A SEMI-ANNUAL PUBLICATION OF ALLIED LAND COMMAND MAGAZINE SPRING 2016 VOLUME 2, ISSUE 1
03 - 04 05 - 06 14 - 18 20 - 23 34 - 37 DCOM: CSM: ARRC: LANDCOM: LANDCOM: Continuous Adaptation: Roles and Responsibilities of Gender In Operations The Joint Military Land The Migration Crisis Defence and Deterrence the Non-Commissioned Officer Heavy Demonstration Beyond Syria And Iraq though strong land forces (NCO) and strong partnerships Tactical to Strategic Spanish and U.S. troops duing Exercise Sky Soldier 16
UKR Headquarters ROU RUS BGR GEO
GRC ARM Izmir Allied Land IRN
SYR Command IRQ
Table of Contents
7 Military Member Of The Year 8 The Communications And Information 30 Azerbaijan – NATO Cooperation In The Frame Systems In Trident Juncture 15 Of Partnership For Peace (PfP) Programme 12 Military Cooperation Within Landcom 32 Multinational Logistics: The Backstage 14 Gender In Operations - ARRC Professionals 20 The Joint Military Land Heavy 34 The Migration Crisis Beyond Syria And Iraq Demonstration 38 From the Exercises 24 Why Pink Is Not The Answer 40 Visits and Key Events 26 Psychological Profiling As A Soft Power Tool In Support Of Counterterrorism 28 The Military Salute
Spanish troops during exercise Sky Soldier16
The LANDPOWER Magazine is a bi-annual publication produced by Allied Land Command (LANDCOM) dedicated to the promotion of actions and ideas contributing to the improvement of the NATO Force Structure (NFS) efficiency and effectiveness. Most of the authors belong to the command but the views and opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the LANDCOM Commander, SACEUR, NATO or its member nations and none can be quoted as an official statement of those entities. An electronic version that includes additional links to in-depth articles, supplementary articles and an ability to provide online comments is available from the LANDCOM website (www.lc.nato.int). All articles are edited for content.
To contact The LANDPOWER Magazine staff and/or to submit an article to be The LANDPOWER Magazine TEAM AT LANDCOM HQ: published in the next issue of LandPower(Fall 2016– Deadline for submission: September 20, 2016), please use the following contacts: Lieutenant Colonel (USA) Vinston L. Porter Senior Editor E-mail: [email protected] Lieutenant Colonel (TUR) Fuzuli Özcan Asst Content Coordinator Postal: Public Affairs Office, Ms. Mavisu Kahya (TUR), Asst Content Coordinator General Vecihi Akin Garrison 35148 Izmir / TURKEY
Special thanks to the commitment of the staffs at both Allied Land Command and each of the Graduated Readiness Forces for their contributions to this edition.
2 LAND POWER Spanish and U.S. troops duing Exercise Sky Soldier 16 The Allied Land Command Continuous Adaptation: Defence And Deterrence Through Strong Land Forces And Strong Partnerships
L eutenant General Paolo Rugg ero Deputy Commander\Acting Commander
Arriving in January 2016, I feel which requires persistent engagement incredibly privileged to be the first to develop insight and understanding. Italian Deputy Commander at Allied This upstream engagement requires Land Command. It is a huge honour ready forces which are credible and to continue to serve within the NATO increasingly committed to deterrence land community and to be a champion and reassurance throughout Europe. and temporary custodian for this Allied headquarters. Before looking ahead to LANDCOM’s overall contribution the challenges of the coming year, I wish to NATO’s collective defence, cooperative to take a moment to reflect and publicly security and crisis management recognise my predecessor, Lieutenant remains unchanged. LANDCOM General Edward Davis, for his leadership provides expertise in support of Alliance and contribution to LANDCOM’s and partner Land Forces’ capability, development and reputation. Indeed, readiness, interoperability and at time of writing this article, I am standardisation, including evaluation. also covering as the acting Commander As Deputy Commander I will focus my at LANDCOM and pay tribute to the attention in the following four areas: dedication and sterling leadership of Lieutenant General John Nicholson, now promoted to 4-star • Facilitate the syncronisation and standardization of general and in post Commanding the Resolute Support Mission NATO Command and Force Structures and Host Nation forces in Afghanistan. The direction and current LANDCOM legacy doctrine, training and exerciser requirements and execution. is directly attributable to their joint contribution which has • Coordinate and advocate land force Assurance galvanized and unified the land community. As a young NATO Measures. headquarters, achieving full operational capability in December • Provide oversight and direction to the development of 2014, LANDCOM now undeniably provides the “connective NATO land forces capability to counter hybrid threats. tissue” for the land domain and offers our political masters a • Enhance the interoperability and capacity of Host credible and potent contribution to Allied collective defence. Nation land and security forces and synchronizing activity across NATO and Partner land forces. The strategic context for our land forces in 2016 remains There are also two more focus areas which I feel are unchanged; complex and dynamic. In an increasingly unstable important to my future activity as DCOM LANDCOM: era, adaptability remains essential to retain the agility needed • Improving LANDCOM strategic communications to proactively deter and contain threats emanating from our and key leadership engagement activity so that it is nested near abroad. Recent historical evidence shows that there is and optimized within strategic and operational goals and less definition and distinction between peace and war, and that requirements. the character of conflict has changed with the information age. • Building and harnessing the network of Deputies across Regrettably, over the last year, the shocking terrorist attacks in the NATO Command Structure to enhance synchronization of some of the major cities within NATO countries and in North joint efforts and improve cross staff coordination. Africa confirm that there is little delineation between ‘home and away’, the enemy is undistinguishable from the civilian Taking a holistic look at LANDCOM activities since the population with no respect for state boundaries. Critically the 2014 Wales Summit I can proudly state that we are, thanks battlefield has changed, decentralized and the threats we face primarily to the dedication and hard work of the staff, a cannot be resolved though military action alone; all levers of maturing headquarter and very much on track to deliver power are required. We are now in an era of constant competition the Readiness Action Plan deliverables in time for the NATO
3 LAND POWER Warsaw Summit in July 2016. Major with new framework strategies for I am very proud of being recent milestones and current key NATO Strategic Direction-South and part of this great team as a activities include; our commitment the countering of hybrid warfare. DCOM of a HQ that, notwithstanding to the largest NATO exercise For the land domain the strategic its young age, has already demonstrated since the end of the Cold War, objectives and the new threat a very “strong” contribution among the Ex TRIDENT JUNCTURE 15 - last fall; our environment will require LANDCOM to NATO Command Structure and NATO land expertise and on-going contribution simultaneously address Land Community. I foresee another to Alliance crisis response planning and potential threats from challenging yet rewarding year for support to the formation of MNC-NE, both the East and South which LANDCOM and one defined by MND-SE and the NATO will require a full spectrum change as we enhance NATO land Force Integration Units; and 360 degree approach. Adaptation will forces readiness and capabilities. I Exercise ANAKONDA 2016 in June not stop with the Warsaw Summit. have every confidence that we will in support of the Polish Army, during It will come as no surprise that collectively rise to the challenge and which our HQ will tests its deployability to remain ready, responsive and relevant I very much look forward to working capacity. to emergent threats and updated political with you to deter and prevent conflict. At Warsaw we expect to see direction likely to cascade from the broader adaptation in conjunction Warsaw Summit – we must remain agile.
Hand Over Sports Day Take Over April 2016 Ceremony in LANDCOM - January 2016
TURKISH NATIONAL CEREMONY. National Sovereignity and Children’s Day April 2016
4 LAND POWER The Allied Land Command Roles and Responsibilities of the Non-Commissioned Officer(NCO) Tactical to Strategic
Ch ef Warrant O cer Dan el T. Moyer Command Senior Enlisted
constant throughout all levels of NCO organization as a whole. As we move into leadership, although the approaches that the strategic level of operations the opposite the leader takes may change at the various is true, we guide and lead the institution levels. but have much less daily interaction with the troops, although our actions have a great in uence on them indirectly. Preparing Soldiers for Military Operations NCOs serve as the principal advisor to Preparing our Soldiers for military Commanders and the Command Group operations encompasses education, on the formulation and implementation training, experience, and self-development. of proposed policy changes a ecting NCOs oversee and promote Professional personnel, with a particular focus on the Military Education, CSMs promote and well being of Soldiers, NCOs, civilian nurture this system regularly and are in fact personnel, and their families. is includes the “Custodians of the NCO Corps”. In the providing feedback to the Commander on NATO context we are responsible for the all matters a ecting personnel including Professional Development of all Soldiers subordinated organizations and operations. NTRODUCTION and NCOs within the Alliance. We liaise I By virtue of rank all NCOs are with NATO and Non-NATO educational leaders. ere is no such thing as having organizations in order to ensure that the Maintenance of Standards of Performance of ‘no leadership responsibility” based on training our NCOs receive is of the highest Soldiers and Equipment the particular billet you are sitting in. military quality and is consistent with Never pass a fault, NCOs are scanners Leadership is implied and inherent. You Allied Command Operations standards. and they check and correct constantly. As are in a hierarchical organization, which In any Army, NCOs serve as the focal a leader, your subordinates scrutinize means that everyone with less rank than point for setting and maintaining Soldiers’ everything you do. As you walk through you is looking to you for leadership, and skills, tness levels, and professionalism. the unit lines, make no doubt that you are everyone of higher rank is expecting you to Individual training and education is our Exercise EFES 14 provide it. e NCO Corps is the Backbone bread and butter. of NATO, and of our respective militaries. We support our leadership, and we support Enhance the Mental and Physical Well-Being our subordinates. of Soldiers Our roles and responsibilities will Leading people versus leading the vary widely for many di erent reasons, institution. At the tactical level of operations depending on rank and the level at which we are involved in direct leadership on a we are leading. We must recognize this daily basis, yet have minimal impact on the as we progress and adapt to our evolving roles. A tactical NCO in a strategic billet Exercise Trident Juncture 15 Exercise Trident Juncture 15 is irrelevant; a strategic NCO in a tactical billet is not e ective. In a nutshell, NCOs facilitate open and honest communications within the command, with a goal to ensure that the command excels in meeting the Commander’s vision, and achieving the mission. Below are a number of roles and responsibilities that I believe remain 5 LAND POWER Roles and Responsibilities of the Non-Commissioned Officer (NCO) Tactical to Strategic
Rememberance Day 15 Sports Day 15 in LANDCOM
being observed. You are regularly a training between the CSM and the Commander, Education is always evolving, the target event for the Soldiers and Ocers of your Deputy Commander, and Chief of Sta is audience evolves, generational change is unit. Never teach a bad lesson. Discipline is inherent to the success of the organization. a factor, educational approaches change, the cornerstone of a professional military. is relationship allows for direct access to the operating environment changes…. Taking care of people sometimes means these leaders and provides the opportunity therefore our system must change to remain tough love and discipline. of frank and open discussion on all matters relevant and e ective. e CSM and the Be reasonable and be adaptive, relating to the Command. NCO Corps at large must promote quality standards can change but it must be done When formulating your advice, base professional development, excellence, through the proper means. Always look for it on research and experience, not emotion. professionalism, teamwork and mentorship. ways to improve the way our Soldiers ght, It certainly should not be personal opinion. At the operational and strategic levels, including their equipment and doctrine. One of our great strengths as a corps is a we conduct liaison with Senior Military vast NCO Network. Develop and nurture Representatives or their designated points of your relationships with other NCOs in your contact, on matters pertaining to Enlisted/ Plan and Lead Unit Activities unit, military, and NATO and seek advice OR personnel education and training Use your initiative. NCOs plan and from them as required. initiatives and seek out developmental conduct all types of unit activities with and e advice that we provide is exactly opportunities for our Soldiers. without ocers that, whether the Commander chooses to In training ocers, they are the Every event has an OPI and should follow it or not is his decision. Remember, generals of tomorrow, in uence Junior have an NCO counterpart. ese activities you are the advisor and not the decision Ocers accordingly and build on that could include but are not limited to maker. ere may be other inputs, factors, relationship over the years. at is how we ceremonial events, regimental schools, and considerations involved that you are build credibility within the Corps. Behind sports activities, and social events. It also not aware of. Once a decision is made, it every ocer that trusts the NCO Corps, includes individual training events that must be supported and implemented as if there is a good NCO; behind every ocer are conducted on a daily basis within the it was your own. e NCO then monitors that has a maligned view of NCOs there is unit. ese events are the building blocks of organizational activities, and takes a bad NCO. collective training and it is the NCOs that corrective actions to keep the organization Conclusion are responsible to ensure that their Soldiers within the boundaries of the commander’s e roles and responsibilities of the have these basic skills. intent, or reports situations that require the NCO from tactical to strategic vary widely As we move into the higher levels of attention of the ocer leadership. but at the same time can be very similar. command, the CSM assists the Chief of In fact, it is not necessarily our functions Sta , and the sta in general, in overseeing Preparing Leaders of Tomorrow that change but it is the levels at which we and planning command level activities. do them, and with whom we interact. At Once again being responsible for the Prepare your replacement; it is the strategic level, we no longer get asked, traditional roles of the NCO. one of our duties. And prepare yourself to move to the next level, that is how the “What are you doing?”; rather we get asked, Advise On and Implement the military operates. CSMs and CSELs are the “What do you think?”. Be prepared for Commander’s Policies Custodians of the NCO Corps; invest in our this. Know and understand your operating One of the most important roles, and Professional Military Education System. environment, the mission, and the where a CSM has the most in uence, is Support your subordinates’ participation Commander’s intent. in his role as advisor to the Commander, in it, solicit the appropriate funding for it, and his function as part of the Command and participate in it at every opportunity. For the Soldier! Team. e relationship that is developed Seek opportunities to improve the system. 6 LAND POWER Military Member Of The Year
ongratulations to U.S. Army Sergeant (OR-5) Venus Wells for being selected as the ACO Servicemember of the year for 2015. Wells, who works in the LANDCOM travel oce and ensures the hundreds of TDY orders and ight arrangements are processed accurately and timely, comes from a long line of familyC members who have served in the U.S. military. When asked about her decision to join the military, she said it was because her country has provided her and her family with so many opportunities for a better way of life.
