in New Jersey, stated that currently most of the Latinos in New Jersey are from Guatemala. These organizations on the Hispanic countries, not Brazil. While there has been no accurate accounting on the number of let alone other living in New Jersey, according to the 2010 U.S. Census, New Jersey is ranked fifth highest in number of Guatemalan residents, 48, 86929. Trenton-Ewing, NJ, is ranked the fourteenth highest population of Guatemalans in the nation.30 According to the U.S. Department of State, Guatemala has 24 indigenous language groups31. The map below shows the location of 27 language groups spoken throughout the country of Guatemala. However, some say there are 29 language groups. 40% of Guatemalans speak an indigenous language. 32

29 The Hispanic Population: 2010. U.S. Census Bureau. May 2011 http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-04.pdf 30 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalan_American 31 http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2045.htm 32 Central Intelligence Agency. The World Fact Book. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bh.html 18

In reality, Guatemala has over 40 indigenous tongues. Other Central American countries and Mexico have indigenous peoples who speak some of the indigenous tongues found in Guatemala.

TRIBES IN GUATEMALA33 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION(S) LANGUAGE , Number of speakers in Guatemala bullet point denotes individual language, slash denotes alternative names. parenthesis denotes dialects of an individual language Acatec Indians San Miguel Acatán. Also in Mexico Akateko/Akatek/Acatec/Acateco/Acateca/Aquatec/ Mayan language speakers Acatan Maya/Western Kanjobal/Western Q'anjob'al/Conob 40,000 speakers in Guatemala and Mexico Achi Indians : Central area west of , Achi/Achi’ group Mayan language speakers Rabinal : Central Rabinal area, Baja Verapaz Department  Cubulco 48,300  Rabinal 37,300 Aguacateco Indians Western Department Aguacateco / Awakateko 18,000 Mayan language speakers Cakchiquel Maya Indians Akatenango Southwestern : Municipality of Akatenango Kaqchikel/ Kaqchiquel/Cakchiquel group Speaks Mayan and Mixed Central: Southern Guatemala,  Akatenango Southwestern/ Acatenango languages Eastern: Northwest of and near Guatemala City, San Juan Southwestern Cakchique 5,000 Sacatepéquez  Central 132,000 Northern : Central highlands, northeastern Chimaltenango  Eastern 100,000 Department, San Martín Jilotepeque Municipality in rural areas  Northern 24,000 and towns of San Martín and Santa Ana Chimaltenango  Santa María de Jesús/ Kach’ab’al, Santa Santa María de Jesús : Southeast of Antigua, Sacatepéquez María de Jesús Cakchiquel 18,000 Department, Santa María de Jesus Municipality speakers in Guatemala Santo Domingo Xenacoj : West of Guatemala City on the Pan  Santo Domingo Xenacoj/ Santo Domingo American highway Xenacoj Cakchiquel, Xenacoj 5,200 South Central : West of Guatemala City on Pan American Highway.  South Central 43,000 Southern: South of Antigua  Southern 43,000 Western : North and east shores of Lake Atitlán, Sololá Department  Western 77,000 Yepocapa Southwestern : Yepocapa Municipality  Yepocapa Southwestern/ Yepocapa Kaqchikel-K’iche’ Mix : Santiago, Sacatepéquez, Santa María Southwestern Cakchiquel 8,000 Cauque village  Kaqchikel-K’iche’ / Cauque Mixed Language 2,000

33 Data compiled from Native Languages (http://www.native-languages.org/guatemala.htm) and Ethnologue (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=gt) 19

TRIBES IN GUATEMALA34 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION(S) LANGUAGE , Number of speakers in Guatemala bullet point denotes individual language, slash denotes alternative names. parenthesis denotes dialects of an individual language Chicomuceltec Indians Chicomecelteca/Cakchiquel Mam Mayan language speakers Cholti Indians Choltí Mayan language speakers extinct Chorti Indians Eastern border with Honduras. Also spoken in Honduras. Ch'orti' /Chorti/Chortí Mayan language speakers 30,000 speakers in Guatemala and Honduras Chuj Indians Ixtatán : Western . Also in Chuj/ Chuh/Chuhe/Chuj de San Mateo Ixtatán/Chuje Mayan language speakers Mexico. group San Sebastián Coatán : Central western Coatán River area,  Ixtatán 22,100 west Huehuetenango Department  San Sebastián Coatán 19,500 Garifuna Indians 2 villages on the northeast coast: Livingston and Puerto Garifuna Arawakian language speakers Barrios. Also in Honduras, Nicaragua and Belize.  16,700 in Guatemala  100,000 speakers in Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Belize Itza' Maya Indians North central, north of Lake Petén Itzá in San José Petén Itzaj/Itza Maya/Maya 1,800 Jacalteco Indians Eastern : Huehuetenango Department near Mexico border, Jacalteco/ Jacaltec group - Mayan Family Concepción Huista area  Eastern 11,000 Western : Huehuetenango Department, around  Western/ Popti 77,700 Jakaltenango. Also in Mexico. Ixil Indians Chajul speakers : Municipality of Chajul, Quiché Department group Nebaj speakers: Nebaj area, Quiché Department  Chajul (Llom) 18,000 speakers: Municipality of Cotzal, Quiché  Nebaj 35,000 Department  San Juan Cotzal 16,000

