A BI-ANNUAL PUBLICATION OF ALLIED LAND COMMAND MAGAZINEFALL 2019

EXCLUSIVE CREVAL “New Approach”

EXCLUSIVE SACEUR MEET Gen. Wolters

COMMENTARY DETERRENCE Through Competition INSIGHTS RUSSIAN EW Capability

Vigilant and Ready LAND FORCES for Deterrence and Defence. MAGAZINE MAGAZINE

FALL 2019 FALL 2019 contents. Commander´s SACEUR message Gen T od Wolters Prep for TRIDENT JACKAL 19 05 08

The CREVAL “NEW APPROACH” 10 12 Commander´s message The CREVAL “New Approach” CMI and CIMIC Mobile 05 10 24Training Teams

CSEL´s message NRDC-ESP Prepares For Meet the 2019 Sergeant 06 12 TRIDENT JACKAL 19 28Yahya Award Recipient CSEL´S biography The 2nd NATO Mountain North Macedonia poised Warfare Conference - to become NATO´s 30th 07 16 BELOW ZERO 30member Meet the new SACEUR Vigilance and Readiness in NATO Land Standardisation 08General Todd Wolters 20the Land Domain 32Week

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MND-SE the Road to Success 34 RUSSIAN Letter of Cooperation EW capability Georgia Defence Forces 40 48 37 Theatre SABER GUARDIAN 19: Eurocorps: Road to MND-SE & the Road to Readiness Enablement 34Success 44 Russian EW capacity How the Cyber Domain 37rapidly rises 46Supports LAND Operations LANDCOM signs letter of Theatre enablement: A Key cooperation with Georgia to Readiness 40Defence Forces 48 LANDCOM’s Joint Effects Trip Report: and Fires Branch: Current Logisticians in Kiev 42Activities 50

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FALL 2019 WELCOME Front Cover: Credit, Latvijas armija- Latvian Soldiers operating the CVRT light reconaissance vehicle during Joint let’s get Response Force training held on Salisbury Plain, UK. Rear Cover: social. Credit, NATO- A British Army Challenger 2 Main Battle Tank lays down a smoke screen during Spring LANDCOM twitter Storm 19, Estonia’s largest annual military exercise. “I believe that the soldiers and civilian personnel that support “A little bit different EU soldiers and them do a great job defending US soldiers. The atmosphere. It is good their country regardless of the thing.” government they have.” @awwwwwwwwwwwwa @EvelynSemperteg

LANDCOM facebook The LANDPOWER magazine is a bi-annual publi- cation produced by Allied Land Command (LAND- COM) dedicated to the promotion of actions and “Viva la N.A.T.O. !” ideas, contributing to the improvement of the Bianchi Giovanni “Keep up the good work, god NATO Force Structure (NFS) efficiency and effec- bless you from England” tiveness. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the LANDCOM “Very impressive. Thank you NATO Karen Low men and women for your dedication Commander, SACEUR, NATO or its member na- and devotion. ” tions and cannot be quoted as an official state- Kit Doll Shemas ment of those entities. An electronic version that includes additional links to in-depth articles, sup- “Keep it up the wonderful works NATO... plementary articles and an ability to provide online “Well done guys! Excellent GODBLESS YOU ALL.“ comments is available from the LANDCOM web- example to all. LC strong. FTS!!” Ahtide Flores site (www.lc.nato.int).

Greg Rushton To contact the LANDPOWER Magazine staff and/or to submit an article to be considered ⭐⭐⭐⭐ for publication in the next issue, please use the Pedro Paulo de Castro Assis following contacts:

E-mail: [email protected] Keep in touch . [email protected]

Postal: NATO Allied Land Command Public Affairs Office General Vecihi Akin Garrison flickr.com/photos/ @LANDCMD @Landcom alliedlandcommand/ lc.nato.int LandcomHQ 35380 Izmir / Turkey channel All articles are edited for length and content. We thank you for your support. The LANDPOWER Magazine staff:

LTC Travis Dettmer (USA) - Editor and Chief LT Jonathan Bateman (GBR) - Senior Editor SFC Jonathan Fernandez (ESP) - Art Director SFC David Vivar (ESP) - Deputy Art Director 04 Mr. Jakub Klepek (POL) - Graphic Designer MAGAZINE

FALL 2019 from the COMMANDER Conference (LC3) is “Vigilant and another key advantage of the Alliance. Ready Land Forces for Deterrence However, an element marked by and Defence.” During this semi- significant change over recent months. annual conference, we will discuss our At LANDCOM, CWO Kevin Mathers changing roles and responsibilities in replaced CWO Steve Rice as Command fostering vigilance and readiness to Senior Enlisted Leader and Maj. Gen. strengthen deterrence...not just in Metin Tokel replaced Maj. Gen. Erhan the land domain, but in an integrated Uzun as Chief of Staff. At 1st German- manner across all domains…thereby Netherlands Corps, Lt. Gen. Alfons manifesting decisive advantage. Mais replaced Lt. Gen. Michiel van der Laan. At the Allied Rapid Reaction In 1949, Gen. Omar Bradley Corps, Lt. Gen. Edward Smyth- stated that “peace is our goal Osbourne replaced Lt. Gen. Tim but preparedness is the price Radford. At Rapid Reaction Corps- France, Lt. Gen. Pierre Gillet replaced we must pay”. Those words continue Lt. Gen. Laurent Kolodziej. At the to ring true today. In the spirit of EUROCORPS, Lt. Gen. Laurent Kolodziej preparedness, a new NATO Military replaced Lt. Gen. Jürgen Weigt. And Strategy was unveiled this past at Multinational Division Southeast, May and we are now focused on Maj. Gen. J.J. Berdila replaced Maj. its implementation. For the land Gen. Daniel Petrescu. We thank the domain, this requires vigilance and outgoing leaders for their exceptional preparedness in baseline activities and leadership and teamwork and extend a current operations (BACO). Or in other warm welcome to the new leadership. “If you don’t like change, you’ll words, deterrence through realistic and Despite such significant change in like irrelevance even less.” rigorous demonstration of collective names and faces, rest assured that the defence based on decisive combined General Eric Shinseki thread of continuity is commitment to arms, multi-domain operations. readiness, excellence and teamwork. Maintaining strong linkage between oday’s security environment the NATO Command Structure (NCS) is marked by a return of and NATO Force Structure (NFS) Having recently celebrated NATO’s great power competition, to ensure coherency and cohesion, 70th anniversary as the strongest increasing complexity, growing change management is fully underway and most successful Alliance in the Tuncertainty and a rapidly changing to increase our warfighting capabilities, world, we can be rightfully proud of character of warfare. While land power including the NATO Readiness Initiative land power’s vital role in deterrence remains central to deterrence and (NRI) and Adapted NATO Response Force and collective defence. As we lead defence, it must also adapt to retain (aNRF); Joint, Domain, and Functional historic change, let us remember the competitive advantage over potential Command and Control (C2) concepts wise words of SACEUR, who reminds adversaries. Within the NATO land of operation; a Joint Fires and Targeting that readiness means being responsive, domain, I am encouraged by the framework; Theatre Enablement; being resilient, and being lethal. positive embrace of changes designed and a refined Training, Exercise, and to ensure we remain fit for purpose Evaluation program that reflects #LandPower! #StrongerTogether! and can act at the speed of relevance. realism. These initiatives along with on- #WeAreNATO! Ultimately, it is about promoting going standardisation, interoperability a culture of readiness to compete, and modernisation efforts will ensure deter, and if necessary, fight and win. our continued success as an Alliance. For the Soldier! LC