LAND POWER 7 The Communications And Information Systems In Trident Juncture 15 Exercise. A Huge And Complex System
By LTC Alfredo Velasco Pedrosa (ESP)
rident Juncture 15 (TRJE15) is the Alliance’s post ISAF “High Visibility” exercise & a agship activityT for NATO’s Connected Forces Initiative to: • Provide NATO’s visible assurance. • Demonstrate NATO’s abilities. • Focus on tactical level training in a procedures, cultures and regulations in and portals. combined & joint environment during CPX. the di erent nations. Finally, it is worth NCISG is the eld operating & LIVEX. mentioning that, for the rst time in NATO, authority, which installs the deployable the integration and the CIS interoperability • More than 38.000 troops (28.000 networks including the satellites, terminals was extended to the tactical level. In Land). to be used, and the management of the addition, the large number of participant Functional Services at certain locations, as units implied such a large amount of CIS well as the local and global service desk. General Overview users that all the NATO CIS resources JFCBS G6: Overall planner, budgeter became insucient. Important investments “ e TRJE 15 exercise should be big and decision maker of the CIS services and in CIS assets acquisition and external and joint from the very beginning. (LTG. assets. F.B. Hodges Commander, LANDCOM, services contracting were also necessary LC G6: CIS planner for EXCON 2014.)” to make, in order to provide the necessary support. (Exercise Control), LOPSCON (Local e above sentence summarizes Operational Control) HQ and LOPSCONs, e aforementioned reasons clearly the direction given to the Core Planning JLHMD (Joint Land Heavy Military illustrate the challenge that this exercise Team at the beginning the planning Demonstration), requester to the above was for NATO in general and for the CIS process. Adding the third characteristic units for the needs of its users, tracks the role in particular. On next lines I will try to “combined” (multinational), it’s possible response and ensures its completion to realize the di erent aspects of this explain and justify this statement in relation LC IKM: Creator of the exercise exercise. From the Communications and with the Land Part of the exercise. portal, planner and draer of the user Information Systems (CIS) perspective, accounts, their display names and access these sceneries big, joint and combined CIS Organization requirements. imply a substantial defy. On the one side, ere were ve main actors in the long distances and di erent countries provision of CIS services. Each actor did its prolong the communications lines and e Land Part own part to ful ll the requirements for the demand a huge amount of CIS resources TRJE15. NCIA is the technical authority Under the control of Joint Forces and personnel. On the other hand, for the whole exercise. ey are providing Command Brunssum (JFCBS) located in the jointness and multinational aspect the static communications, static services Zaragoza Air Base (Spain), the land forces introduce complications at di erent levels, including the MIR (Mission Information were mainly deployed in four locations of from the purely technical to very di erent Room), NED access, NCN transfers, servers three nations. In the San Gregorio Training 8 LAND POWER The Communications And Information Systems In Trident Juncture 15 Exercise
Area, the land component command (LCC) LOPSCON HQ satis ed the IERs Heavy Military Demonstration. and the Spanish BDE, Chinchilla also in to communicate with the LCC and MN An OPFOR (Opposite Force) net Spain hosted the multinational UK BDE, BDEs via NATO-provided services using comprising of tactical level communications Santa Margarida (POR) the multinational MS domain as primary means. Host was utilized in speci c locations to enable Canadian brigade and the Italian BDE, also Nations CIS and / or CIS provided by BDEs the TA teams to meet their TOs. multinational deployed to Capo Teulada were planned wherever needed to ensure Commercial CIS infrastructure (ITA). Under this upper level of command, maximum interoperability. LOPSCON (e.g. Internet) was incorporated into the were incorporated multinational brigades HQs also required a safety net to satisfy the CIS plan to increase robustness, improve and even multinational battalions. In the IERs at the lower tactical level (embedded exibility and redundancy. Land Domain, the integration of the tactical LOPSCON observers / umpires). is was level to the overall CIS was a purpose secure VHF hand held radios. Commercial GSM was an alternative method for for this exercise and the CIS community mobile phones were used as back-up means communication. Cell phones and SIM needed to tackle this task in di erent ways. of communication. Cards were issued to exercise participants based on their operational speci c In addition to the above mentioned As depicted in the gure, all necessities. services and due to the increasing demand LOPSCONs had three security domains from some functional areas, a strong full (NS, MS, and NU) and their associated Internet service and some radio networks workstation LANs. Interoperability Vs Jointness were also provided. ere was NU voice capability at all e big number of nations and locations, over IP network. Any NU VoIP di erent units is, o course, good news CIS Preparation phone was capable of calling the remote for NATO. is reinforces the Alliance parties at the same NU VoIP cloud, NCN, message and makes it stronger and more During the preparation phase, and any commercial phone. credible. e price is the introduction of the exercise SFCT 15 was an essential complexity due to di erent technologies, instrument to improve, test and build MS also had voice capability over IP procedures and even cultures that was the integration of the di erent systems network (every location except Chinchilla). necessary to make well-matched to work especially for units below brigade level. ose phones were used to confer classi ed matters pertaining to the subjects of the together and cooperate. From a CIS LANDCOM perspective, exercise or real life situations. In the TRJE 15 exercise the the main exercise achievement was that all participants included NATO nations and units tested and validated the e ectiveness NS VTC was able to talk to all NS some NOT NATO nations, observers, etc. of their respective CIS for NRF16 VTC devices throughout NATO, and also with very di erent levels of engagement (shortfalls were identi ed and, where to reach to the MS VTC devices in case and security constraints. In addition, all required, workarounds were con rmed) required. the command levels from strategic to and a very strong uni ed CIS team was A satellite link was backed up with tactical were integrated. In short to be more developed across all commands layers for either a land line or another satellite link jointness and multinational reinforces the CIS support in both, communications connecting to a di erent satellite. NATO but hampers the interoperability. and information systems. For the umpires network and Some matters developed and organization, the handheld radio System upgraded were: (TETRAPOL) revealed to be a suitable Handheld Radios • Coordinate and interoperate and reliable device for such as kind of Most duties to be developed during strategic and tactical level systems. requirement. And so did for the Joint Land this exercise were completely di erent • Communications: Long distances, actual di erent technologies, methods, 34 participating nations: procedures and organizations working TRJE 15 CPX and/or LIVEXAUS, ALB, BEL, BIH, BGR, CAN, CRO, CZE, together and complementing each other. DEU, DNK, ESP, EST, FIN, FRA, GEO, GBR, GRC, HUN, ITA, LTU, LUX, LVA, • Very different supporting entities: NATO (NCISG, NCIA), three host nations NLD, NOR, POL, PRT, ROU, SVK, SVN, SWE, FYROM, TUR, UKR, USA and many civilian companies from the * Turkey recognizes the Republic of Macedonia with its constitutional name di erent countries. 7 observing nations: • Include NATO CIS FASs, and di erent national C2 applications. BRA, COL, DZA, MRT, MAR, SRB, TUN Essential condition for the TRJE 15 More than 230 di erent units with a huge variety in size. CIS Planning: Total approximately: more than 35,000 PAX • Deep technical knowledge and CIS Planning procedures expertise. LAND POWER 9 The Communications And Information Systems In Trident Juncture 15 Exercise
10LAND POWER The Communications And Information Systems In Trident Juncture 15 Exercise
from those that LANDCOM sta used was necessary to plan and perform prior of Enhanced Position Location Reporting to do. Some personnel were engaged as the LIVEX part, manuals, handbooks, Systems - EPLRS). Opposite Forces or Umpires having under etc. about TETRAPOL were created and e above mentioned reasons are not their control deployed personnel all over delivered to the users (hand held radios the only diculties to go ahead on a better the training areas. (Tetrapol) user guide). integration for Radio Systems at a tactical eir CIS tools were also very level. ere are also, economic, political and di erent from their daily ones and NATO Interoperability Of Combat Net Radios commercial implications, beside national has not resources for this kind of missions. caveats and security /crypto concerns. Combat Net Radios have not always e decision made aer studying di erent been interoperable during TRJE15 among possibilities was to use Hand Held radios contributing forces from various nations. It is Just to nalize let us come back based on the Tetrapol System provided typical that forces from di erent nations are to the rst paragraph of this article by HN Spain and contracted to a civilian using radios of varying generational origins just to remember the LANDCOM company. and manufactures. e issue of common COMMANDER guide: CIS during Distinguished Visitors Day in Exercise Trident Juncture 15
e Handheld radio system provided communications systems has been dicult Two years later and having seen the very good coverage and support at all to resolve for a number of very predictable exercise, I guess, Former Commander locations except in Santa Margarida, reasons. Radios di er in technology (e.g. LTG Hodges should be satis ed. due to under dimensioned set-up and digital technology, soware de ned radios, e TRJE 15 gures were impressive, huge technical speci cations of rented/ delivered waveforms, use in di erent frequency number of participants, nations, units, equipment. bands, single-channel, Tactical Satellite long distances, many di erent locations Commercial of the shelf radio and TACSAT, Increased High Frequency Radios etc. in all three di erent dominoes setup done by professional commercial - IHFR, frequency hopping, tuning range Land, Air and Maritime . company if well planned and properly possibility, Automatic link establishment, coordinated will de nitely meet the output power - signal strength, antenna requirements en a minimum training speci cations, modulation techniques, use LAND POWER11 Flag Raising Ceremony – Partnership for Peace Countries in LANDCOM - 2016
Military Cooperation Within LANDCOM
By LTC Jerker Persson (SWE)