34 Data compiled from Native Languages (http://www.native-languages.org/guatemala.htm) and Ethnologue (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=gt) 20

TRIBES IN GUATEMALA35 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION(S) LANGUAGE , Number of speakers in Guatemala bullet point denotes individual language, slash denotes alternative names. parenthesis denotes dialects of an individual language Kanjobal Indians Not specified Q'anjob'al/Kanjobal 80,000 Mayan language speakers K’iche' Indians The large majority of K'iche' people live in the highlands of K’iche’/ Quiché language group Mayan language speakers Guatemala, notably in the departments of El Quiché,  Central/ Cachabel/Chiquel 1,900,000 Totonicapán and . With more than half the  Cunén/ Chuil /Cunén/Cunenteco/Northern 9,000 K'iche' population are in El Quiché.  Eastern/ Chichicastenango Eastern/ East  Central speakers : Central highlands, Totonicapán, Central/Eastern 100,000 southern El Quiché, eastern Sololá, eastern Quezaltenango  Joyabaj/ Joyabaj 54,300 departments  San Andrés/ San Andrés Sajcabajá 19,700  Cunén speakers : Quiché Department.  West Central/ Cantel/Southwestern (Coastal K’iche’,  Eastern speakers : Chichicastenango and Chiché Western K’iche’) 250,000 Municipalities  Joyabaj speakers : Quiché Department, Joyabaj Municipality  San Andrés speakers : Quiché Department, San Andrés Sajcabajá Municipality  West Central speakers : Southwest of Lake Atitlán, Quezaltenango, and Totonicapán departments Mam Indians The Mam are modern day Mayan Indians who live in group 500,000 speakers in Guatemala and Mayan language speakers southwestern Guatemala and parts of southern Mexico. Mexico  Central : San Marcos  Central Mam/ Mam/ Mam  Northern : Western Huehuetenango Department and San Marquense/Mam Occidental/San Marcos Comitancillas Marcos Department Mam/Western Mam ( Mam , Comitancillo)  Southern : Quetzaltenango Department, Retalhuleu 100,00 Department , Western Ostuncalco area (San Juan  Northern/ Huehuetenango Mam 200,000 Ostuncalco, San Martín Sacatepéquez, and other towns)  Southern/ Mam Quetzalteco/Ostuncalco Mam, Tajumulco : , Tajumulco and Quetzaltenango Mam/ Mam San towns Martín Sacatepéquez Mam (San Martín Chile Verde  Todos Santos Cuchumatán : Huehuetenango Department, Mam) 125,000 town of Todos Santos Cuchumatán. Also in Mexico.  Tajumulco Comitancillo dialect of Central Mam) 35,000  Todos Santos Cuchumatán [mvj] 50,000

35 Data compiled from Native Languages (http://www.native-languages.org/guatemala.htm) and Ethnologue (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=gt) 21

TRIBES IN GUATEMALA36 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION(S) LANGUAGE , Number of speakers in Guatemala bullet point denotes individual language, slash denotes alternative names. parenthesis denotes dialects of an individual language Mopan Indians Petén Department of Guatemala and southern Belize. San Mopán/Mopan Maya/Maya/ Maya Mopán, Mopane Mayan language speakers Antonio continues to be the largest settlement of Mopan in 2,600 in Guatemala Belize today.37 8,000 speakers in Guatemala and Belize Poqomam Indians Poqomam, Central 9 km northwest of Guatemala City,  Poqomam, Central 8,600 Mayan language speakers Chinautla. Also in El Salvador  Poqomam, Eastern 12,500  Poqomam, Southern 27,900 Poqomam, Eastern Eastern Guatemala, , .