Building and sustaining land power Leadership remains the most decisive readiness remains our main effort. and dynamic element of combat It is our primary contribution to power. Across the NATO land domain, deterrence. Accordingly, the theme we continue to be blessed with for the 15 th Land Corps Commanders an abundance of strong leaders... J.T. THOMSON LANDCOM Commander

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FALL 2019 from the CSEL Commander’s intent. As warriors, we What does this mean for me and my coun- train for lethality and fully accept the terparts? NCO talent management is the expectation of unlimited liability – the job of the command’s CSEL. The CSEL is willingness to give the ultimate sacrifice – the empowered NCO leader linked delib- and remain vigilant as a result. erately to the commander. They are com- mitted to fulfilling the commander’s intent As experts of human terrain, NCOs in the through impartial, multi-level communica- land domain must be empowered to enable tions, advising where and when necessary, and build capacity within LANDCOM, and and monitoring critical vulnerabilities. The by extension, the land domain. I expect CSEL is uniquely positioned to champion responsible junior and senior NCOs to all NCO training, professional education, embody the professionalism needed for and self-development, and ensure we leaders in the ground fight. provide the right person at the right time to take advantage of these prerequisites, #WeAreNATO is not merely a catchy these professionalising opportunities, us- hashtag. It identifies that we are NATO, ing a team of dedicated and empowered the most powerful military alliance in NCOs. I look forward to forming that team. history. For the NCOs of this command, The way ahead MY PERSPECTIVE: TWO MONTHS INTO it is the way of life as we prepare the land LANDCOM forces in their training and preparation for So far I have been thoroughly impressed the defence of the Alliance. A mentally by the tireless efforts of the entire team On the 21st of June I had the distinct honour and physically tough NCO is an undeniably here at LANDCOM. I’m sincerely proud of of assuming the incredible responsibility as intimidating source of deterrence against the dedicated members of our command Command Senior Enlisted Leader (CSEL) of our adversaries. Take it from none other who are busy preparing, planning and NATO Allied Land Command. The outgoing than the Supreme Allied Commander creating training objectives for our CSEL, Canadian Chief Warrant Officer Europe, Gen. Tod Wolters, who, during ambitious training and capacity building Stephen Rice, went to great lengths to the International Senior Enlisted Seminar series of LANDCOM-lead supported and prepare me to assume the position. Before forum with NATO and partner nations in supporting exercises for execution this I dive into what is my first editorial for Garmisch earlier this summer, lauded the Fall. The incredible efforts of the Allied Land Power magazine, I would be remiss NCO Corps’ unparalleled ability to shape Land Command team are sure to test the if I did not thank Steve and his incredible the battlespace. boundaries of operational excellence. It’s wife Karyn for their unwavering support been said that leading is not about taking to the mission here at LANDCOM. Steve, Developing and managing our enlisted charge but rather it’s about leading the you helped Non-Commissioned Officers talent people in our charge. I accept this reality (NCOs) identify what right looks like and and look forward to the challenge. I for one modeled behavior that inspired Partners As the landscape of modern warfare am looking forward to the journey ahead. and Allies alike. You, without a doubt, left changes, so too does the path to behind a legacy that will have a lasting professionalism and relevance for the FOR THE SOLDIER! LC effect. You are a top notch soldier and NCO. This means soldiers must pursue a great Canadian who should be proud of deliberate, designed path that includes your accomplishments. professional military education (PME), civilian education, and self-development. MAKING PEOPLE THE MISSION To be a value-added NCO today requires confidence and emotional intelligence. The With only a short time in the job, I thought 2017 NATO NCO BI-SC Strategy and NCO it best to outline my perspective on the Guidelines capture these requirements proper relationship between LANDCOM by formally recognising the importance Officers and NCOs serving within the of investing in human capital at every command’s construct. The NCO Corps level. They emphasise the importance is responsive and accountable up and of iterative development of NCOs at all down the chain of command. NCOs must ranks, ensuring their baseline knowledge, be resilient and sustain our efforts, from skills, and abilities meet National and KEVIN J. MATHERS planning all the way through to execution NATO standards and expectations for LANDCOM Command Senior Enlisted Leader of our task, and always in support of the interoperability. 06 MAGAZINE

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I FEEL EXTREMELY FORTUNATE AND I AM HUMBLED BY THE EXPERIENCE AND EXCELLENCE OF THE WARRIORS THAT MAKE UP OUR TEAM AT LAND COMMMAND.

Mathers during his last tour of Afghanistan, in Kandahar fall 2009. Pictured with his Squadron Commander, Major Mark Popov CHIEF WARRANT OFFICER KEVIN J. MATHERS

Chief Warrant Officer Kevin Mathers joined the Canadian Armed Forces in 1985 and upon graduation from Crewman Mathers is the proud father of two children and grandfather training was posted to the Lord Srathcona’s Horse (RC) in to four grandsons and two granddaughters. Calgary. In 1988 he was deployed to Cyprus and over the course of the next thirty years took part in a number of In preparation to assume his role as the Command Senior Operational Deployments in the Golan Heights, Bosnia and Enlisted Leader in 2019, Mathers completed the NATO two to Afghanistan, amongst others. CSEL course and the Keystone Joint Senior Enlisted Command Course in Washington DC. LC In 2011 Mathers was invested into the Order of Military Merit and later the same year was awarded the Meritorious Service Medal for his contributions and performance during his time serving as the Sergeant Major of his Reconnaissance Squadron, part of Task Force 3-09, in Afghanistan.

During his thirty three year career Mathers has been posted to 15 different units and has served in all three of the Canadian Armoured Regiments, the Directorate of Military Careers as part of the Crewman Career Management Team, Land Force Central Area Training Centre Meaford, Canadian Forces Training Development Centre CSM Borden and the Armour School in Gagetown. On promotion to Chief Warrant Officer in 2013, Mathers attended RMC Kingston for a year of studies before being appointed as the Regimental Sergeant Major of the Armour School. After completing his RSM posting he occupied key appointments as the Senior Army Mentor at the Royal Military College St. CWO Kevin Mathers training with his crew in his Leopard main Jean and recently completed a tour as the Chief Instructor battle tank in the early 2000s. of the CWO Robert Osside Institute.

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FALL 2019 Meet the 19th SACEUR

LAND POWER MAGAZINE CONNECTED WITH GEN. TOD WOLTERS, THE NEW SUPREME ALLIED COMMANDER EUROPE, TO FIND MORE ABOUT HOW HE VIEWS ALLIANCE LAND POWER AND LAND- COM’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO NATO IN THE LAND DOMAIN.

LANDPOWER: As the NATO Alliance celebrates its 70th anniversary this year, what are some of the challenges you see for the Alliance in the land domain?

TW: Increased threat capabilities, diffusion of disruptive technologies, and ambiguous malign activities below the level of armed conflict are significant challenges in the Euro- Atlantic. Allied Command Operations (ACO) will meet these challenges with vigilance and speed across all domains and functions. These efforts ensure the Alliance deters, and if called, defends with victory.

LANDPOWER: How important is land force integration TW: A prudent balance between ready forces and supporting when it comes to deterrence and defence? enablers is essential. Enablers optimise combat power and sustain operations across the AoR. SHAPE is collaboratively TW: NATO’s persistent presence, demonstrated resolve, and working on initiatives to improve coherence within the pool of human interaction across the land domain is tangible, unique, ready forces and to apply a more holistic approach to readiness and strategically vital to deterrence and defence. Having ready in the near term. Ongoing operations, major joint exercises, and ground forces that are responsive, resilient, lethal, and capable evaluation programs offer regular opportunities to integrate of operating at relevant speed and scale enhances deterrence enablers and improve Alliance force posture and responsiveness. and reduces the potential for miscalculation. Land forces are essential and offer unique strengths, but they should not LANDPOWER: From your perspective as SACEUR, how operate alone in crisis or conflict. If called, ACO will leverage important is the new Combat Readiness Evaluation (CREVAL) our overwhelming strength in multi-domain and combined arms approach to ensuring readiness and interoperability of NATO’s operations to deliver decisive effects. land forces?