cultural awareness, operational support and personnel. insight in geo-strategical areas. • Conducting Operational In LANDCOM, the Military Capability Concept Evaluations. n February 2, 2016 the acting Cooperation (MILCOOP) branch has the LANDCOM is responsible for partner Land commander, Allied Land responsibility to coordinate and execute the Forces, right now with the responsibility for Command (LANDCOM), military cooperation with partner nations. seven out of sixteen countries, but hopefully LieutenantO General Paolo Ruggiero, LANDCOM executes decisions made by later on able to manage all land forces within ocially welcomed the members of the strategic and joint forces command. the programme. is is maybe the most three partner countries to LANDCOM. erefore, LANDCOM activities are oen important tool for NATO to get operational Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan and Sweden conducted as sta talks between land forces support from the partners. raised their ags and played their national headquarters, support with expert, mobile anthems played as part of a ceremony By conducting these tasks, MILCOOP training and evaluation teams. e main conducted outside of the LANDCOM and LANDCOM personnel contribute tasks for MILCOOP are to: headquarters. to one of LANDCOM commander’s top • Coordinate accession and priorities, supporting NATO partner Partnership between di erent integration process in land domain, as we countries. It is also a way to prove that countries and NATO has been going are doing with Montenegro right now. LANDCOM is an acknowledged expert on for a long time. e Partnership for in Land Warfare – Land Advocacy. is Peace programme started in 1994, and • Support efforts in Defense Capacity is important from a strategical point of several other partner programmes have Building. is is done in coordination from view because good relations with partner been developed since then. e partner Joint Forces Commands, and LANDCOM countries contributes to NATO’s overall goal countries have individual reasons for their focuses on support to Land Forces. of ensuring a safe and secure environment. partnership with NATO, but the outcome • Coordinate and conduct is bene cial for both parties. Partners get workshops, expert team visits and mobile e future will keep us occupied as the access to interoperability standards, NATO training teams. is is regularly done with integration of Montenegro into NATO will knowledge and expertise and NATO get partners and includes all of LANDCOM be a major focus over the next year to come. Support to Jordan, Ukraine and Georgia land forces will also be prioritized activities. Coordinating all partners’ land forces in the OCC-programme will be a major challenge. at is why MILCOOP will need additional support and hopefully additional partner ocers joining us in LANDCOM for even better cooperation. Cooperation with partners is not only a concern for MILCOOP. We need the support from all divisions within LANDCOM, since you represent the expertise in di erent areas of land warfare. It is crucial to get your support and to encourage personnel to join on OCC courses and evaluations, at all kinds of activities with the partner countries, but also to get information from the partners in order to improve operational planning and get support in current and future operations. Because that is what it is all about – to be able to successfully oppose current and future common threats to our Flag Raising Ceremony in LC HQ PfP Yard – 02.02.2016 societies!
12LAND POWER Flag Raising Ceremony – Partnership for Peace Countries in LANDCOM - 2016
13 LAND POWER Gender In Operations –
HEADQUARTERS ALLIED RAPID REAC- How HQ ARRC Mainstreams USCR TION CORPS: www.arrc.nato.int 1325 and Lessons Identified from TRIDENT JAGUAR 15
By CAP Evette Barnes-Pitchford (USA)
also the greater health and safety risks, to NATO and Partnered Organisations and less political representation. It also to mainstream the principles of UNSCR 1325 in NATO-led Operations. Background drew attention to the disproportionate impact of armed con ict on women2 and Concurrently the Supreme With the introduction of UNSCR the exclusion of women as participants Allied Commander Europe (SHAPE) 1325, the United Nations Security in the peace process. When military and Supreme Allied Commander Council Resolution on Women Peace operations are implemented to stabilize Transformation (SACT) gave direction to and Security, Gender1 as a human right such con icts or respond to crisis, it its internal Command Structures as well has risen to a fervent global priority becomes the inherent responsibility as participating military organizations to particularly in political arenas and of that force to ensure that its actions support the principles of UNSCR 1325 security agendas. is resolution and take into account both intended and through the issuance of Bi-Strategic subsequent related resolutions as well as unintended consequences of its actions. Directive 40-13, Integrating UNSCR 1325 the call for National Action Plans have As a result of NATO’s commitment to into the NATO Command Structure.’ highlighted not only the persistent gap support USCR 1325 the North Atlantic is guidance covered gender topics in in access to opportunities for women Council (NAC) endorsed a NATO regards to mainstreaming of UNSCR in economic participation, higher Action Plan (NAP) outlining guidance 1325 with speci c attention to the education and political positions, but manning of forces, education and training of formations, standards of behaviour, operational planning and reporting, and the measures for protection of women during armed con ict. Subsequently, NATO gave direction through ACO to its Joint Force Commands and Rapid Deployable Corps to hit milestones towards the implementation of the Bi- Strategic Directive.
Implementation Of e Bi-Sc D 40-1 At e ARRC Following the ACO Gender Conference in June 2013, the Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC) in the 14LAND POWER GENDER IN OPERATIONS=How HQ ARRC Mainstreams USCR1325 and Lessons Identified from TRIIDENT JAGUAR 15
United Kingdom committed to the Directive (COPD) • Ensure the G7 Scenario following targets towards achieving • Ensure that HQ staff are Development Manager is trained on the Gender Mainstreaming in its Command prepared and capable of incorporating Gender Perspective Structure: gender perspectives as part of directing • Establish a Gender Lead role • Charge DCOS Operations with and managing a comprehensive approach within the Exercise Control; screen for the oversight of mainstreaming gender HQ ARRC made quick work knowledge and experience not only with perspectives in HQ operations of implementing this structure. e Gender at the political and legal level • Re-designate a civilian Crisis mainstreaming structure and its resulting but more speci cally with how it can be Establishment (CE) post to establish a Standard Operating Procedure was realistically applied to military operations Gender Advisor (GENAD) post on CE initially tested in November 2013 during (knowledge of Bi-SC D 40-1) • Establish a Gender Field the HQ’s annual Exercise ARRCADE • The role of the GENAD (CE) Advisor (GFA) role as a secondary duty FUSION. Lessons Identi ed through should be lled with a subject matter to a Peacetime Establishment (PE) post this exercise and subsequent exercises expert with equivalent stature/rank to the within the HQ to oversee the Gender resulted in the following amendments HQ decision makers program in the HQ in garrison activities and additions to the initial structure: • Collective training on the • Identify a Gender Focal Point • Incorporate a Gender Focal mainstreaming of gender perspectives (GFP) in each Branch in the HQ in order Point in the Operational Analysis Branch must be a HQ wide event tailored to the to ensure that a Gender Perspective is (OAB) operation. incorporated into all divisional activities • Add technical level Gender Focal • Consider gender analysis Points in the G2 Intelligence Branch to Gender Mainstreaming exercised on during the Mission Analysis step of the ensure that data is appropriately gathered TRIDENT JAGUAR 15 to conduct gender analysis Comprehensive Operations Planning In May 2015 the ARRC deployed
LAND POWER15 GENDER IN OPERATIONS=How HQ ARRC Mainstreams USCR1325 and Lessons Identified from TRIIDENT JAGUAR 15
to TRIDENT JAGUAR 2015, at the Joint Social, Infrastructure and information) In these countries, there is relatively Warfare Centre (JWC) in Stavanger, domains, and requested NATO support equitable distribution of available Norway. e aim of this exercise was to to their failing government. e following income, resources, and opportunities train and evaluate the ARRC in a Joint Task two challenges resulted from the scenario’s for men and women. A contradiction Force HQ role. e scenario required the relatively embryonic development and immediately immerged from the very fact HQ to conduct planning and execution the complexity of this scenario. that although a state of emergency was of a non-Article 5 Crisis Response, First there is a lack of depth potentially imminent; women were very Small Joint Operation in a high intensity, in country book information. e well represented and not perceived as complex, military-civilian, asymmetric, SKOLKAN scenario is based on the marginalized in this particular crisis. e failing state environment using the real world geography of the Baltic data collection simply did not support the SKOLKAN 2.0 scenario. e ARRC region; the HQ Area of Operations was principles on which USCR 1325 is based. chose to include the mainstreaming of primarily based in Arnland; essentially Second, the challenges listed a gender perspective as one its Training the southern-most region of Sweden. in the scenario are too oen broad, Objectives for this exercise. With little data provided in relation to societal issues, areas where military e SKOLKAN scenario presented a gender perspective, analysis was initially intervention may not a ect the outcome. number of challenges for the application conducted based on real world data in Gender in (military) operations of the gender perspective. e basis of the the region. While globally no country focuses on the military application of a scenario surrounded a growing regional has fully attained gender equality, gender perspective. But the challenges crisis in the failing, ctitious Arnland Scandinavian countries like Iceland, associated with the exercise were very which is struggling with challenges across Norway, Finland, and Sweden lead the much associated with NATO’s greater the PMESII (Political, Military, Economic, world in their progress regarding gender. political struggle to balance a strategic
16LAND POWER GENDER IN OPERATIONS=How HQ ARRC Mainstreams USCR1325 and Lessons Identified from TRIIDENT JAGUAR 15
military e ect with the right amount of (IOs/NGOs) as well as various meetings as one of NATO’s available operational in uence to support a fragile Arnland with the Arnish Ministries. Most headquarters’ response forces. e government while remaining within the importantly it meant that ARRC’s Key evaluation report made the following NATO mandate. e gender perspective Leaders needed to be well versed in the observations: added to a more complex politically language of UNSCR 1325 and Bi SC D Structure- e ARRC’s approach driven discussion in working groups 40-1 so as not to undermine the tenants to the Gender Mainstreaming structure and meetings, but the broad scenario of these documents when conducting di ers notably from other Global hindered operationalizing that complex engagements. Response Forces in two signi cant information into tactical orders to e ect ways. First the stand up of a full-time positive change. GENAD in Crisis Establishment only. Outcomes and Lessons Learned ese challenges did not by any In previous exercises the appointment e evaluation of the Gender means lessen the amount of exercise of a Full-Time Gender Advisor (CE) had Mainstreaming training objective play for the gender structure however. been a viable solution, however during was conducted by a member of the Most notably the scenario required TRIDENT JAGUAR 15 the ARRC’s Nordic Centre for Gender in Military signi cant representation of the gender requisition for the post through the Operations (NCGMO), NATOs perspective through engagement with Joint Force Command was not ful lled; partnered organization as the Centre di erent entities and stakeholders. alternate solutions were also explored but of Excellence for Gender in Military is required the Gender Advisor to be ultimately the post was le vacant leaving Operations. Overall it was concluded proactively tied into the Civil Military the Gender Field Advisor to execute the that HQ ARRC successfully implemented Branch and to interact with international roll full-time in addition to the primary Gender Mainstreaming and contributed and non-government organizations role which they were assigned. While to ARRC’s culminating certi cations