Poqomam, Southern 20 kilometers south of Guatemala City. Poqomchi’ Indians Poqomchi’, Eastern 42,200  Poqomchi’, Eastern/ Eastern Pokomchí/Pocomchí/ Mayan language speakers Poconchí,/Pokonchí/Tactic Pokomchí 42,200 Poqomchi’, Western Alta Verapaz Department, around San  Poqomchi’, Western/ Pocomchí/Pokomchí/Poqomchi’ Cristobal Western/Western Pocomchí. ( Poqomchi’) 50,000 Q’anjob’al, Eastern Indians Q’anjob’al, Eastern : Huehuetenango Department, Santa Q’anjob’al, Eastern / Conob, Eastern Kanjobal/Kanhobal/ Mayan language speakers Eulalia. Also in United States. Qanjobal/Santa Eulalia Kanjobal 77,700 Q’eqchi’ Indians Q’eqchi’ Northern Alta Verapaz, southern Petén Q’eqchi’/ Cacche’/Kekchí/Kekchi’/Ketchi’/Quecchi’ departments in Guatemala. Also in Belize, El Salvador ( Cobán, Alta Verapaz) 400,000 Sakapultec Indians Quiché Department, municipality; some in Sakapulteko/:Sacapulas K’iche’/ Sacapulteco 15,000 Mayan language speakers Guatemala City Sipakapense India San Marcos Department Sipakapense/ Sipacapa Quiché,/Sipacapense/ Sipacapeño Mayan language speakers 8,000.

36 Data compiled from Native Languages (http://www.native-languages.org/guatemala.htm) and Ethnologue (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=gt) 37 http://www.nativeplanet.org/indigenous/maya/mayahistory.htm 22

TRIBES IN GUATEMALA38 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION(S) LANGUAGE , Number of speakers in Guatemala bullet point denotes individual language, slash denotes alternative names. parenthesis denotes dialects of an individual language Tacanec Indians Western San Marcos Department; rural areas west of the Tacanec/ Mamé, Tacaná Mam/Tiló/Western Mam 20,000 Mayan language speakers town of Tacaná, western Guatemala border, and in and Tectitán. Also in Mexico. Tekitek Indians Area of Tectitán, . Also in Mexico. Tektiteko/ Maya-Tekiteko/Teco/Tectitán Mam/Tectitec, Mayan language speakers Tectiteco/“Teko” 4,900 Tzutujil Indians Eastern : Southern shore of Lake Atitlán, Sololá Department. Tz’utujil Mayan language speakers  Eastern/ Santiago Atitlán Tzutujil/Tzutuhi/ Tzutujil Western: Southern Sololá area, southwestern shore of Lake Oriental 50,000 Atitlán  Western 33,800

Because there seems to be more Guatemalans than any other Latino group that possess indigenous languages, the Guatemalan population may be contributing to the majority of the phenomenon of “Little to No Language” in New Jersey. Many of the indigenous Guatemalans in New Jersey do not speak Spanish.

While Guatemalans are spread out across Metro New York, they have settled in distinct ethnic communities based on where they came from in Guatemala. "New Jersey’s Guatemalans are mainly Amerindians from rural areas in the north and west of Guatemala. Brooklyn, Queens, Connecticut and Westchester have more Mestizo people from the cities and suburbs in the south and east," explained Rosita, president of a Guatemalan cultural association. Mestizo Guatemalans in Brooklyn and Queens typically blend in with other Central Americans, while the Amerindians in New Jersey, many of whom do not speak Spanish, are more isolated.39

In Palisades Park, NJ, many Guatemalans speak an indigenous language, not Spanish.

Many speak an Indian dialect and rudimentary Spanish. Few can read or write, having left school at age 8 or 9, when most of Guatemala's indigenous population begin a life of hard labor, tilling the land.40

38 Data compiled from Native Languages (http://www.native-languages.org/guatemala.htm) and Ethnologue (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=gt) 39 http://www.bcnychurchplanting.org/uploaded_files/Guatemalan%20Profile.pdf 40 http://www.theauthenticvoice.org/TaleofTwoCultures_Part3.html 23

The lack of language awareness in New Jersey’s educational system reflects that of the entire state. As an example, the medical industry in many states has been developing and augmenting language interpretation services and cultural awareness training over the years. Help wanted advertisements indicate the need for Mam and Kanjobal, Mayan languages indigenous to Guatemala.

…I' currently training Guatemalan-Mayan speakers (Kiche, Kanjobal, Mam) in medical interpreting. I designed the program in both Spanish and English medical terminology specifically for them. They work in groups to formulate the most appropriate terminology in their respective languages. Part 1 of the program is an online program, so I supplement the lessons with conference calls, and discussion forums. Part 2 is a 2-day onsite workshop on medical interpreting principles (standards, ethics, roles, and hands-on skills training and testing). The program was intended to be 40 hours long but we are going to spend more a lot more than 40 hours by the time we're done with Part 2. One of the greatest benefits of the online training is that it is bringing this group of talented and enthusiastic people who are dispersed throughout the US to get to know each other and work together through the Internet. The program is also helping them relearn their own languages, and even do some research on their own terminology….41

However, the evaluation of New Jersey’s medical facilities showed that there is practically no language translation and interpretation services and cultural awareness.