LANDPOWER: Speaking of joint effects and integration of TW: As a pilot, rifleman, logistician, or any professional enablers to better deter and defend, how do you see addressing warfighter, there are few things more critical than mission the readiness of enablers in the land domain? evaluations. They improve transparency and provide useful milestones for organisational certification. The new CREVAL approach empowers commanders to select focus areas relevant to their mission, providing them with recommendations and “ACO will leverage our over- feedback to enable learning and assist formations to become whelming strength in multi- more responsive, resilient, and lethal. LC domain and combined arms operations to deliver deci- sive effects.”

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Gen. Tod Wolters, U.S. Air Forces in Europe and Air Forces Africa commander, speaks during a press conference at Royal Air Force Lakenheath, England, April 19, 2017. The press conference was held for the visiting F-35 Lightning who is II’s at RAF Lakenheath. (U.S. Air Force photo/Senior Airman Malcolm Mayfield) SACEUR

General Tod D. Wolters assumed duties as NATO’s 19th Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) on May 3, 2019. As SACEUR, he is one of NATO’s two strategic commanders and commands Allied Command Operations (ACO), which is responsible for the planning and execution of all Alliance operations. He is responsible to NATO’s Military Committee for the conduct of all NATO military operations.

General Wolters previously served as Commander Allied Air Command; Commander, U.S. Air Forces in Europe; Commander, U.S. Air Forces Africa, headquartered at Ramstein Air Base, Germany, and Director, Joint Air Power Competence Centre, Kalkar, Germany.

General Wolters received his commission in 1982 as a graduate of the U.S. Air Force Academy. He has been assigned to numerous operational command and staff positions, and has completed nine overseas tours, including two tours in Afghanistan. He commanded the 19th Fighter Squadron, the 1st Operations Group, the 485th Air Expeditionary Wing, the 47th Flying Training Wing, the 325th Fighter Wing, the 9th Air and Space Expeditionary Task Force-Afghanistan, and the 12th Air Force.

General Wolters fought in operations Desert Storm, Southern Watch, Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom. He served in the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force as Legislative Liaison Director and in headquarters staff positions at U.S. Pacific Command, Headquarters U.S. Air Force and Air Force Space Command. Prior to commanding U.S. Air Forces in Europe and U.S. Air Forces Africa, General Wolters served as the Joint Staff Director for Operations. He is a combat-experienced command pilot with more than 5,000 flying hours in the F-15C, F-22, OV-10, T-38, and A-10 aircraft.

General Wolters earned his Bachelor of Science degree from the U.S. Air Force Academy in 1982, a master’s degree in aeronautical science technology from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in 1996, and a master’s degree in strategic studies from the Army War College in 2001. Additionally, he served as a senior executive fellow at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government in 2004 and a fellow with National Defense University’s Pinnacle Course in 2014.

General Wolters’ decorations and awards include the Defense Distinguished Service Medal with oak leaf cluster, the Defense Service Medal with oak leaf cluster, the Defense Superior Service Medal, the Legion of Merit with two oak leaf clusters, the Bronze Star with oak leaf cluster, the Defense Meritorious Service Medal, the Meritorious Service Medal with oak leaf cluster, the Air Medal, the Aerial Achievement Medal with three oak leaf clusters, the Joint Service Commendation Medal, the Air Force Commendation Medal with two oak leaf clusters and the Air Force Combat Action Medal. LC

Source: https://shape.nato.int/saceur-2

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The CREVAL “New Approach”

By Maj. Nathan Loomis, formerly of LANDCOM G7

he CREVAL, or Combat model there is little ability for the com- of evaluations are reduced. Readiness Evaluation pro- mander of the evaluated unit to tailor gram, is SACEUR’s opera- an evaluation to his or her specific Future evaluations will tailor the evalu- tional tool to evaluate and unit. ation criteria to focus on the evaluated Tverify the combat readiness of land commander’s priorities. No longer forces and provide the commander of Thus, CREVALs are changing to will a rigid evaluation format require the organisation with recommenda- become more focused, supportive the inspection of every performance tions for what to sustain and what to and balanced. While SACEUR retains measure applicable to a headquarters improve. the authority to direct evaluations at or unit. However, to be clear, this new his discretion, in future CREVALs the CREVAL approach will still focus on CREVAL focuses on a headquarters or scope and scale will be determined SACEUR’s requirements and his focus unit’s ability to plan for and execute through Commander’s dialogue with areas (SAGE) of Command and Control large scale, high intensity, multi- the intent of reaching an agreement on (C2), Fires, and Logistics Support. domain warfare against a near peer targeted areas to scrutinise within his adversary with an overall concentrated or her command. The benefits of using How will the CREVAL New Approach focus on Command and Control (C2), this approach include: work in practice? Fires, and Logistic Support. a. Evaluation data becomes a valuable A CREVAL, on average, takes about 18 Evaluations are an essential part of aid to commanders in planning their months of effort and is comprised of the certification process to facilitate future training events. several events, starting with the Initial end-to-end quality assurance of the Coordination Meeting (ICM) and fol- preparation processes of forces for b. Reinforcement of the commitment lowed by exercise planning events that current and future operations. and intent to continuous improvement. include initial, mid and final planning conferences. For HQs, the evaluation What’s in a CREVAL? c. NATO’s Evaluation and Training is broken down into Phase I, Crisis (E&T) becomes even more of a genuine Response Planning (CRP), and Phases The current CREVAL process has a learning system. 2 and 3. Unit evaluations consist of rigid checklist format based off the Phases 1 and 2 only. (Phasing is de- concept of “trust but verify.” Thou- d. Evaluations are reduced in scope scribed below.) sands of performance measures must and scale, are more targeted and are be checked, which entails maintaining better synchronised. The first new event for CREVAL under large evaluation teams that are costly the new approach is implementation to deploy. Additionally, in the current e. Consequently, the costs and burden of an Evaluation Team Chief (ETC) to

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evaluated commander (COM) dialogue. Phase 1 of the CREVAL New Approach Formal Report. Once complete, this This is where the ETC and COM reach continues to be in-barracks evaluation. concludes the CREVAL. an agreement on what will be evalu- This is where the exchange of informa- ated and the scope and scale of that tion and evaluation of documentation In summary, the new CREVAL ap- evaluation. It’s important to note that, occurs. Phase 2 is the evaluation of proach engenders a more focused, for Corps-level evaluations, COM procedures, exercise conduct and supportive, and balanced process. LANDCOM is the ETC, thus COM to execution of operational mission. Field Through establishing a new baseline COM dialogue is analogous with ETC evaluation is done during a Command to the process, we are striving to set to COM dialogue. Post Exercise (CPX) and usually lasts a new paradigm for evaluations and 96 hrs. During Phase 3 the formal ensure the system is best utilised for This ETC to COM dialogue sets the report is finalised to include recom- its primary purpose – as a tool for the tone for the ICM. Once the ETC and mendations and conclusions. This Commander to assure force readiness evaluated COM agree to objectives, phase contains a new event added to for the SACEUR. LC the evaluation team finalises the plan. the CREVAL process: the After-Action- At some point between Phases 1 and Review (AAR). The AAR is a structured 2, and sometimes even before Phase review process that allows training 1, the CRP of the evaluated HQ oc- participants to discover for themselves curs. The CRP focuses on the evalu- what happened, why it happened and ated HQ’s planning capabilities and how they can perform better. Phase 3 processes. concludes with the COM LC’s back- brief and signing of the Evaluation