LAND POWER17 GENDER IN OPERATIONS=How HQ ARRC Mainstreams USCR1325 and Lessons Identified from TRIIDENT JAGUAR 15 the Gender Field Advisor had completed understanding of gender related issues. an operational headquarters. e third the training in compliance with ACO SOIs/SOPs- In preparation as a Joint training event took the form of a Deep guidance, the subject matter expertise Task Force the HQ made a concentrated Dive presented to the entire Joint Task and time commitments of a full-time e ort to trim down SOPs and SOIs to Force on the rst day of the Exercise. GENAD was not available to the exercise. easily readable, succinct guidance for e Deep Dive explicitly covered the key e evaluator further highlighted that subordinate formations to interpret. points of related doctrine and applied a full-time GENAD would be able to As a result the original six page Gender them directly to the known challenges in provide more detailed support to garrison SOP was scaled down to two pages and the current operation. ese approaches operations. Branch SOPs relating to the collection to training the headquarters were Leadership- e second signi cant of data or applying to populations was viewed as innovative and the Command di erence was the appointment of the generalized throughout the HQ. e team was commended for advocating lead under the Deputy Chief of Sta , evaluator highlighted that currently such an outspoken approach to the Operations. Many other HQs place the the Gender Mainstreaming concept implementation of gender mainstreaming emphasis on a gender perspective in is not intrinsically understood by all in the headquarters. the Command Group and/or the Civil military formations and NATO partners; Military Operations Division. e therefore it is imperative to explicitly state Summary Points evaluator highlighted the most critical terminology that re ects considerations Gender Mainstreaming has not yet function of the Gender Adviser as being for men, women, boys and girls separately. reached the point where it can be assumed an adviser to the Commander. While Collective Training- e ARRC to be a ‘normal part’ of operations; until the GFA as the acting GENAD was conducted three main training events in then a GENAD must be full time; SOIs able to gain access to the Command the lead up to TRIDENT JAGUAR 15. cannot be downgraded. Group physically, not being collocated e rst was a study day aimed at the Analysis is only as good as the data inhibited the GFAs ability to engage and Senior Leaders in the HQ. is study collection. make recommendations regarding the day highlighted legal aspects related to Everyone in the HQ must assume current activities at this critical level. e Gender in Operations and also allowed responsibility to maintain a gender evaluator did recognise the signi cant for a SHAPE representative to discuss perspective. positive impact on operational planning NATO’s current initiatives as well as that resulted from DCOS Ops overseeing long term vision for NATO’s Gender e reoccurring question of whether Gender Mainstreaming in the HQ. in Operations movement. e second a given NATO structure has political or Overall the evaluator was impressed was a training day aimed speci cally at military in uence is applicable to how by the support from all Key Leaders on Operational level Gender Focal Points. Gender in Operations can and should be the subject of Gender and, in particular, is tailored event provided scenario implemented in a given scenario. highlighted the e orts of the Intelligence based training followed by scenarios branch to gain a more in-depth applicable to Gender Focal Points in
1 Gender refers to socially constructed di erences in attributes and opportunities associated with being female or male and to the social interactions and relations between women and men. Gender determines what is expected, allowed and valued in a woman or a man in a given context. In most societies, there are di erences and inequalities between women and men in roles and responsibilities assigned, activities undertaken and access to and control over resources, as well as in decision-making opportu- nities. ese di erences and inequalities between the sexes are shaped by the history of social relations and change over time and across cultures. (UN Gender Statistics Manual) 2 Disproportionate e ects include child care, shis in labour force, access to healthcare, and sexual violence. 3 NATO Bi_SC Directive 40-1: Integrating UNSCR 1325 and Gender Perspectives in the NATO Command Structure Includ- ing Measure for Protection during Armed Con ict.
18LAND POWER LAND POWER19 The Joint Land Heavy Military Demonstration By LTC Hagen Peukert (DEU)
ncluding all 4 services from 35 nations of all 3 Distinguished Visitor’s Days , the Joint bringing together more than 35000 I Land Heavy Military Demonstration (JLHMD) soldiers, sailors and airmen from NATO and was planned in support of JFCB and prepared observer nations, TRIDENT JUNCTURE’15 was within HQ LANDCOM and closely coordinated not only a success by completing operational with Spanish Armed Forces as it was conducted tasks and meeting exercise objectives but it was on 4 November 2015 on San Gregorio Training its exercise design which demanded for a huge Area close to ZARAGOZA, Spain. STRATCOM effort to be launched. Being a part
20LAND POWER LAND POWER21 The Joint Land Heavy Demostration
he key messages were to: Rehearsals were timely limited, and of current threats emerging from NATO’s T • Demonstrate some of interoperability on the lowest tactical levels Strategic Direction South again as a center land warfare typical joint o ensive action had simply to function. As the “maneuver piece of the strategic messaging concept. box” was also con ned and as good visibility • Against opposing Forces Whereas the OPFOR is generated for the audience is a “must” the 60 minutes resembling conventional and paramilitary- from regular units from Spain and the US, display had to accept some arti cialities for style opponents NATO Forces are formally under command the sake of messaging the key information. of ESP VII Airmobile Brigade “Galicia” • Displaying cohesion, International media showed up in great which in 2015 provides the core to VJTF. determination and operational skills within numbers and Spanish TV broadcasted from Even though the JLHMD did not refer to a Bde sized Task Force the spot “live”. Numerous camera- stands the current VJTF, a future scenario might • In a hybrid warfare scenario. were prepared along axis of movements, exactly see the spearhead Brigade in such a on board of helicopters and F-18, and multinational structure and composition of mini-cams were mounted on helmets of Nestled in the operational frame of the skills and capabilities. dismounted infantrymen. TRJE’15 exercise, the scheme of maneuver e OPLAN saw 4 phases of an saw NATO Forces from 12 member states Spanish engineers and logisticians did o ensive operation: a great deal of work building the necessary being deployed to the San Gregorio training I. Approach to an assault line road infrastructure and modular viewing area with more 1250 troops, more than 75 exploiting air superiority and re power combat vehicles, combat aircra including facilities for harboring the media and II. Penetration of OPFOR line of Close Air Support (CAS), Medical VIPs alike. As a bad weather front in icted defense, breaching OPFOR fortifying Evacuation, Special Operations Forces some considerable damage 48 hours prior obstacles and dispersion of defense by an (SOF) platforms. All member state units to the event, it was they who repaired Air Assault performed by multinational deployed in San Gregorio had detached the facility and made it accessible for the Airborne assets elements of their force packages. Nations demonstration. It was hard work and and units recognized this exercise would dedication of a few men and women which III. Decisive engagements on the provideexposure to a worldwide audience. secured the day. ground with mechanized and armored units in parallel to a Hostage Rescue e design was tailored to Based on the TRJE’15 exercise Operation executed by a multinational concentrating on NATO’s political top scenario and structure NRDC- ESP was Special Forces Task Unit, mine eld clearing tier, the Chief of defense (CHOD) and in lead as LCC ordered ESP VII Airmobile and dismounted infantry attacks international media. Where necessary, Bde “Galicia” to conduct the demonstration military doctrine was modi ed to achieve being supported by LCC- troops, SOF- and I V. Defeat, encirclement of OPFOR e ects in order to demonstrate skills Air assets. LC sister commands, namely center of gravity, display of Medical and performances the best way possible. AIRCOM and NSHQ supported greatly Evacuation from the battle space. is was also imperative as professional providing sucient air assets and operators Ground maneuvers were continuously observers put their critical eyes to rest on and Tactical Air-Control elements. supported by an integrated mix of various NATO on that particular day. e opposing force (OPFOR) was xed and rotary wings from ESP, CZE In deference to national generated from a standing OPFOR element and the US. Worth noting, the operations demonstrations of this kind, the which is in general support of any maneuver were opened by the over ight of two B-52 multinational composition, the TRJE- training taking place in SAN GREGORIO. bombers directly deploying from Barksdale Exercise calendar and its design put some Its mechanized structure was augmented by AFB in Arizona, thus demonstrating global constraints and restraints on the planners. an “irregular” force intentionally adding to reach. the conventional outlook a distinct avor 22LAND POWER The Joint Land Heavy Demostration
Although units were ring blank demonstration into the current political than 570 paratroopers safely joined the ammunition, a total of more than 400kg framework. Meanwhile, detachments from multinational training community and of explosives were simulating joint participating units were ramping up in were integrated as LCC reserve to conclude res in addition to a variety of smokes CASAS ALTAS, an Urban Warfare training the terminal operations as TRJE’15 went and screens. A narrative commented facility for “Meet the Troops.” Deliberately on. continuously explaining maneuvers and put in a more casual atmosphere, it was e units supporting the JLHMD providing background information and then to shi focus on the human factor certainly enjoyed to a certain extent the stories. LC decided to walk a new path representing NATO’s most valuable brief period of rehearsing and conducting giving the audience a smell of Combined domain: Soldiers on the ground and in the an operation event in such multinational Joint Operations running in parallel across air. It provided numerous engagements on composition though it was simply a the theater. A novum was the self- made all levels between the military and media, mock event. But for many soldiers on the synchronized integration of supporting enabling easy conversations between ground it proved the close partnership and video-clips. Close ups and fascinating Council members, Generals, tankers and manifested the impression that NATO has a scenes from areas normally invisible to any airmen and the media. broad common understanding which is the audience were broadcasted underlining While thus enjoying the informal base for any integrated mission success. e the narrative and display. With that, the opportunities another highlight of the day concept of an informal “Meet the troops” Joint Area of Operations became visible literally came from above. As part of its provided exactly the platform for multiple to everyone and complemented the global reach training program a battalion- communications across all levels. impression of modern operations beyond sized task force from the 82nd US Airborne More than heavy iron and cold steel the “line of sight.” Division deployed non-stop from Fort alone it was the displayed unity of men As the demonstration concentrated Bragg, North Carolina. Exiting over CASAS and women representing the willingness of on dense sequential and parallel kinetic ALTAS from seven C-17 Globemaster free nations to stand in for each other and operations it was followed upon termination aircra, this highly mobile force jumped defend values our societies are built on for by a separate press conference allowing into the theater demonstrating the US’s freedom and liberty. e JLHMD certainly NATO SecGen, Chairman NATO Military willingness, capability and readiness to contributed signi cantly to the overall Committee (NMC) and COM JFCB and deploy its strategic assets to deter and positive reactions NATO gained over her other to deliver key messages putting the defend the alliance, if necessary. More agship exercise in 2015.