Most NJ hospitals have no interpreter services department, 80% provide no staff training on working with interpreters, 31% lack multilingual signs, and 19% offer no written translation services. Only 3% of hospitals have full-time interpreters, a ratio of 1 interpreter:240,748 LEP NJ residents. Most hospitals stated third-party reimbursement for interpreters would be beneficial, by reducing costs, adding interpreters, meeting population growth, and improving communication. 42

41 Marlene V. Obermeyer, MA, RN, Director, Cultural Advantage http://www.diversityrx.org/blog/qa/mexican-indigenous-languages 42 Flores G, Torres S, Holmes LJ, Salas-Lopez D, Youdelman MK, Tomany-Korman SC “Access to hospital interpreter services for limited English proficient patients in New Jersey: a statewide evaluation.” Journal Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 2008 May;19(2):391-415 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18469412

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Recommendation

When schools identify children with “Little to No Language”, school assessments should first identify whether or not the child could be speaking one of the multitude of indigenous languages. Because of the sheer number of languages in Latin America, New Jersey should review all the indigenous languages throughout the Americas.

There are interpreting services that have access to people who speak indigenous languages. Interestingly, there are websites of missionary organizations that have audio recordings of indigenous languages. Perhaps these sites can be leveraged to see if children react to the recordings, but please bear in mind these are all religious recordings of Christian stories and Bible excerpts. Their reactions could vary between positive and negative.

Ex.

Global Recordings Network’s slogan is “Telling the story of Jesus in every language” http://globalrecordings.net/en/ The Joshua Project http://www.joshuaproject.net/languages.php?rol3=zpz

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Appendix

Table 1

26

Table 2 U.S. Census Bureau Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over for New Jersey: 2006-2008

Margin of Spoke English less than Margin of 1 1 Number of speakers Error "Very Well" Error

.Population 5 years and over 8,100,620 408 948,688 11,137

.Other and unspecified languages 3,048 743 1,122 429

..Finnish 538 311 (B) --

..Estonian 535 225 117 96

..Caucasian 1,248 467 632 292

..Syriac 344 244 177 174 ..Mayan languages 269 329 196 229

..Arawakian 41 68 (B) --

..Uncodable 73 54 (B) --

Data are based on a sample and are to sampling variability. The degree of uncertainty for an estimate arising from sampling variability is represented through the use of a margin of error. The value shown here is the 90 percent margin of error. The margin of error can be interpreted roughly as providing a 90 percent probability that the interval defined by the estimate minus the margin of error and the estimate plus the margin of error (the lower and upper confidence bounds) contains the true value. In addition to sampling variability, the ACS estimates are subject to nonsampling error (for a discussion of nonsampling variability, see Accuracy of the Data). The effect of nonsampling error is not represented in these tables.

http://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/

27

New York and New Jersey Airport Passenger Traffic by Market Group and by Year

Data from New York and New Jersey Port Authority

Table 3

Year Domestic Puerto Rico Canada Bermuda Mexico Latin Transatlantic Transpacific Total and Caribbean America 1998 11,827,827 1,386,740 175,903 2,382,744 378,601 1,733,559 11,704,201 1,469,520 31,059,095 1999 12,051,043 1,452,804 167,360 2,669,806 419,918 1,434,742 12,011,032 1,501,726 31,708,431 2000 12,727,995 1,431,885 167,411 2,708,292 438,079 1,378,514 12,388,578 1,587,110 32,827,864 2001 12,223,461 1,100,068 169,857 2,602,377 371,549 1,209,736 10,155,565 1,480,154 29,312,767 2002 13,609,127 993,751 133,172 2,608,719 434,347 1,126,384 9,430,305 1,603,407 29,939,212 2003 15,145,675 1,291,183 115,142 2,775,938 438,529 1,142,993 9,293,648 1,533,383 31,736,491 2004 18,537,406 1,551,016 156,538 3,044,875 480,985 1,352,007 10,622,734 1,829,896 37,575,457 2005 20,367,497 1,724,057 212,745 3,126,841 490,462 1,474,630 11,509,756 1,985,977 40,891,965 2006 21,354,376 1,649,123 321,403 3,160,943 581,651 1,567,191 12,016,416 1,977,779 42,628,882 2007 24,666,381 1,507,310 295,293 3,472,314 795,675 1,719,556 13,167,346 2,093,941 47,717,816 2008 23,823,575 1,380,493 453,484 3,650,590 890,555 1,696,021 13,761,056 2,147,342 47,803,116 2009 22,793,400 1,227,833 363,393 3,828,019 757,431 1,758,428 13,046,234 2,103,204 45,877,942 2010 22,105,914 1,298,363 354,898 4,105,998 768,778 2,000,877 13,534,550 2,344,776 46,514,154 2011 22,487,467 1,275,579 401,042 4,093,838 683,617 2,166,435 14,078,304 2,497,247 47,683,529 JFK International Airport – Passengers Traffic by Market Group (Arrivals and Departures)