  MORE INFORMATION For additional information about LANDCOM, visit:  http://lc.nato.int

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FALL 2019 TRIDENT JACKAL 19 Prepar ation

BEST PRACTICES FROM THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL PLANNING PROCESS IN A SMALL JOINT OPERATION (LAND HEAVY)

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Col. Jaime V. Mena Redondo, former G5 Plans Section A Chief and JOPG Coordinator, TRIDENT JACKAL 19 Prepar ation NRDC-Spain. uring the recent preparations for the upcoming exercise TRIDENT JACKAL 19, the NATO Rapid Deployable Corps-SpainD (NRDC-SP) Joint Task Force Headquarters (JTF HQ) Joint Operations Planning Group (JOPG) conducted Sub- phase IIB, Crisis Response Planning. The primary evaluation objective for this phase was to prepare and plan a crisis response operation within a comprehensive, combined and joint operational context. The exercise, held in the Bétera Military Base from June 10-21, was designed to incorporate all guidance was critically branches and component commands, ensuring important for the duration of the each participant contributed effectively to the exercise, both for the Operational Liaison and process in adherence with the Comprehensive Reconnaissance Team (OLRT) and the JOPG, Operations Planning Directive (COPD). because it provided the framework for the OLRT and JOPG to align efforts within the Crisis Response Planning COM’s initial intent.

Led by Plans Division/G5 Branch, the Crisis response planning began with mission CRP effort was the main venue to certify analysis (COPD Operational Sub-phase the NRDC-SP staff’s ability to conduct 3A). This was the first opportunity for operational level crisis planning through the the JOPG,working in a plenary format, to establishment of a JOPG. For this exercise, integrate the staff’s augmentation personnel NRDC-SP JOPG leveraged the Skolkan 2 and liaison elements/officers. After the JOPG scenario, a demanding NATO Non-Article 5 introductory briefing and a situation update, crisis response exercise designed around a the nearly 80 exercise participants were small, joint land heavy operation. The complex assigned to a colour team (white, blue, green operational environment surrounding the or red) and placed under the authority of a scenario afforded many opportunities for the team leader for the remainder of the exercise. staff to demonstrate planning proficiency.

Coming on the heels of the previous week’s two day strategic documentation workshop simulating an operational appreciation of the strategic environment (COPD Operational Phase 2), and immediately following a briefing about the Comprehensive Preparation of the Operational Environment, COM NRDC-SP issued his planning guidance for mission analysis. This

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THE MAIN EVENTS LIST/MAIN INCIDENTS LIST (MEL/MIL) SCRIPTING WORKSHOP FOR NATO EXERCISE TRIDENT JACKAL 2019 (TRJA19) TOOK PLACE FROM JULY 9-18 AT JOINT WARFARE CENTRE’S (JWC) TRAINING FACILITY IN STAVANGER, NORWAY

Mission Analysis Norway), either through daily VTCs or requests for information (RFIs) facilitated During the fifth day of the exercise JOPG through the NATO web portal. Secondly, members conducted a comprehensive the JOPGs firm grasp of both the COPD, mission analysis briefing to COM NRDC- as well as the solid understanding by SP. The group credits their success to most CRP participants of TOPFAS/OPT1, that point to deliberate integration of the resulted in the timely production of COM’s guidance from previous days, their planning products. focus on adversarial centres of gravity for analysis of possible adversarial courses of Courses of Action and War action, and their own operational design, Gaming all of which facilitated a successful alignment between the command group Operational Planning Guidance, and the JOPG. These efforts were also established the end of the mission bolstered by senior mentors and training analysis, provided the JOPG with refined aligned with the COM’s intent. team members from the Joint Warfare guidance for further development of two Centre serving in advisory roles. friendly force courses of action (COAs). The JOPG’s war gaming was both well From this point the blue team, charged planned and well executed. Each COA There were two critical aspects with friendly COA development and was only war gamed against the most underpinning the successful planning refinement, rapidly facilitated analysis dangerous adversarial COA as it was process during the mission analysis step. on the advantages, disadvantages, considered the most likely to occur. For These included feedback provided to the similarities, and differences of the two each friendly COA war gamed, the JOPG JOPG by the OLRT deployed to the host COAs. A subsequent brief comparing conducted additional analysis focused nation (simulated by JWC at Stavanger, the COAs resulted in additional guidance on the time required from JTF initial from COM and additional operating capacity (IOC) to full operating refinement prior to the capacity (FOC). They also conducted “SIMPLICITY IN PLANNING war gaming phase. War a second analysis focusing on a Key gaming, considered very Decisive Condition, which is identified by FOSTERS ENERGY IN useful when operating JWC in the First Impression Report II as a EXECUTION.” ON WAR in a time constrained best practice for war gaming. -CARL VON CLAUSEWITZ environment, once again 14 1 Tools for Operational Planning Functional Area Service (TOPFAS)/ Operational Planning Tool (OPT) MAGAZINE

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The JOPG’s war gaming was both well planned and well executed.

Once the JOPG applied war gaming criteria The Results Best Practices and compared the two COAs within different scenarios, the JOPG conducted a The final CRP products developed by the In conclusion, among the best practices COA decision briefing to COM. During this JOPG included CONOPS, issued June 27, NRDC-SP JOPG identified during this brief, the COM selected one of the COAs, followed by the 500 page OPLAN released exercise was the full engagement of the but also provided additional guidance for on July 4 as the basis for the development COM throughout the entire Operational further refinement prior to Concept of of the Joint Coordination Order #01. These Level Planning Process, especially during Operations development. documents were developed for use as the the early stages. Secondly, the early main operating planning references for integration of joint personnel in support of The extremely valuable expertise provided Command Post Exercise Trident Jackel 19 the planning process greatly improved the by joint personnel – both the staff Phase III on Menorca Island, Spain, planned core Land capabilities of the NRDC along augmentees and those provided by the for September 20 –October 8. By the time the way toward certification as a JTF HQ. component commands (Maritime, Air, this article reaches publication the exercise Finally, a solid understanding of COPD and Special Operations and Logistics) – were will be near completion. planning supporting tools (TOPFAS) by the essential to the efficient development of JOPG members was a significant key to complete COAs. success. LC

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The 2nd NATO Mountain Warfare Congress BELOW ZERO°C By Lt. Col. Reinhold Ramesberger (DEU) and Lt. Col. Aleš Centa (SVN), Doctrine & Standardization Branch (D&SB), NATO MW COE.