LAND POWER23 Why Pink Is Not The Answer
By Mavisu Kahya (LC PAO Intern)
Pakistani activist Malala Yousafzai meets with students August 18, 2014 at UN HQ in New York, attending the conference called ‘500 Days of Action for the Millennium Development Goals’. (AFP PHOTO/Stan HONDA from e News Minute)
endency to isolate a certain group from the whole’ seems like the solution to some‘T for the problematic cases with social structures. It seems to be the same with some schools, military organizations, working environments and many other kind of society. e idea shows up when it comes to ‘minor factors’ that are actually being minor because they have been kept as the minority by various forces. Marginalized groups in everyday life are being pushed more to solve problems in relations. Is it solving or resolving? Is it It has some strong bonds with the norms, or ‘pink parking’, ‘pink car’, ‘pink classes’ okay to isolate some or is it the solution the notions of freedom and self, power of etc. that are not considered as a solution for tension between? If we may say that religion on legal systems etc. Accepting at all, by some, fortunately. It is basically the social diversity is a quite trending value a group or let’s say any tag, as a minor isolating women inside precise borders, among di erent systems like work and force and going forward to namely protect with such ‘special’ treatment, during education environments; then the answer them from the rest happens to continue everyday activities from the rest of the is a big ‘no’. Universities, international the problems instead of solving. Relatively society which in this case consists mostly companies, big scale brands that are all civilian personnel among the military of men. May we think behavior faults will paying attention in being diverse, cannot organizations stand for a key role according just be erased when segregation comes? all be wrong. For the armed forces, like to the theory of a perfect balanced mixture. For another example similar model reveals in many other professions and in daily A complete social purity, being itself with the lack of civilians in the army life of the society itself, gender balance free from civilians or free from women, departments where it is a must to have ideal is a subject on the rise. Considering without the harmony, may it be the ideal? mixture of civilians and soldiers. ‘Man only’ civilian personnel among the military and It is possible to nd similarities between the armies and ‘soldier only’ tendency evolves women’s position in the di erent levels of concept of ‘completing’ a social environment in modern times. Le unchanged without society in most of the countries especially both on gender aspect and on civilian variety of bene ts, precious ideas produced developing ones and in the countries with aspect. On both gender based equality and by people of di erent backgrounds, could strict traditional prejudices or religious civilian based equality bringing bene ts we imagine a move forward, a bright future rules related to gender; isolation is put to strengthen an institution’s immunity coming itself towards us? forward as a solution in a very shocking emerges by the help of the idea that equal China, South Korea and Germany way. It seems to be the opposite act to solve di erent parts complete the whole better. can be found on the list with the Pink anything though. Simply gender related What would di erent counterparts bring Parking Lot projects that immediately violence for example requires updates in to a cooperative structure? ere has been sparkled outrage. Philippines, Mexico, the individualistic behavior in the society some solution suggestions like ‘pink bus’ Brazil, Japan, UK, Turkey, Iran, India brought by education and enlightenment.
24LAND POWER can be found among the countries that a traditional academic family background future, equality and enlightenment. She tried the option of exclusive pink buss/ from taking up study. It is a core task of had key roles in various cases2 that can be transportation projects for women only. politics to ensure that young women and taken as examples, showing why would Questioning if they work, it is obviously not men can study with a high quality standard a military organization needs civilians, protecting women from crowd, harassment; free of charge in Germany.” Gender building perfect bridges between ordinary accepted by some cultures refused by some. inequality, also standing as something to people, public, victims in some cases and Among the anti-pink comments one says overcome, holds us from achieving the best. authorities. For negotiations, campaigns, ‘it is not heading to a good destination for If we make a start, individually, without press releases she used her fresh and women perhaps’ another one suggests vice the burdens brought by the society or as idealistic mindset to get closer to the cases versa saying ‘what about a bus only for free from them as possible, it would make and the solutions of course. She blended men?’. Actually it would not make much a great di erence. Instead of the courage in well, standing strong she helped people di erence except it would suggest that men required to ght for it, we will be able to raise their voices and encouraged them to are needy of such special segregation. It will make a stress free start. To nd a balance talk out, carried the messages forward. She
From Christian Post article <’He Named Me Malala’ Review: Film Dispels Mus- lim Stereotypes, Reveals Family Life of Girl Who De ed Taliban> by V. Funaro (05.10.2015); students in the classroom during a visit at the Kisaruni Girls School in Massai Mara, Kenya, like many others struggling with extremist groups such as Taliban, Daesh/ISIS and Boko Haram.
Aer an assassination attempt by Taliban, Malala (15), was honored with the Children’s Peace Prize for her work promoting and advocating education for girls (Knights’ Hall - e Hague, Netherlands, 06.09.2013 photo by AP) create the same result because segregation which is a must for a healthy developing was unexpected and was not obeying the is like that. When equality seekers suggest system or structure, equality and diversity lines drawn for her. So to tackle extremism mending relations between di erent parts seem to be the essential elements. growing, ‘purple’ would be the answer, not require education to blend in and unite Another great example lays in the pink. all pieces, whereas pink labeling go for the story of a very young girl trying to change exact opposite direction. world for other young girls, destroying An example given by a senator about boundaries: Malala. We heard her name 1 the issue of German university system lately with a documentary dedicated to ‘Americans can study in Germany for free, in English. An increasing number are doing it’ o ering education without tuition fee her amazing story standing for education, writes Rick Noack in e Washington Post online reveals an important core idea behind all standing against extremist forces no army 20.02.2016, reached 23.02.2016. 2 that similar struggles1. In 2014, Dorothee managed to ght as well as she did. She is ‘Malala’s appeal for Nigerian kidnapped girls’ article released 14/07/2014 on BBC by John Stapelfeldt, a senator in the northern city quite a powerful example, why on all levels Simpson reached at
25 LAND POWER Psychological Profiling As A Soft Power Tool In Support Of Counterterrorism
BY LTC Françoise Verbanck (BEL)
outgoing leaders are oen perceived as decision making for the President and other having the best qualities to lead and to senior ocials. He played the lead role in sychological pro ling has in uence. People tend to follow such developing the “Camp David pro les” of become an important so leaders with those characteristics much Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat for power tool to in uence key more than introverted or withdrawn ones. President Jimmy Carter” and initiated a leaders.P is counts for all leaders, be it military, program in understanding the psychology civilian, and even terrorist leaders. of terrorism. ese key leaders can be head of states, ministers, important government, e analysis of personalities of Today, lots of organizations such economic or opposition leaders but dictators, terrorists, and political leaders as the International Society of Political also terrorist leaders. Knowing their has been formalized since the beginning Psychology are promoting the bene ts personality, their motivations and of the 20th century. Prof Murray, engaged of psychological pro ling, mainly in the vulnerabilities provides us with the so by the CIA, was the rst one to analyze political arena. power of in uencing in a personalized the psychological pro le of Hitler. Later, A scienti c approach with valid and 1 and thus more ecient way. Having a clear Professor Psychiatrist Jerrold Post reliable psychological diagnostic tools and scienti cally analyzed insight in their “founded and directed the Center for is available in order to have an in-depth personalities and motivations provides the Analysis of Personality and Political analysis. Psychological pro ling gives counterterrorist professionals with more Behavior in the CIA, an interdisciplinary inside information about a key leader’s ammunition to conduct the battle. behavioral science unit which provided personality. Having a clear report on assessments of foreign leadership and is article will give you more insight an individual’s personality, motivation, on the bene t of psychological pro ling as a so but powerful tool. In uencing another person is largely a matter of a personalized approach. We need to select the best way to in uence the other person—how much easier would this be if you knew the personality, motivations, or behaviors of the key terrorist leader? How much easier would it be if you would know them as an old friend? If one wants to convince an introverted person, one needs to know that this person will prefer to have enough time to think about the possible advantages and disadvantages on his own or with his small group of con dants. An extraverted, impulsive leader on the contrary might need to be pushed immediately to take a decision or carry out an action. e personality of a leader has a big impact on the motivation of the co- workers, their subordinates, or their followers. Charismatic, extroverted, and
26LAND POWER Psychological Profiling As A Soft Power Tool In Support Of Counterterrorism
For example, if the head planner of a terrorist cell who is provisioning suicide bombers isn’t neutralized, ghting only the suicide bombers is an endless story. It would be like only curing the symptoms without ever looking at the cause of the disease. Especially since there is no one same pro le of “the suicide bomber”. eir motivations are diverse, going from revenge, humiliation, radicalization to martyrdom sociopolitical motivations, etc. Also their personalities are diverse, and it isn’t proven at all that suicide bombers have a psychopathology, su er from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, or had a de cient childhood. In uencing key leaders can be done not only via face-to-face meetings, and ambitions will put you in a stronger pro ling belongs to the eld of clinical but also via social media. If you desire position to negotiate and in uence. personality diagnosis. First of all, details to weaken a leader, you can exploit this Pro ling removes the guesswork involved about someone’s life and behavioral pattern by communicating about him in such a in trying to gure out the person in front of need to be known: biography, lifestyle, way that his followers doubt him and no you or in front of social media blogs where ideology, childhood, intellectual capacities, longer support him. In the end, he will radicalization oen starts. Now you can use preferences, way of coping with stress, etc. lose his in uential power, which is the all your energy to actually in uence the e larger the amount of information is, the desired end state. is is only one way to person in an ecient way and get what you stronger the pro le will be. use the recommendations of the report want to achieve. Psychological pro ling must not be on the psychological pro le of a terrorist Psychological pro ling can also be confused with criminal pro ling, which is leader. Other recommendations can used as a tool to get an insight into the done by police forces. e di erence is that be to target or in uence indirectly the motivation terrorist leaders have, the way with psychological pro ling, the identity leader via his network or family or, on the they in uence and radicalize their followers, of the key leader is already known. A contrary, to target him directly via actions and how they convince them to become pro le of his or her personality needs to be that destabilize him. A narcissistic leader suicide bombers. Having an insight into generated in order to in uence that person will be highly sensitive to his status and this dynamic also provides the opportunity or disrupt his in uence on others. With the perceived recognition of his power. to counter it in a more ecient way. criminal pro ling, the police possess some Questioning this will therefore destabilize Psychological pro ling is strongly symptoms or traits and are looking for the him. e recommendations are highly intelligence-driven and needs the analysis criminal in order to catch them. personalized and applicable only to that of psychologists. It is not a new science—it How can psychological pro ling be leader since they are the end result of the has a long history and is mostly used in the useful in the eld of counterterrorism? analysis of each person’s unique personality. political arena where adversaries try to gain e cost of counterterrorism on the As a conclusion, we highly recommend an advantage and exploit their opponent’s technological side is enormous. In uencing that counterterrorist professionals explore weaknesses. Whether or not key leaders the leader of an organization rather than the bene ts of this rather unknown science. admit it, decision-making is personality- solely ghting the symptoms and the Psychological pro ling can be critical in driven, therefore psychological pro ling massive amount of followers can be a more the ght against terrorist leaders. is so is critically important to e ectively cost-e ective solution. Analyzing terrorist power is a low-cost and highly e ective tool in uencing someone. Knowing what are the key leaders, pro ling their personality to weaken and disrupt terrorist networks driving factors for a terrorist leader to take traits, knowing what drives them, and and most importantly to disrupt their a decision, provides us with possibilities what their strengths and vulnerabilities are, in uence on followers. to disrupt or to slow down his decision- provides a major opportunity to in uence 1 making process. Post Jerrold: biography: http://www.gwu. them and to counter their strengths with edu/~icdrm/programs/facultybios/post.pdf e methodology of psychological so—but e ective— power.