Table 4

Year Domestic Puerto Rico Canada Bermuda Mexico Latin Transatlantic Transpacific Total and Caribbean America 1998 25,248,909 607,898 685,200 529,551 348,693 469,355 4,518,340 167,928 32,575,874 1999 25,243,147 669,422 687,053 545,081 411,947 626,900 5,124,745 314,391 33,622,686 2000 25,020,657 767,836 906,028 607,095 411,782 643,674 5,538,997 292,632 34,188,701 2001 22,791,446 691,631 944,161 700,676 389,292 585,733 4,663,542 333,841 31,100,322 2002 21,148,358 699,451 806,382 747,662 397,219 488,012 4,598,621 335,070 29,220,775 2003 21,043,705 738,176 827,594 846,422 398,655 480,792 4,830,348 284,822 29,450,514 2004 22,224,861 810,394 988,004 995,348 430,669 504,577 5,548,387 391,132 31,893,372 2005 22,944,821 768,647 885,954 997,402 451,567 527,249 5,968,564 535,040 33,079,244 2006 24,682,819 922,642 919,852 1,080,410 434,827 575,201 6,360,770 658,187 35,634,708 2007 24,870,701 743,409 925,443 1,106,580 476,115 572,452 7,009,009 663,501 36,367,210 2008 23,625,236 596,956 1,064,244 1,111,975 511,461 577,747 7,236,619 636,498 35,360,736 2009 22,041,074 501,601 1,225,403 1,098,468 479,071 622,518 6,681,810 710,178 33,360,123 2010 21,295,398 421,488 1,419,746 1,163,250 523,058 620,403 6,911,125 839,722 33,194,190 2011 21,894,734 294,978 1,496,798 1,126,381 460,342 626,350 7,027,241 774,207 33,701,031 Newark Liberty International Airport – Passenger Traffic by Market Group (Arrivals and Departures)

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Table 5

Year Domestic Puerto Rico Canada Bermuda Mexico Latin Transatlantic Transpacific Total and Caribbean America 1998 21,570,795 - 1,161,343 79,797 - - - - 22,811,935 1999 22,592,060 - 1,229,098 105,765 - - - - 23,926,923 2000 24,013,839 - 1,212,662 133,533 - - - - 25,360,034 2001 21,375,263 - 965,454 179,157 - - - - 22,519,874 2002 20,869,575 - 940,971 176,133 - - - - 21,986,679 2003 21,435,178 68 845,935 201,589 - - - - 22,482,770 2004 23,191,610 - 1,059,906 201,687 - - - - 24,453,203 2005 24,418,231 - 1,269,264 201,865 - - - - 25,889,360 2006 24,496,982 - 1,186,312 127,309 - - - - 25,810,603 2007 23,799,365 - 1,115,548 111,354 - - - - 25,026,267 2008 21,941,392 - 1,058,076 73,588 - - - - 23,073,056 2009 21,143,013 - 977,324 32,899 - - - - 22,153,236 2010 22,950,115 - 1,000,291 32,676 - - - - 23,983,082 Laguardia Airport – Passenger Traffic by Market Group (Arrivals and Departures)

Transatlantic covers Europe, the Middle East and Africa, including India and Pakistan Transpacific includes Pacific Rim counties, including China, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, "Indo-China", "Far East". Latin America includes Central & South America less Mexico and the Caribbean and Bermuda markets. "Domestic" includes Air Taxi, Business & Private, and Government. Helicopters are excluded.

29

List 1 – languages listed with NJ DOE (New Jersey Department of Education – rc11 database, Language table, LANGNAME field)

Abkhazian Chinese German Achinese Chinook jargon Germanic languages Adygei Chuukese Greek-Ancient (to 1453) Afar Cree Greek-Modern (1454-) Afrikaans Creole/pidgin Guarani Akan Creole/pidgin, English Gujarati Albanian Creole/pidgin, French Haitian Amharic Creole/pidgin, Portuguese Hausa Croatian Hebrew Armenian Czech Hiligaynon Azerbaijani Danish Hindi Baluchi Dinka Hungarian Bambara Dutch Icelandic Bamileke languages Dutch-Middle (1050-1350) Ido Basa Efik Igbo Bashkir Egyptian (Ancient) Indo-European languages Belarusian English Indonesian Bemba English-Middle (1100-1500) Iranian languages Bengali English-Old(450-1100) Italian Berber languages Estonian Japanese Bislama Fang Kannada Bosnian Faroese Karachay-Balkar Bulgarian Filipino Karen languages Burmese Finnish Khotanese Catalan French Konkani Cebuano Fulah Korean Central American Indian Ga Kurdish Central Khmer Galician Lao Chamorro Ganda Lingala Chechen Georgian Lithuanian