he 2002 NATO Summit in Prague re- field of Mountain Warfare. sulted in the creation of Headquar- Tters, Supreme Allied Command for Initially, the issue of overall risk Transformation (HQ SACT) with the respon- management was highlighted sibility for further development of strategies, broadly before narrowing the more doctrines and technologies. As one aspect specified topic of military risk man- of the tangible outcomes of this, our current agement in winter, especially from Centres of Excellence (COE) are expected the perspective of avalanche dan- to provide expertise to NATO and the part- ger. The speakers highlighted civil- ner nations. For this reason the Mountain ian as well as military perspectives Warfare COE, based in Slovenia, hosted the using national and international 2nd Mountain Warfare Congress from April approaches. Additionally, present- 9-12. A total of 92 participants from 14 na- ers also covered failed risk manage- tions attended the event. ment and the transition to local cri- sis management. A total of 16 experts ment as well as some popular theories. The comprehensive topic of the 2nd NATO hailing from the United States, Nor- Building on this, MW COE’s follow-up Mountain Warfare Congress was Risk Man- way, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia and speaker, Lt. Col. Reinhold Ramesberg- agement under an overaching theme of Act- Germany contributed their knowledge er, gave an overview of NATO’s Risk ing based on Knowledge. The goal was to and experiences. Engineers from Ger- Management doctrine, and presented expand the competence of the participants many and Slovenia also demonstrated a “4-Step Risk Management” approach in order to increase their ability to act within technological approaches to the mini- to Mountain Warfare. their area of responsibility. The Congress misation of risk. aimed first to gain a broad understanding German extreme mountaineer, Philipp of the basics, then to cognitively expand What we learned Reiter, and Deputy Chief of Groupe de participants’ expertise in order for them to The keynote Speaker, Dr. Franz Fis- Haute Montagne, French Maj. Jacques- mature as decision makers. For this purpose, cher, Ph.D, of Danube-Krems-Universi- Olivier Chevallier, discussed risk man- organisers hired a mix of scientists and prac- ty in Austria, presented the theoretical agement in extreme situations. In this titioners to ensure that verified knowledge Risk Management framework. Fischer presentation they compared extreme and a systematic approach, not gut feelings, discussed both the historical devel- mountain situations to extreme situa- formed the basis for Risk Management in the opment of standards in risk manage- tions in combat, citing similarities re-

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Many people help to make a decision, but only one person is responsible for it

for military use that can be steered from a safe location in order to trigger avalanches in avalanche prone areas. This technology is already fully developed and available.

Risk Management Failures Klemen Volontar of Slovenia discussed his first-hand experience where mountain warfare risk management had failed. After covering all aspects of a winter rescue op- erations, he discussed his experience dur- ing the largest organised avalanche rescue in Slovenia to date that involved a total of 276 rescuers, 30 avalanche dogs and sev- eral helicopters and other vehicles over a

Prof. Jože Duhovnik, PhD, explains the drone seven day period, a difficult task to coor- dinate and supply. To mitigate failure, MW garding decision-making. Congress organisers displayed methods for rapid decision making and organisa- Avalanche-App Subsequent lectures covered various tion within a multinational force, including approaches to assessing or minimising searching for casualties using the ‘’raster- Summary avalanche danger. These approaches ex- probing’’ method. The central idea of the MW Congress was tended from analytical avalanche science risk management in mountain warfare from taught in Alaska, to the Norwegian “rule- On the final day, German judge Klaus both theory to practice, and from preven- based/experience-based” approach, to Burger, Ph.D, highlighted the topic of risk tion to emergency. Organisers offered so- the probabilistic and strategic systems of management in mountain warfare from a lutions for risk reduction, risk transfer, risk Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Also legal perspective, clearly presenting the avoidance and risk handling. NATO and discussed were the technical possibilities responsibilities through real case studies. parter attendees left the gathering with of risk minimisation. The event concluded with presentations by the understanding that “many people help Evi Partholl, Germany, of the Crisis Inter- to make a decision, but only one person is Dr. Phillip Weißgraeber, Ph.D, of Darmstadt vention Team and Military Chaplain Violeta responsible for it!” LC Technical University also demonstrated a Mesarič, Solvenia, who both outlined the state of the art app he developed capable need for psychological first aid in the event of extrapolating the danger of an avalanche of serious injury or death, and expressed to its starting point given the availability of recommendations to military leaders to necessary data. Professor Jože Duhovnik, have these tools available in their emer- Ph.D, of Slovakia showed another techno- gency plans. An industrial exhibition with logical approach to minimizing risk by pre- 11 international companies closed the pro- senting a fully operational prototype drone gramme of the 2nd MW Congress.

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FALL 2019 LANDCOM TRANSITIONS

By LANDCOM Public Affairs anadian Army Chief life,” said Thomson. “It happens Warrant Officer (CWO) whether we are ready or not. Stephen Rice passed And like today, sometimes the pace stick of change is bittersweet. Bitter responsibilityC as NATO’s Allied because we say farewell to Land Command (LANDCOM) a trusted teammate that has Command Senior Enlisted given his heart and soul to this Leader (CSEL) to Canadian command. Sweet, because Army CWO Kevin Mathers in we welcome a seasoned and a change of responsibility experienced leader that will ceremony held June 21, 2019 carry on excellence.” in front of family, friends and Thomson continued, “Today, soldiers at the LANDCOM Rice ends his tour as the third Headquarters. [CSEL] for [LANDCOM]. He has U.S. Army Lt. Gen. J.T. Thomson, led from the front and done the LANDCOM Commander, so exceedingly well. He is the presided over the ceremony. example of what right looks “I was blessed to have Lt. Gen. like. He embodies our motto, Darryl Williams and Lt. Gen. ‘For the Soldier.’” John Thomson as leaders. CWO Rice has returned to Our [CSEL – Commander] the Royal Military College of relationship was a model Canada to complete a yearlong across the NATO Command French language course. This is Structure and the NATO Force a requirement of the Canadian Structure,” said Rice. “It was an Army before he moves into his honor to serve as the CSEL.” next command appointment During his speech, Thomson in the near future. All of us at thanked Stephen and Karyn LANDCOM wish him well with Rice for their leadership to the remainder of his career. LC LANDCOM. “Change is an inevitable part of

I was blessed to have Lt. Gen. Darryl Williams and Lt. Gen. John Thomson as leaders. Our relationship was a model across the NATO Command Structure and the NATO Force Structure,” said Rice. “It was an honor to serve as the CSEL.”

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IZMIR, Turkey – Standing left to right, Canadian Army Chief Warrant Officer (CWO) Stephen Rice, the outgoing Command Senior Enlisted Leader (CSEL) of Allied Land Command (LANDCOM); U.S. Army Lt. Gen. J.T. Thomson, Commander of LANDCOM; and CWO Kevin Mathers, the incoming CSEL; stand on stage prior to the passing of the pace stick during the Change of Responsibility at the LANDCOM Headquarters held June 21, 2019 in Izmir, Turkey. The pace stick originated in the British Army, the Royal Regiment of Artillery, and was used to measure the distances between the gun placements on the battlefield. It was later adopted by Infantry units within the British and Commonwealth Forces as an aid to drill on the parade square.

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FALL 2019 DETERRENCE THROUGH COMPETITION: VIGILANCE AND READINESS IN THE LAND DOMAIN By Lt. Col. Stephan Pikner, Ph.D, LANDCOM G5

eterrence is at the heart of what Particular to the land domain, this focus a continuation of Soviet methods that we aim to achieve as an Alliance. will bring a degree of coherence and rigor blended ideological, political, and economic DFor decades the threat of war was to the array of training, interoperability, elements along with military might to realise met with the credible counter-threat of and readiness activities that our Soldiers do strategic gains, the increasing willingness of overwhelming force that would punish every day. Russia to use such an approach sparked a an aggressor to such an extent that war renewed interest within NATO on how best itself was unthinkable. In recent years, Tracing the Russian Strategic Approach to counter such a strategy. 3 Gerasimov however, NATO has been challengedPIKNER by estimates the correlation of nonmilitary an increasingly adversarial Russia that uses The preferred Russian strategic approach to military measures in this strategic subversive, nonmilitary means ARTICLEenabled is most coherently outlined in an article approach as X4“4:1,” a ratio which emphasised by the threat of rapid, localisedPAGES military written by Chief of the Russian General the relative importance of the political, coercion to achieve strategic ends. To Staff Valery Gerasimov in 2013.1 In informational, and economic elements. compete against this approach, this article this piece, Gerasimov builds on a long While much attention has been focused argues NATO should focus on denying history of Russian strategic thought on the nonmilitary (the “4”), it is important, the effectiveness of Russian military that considers nonmilitary and military in the words of a panelist at a recent intimidation through a combination of measures as complementary elements of Allied Command-Transformation hosted vigilance and readiness, thereby blunting a a single, coherent approach rather than Strategic Foresight Analysis workshop, to critical element of our adversary’s strategic (as is often viewed in the West) mutually “remember the ‘1’”—that is, the coercive approach and reducing the threat of war. exclusive alternatives.2 While in many ways military capacity that underpins the