27 LAND POWER The Military Salute
By LTC Marc Reininger (FRA)
became general, made them welcome and the forearm, blowing between the elbow introduce themselves. e salute of the and hand. e intention, not o ensive, was French was palm open. e simultaneous obvious, like in our modern handshakes. response of the enemy was a German salute, a palm down brought to his helmet, In Darwin’s Footsteps tight ngers. But the same courtesy, the e Origins Of e Military Salute same spontaneity in both gestures was But what is a salute? e word comes How many military salutes have we present. A second explosion knocked them from the Latin “Solus” which means quite done in our career? It is like counting the to the ground again and then run quickly simply hello, but in neither religious nor stars in the sky. All, without surprise, had in opposite directions. social sense “Solus” is the physical or mental health. To greet someone is to give them a not always the precision and seriousness Some authors see in the military health wish. e term “health” covers all required, but all, I mean all, were oen salute, which exists in all armies in the equivalent like wellness, tness, silence of made under the uniform with a cover on world, a sign of peace between two warriors. the organs, brie y “peace”. “Be in peace” his/her head, a Cap, a Kepi, a Shako, a e one and the other meet, approach each is the “Salam” for Muslims, the “Shalom” Tricorn or a Helmet. other. eir intentions are pure. ey raise for those of the Jewish faith. e salute is their right hand, palm open, to show that a language without words with a universal they have no weapons, even that which Brothers Enemy scope. Gestures, body movements, oen exists from immemorial time: a closed st. better than words, re ect the intention of In 1915, at the Chemin des Dames, a But this salute has not always existed. When the operator. How does one signify that French ocer, is projected by a blast into he met a Centurion, the Roman legionnaire he wishes him peace, he does not want to a shell hole. From the opposite side in the was satis ed with an inclination of the attack? “I do not want to injure you, on the same hole landed a German ocer. e breast. More rarely both soldiers shook same re ex, later said the young lieutenant contrary.”
LANDCOM Sta during Remembrance Day Ceremony
28LAND POWER The Military Salute
To understand this verbal action is di erent, the result is the same. communication, we need to get out of However, to bow or reduce its height is no the history of men and dive into that of longer considered. e wide opened hand animals. e background of our behaviour appears to have clearly a peaceful intent. is imitated from that of other animals. Do not forget that we are exceptional primates, ree Virtues, One Sign but primates anyway. Let us go beyond the hands and open palms. In the animal world, We said that laughing and talking is aggression is instinctual for two reasons: proper to man. Create symbols is another to establish its place in the hierarchy of more speci c activity. What could be our its society and ensure its territorial rights. salute without its symbolic value? An “Which of us is the master of the other?” eccentric and ridiculous gesticulation. is mute sentence is entirely contained in Its symbolic signi cance, however, is the look. is sentence will inaugurate the both important and admirable. e hand meeting. Contrary to common beliefs, two brought on the forehead or temple, tight congener animals challenging each other ngers and opened palm, are three things, will rarely engage in a death struggle. Very three virtues in one sign. soon will appear an instinctive relationship Firstly, it is a sign of recognition, of domination towards dominated. In less “we are from the same world.” e army than one second, they will judge their is a big family, the brothers in arms. It is mutual value. Here the threat, then fear. a brotherhood, a movement such as the Two solutions for one who knows “lower”: Scouts, and before, the knights of the to ee or surrender. How does one show military and religious orders. “It is good this submission? It can atten in front of the and it is nice to live with his brothers,” said power, it can crawl, squat, and it can incline. the Templars. e rst lieutenant LECLERC A common denominator: the height of Secondly, it is the sign of loyalty, the the submissive will be reduced. And we, loyalty for a common cause. Whatever the and stopped. From the nearest carriage exceptional primates, smoothed by millions rank, we devote for this cause; we serve with appeared a Belgian ocer, a captain of years of humanization and civilization, discipline and delity for what we swore. what we can do in the same situation? We commander of Lancers. is cavalryman And nally, it is a courtesy generated will simply reduce our “height”. e word was gigantic, broad-shouldered, splendidly by a mutual respect, even when the is not innocent. What are our prostrations, strapped, black boots and shiny, varnished nationalities are di erent, even if it is still genu ections, bows and other curtsies? Is it belt supporting a cavalry sabre, with a the subordinate who takes the initiative. not a way to reduce our height? “Hats o ” sequined wrist strap with silver wires, has no other purpose, reduce its size and e old French military regulation and sporting shiny epaulettes. And on the oen bow, which will further reduce the before 1914 stated that the ocer and the platform waiting for him was his beautiful size. is practice seems not surprising, soldier only exchanged salutes. And the young wife. e couple greet before walking but what seems immemorial dates from the regulation further speci ed that the soldier towards First Lieutenant Leclerc immersed seventeenth century only. And this is due, initiated the action. And it was done as an in their delight at seeing each other aer which surprises more, to the creation of act of courtesy rather than deference or clearly so time. As the young French horned hats, bi or tricorn. servility. erefore, the aim of the act was ocer admitted later, by comparison he for the subordinate to provide the superior, felt miserably wearing his drab attire; blue his leader, a visible or public sign of trust. horizon overcoat, dull shoes, suitcase at Hornes And Visors And the returning salute was in turn a his feet. “ e only patches of color were e use of hats does not meet the gesture of equal signi cance in that it the feathers of my cassowary. When the interests for elegance but hygiene and communicated downwards recognition of wonderful couple was at ten feet from comfort. We can uncap quickly when it is that trust. me, I hastened to correct my position and too hot in the head. Is there an easier way But let a great soldier have the last vigorously brought the right hand to the to remove his hat as taking a horn? At the word in the context of this most symbolic visor of my shako. en the smile of the same time, it kills two birds with one stone: gesture within the ranks of the Army. Before prestigious Lancer freezes; he stops talking it reduces its height, especially if there is an becoming a Field Marshal, First Lieutenant with his wife, turned to me a face of serious inclination with the gesture. e military Philippe Leclerc de Haute Cloque was gravity, looking at me with intensity, before salute was then the same than the civil one. assigned to an army unit based in the north he brings to his cap his white gloved hand”. Soon, for the convenience especially among of France in 1923. During a leave period, What could be more tting than a soldiers on the eld, it was simpli ed. e the opportunity arose for him to visit famous ocer placing into context a climax gesture was outlined, draed. at is why Belgium. In Brussels, he was standing in the to this apology of the most emblematic of now we greet, either hat o , but the hand main railway station awaiting the arrival our military rites?. brought to the hat. at is being said, if the of a connecting train. e train arrived
29 LAND POWER Azerbaijan – NATO Cooperation In The Frame Of Partnership For Peace (PfP) Programme
By MAJ Punhan Nasibov (AZE)
he Republic of Azerbaijan • Interoperability within NATO • EE = Effective Engagement works together with • Forces Available for Partnership • FPS = Foreign Policy and Security NATO to eliminate Activities (Operations, Training and • HMA = Humanitarian Mine instability,“T con icts and threats the Euro- Educations) Action Atlantic area and, proceeding from the Individual Partnership Cooperation principle of the indivisibility of security, is • INTEL = Effective Intelligence Programme (IPCP) determined to share the burden of building • LNG = Language Training • ACD = Arms Control, a common security system in Europe and • LOAC = Law of Armed Conflict Disarmament and Non-Proliferation in its own region without discrimination • LOG = Logistics and Logistics • AM = Airspace Management on geographic or political grounds.” Sustainability - National Security Concept, May 23, 2007 • ARM = Armaments co-operation, • MED = Medical Service Cooperation history: including planning, organization and • PD = Public Diplomacy • Azerbaijan joined the PfP management of defence procurement • RTT = Response to Terrorism program on May 4, 1994, and it is a PARP • BSC = Border Security and participant since 1996. Azerbaijan joined Control • STD = Operational, Material and the OCC on March 5, 2004 and developed • C3 = Consultation, Command Administrative Aspects of Standardization its rst IPAP document for presentation and Control, including Communications • TFA = Timely Force Availability in June 2004. and Information Systems, Navigation Total 26 areas of cooperation and Identi cation Systems, Spectrum Management, Interoperability Aspects, Individual Partnership Action Plan (IPAP) Capabilities Concept Evaluation and Procedures and Terminology “ e Republic of Azerbaijan fully Feedback (OCC E&F) Programme • CBRN = Chemical, Biological, utilizes available partnership mechanisms AIM: Declared forces become fully Radiological and Nuclear Defence with NATO within the Euro-Atlantic interoperable with NATO and to achieve Partnership Council (EAPC) and NATO’s • CEP = Civil Emergency Planning high-level operational capabilities. “Partnership for Peace” programme. In and Disaster Preparedness – One Infantry Company to OCC Pool this regard, the Individual Partnership • CM = Crisis Management of Forces– 2004 Action Plan (IPAP) is an important • CTHB = Combatting Trafficking instrument for strengthening cooperation in Human Beings with NATO in short and medium-term • DCF = Democratic Control of perspectives. IPAP will be further used Forces and Defence Structures 3 as a mechanism for reforming defense and security sector of the Republic of • DM = Deployability and Mobility Azerbaijan to meet NATO standards, as • DPB = Defence Planning, well as for developing political dialogue” Budgeting and Resource Management National Security Concept, May 23, • DPS = Defence Policy and 2007. Strategy Planning and Review Process (PARP) • DRT = Planning, Organization • Defense Policy and Plans and Management of National Defence Research and Technology
30LAND POWER Azerbaijan – NATO Cooperation In The Frame Of Partnership For Peace (PfP)Programme
– Infantry Company SEL -1 – 2007 with the Azerbaijan Ministry of Defense. personnel assigned to NATO PSE posts. – Infantry Company NEL-1 -2010 (https://www.lc.nato.int/articles. Personnel contribution of the Azerbaijani php?news_id=274&hash=azerbaijan) Armed Forces to NATO is 10 bidded PSE – One Mechanized Infantry Battalion to posts. OCC Pool of Forces – 2010 e way ahead – Mechanized Infantry Battalion SEL- Operations 1– 2011– Mechanized Infantry Battalion “For Crises Establishment, • Energy security NEL - 1 – 2012 participating peacekeeping and crises • Cyber defense – Mechanized Infantry Battalion response operations with mandate of • Terrorism international organizations is one of SEL - 2 – 2013 • Azerbaijan will be in RSM till end Main directions of national security – Mechanized Infantry Battalion of 2016. policy of the Republic of Azerbaijan” NEL - 2 – 2014 - National Security Concept, May 23, 2007 e latest NATO activity, Mobile – Reconnaissance Company Training Team (MTT), was conducted • KFOR (KOSOVO), 1999-2008 – SEL - 1 – 2016 February 29 to March 3, 2016 at Baku, 34 troops, one platoon Lieutenant General Gordon Azerbaijan. e topic of the MTT was • IRAQ, 2003-2008 – 151 troops, Messenger, Deputy Commander Allied intelligence standards of NATO. As a single one company Land Command (LANDCOM), paid service command, LANDCOM contributed a visit to Azerbaijan in 2014. He was • ISAF (Afghanistan) 2002 – 94 to this activity with four personnel. there to see the mechanized battalion troops, one company + two engineers and is activity stated at ocial web page of Azerbaijan’s infantry be certi ed to two doctors of the Ministry of Defence of Republic of NATO standards so that they can be • RSM 94 troops from 01.01.2015 Azerbaijan (http://www.mod.gov.az/index2. php?content=news/2016/20160304_ interoperable with other NATO forces, Partnership Sta Elements (PSEs) mobtlmqrp). as well as to conduct high level meetings Azerbaijan is the one of the PfP Nations who has the highest number of the