30

Luba-Lulua Pashto Swedish Luo (Kenya and Tanzania) Percent of LEP Tagalog Macedonian Persian Tai languages Malagasy Philippine languages Tamil Malay Polish Telugu Malayalam Portuguese Thai Maltese Quechua Tibetan Mandar Rajasthani Tigrinya Mandingo Romanian Tiv Maori Romany Tonga (Tonga Islands) Marathi Rundi Turkish Mongolian Russian Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928) Mon-Khmer languages Sango Twi Mossi Serbian Ukranian Multiple languages Sicilian Uncoded languages Nahuatl languages Sign Languages Undetermined Ndonga Sindhi Urdu Nepali Sinhala Uzbek Niger-Kordofanian languages Sino-Tibetan languages Vietnamese North American Indian Slavic languages Waray languages Slovak Wolof Norwegian Slovenian Yoruba Nyanja Somali Zapotec Nynorsk, Norwegian Soninke Zhuang Oriya Southern Sami Zulu Other Spanish Pampanga Sundanese Panjabi Swahili

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List 2 – Number of speakers of languages (other Chinantec, Usila : 9,000 Lacandon : 1,000 than Spanish) in Mexico 43 Chinantec, Valle Nacional : 1,500 Mam, Todos Santos : 10,000 Chocholtec : 770 Matlatzinca, Atzingo : 75 Afro-Seminole Creole : 200 Chol, Tila : 43,900 Matlatzinca, San Francisco : Not available Amuzgo, Guerrero : 23,000 Chol, Tumbalá : 90,000 Maya, Yucatán : 700,000 Amuzgo, Ipalapa : 940 Chontal, Highland Oaxaca : 3,600 Mayo : 40,000 Amuzgo, San Pedro Amuzgos : 4,000 Chontal, Lowland Oaxaca : 950 Mazahua, Central : 350,000 Chatino, Eastern Highland : 2,000 Chontal, : 38,000 Mazatec, Ayautla : 3,700 Chatino, Nopala : 11,000 Chuj, Ixtatán : 9,500 Mazatec, Chiquihuitlán : 2,500 Chatino, Tataltepec : 4,000 Cochimi : Extinct Mazatec, Huautla : 82,200 Chatino, Western Highland : 12,000 Cocopa : 200 Mazatec, Ixcatlán : 10,600 Chatino, Zacatepec : 1,000 Cora, El Nayar : 8,000 Mazatec, Jalapa de Díaz : 24,200 Chatino, Zenzontepec : 8,000 Cora, Santa Teresa : 7,000 Mazatec, Mazatlán : 12,900 Chiapanec : 17 Cuicatec, Tepeuxila : 8,500 Mazatec, San Jerónimo Tecóatl : 21,100 -Jonaz : 200 Cuicatec, Teutila : 3,690 Mazatec, Soyaltepec : 27,600 Chicomuceltec : No Huarijío : 2,840 Me’phaa, Acatepec : 54,000 Chinantec, Chiltepec : 1,000 Huastec, San Luís Potosí : 70,000 Me’phaa, Azoyú : 680 Chinantec, Comaltepec : 2,000 Huastec, Southeastern : 1,750 Me’phaa, Malinaltepec : 48,000 Chinantec, Lalana : 10,500 Huastec, : 50,000 Me’phaa, Tlacoapa : 18,000 Chinantec, Lealao : 2,000 Huave, San Dionisio del Mar : 4,940 : 87,000 Chinantec, Ojitlán : 22,000 Huave, San Francisco del Mar : 900 Mixe, Coatlán : 5,000 Chinantec, Ozumacín : 5,000 Huave, San Mateo del Mar : 12,000 Mixe, Isthmus : 20,000 Chinantec, Palantla : 25,000 Huave, Santa María del Mar : 500 Mixe, Juquila : 8,000 Chinantec, Quiotepec : 8,000 : 20,000 Mixe, Mazatlán : 19,200 Chinantec, Sochiapam : 5,800 Ixcatec : 120 Mixe, North Central : 13,000 Chinantec, Tepetotutla : 2,000 Jacaltec, Western : 10,300 Mixe, Quetzaltepec : 6,700 Chinantec, Tepinapa : 3,000 Kanjobal, Western : 10,100 Mixe, Tlahuitoltepec : 5,000 Chinantec, Tlacoatzintepec : 2,000 Kickapoo : 300 Mixe, Totontepec : 5,200