U.S. Soldiers of Alpha Company, 1st Battalion, 41st Infantry Regiment, 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 4th Infantry Division stand guard in a watch tower while conducting training during a Kosovo Force (KFOR) mission rehearsal exercise (MRE) at the Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, Feb. 24, 2016. The KFOR MRE 21 is based on the current operational environment and is designed to prepare the unit for peace support, stability, and contingency operations in Kosovo in support of civil authorities to maintain a safe and secure environment. (U.S. Army photo by Spc. Nathaniel Nichols/ Released)

1 “The Value of Science is in the Foresight”, by General Valery Gerasimov (Translated from Russian by Robert Coalson) Military Review, (January/February 2016); “Hybrid War and Its Countermeasures: A Critique of the Literature,” by Robert Johnson, Small Wars & Insurgencies, 29:1 (2018); “New ‘Hybrid War’ or Old ‘Dirty Tricks’? The Gerasimov Debate and Russia’s Response to the Contemporary Operating Environment,” by Andrew J. Duncan, Canadian Military Journal 17:3 (Summer 2017) 2 “Getting Gerasimov Right”, by Charles K. Bartles, Military Review, (January/February 2016) 3 NATO’s Response to Hybrid Threats, edited by Guillaume Lasconjarias and Jeffrey A. Larsen (NATO Defense College: 2015) 20 MAGAZINE

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Battle Group Poland U.S. Solders conduct a M777A2 Howitzer night live fire in preparation for a combined arms live fire exercise for distinguished visitor during Saber Strike 2017 at Bemowo Piskie Training Area, near Orzysz, Poland, June 16, 2017. Saber Strike 17 is a U.S. Army Europe-led multinational combined forces exercise conducted annually to enhance the NATO Alliance throughout the Baltic region and Poland. This year’s exercise includes integrated and synchronized deterrence-oriented training designed to improve interoperability and readiness of the 20 participating nations’ militaries. (U.S. Army Photo by Staff Sgt. Brian Kohl)

PIKNER U.S. Soldiers and an Interim Armored Vehicle Stryker exit a C-17 ARTICLE X4 Globemaster III during Exercise Arctic Pegasus at Deadhorse, Alaska, PAGES March 13, 2018. The exercise tested the Air Force and Army’s ability to operate in cold weather. (U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman Tryphena Mayhugh)

broader, nonmilitary elements. Without the rapid deployment of ground forces along military force NATO can bring to bear. threatened ability to rapidly deploy military its frontiers is intended to intimidate Importantly, this is not a reflection of forces, the nonmilitary measures of Russia’s neighboring states. By demonstrating the Russian strength; Russia’s preference for strategic approach are far less effective ability to mass combat forces quickly along this strategic approach is predicated on it and can be largely countered using civilian- a border these drills aim to instill fear and being effectively deterred from using more centric methods. doubt among target populations and their overt, assertive measures.4 governments. Rather than being a prelude The Russian approach hinges on coupling to invasion, however, the effect of these In addition to probing the limits of efforts to undermine a target state’s exercises is often to enable the nonmilitary deterrence, the Gerasimov approach also sovereignty and cohesion with the implicit elements of the larger Russian strategy. seeks to exploit the West’s clear distinction threat of rapidly applied force. Russia’s between peace and war. The bifurcation emphasis on snap exercises and the By mixing nonmilitary and military measures that exists in both international law and short of armed conflict, the preferred broadly among the foundational governing Russian strategic approach laid out by structures of the democracies that make up By mixing nonmilitary and Gerasimov aims to stay both stay below NATO serves several important purposes. military measures short the international threshold for openly First, it maintains important legal and of armed conflict aims to declared war and still achieve far greater structural constraints on the armed forces, effects than through solely nonmilitary keeping their use tightly held at the political stay below the international means. Remaining short of war while clearly level. Second, it maintains expenditures of threshold for openly declared competing in the military realm allows money and manpower at sustainable levels war and achieve far Russia to probe the limits of a deterrence by avoiding the economic and societal posture that hinges on the overwhelming burdens of a perpetual wartime footing. greater efects.

4 Joint Doctrine Note 1/19 Deterrence: the Defence Contribution, (UK Ministry of Defense: February 2019); Gaining Competitive Advantage in the Gray Zone, by Lyle Morris et al (RAND: 2019)

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FALL 2019 In short, they are much of what the Allied with which forces can be brought to bear. Finally, it elevates the use of force in land community already does, but in a more Enhanced readiness and deployability international affairs to the exclusive domain coherent and focused manner. of NATO land units adds invaluable of the state, which reinforces the status of credibility to the military dimension of a national governments by making them the While the nonmilitary dimensions of such a broader competitive strategy aimed at sole actors capable of legitimately waging strategy, such as expanding the rule of law, deterring Russia’s preferred approach. war. 5 countering corruption, and expanding While encompassing many facets, for economic opportunities, are indispensable the specific purposes of denying Russia’s Competition Below the Threshold of components of competition, they are ability to militarily intimidate its vulnerable Armed Conflict: Vigilance and Readiness beyond the scope of what NATO forces neighbors two dimensions stand out: speed in the land domain can achieve. The and enablement. Acknowledging the value of this sharp success of these broader efforts, however, distinction between war and peace, in the is contingent on countering the Russian The strategic value of Russia’s emphasis current environment where adversaries military intimidation that underwrites their on rapid deployment, displayed through exploit these seams and use military strategic approach. By undermining the frequent snap exercises, can be countered measures alongside nonmilitary ones to effectiveness of the military intimidation with a renewed emphasis on the speed and compete internationally necessitates a through vigilance and readiness, NATO land flexibility of NATO land forces. While more integrated strategic approach that forces can both deter Russia from pursuing inherently slower than airpower and less involves both military and nonmilitary the preferred strategic approach outlined self-contained than a maritime task force, elements. The initial outlines of such an by Gerasimov and prevent an overly land forces provide an irreplaceable signal approach are outlined in several pieces emboldened adversary from accidently of commitment and power and must be that consider military competition below overstepping into war. brought rapidly to bear. As laid out in a the threat of armed conflict.6 Competition recent article, countermeasures against below the threshold of armed conflict is The gradual and insidious nature of incremental seizure of territory include an integrated approach that forms a set nonmilitary approaches that aim to “rapid and forceful retaliatory action, of activities continuously applied and “transform differences into contradictions” as early as possible.”8 Exercising and refined in conjunction with other elements in a Russian target require constant demonstrating that speed in the land domain of power such as diplomatic, economic, vigilance.7 While many of the specific carries a powerful deterrent message that and informational means. These military vigilance measures fall outside of land undermines Russia’s intimidation efforts. activities challenge our adversaries domain warfighting, tailoring exercises, Rapid deployment of forces in the land and reinforce our allies, short of war. activities, and posture can be effective domain depend in large part on pre-existing Competition below armed conflict can ways to support the broader campaign. enablement. Building and exercising the include mechanisms such as strengthening Importantly, subject matter experts within physical infrastructure, cross-border transit alliances and partnerships, preventing the land community—often, but by no authorities, and sustainment reach enables the deterioration of a stable situation, means exclusively, working at Allied Land the ground forces to rapidly and flexibly weakening a competitor through physical Command—can be effective advocates for respond to and thereby deter Russian and informational aspects of power, these ground-centric capabilities at the attempts at intimidation. Enabling the and developing a shared perspective Joint echelons where integrated vigilance environment through multilateral exercises, with partners to identify areas where measures are developed and implemented. mobile training teams, and interoperability cooperation would be of mutual benefit. Complementing vigilance is the timeliness efforts similarly allows for the timely