LANDCOM Sta During a Visit in Azerbajian in 2014
LAND POWER31 Multinational Logistics : The Backstage Professionals
By CPT Celal Cem Dengiz (TUR)
mentioned tasks for a more agile, exible the overall cost of the logistics footprint, and ecient forces deal with the new titles the ability of nations to contribute their of the threat like : “Global Terrorism”, fair share of support, the improvement of “Cyber Attack“ or “Hybrid Warfare”. the force’s exibility, the conservation of scare resources and a better use of speci c Besides, a mission for a Logistician national expertise.” n 1980, Almost 40 years ago, under an organization just like NATO of General Robert H/ BARROW which forces are generated by multiple e document above, has been (Commandant Of e Marine Nations with di erent national systems, published at 2007 for the first time within Corps)I said : “Amateurs talk about tactics, these sentences. One year before the backgrounds and doctrines, is more only professionals talk about logistics.” formidable. publication of this handbook General (Ret.) Klaus Naumann, former Chairman But why e Coalition needs of the NATO Military Committee, said at So, what is logistics? Multinational Logistics instead of a his speech to the NATO Defense College national one? NATO Logistics Handbook de nes that multinational logistics could have as: “ e science and development, NATO Logistics Handbook reduced the logistics footprint by almost acquisition, storage, transport, distribution, de nes multinational logistics as: “A tool 50% in both manpower and stocks at the maintenance, evacuation and disposal which depending on the operational operations of International Force (IFOR) of materiel; transport of personnel; requirements and the speci c situation, and Stabilization Force (SFOR) support to acquisition or construction, maintenance, can enhance eciency and e ectiveness.” Bosnia. operation, and disposition of facilities; And the document goes on to address But still, does the Coalition need acquisition or furnishing of services; and the advantages of multinational logistics multinational logistics? What could be the medical and health support.” as opposed to the old paradigm of cost and amount of the materials that is national logistics responsibilities within It is a though duty even you think under the control of Logistics Units? only for a national army. In the 21st NATO: “More speci cally, the bene ts of Let’s check the statistics of century, logisticians have to accomplish the multinational logistics can be reduction of International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan as an example. Since Afghanistan was a landlocked country, supplies had to pass through other countries in order to reach it, or else shipped by air. Delivery of non-lethal supplies like food, clothes, construction materials and etc. was done using a combination of a series of overland supply routes. One of the main supply route starts at the port of Riga, Latvia on the Baltic Sea and continues for approximately 6000 km (3725 miles) and reaches Afghanistan’s northern border at Termez. All munitions, whether small arms ammunition, artillery shells, or missiles, were transported by air. However, airliing supplies cost up to ten times as much as transporting them through ground ways. According to William M. Arkin, a journalist in Los Angeles Times, e air supply e ort at the beginning of the war in
32LAND POWER Multinational Logistics : The Backstage Professionals
Afghanistan was the third largest in history, be given sucient authority over logistics logistics within the JOA. aer the Berlin Airli and the 1990 airli resources necessary to enable him to Aer the agreement at Washington for the Gulf War. And the costs? According receive, employ, sustain, and re-deploy (1999) and Prague (2002) Summits, new to the article of Time Magazine journalist forces assigned by nations in the most subjects has been generated regarding the Mark ompson, the total cost of the e ective manner. multinational logistics like Deployability, Afghanistan war for only USA was 685.6 3. Primacy of Operational Prepositioning and Joint Logistics Support billion dollars. Requirements : All logistic support e orts Group (JLSG) through these principles. For e e ort and the projects on the from both military and civil sectors a detailed information regarding JLSG, you “Field” is another story. Logisticians has to should be focused to satisfy operational may read the article of Michele Campanale increase storage capabilities while the forces requirements. which takes part in Land Power magazine are getting more mobile and spread on 4. Cooperation : Across full spectrum Volume 1, Issue 3. the eld. Has to stabilize the sustainment operations of logistics will contribute to the chain while terrorist groups attacking to best use of limited resources. From 2012, e Logistics sta of the supply areas, laying ambushes to the 5. Coordination : Logistics support Allied Land Command serves for a better convoys, thieves and mobs waiting for the must be coordinated among nations and multinational logistics solutions and creates correct time to steal sta from the ambers. between NATO and nations at all levels. new projects on this way. Logisticians has For example, the picture above has 6. Assured Provision : Nations and established logistic conferences, seminars been taken at the moment that 44 NATO oil NATO must ensure the provision of logistics and Logistics rehearsal of concepts tankers attacked in Pakistan at December resources to support forces allocated to (ROC Drill) in LANDCOM with the 2011. NATO and should be coordinated as a representatives of all NATO Command ad But the military was keeping 575.000 matter of routine. Force Structure Logistics units. gallons of fuel burn per day, needed tons 7. Sufficiency : Must be available in You can see the LANDCOM G4 sta of water, food, ammunition, electricity and the appropriate quantity and quality when above having a brain storm with the NFS other countless supplies in order to achieve and where it is required throughout the and NCS representatives at the ROC Drill the mission. It was an achievement of an full spectrum of the Alliance’s possible for Trident Lance 2015 Exercise : accurate planning and implementation of missions. LANDCOM Logistics Divisions give logistics capabilities. 8. Eciency : Needs must be also a contribution to Logistic focused Under the light of these statistics, identi ed in a timely manner to optimize meetings like Ample support and the NATO has started to work for better and the ecient provision and e ective use of exercises like Capable Logistician. Has cost-e ective formulas and created new such resources. members in Deployability Working Group ideas. Basic NATO logistics doctrine has and new structure development working 9. Flexibility : Logistics support must been developed according to 10 principles groups of JLSG. Had great knowledge and be proactive, adaptive, and responsive to below which establish the main ground for e ort at the exercises such as Loyal Bonus achieve the objective. the new ideas: (2013), Loyal Lance (2014), Trident Lance 1. Collective responsibility : 10. Visibility and Transparency (2014) and Trident Juncture (2015) and will Encourages nations and NATO to : NATO Commanders require timely show the same success in the future. and accurate exchange of information cooperatively share the provision and use logistic capabilities and resources to among nations and NATO to prioritize support the force e ectively and eciently. consignment movement into and within the Joint Operating Area to allow for 2. Authority : e NATO redirection and to e ectively employ Commander at the appropriate level must
33 LAND POWER The Migration Crisis Beyond Syria And Iraq1
Dr. Elona Rusi Karacalarli2 (LC POLAD Intern)
the trends of globalization. So, the main internationally. States need to balance point put forward by this paper is that national interests and international even if the Syrian crisis ended and refugee responsibilities, but this has proven to be numbers from Syria abated, migration to challenging based on the growing scope Europe and wealthy nations will not end— and complexity of migration. and it stands to reason that NATO will Depending on the drivers and ince the start of the Syrian have to assess its role in this generational objectives of displacement, the routes con ict, which is heading challenge. people use to move from one country to towards its sixth year, host Migratory ows have taken place another, and other distinguishing features, countriesS have been facing the largest since ancient times. However, the issue of population movements are classi ed refugee crisis on a regional and global scale migration gained political importance and di erently, for example, as economic since WWII. However, although the civil attention aer the Treaty of Westphalia in migrants and refugees. is is to assist war in Syria has accelerated the number 1648, which “established the `territorial governments to incorporate all sensitive of displaced people worldwide, it has not state` as the basis of the modern state aspects of the issue into their policies, been the only displacement-producing system and emphasized international addressing both their sovereignty and country; Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, Iran, boundaries as legal territorial boundaries security concerns as well as considering the Pakistan and numerous other countries between one country and the other”3. rights of the displaced people. However, with ongoing con ict or instability have Since then, states under their sovereign the migratory ows of the last decades contributed. As long as the root causes of right have been in a continuous attempt including the recent crisis have overlapped, human migration in general and of asylum to control their borders and migration and it requires well-established asylum in particular continue taking place, the and to regulate migratory ows through screening procedures, human resources, number of displaced people all over the legal mechanisms, both domestically and and capacity building to identify people world will keep growing, boosted also by as asylum-seekers, refugees, economic migrants, poverty migrants, or victims of human tracking and smuggling. Consequently, today’s world is face to face with the challenge of mixed migration. Add to this the looming relationship of migrant issues with security/insecurity issues and the challenges are signi cant. eoretically, politics traditionally is divided into high politics and low politics. High politics is engaged with issues of national security, foreign policy, and war and peace, while low politics is concerned with issues of social and economic life. Using this approach, migration has always been subject to low politics4. However,
34LAND POWER The Migration Crisis Beyond Syria And Iraq
since the terrorist attacks of 9/11/2001, the challenge into opportunity—while at the migration is not based on the notion of dramatic e ect that the movement of people same time protecting refugees as the most ‘by saying something, something is done.’ may have on security has been reconsidered. vulnerable. Moreover, it is important Rather, migration is linked with security Still, none of the countries of destination can to stress the fact that states, apart from in its classical form and also with human close their borders to refugees, based on the cooperation with other states, may need to security, which requires direct protection of prohibition of collective expulsion of aliens be supported by international organizations civilians. At the same time, migratory in ux by several instruments of international in their e ort to manage international could potentially pose serious security law, such as the European Convention on human migration. threats, particularly when large in scale. 5 Human Rights, Protocol 4, Article 4 , as erefore, two important questions Large, irregular movements of displaced well as the principle of non-refoulement need to be addressed: What is the link people across borders challenges, rst of (meaning that no signatory state of the between migration and security/insecurity? all, state sovereignty in terms of border Geneva Convention Relating to the Status And as the issue of migration has occupied security, as it weakens border control by of Refugees, 1951, should expel a refugee to the political agenda of most of the NATO overstretching law enforcement, and as any country where he or she is likely to face member states, being at the same time a such it allows terrorists or criminals to 6 persecution or torture ), which is binding global concern not only for the time being move easily, while the ‘prima facie refugee’ on all states under Customary International but also for the years to come, what should status still applies. (Prima facie refugee 7 Law . Consequently, the world has to face the role of NATO be in responding to the status is applied when urgent assistance to the possible challenge, understand the migration challenge in the short and long huge groups of displaced people is required, implications in both the short and long term? and it is impossible to determine the run, work on capacity building to respond refugee status of each person on individual to the accelerating scale of the ow and basis, thus considering them all refugees.) Securitizing Migration? its consequences, and come up with new Additionally, migrants may be susceptible regulations that can possibly turn the Examples have shown that securitizing to religious radicalization (e.g., Afghani