43 Data derived from Ethnalogue.com Kiliwa : 28 Mixtec, Alacatlatzala : 22,200 http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name= Kumiai : 220 Mixtec, Alcozauca : 10,000 MX 32

Mixtec, Amoltepec : 10,000 Mixtec, Santa María Zacatepec : 6,000 Nahuatl, Huaxcaleca : 7,000 Mixtec, Apasco-Apoala : 7,870 Mixtec, Silacayoapan : 18,700 Nahuatl, Isthmus-Cosoleacaque : 5,140 Mixtec, Atatláhuca : 8,300 Mixtec, Sindihui : 140 Nahuatl, Isthmus-Mecayapan : 20,000 Mixtec, Ayutla : 8,500 Mixtec, Sinicahua : 1,300 Nahuatl, Isthmus-Pajapan : 7,000 Mixtec, Cacaloxtepec : 850 Mixtec, Southeastern Nochixtlán : 7,000 Nahuatl, Michoacán : 3,000 Mixtec, Chayuco : 30,000 Mixtec, Southern : 1,330 Nahuatl, Morelos : 18,700 Mixtec, Chazumba : 2,480 Mixtec, Southwestern Tlaxiaco : 7,340 Nahuatl, Northern Oaxaca : 9,000 Mixtec, Chigmecatitlán : 1,600 Mixtec, Soyaltepec : 320 Nahuatl, Northern Puebla : 60,000 Mixtec, Coatzospan : 5,000 Mixtec, Tacahua : 580 Nahuatl, Ometepec : 430 Mixtec, Cuyamecalco : 2,600 Mixtec, Tamazola : 2,500 Nahuatl, Orizaba : 120,000 Mixtec, Diuxi-Tilantongo : 4,220 Mixtec, Tezoatlán : 6,200 Nahuatl, Santa María la Alta : 2,470 Mixtec, Huitepec : 4,000 Mixtec, Tidaá : 550 Nahuatl, Sierra Negra : 38,000 Mixtec, Itundujia : 1,080 Mixtec, Tijaltepec : 3,560 Nahuatl, Southeastern Puebla : 92,000 Mixtec, Ixtayutla : 5,500 Mixtec, Tlazoyaltepec : Not available Nahuatl, Tabasco : Extinct Mixtec, Jamiltepec : 10,000 Mixtec, Tututepec : 820 Nahuatl, Temascaltepec : 310 Mixtec, Juxtlahuaca : 16,000 Mixtec, Western Juxtlahuaca : 25,000 Nahuatl, Tetelcingo : 3,500 Mixtec, Magdalena Peñasco : 7,350 Mixtec, Yoloxóchitl : 2,540 Nahuatl, Tlamacazapa : 1,550 Mixtec, Metlatónoc : 46,600 Mixtec, Yosondúa : 5,000 Nahuatl, Western : 400,000 Mixtec, Mitlatongo : 1,800 Mixtec, Yucuañe : 520 Nahuatl, Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla : Mixtec, Mixtepec : 9,000 Mixtec, Yutanduchi : 1,800 17,100 Mixtec, Northern Tlaxiaco : 14,000 Mocho : 170 : 15 Mixtec, Northwest Oaxaca : 2,500 Nahuatl, Central : 40,000 , Eastern Highland : 49,300 Mixtec, Ocotepec : 6,500 Nahuatl, Central Huasteca : 200,000 Otomi, Estado de México : 10,000 Mixtec, Peñoles : 13,400 Nahuatl, Central Puebla : 16,000 Otomi, Ixtenco : 740 Mixtec, Pinotepa Nacional : 20,000 Nahuatl, Classical : Extinct Otomi, Mezquital : 100,000 Mixtec, San Juan Colorado : 13,500 Nahuatl, Coatepec : 1,400 Otomi, Querétaro : 33,000 Mixtec, San Juan Teita : 570 Nahuatl, : 1,300 Otomi, Temoaya : 37,000 Mixtec, San Miguel el Grande : 14,500 Nahuatl, Eastern Huasteca : 410,000 Otomi, Tenango : 10,000 Mixtec, San Miguel Piedras : 450 Nahuatl, Guerrero : 150,000 Otomi, Texcatepec : 12,000 Mixtec, Santa Lucía Monteverde : 4,000 Nahuatl, Highland Puebla : 125,000 Otomi, Tilapa : 400