A M777A2 Howizter executes a fire mission that was part of a Fire Support Coordination Exercise at Land Forces Field Training Center June 6, 2017. Saber Strike 17 is a U.S. Army Europe-led multinational combined forces exercise conducted annually to enhance the NATO Alliance throughout the Baltic region and Poland. This year’s exercise includes integrated and synchronized deterrence-oriented training designed to improve interoperability and readiness of the 20 participating nations’ militaries. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Justin Geiger)

5 Joint Concept for Integrated Campaigning, (US Department of Defense: March 2018). 6 Joint Doctrine Note 1-19: Competition Continuum, (US Department of Defense: June 2019); “A New Blueprint for Competing Below the Threshold: The Joint Concept for Integrated Campaigning,” by Phillip Lohaus. War on the Rocks May 23, 2018 7 Gerasimov, 28. 22 8 Johnson,149. MAGAZINE

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US Army gunners from Archer Battery, 2nd platoon, 4th section, Field Artillery Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment carry out a mission on the M777 howitzer. Exercise Dynamic Front 18 includes approximately 3,700 participants from 26 nations at the U.S. Army’s Grafenwoehr Training Area (Germany), Feb. 23-March 10, 2018. Dynamic Front is an annual U.S. Army Europe (USAREUR) exercise focused on the interoperability of U.S. Army, joint service and allied nation artillery and fire support in a multinational environment, from theater- level headquarters identifying targets to gun crews pulling lanyards in the field.

4 Joint Doctrine Note 1/19 Deterrence: the Defence Contribution, (UK Ministry of Defense: February 2019); Gaining Competitive Advantage in the Gray Zone, by Lyle Morris et al (RAND: 2019) 5 Joint Concept for Integrated Campaigning, (US Department of Defense: March 2018). 6 Joint Doctrine Note 1-19: Competition Continuum, (US Department of Defense: June 2019); “A New Blueprint for Competing Below the Threshold: The Joint Concept for Integrated Campaigning,” by Phillip Lohaus. War on the Rocks May 23, 2018 7 Gerasimov, 28. 8 Johnson,149.

U.S. Soldiers with Battery A, 1st Battalion, 7th Field Artillery Regiment, 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division, observe the impact zone during a M109A6 Paladin howitzer live fire exercise at the 7th Army Training Command’s Grafenwoehr Training Area, Jan. 17, 2018. The rotational deployments of armored brigade combat teams are a tangible expression of U.S. commitment to strengthening the defensive and deterrent capabilities of the NATO alliance. (U.S. Army photo by Markus Rauchenberger)

deployment of NATO land forces. In contrast viable because the military measures that Critical to any approach, however, are to other warfighting domains, where the underwrite its broader activities have been military measures that blunt Russian expense and size of many platforms limit the blunted, it will be deterred from pursuing intimidation. number of Allies with relevant capabilities, such an approach and instead compete the ubiquity of land forces allow for more within, rather than to the detriment Denying the effectiveness of Russia’s persistent, meaningful engagement and of the rules based international order. coercion hinges on a coherent posture of more equitable partnerships among Allies. Similarly, if vulnerable allies and partners vigilant and ready land forces that are able Critically, the deterrent value of ready are assured by the speed and flexibility of to flexibly and rapidly respond. Through and vigilant land forces hinges largely on NATO land power, Russian snap exercises deliberate partnership, training, and perception. If Russia recognises that its and demonstrations become far less interoperability exercises, coupled with the preferred strategic approach is no longer intimidating. Communicating this to all strategic communications messaging to both sides requires persistent engagement and our friends and foes that counters military coherent messaging across the theater. intimidation, we as an allied land community Denying the can blunt the key component of the Russian effectiveness of Conclusion strategic approach. Most importantly, this Russia’s coercion Countering preferred Russian strategic sustained competition below the threshold approach of leveraging military intimidation of armed conflict is the clearest way to deter hinges on a coherent measures to enable nonmilitary activities war. By denying the effectiveness of Russian posture of vigilant and ready that weaken and undermine a target state intimidation, we deter its use. LC land forces that are able requires a comprehensive approach that includes diplomatic, informational, and to flexibly and rapidly economic dimensions. respond.

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FALL 2019 Civil Military Interaction/ LANDCOM Civil Military Cooperation UPDATE G9 DIVISION MTTs are a core activity of the HQ LANDCOM G9. The number of MTTs will most CMI AND CIMIC likely continue to increase over the next several years, which in turn MOBILE TRAINING will help enhance NATO’s partnership spirit and contribute to regional and TEAMS global peace and stability. By Mr (A-2) Jasper Beerends and Mr (A-2) Mehmet Aykut, HQ LANDCOM G9 Division

oday’s challenges demand a Recent Activity conducts Civil-Military Cooperation comprehensive approach by the The team conducted three Civil activities with representatives from Tinternational community. This Military Interaction (CMI)/ Civil international organisations and non- approach includes coordinating action Military Cooperation (CIMIC) Military governmental organisations who are between the range of civil and military Training Teams (MTTs) recently. These actively involved in peace support and actors enabled by the orchestration, include Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic from reconstruction and institution building coordination and de-confliction May 18 – 22; Abu Dhabi, United activities in theatre. of NATO’s military and political Arab Emirates from June 23-26; and instruments with other instruments Kiev, Ukraine from June 24-26. These LANDCOM trainers, often using of power. Hence, the military should MTTs, fulfilled by request of the host their personal experience gained be trained in order to prepare, plan nations, were conducted in accordance from operational deployments and execute required tasks in a with the various NATO Military and interactions with non-military complex international environment. Cooperation Partnership Programmes, authorities, provided training to the HQ LANDCOM G9 has a cadre of such as Partnership for Peace (PfP), students, ranging from OR-8 to experienced staff officers, NATO Mediterranean Dialogue (MD) and OF-5 on topics such as NATO’s Civilians and Non-Commissioned Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI). organisation and core tasks, the Officers capable of conducting these HQ LANDCOM mission and MTTs. CMI/CIMIC MTT provides students responsibilities, Comprehensive with an understanding of how NATO Approach, CIMIC contributions