35 LAND POWER The Migration Crisis Beyond Syria And Iraq
refugees in Pakistan, Somali refugees in Before discussing the role NATO and migrant crisis through participating East Africa, etc.8), and, less alarmingly, should or should not take in the recent in international e orts to stem illegal may commit so-called ‘survival crimes,’ humanitarian crisis or mass movements tracking and illegal migration in the especially in cases of a prolonged crisis. of people in the future, one should point Aegean as well as to intensify intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance at Paranoia and xenophobia are other out the legal practices in dealing with the Turkish-Syrian border. NATO will phenomena fostered by massive refugee asylum- and immigration-related issues. contribute to the above in cooperation with and migrant settlement, and they have In principle, it is the sovereign right national coastguards and the EU9. Protocol their own security implications for the local of each state to control and manage its against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, environment. Massive refugee and migrant borders, and each state applies di erent Sea and Air, supplementing the United settlement challenges social cohesion and policies of immigration in accordance Nations Convention against Transnational homogeneity in terms of religion, culture, with its national interest. Nevertheless, Organized Crime, Article 14/2, is the proper and ethnicity and may go so far as to lead international regulations put some limits legal basis for this involvement, stating that to civil wars in the long term, through on this exercise of sovereignty based on state parties shall cooperate with each other right-wing radicalization or other clashes. bilateral, multilateral, and international and with competent IOs, NGOs, other Human security is threatened in cases treaties or agreements or even practices. relevant organizations, and other elements when human tracking and smuggling Migration management is similar to river of civil society10. is allowed to ourish as masses of people management, which requires cooperation begin to move. Other examples of security and coordination among states of origin, Measures that need to be taken in threats are the possibility of migrants transit, and of destination. e involvement order to manage irregular migratory ows spreading diseases with which they may of IOs and NGOs in migration management properly may be classi ed into six main have been infected during their journey, also has an important practical role within types: institutional, operational, legislative, 11 destabilization of the labor market, this multilateralism. Within the framework judicial, informative, and cooperative . resulting in increased unemployment, of so-called security interdependence, NATO has the capability to contribute to and environmental degradation in the the recent refugee crisis should be most of the above measures directly and long term. So, the movement of people NATO’s concern under the framework of indirectly according to the agreements creates multidimensional challenges not cooperative migration governance. concluded by the states, and in particular only to the state but also to regional and Very recently, the matter was raised to the operational and cooperative ones. international security, for which a serious jointly by Turkey, Germany, and Greece Operational measures consist of pre- global approach is required, and di erent at the NATO defense ministers’ meeting frontier measures, border management, international actors should get involved. on 11 February 2016. Following the and post-entry measures. NATO’s role as meeting, NATO Secretary General Jens far as the rst stage is concerned seems to be sensitive, as it is more related to the NATO’s Role In A New Age Of Migration Stoltenberg announced the decision to provide support to assist with the refugee root causes of the ow, which in the Syrian 36LAND POWER The Migration Crisis Beyond Syria And Iraq
case is to end the con ict, bring stability, be considered as a wakeup call for the world humanitarian factors in order to plan and and handle Russian involvement. For the to be ready for a new era of migration. It is conduct successful operations in the future. time being, only NATO member states bi- dicult to forecast migratory movements NATO needs to pay attention to the global laterally and not NATO as an organization because of the variety of the pull-push changes and challenges growing migration are involved in Syria. e possible role at factors as well as the unpredictability of may cause in order to adapt to the new the moment to contribute to the second political developments and immigration security environment and to prepare now stage has already been decided by NATO at policies in the distant future. Most pull- for an uncertain future with long-term, the defense ministers’ meeting as addressed push factors of migration are beyond the sustainable solutions. in the previous paragraph, while its control of state policy, such as globalization Moreover, NATO may consider involvement in the third stage will depend and climate change. Population growth identifying how future mass migrations may on future political developments and and demographic di erences between the threaten global security and the security of possible cooperation requests by states. As developing and developed world are also NATO states and their peoples in order to far as cooperative measures are concerned, crucial accelerating factors of migration. In be able to keep risks at a distance by dealing NATO may consider being involved addition, once migratory roots have been with them at an early stage. Responding through multi-agency approach, joint established, the ow is almost impossible to the current Syrian refugee crisis and action, parallel investigations, information to stop as a result of chain migration and migrant surge from other unstable nations exchange mechanisms, etc., most obviously others who bene t from it, like travel is clearly the tip of the iceberg—but at least with the EU. agencies, smugglers, trackers, and lawyers it will give us lessons we can learn from as Interestingly, because the migrant who assist in family reuni cation or refugee we respond to this wake-up call. issue will go on long aer Syria and Iraq, status. NATO should consider the long-term e rising gures worldwide may migratory trends and what to do about them count as evidence that human displacements rather than focusing on just the current will keep growing in magnitude and scope, situation. For various reasons worldwide, and that the end of the Syrian con ict will human displacement has hit its highest not stop the movement of people and the numbers, with nearly 60 million globally associated security implications and new displaced people by the end of 201412, and demographic, ethnic, and geographic the trend is growing, without including here formations. NATO commanders need the number of people under other statuses to consider social, political, cultural, of legal migration. e Syrian crisis needs to religious, economic, environmental, and
Footnotes 1 Migration in this article is used as an all-encompassing term, including and not di erentiated from refugees. 2 is is an academic opinion based on the evaluation of evidence obtained by research and literature review, and it does not represent the ocial position of NATO. Moreover, this article focuses mainly on the possible threats caused by the ow of people without denying the potentially positive impact it has.
3 Okhonmina, Stephen, “States Without Borders: Westphalia Territoriality under Threat,” Journal of Social Science, 24 (3): 177-182, 2010, p. 177. 4 Holli eld, James F., “Migration and International Relations” in Marc C. Rosenblum and Daniel J. Tichenor, eds., e Oxford Handbook of the Politics of International Migration, Oxford University Press: 2012, p. 350. 5 European Convention on Human Rights, Protocol 4, Article 4. 6 Guy S. Goodwin-Gill. “The Refugee in International L aw,” 2d ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1996, p. 117. 7 Advisory Opinion on the Extraterritorial Application of Non-Refoulement Obligations under the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol, UNHCR. 8 Betts, A., and Gil Loescher, “Refugees in International Relations” in Alexander Betts and Gil Loescher, eds., Refugees in International Relations, Oxford University Press: 2011, p. 16. 9 Press Conference by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg Following the meeting of the North Atlantic Council at the Level of Defense Ministers – Opening Remarks, 11 February 2016, NATO ocial web page. 10 Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, Article 14 (2), United Nations, 2000. 11 GDISC, “Migration and Crime with a Special Focus on Inter-Agency Cooperation,” 2007, p. 24. 12 Worldwide Displacement Hits All-Time High as War and Persecution Increase, News Stories, 18 June 2015, UNHCR.
LAND POWER37 from the Exercises
Italian Sniper at Saber Junction 16 Exercise
173rd Airborne brigade run out a tow cable while conducting vehicle recovery training during exercise Saber Junction 16
Leopard in action
Italian mortarmen secure their heavy dropped mortar system in support of Saber Junction 16 Exercise
38LAND POWER from the Exercises
Cold Response 16 is a Norwegian invitational previously-scheduled ex- ercise that will involve approximately 15,000 troops from 13 NATO and partner countries.
Anakonda 16 Anakonda 2016 brings more than 25,000 service mem- bers from 24 NATO and partner nations together to train, exercise and integrate Polish national command and force struc- tures into an allied, joint, multinational environment.
Brilliant Jump 16 is designed to prove the concept of NATO’s Readiness Action Plan (RAP) and at the same time to put to the test all its core elements, including the NATO Command Structure (NCS) and a number of Headquarters throughout Europe.
LAND POWER39 Visits and Key Events Turkish Land Forces Commander Visits LANDCOM, LC COM with Turkish Land Forces Commander, General (Gen.) Salih Zeki Çolak, Aegean Army Com- mander, Gen. Abdullah Recep
During Land Corps’ Commander Conference Meeting
LANDCOM Deputy Commander, LTG Paolo Ruggiero greeted LANDCOM Chief of Sta , Major General Salih Sevil, visiting former NRDC by LANDCOM Command Group Spain Commander, LTG Rafael Comas during Exercise TRJ15
NRDC Turkey greeted by LANDCOM DCOM and COS during a visit to the HQ
Deputy Commander Hand Over Take Over Ceremony
General John W. Nicholson Jr. Farewell
40 LANDCOM Sports Day
Allied Land Command held its annual Sports Day in Izmir on 15 April 2016. Hundreds of sta mem- bers and their families came out to participate in or support the various ac- tivities. e events ranged from tug-of-war, volley- ball, 5K run, three-legged race, soccer, egg-carrying race and throw-the-welly.
41 LAND POWER41 FOR THE SOLDIER!
JANUARY 2016
42LAND POWER FOR THE SOLDIER!
JANUARY 2016 A SEMI-ANNUAL PUBLICATION OF ALLIED LAND COMMAND MAGAZINE SPRING 2016 VOLUME 2, ISSUE 1
03 - 04 05 - 06 14 - 18 20 - 23 34 - 37 DCOM: CSM: ARRC: LANDCOM: LANDCOM: Continuous Adaptation: Roles and Responsibilities of Gender In Operations The Joint Military Land The Migration Crisis Defence and Deterrence the Non-Commissioned Officer Heavy Demonstration Beyond Syria And Iraq though strong land forces (NCO) and strong partnerships Tactical to Strategic