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Paipai : 300 Tepehua, Tlachichilco : 3,000 Zapotec, Asunción Mixtepec : 100 Pame, Central : 4,350 Tepehuan, Northern : 6,200 Zapotec, Ayoquesco : 880 Pame, Northern : 5,620 Tepehuan, Southeastern : 10,600 Zapotec, Cajonos : 5,000 Pame, Southern : Extinct Tepehuan, Southwestern : 8,700 Zapotec, Chichicapan : 2,720 Pima Bajo : 1,000 Tojolabal : 36,000 Zapotec, Choapan : 12,000 Plautdietsch : 40,000 , Coyutla : 48,100 Zapotec, Coatecas Altas : 4,880 Popoloca, Coyotepec : 500 Totonac, Filomena Mata-Coahuitlán : 15,100 Zapotec, Coatlán : 500 Popoloca, Mezontla : 2,000 Totonac, Highland : 120,000 Zapotec, El Alto : 900 Popoloca, San Felipe Otlaltepec : 3,000 Totonac, Papantla : 80,000 Zapotec, Elotepec : 200 Popoloca, San Juan Atzingo : 5,000 Totonac, Tecpatlán : 540 Zapotec, Guevea de Humboldt : 4,720 Popoloca, San Luís Temalacayuca : 4,730 Totonac, Upper Necaxa : 3,400 Zapotec, Güilá : 9,500 Popoloca, San Marcos Tlalcoyalco : 5,000 Totonac, Ozumatlán : 1,800 Zapotec, Isthmus : 85,000 Popoloca, Santa Inés Ahuatempan : 4,000 Totonac, Xicotepec de Juárez : 3,000 Zapotec, Lachiguiri : 5,000 Popoluca, Highland : 30,000 Totonac, Yecuatla : 500 Zapotec, Lachixío : 6,500 Popoluca, Oluta : 100 Triqui, Chicahuaxtla : 6,000 Zapotec, Lapaguía-Guivini : 4,200 Popoluca, Sayula : 4,000 Triqui, Copala : 25,000 Zapotec, Loxicha : 75,000 Popoluca, Texistepec : 430 Triqui, San Martín Itunyoso : 2,000 Zapotec, Mazaltepec : 2,200 Purepecha : 40,000 Tubar : Extinct Zapotec, Miahuatlán : 1,000 Purepecha, Western Highland : 135,000 Tzeltal, Bachajón : 100,000 Zapotec, Mitla : 19,500 Seri : 900 Tzeltal, Oxchuc : 90,000 Zapotec, Mixtepec : 7,000 Tacanec : 1,200 Tzotzil, Chamula : 130,000 Zapotec, Ocotlán : 15,000 Tarahumara, Central : 55,000 Tzotzil, Chenalhó : 35,000 Zapotec, Ozolotepec : 6,500 Tarahumara, Northern : 300 Tzotzil, Huixtán : 20,000 Zapotec, Petapa : 8,000 Tarahumara, Southeastern : Not available Tzotzil, San Andrés Larrainzar : 50,000 Zapotec, Quiavicuzas : 4,000 Tarahumara, Southwestern : 100 Tzotzil, Venustiano Carranza : 4,230 Zapotec, Quioquitani-Quierí : 4,000 Tarahumara, Western : 39,800 Tzotzil, Zinacantán : 25,000 Zapotec, Rincón : 29,200 Tectitec : 1,000 Yaqui : 14,000 Zapotec, San Agustín Mixtepec : 59 Tepecano : Extinct Yucatec Maya Sign Language : 16 Zapotec, San Baltazar Loxicha : 1,500 Tepehua, Huehuetla : 3,000 Zapotec, Aloápam : 3,400 Zapotec, San Juan Guelavía : 28,000 Tepehua, Pisaflores : 4,000 Zapotec, Amatlán : 10,000 Zapotec, San Pedro Quiatoni : 14,800

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Zapotec, San Vicente Coatlán : 3,380 Zapotec, Tejalapan : 120 Zapotec, Yatzachi : 2,500 Zapotec, Albarradas : 1,000 Zapotec, Texmelucan : 4,100 Zapotec, Yautepec : 310 Zapotec, Santa Inés Yatzechi : 2,240 Zapotec, Tilquiapan : 7,000 Zapotec, Zaachila : 550 Zapotec, Santa María Quiegolani : 3,000 Zapotec, Tlacolulita : 140 Zapotec, Zaniza : 770 Zapotec, Santiago Xanica : 2,500 Zapotec, Totomachapan : 260 Zapotec, Zoogocho : 1,000 Zapotec, Santo Domingo Albarradas : 5,500 Zapotec, Xadani : 340 Zoque, Chimalapa : 4,500 Zapotec, Sierra de Juárez : 4,000 Zapotec, Xanaguía : 2,500 Zoque, Copainalá : 10,000 Zapotec, Southeastern Ixtlán : 6,000 Zapotec, Yalálag : 3,500 Zoque, Francisco León : 20,000 Zapotec, Southern Rincon : 12,000 Zapotec, Yareni : 2,900 Zoque, Rayón : 2,150 Zapotec, Tabaa : 2,000 Zapotec, Yatee : 5,000 Zoque, Tabasco : 40

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