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to operations planning, Interaction with In order to share lessons learned, team due to the conflicts in some parts of the Non Military Actors, Cultural Property members briefed practical experiences country, the military is tasked to undertake Protection and Building Integrity and Anti- from operations in Iraq, Afghanistan and some civilian tasks such as supporting Corruption. The students participated very Lebanon. The training team also covered and/or enabling public administration, or actively in the syndicate work throughout two syndicate work topics, including one providing direct assistance to the civilian this successful training. focused on domestic natural disaster relief population. operations associated CIMIC tasks, and the other on a multinational peacekeeping In Focus: CIMIC in Ukraine The Challenge operation using CMI and CIMIC reporting The June LANDCOM CIMC MTT travelled tools. What makes this challenging for the to the National Defence University of Ukrainian CIMIC is the fact they lack Ukraine. Three G9 and one G5 (former experience in this area and their construct CIMIC) personnel were appointed to train an New Centre for Excellence is not completely in line with NATO audience composed of 25 officers ranging Ukrainian Armed Forces aim to establish CIMIC doctrine. NATO CIMIC doctrine between OF-1 and OF-5. Ukraine CIMIC is a new Centre of Excellence for the acknowledges civilian primacy, especially relatively new and all students participating Protection of Civilians. As a facilitator, in public administration and humanitarian were assigned CIMIC staff or field workers. Ukrainian Armed Forces are in contact with work. United Nations Office for the Although some were brand new to the Center for Civilians in Conflict, a NGO Coordination of Human Affairs (UNOCHA) CIMIC, the homogeneous composition also working in coordination with the Allied guidelines, which CIMIC doctrine is based contributed to the success of the training. Command Transformation (ACT) in writing upon, emphasises that military assets The course followed a prescribed agenda the NATO Protection of Civilians policy should be used only as the last resort. Very prepared for CIMIC MTTs which begins and doctrine. Based on requests from few NATO countries allow their militaries with the basics of CIMIC, such as the need the host nation, a local member of CIMIC to conduct domestic CIMIC except under for a Comprehensive Approach in crisis participated in the training and briefed on specific circumstances. For some, domestic resolution, the difference between CMI Protection of Civilians. Here he shared CIMIC is never an option. Because of this, and CIMIC, as well as, CIMIC contribution civilian experiences from operations. Ukraine must develop a unique CIMIC in planning; CIMIC staff work; CIMIC Ukrainian Armed Forces are eager to adopt approach, taking into consideration their doctrine; CIMIC Tactics, Techniques and and integrate NATO policies into their own challenges and national requirements Procedures (TTPs); and cross-cutting topics. system. CIMIC is no exception. However, while following NATO CIMIC doctrine. NATO CIMIC, while assisting the establishment of a robust CIMIC capability UKRAINIAN ARMED FORCES in Ukraine, could also benefit from monitoring the implementation of Ukraine ARE EAGER TO ADOPT AND CIMIC in the field. LC INTEGRATE NATO POLICIES INTO THEIR SYSTEM. CIMIC IS NO EXCEPTION.

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FACES OF LANDCOM

TO SEE PICTURES OF THE EVENT: Check our Flickr JEREMY MORON page. Sergeant Yahya award By SFC Jonathan Fernandez ESP-A, LANDCOM Public Affairs Office. life as a motorcycle mechanic and I quickly realised that this job could not offer me the satisfaction that I expected. So I pursued my second passion, COM LANDCOM presents the award the Army. After only a few weeks in the institution I quickly realised that Since the inception of Allied Land Command this job was made for me. (LANDCOM) in 2012, the commander of LANDCOM has presented the Sergeant Yahya Award annually to the Non-Commissioned What are some of the most impactful things you’ve Officer whose has made an outstanding done and learned while serving at LANDCOM? individual contribution to the success of Allied Land Command through their exceptional My most valuable lesson that I learned in LANDCOM is that when serving commitment, dedication and Duty. in a multinational environment, we have the opportunity to share our experience and highlight all our skills by accepting tasks that are not What did you feel when you received this award? always part of our “job description” and which are sometimes higher than our level of responsibility. I felt a great inner pride when I was told that I would receive the highest distinction for a non-commissioned officer at LANDCOM. It How do you see yourself in the future? What are your was greatly rewarding to see that hard work and dedicated service career aspirations from here? Has your career plan are recognised here. changed since you first joined the Army? WhatLC was the reaction of your family and friends? I will start by answering the last question; of course my career plans have changed. Service in the Army offers you a choice of trade and a chance They are naturally proud of me and this has shown them that sooner to climb to higher echelons that no other profession can offer. It allows or later the work will be rewarded. you to make your own choices and decide how you will go forward in the future. For personal reasons I have served for a long time as a soldier and Why did you decide to be decided to exploit and develop my knowledge by actively searching for a Soldier? new responsibilities. That’s why I joined the corps of non-commissioned officers. My goals are to pass the BSTAT, which is an important exam in the There were several reasons for career of a NCO, and which allows you, after obtaining it, to go from being this. I have two great a contracted soldier to have a military career. passions in life, motorcycles and From your perspective, what is the secret to being a the Army. I great soldier? started my active If I answer it will not be a secret any more, but I will answer because and for me there is no secret, I simply live and follow the code of the French profes- soldier. LC sional

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FALL 2019 Sergeant Yahya 25-26 April 1915 Battle of Gallipoli

Sergeant Yahya, of 10th Company, mobilised his men and reinforced 3rd Battalion, 26th Regiment, units defending the other side of distinguished himself by acts of Hill 138 facing W Beach. Because gallantry during the Battle of Gallipoli, of his leadership and heroic actions at Ertugrul Cove (V Beach), Turkey on Turkish forces were able to stop the 25 April 1915. British advance, forcing the British to abandon all attempts to capture On this day, Sgt. Yahya, with just the beaches until the next day. A 63 men and four maxim machine Royal Naval Air Service observer guns, was dug in with other Turkish flying above the battle that morning Soldiers on Hill 138; one of the reported that the shallow waters of most strategic defensive points the cove were ‘absolutely red with because of its location between V blood’. Midshipman George Drewry, and W Beaches. In the early morning who was awarded the Victoria Cross hours British Soldiers from the 1st for his courage at this landing, wrote Battalion Royal Munster Fusiliers to his father: ‘I never knew blood and the 1st Battalion Royal Dublin smelt so strong before’. Fusiliers conducted an amphibious assault from the Landing Ship “SS On the evening of the 25th British River Clyde” to begin the Gallipoli forces increased the bombardment of campaign. As the boats came ashore V Beach, and continued it throughout Sgt. Yahya directed his men, and the night, with goal of destroying the the machine guns, to engage the trenches and displacing Sgt. Yahya’s It was greatly landing parities. Almost immediately men. Despite the bombardment and Sgt. Yahya’s commander, Lieutenant lack of reinforcements Sgt. Yahya rewarding to Abdur Rahim, was killed. When no and his men remained in position one stepped up to lead the company, throughout the night and on the see that hard Sgt Yahya took command of the morning of 26 April the British company. Despite a continuous resumed their attack. Sgt Yahya and work and bombardment and multiple attempts his men continued to hold their by British forces to take the beach ground throughout the morning, but dedicated all morning, Sgt. Yahya courageously by 3 PM that afternoon Sgt Yahya, moved from position to position along with most of his men, had been service are to rally soldiers and direct deadly severely wounded and were ordered fires onto the beach below. In the to move to alternate positions further recognised afternoon they received word that up the coast. Shortly after moving British soldiers were advancing to the alternate position Sgt. Yahya here! toward Hill 138 from W Beach, which succumed to his wounds and became was to their rear. Sgt. Yahya quickly a martyr. LC

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North Macedonia Poised to Become NATO’s 30th Member

By LANDCOM POLAD Office

he NATO family is eagerly Membership Action Plan path to accession, anticipating a new addition in the pending a resolution of the nation’s name Tmonths ahead. After clearing a acceptable to all Allies. After the Prespa longstanding hurdle to its membership last Agreement settled on the Republic of year, the Republic of North Macedonia North Macedonia in June 2018, the is expected officially to join the Alliance North Atlantic Council (NAC) approved an once all 29 current members have ratified Accession Protocol in February 2019. its Accession Protocol. This is considered likely to occur by the end of 2019. It now remains for all 29 current member states to ratify the Protocol. This process Clearing the Way normally takes about a year, but given the 20-year wait in this case it might proceed more quickly. As of summer 2019, 20 Allies From its founding declaration of had put their signatures to the document. independence in 1991, the nation At the June 2019 meeting of Defense recognised by the UN in 1993 under the Ministers, North Macedonia’s MoD provisional name of “the former Yugoslav North Macedonia’s accession will expand NATO’s security umbrella in the strategic Radmila Shekerinska took her seat at the region of the Western Balkans. Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)1 has table for the first time. had its sights on NATO membership. FYROM joined the Partnership for Peace (PfP) program in 1995, and with other Balkan states in 1999 it embarked on a

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A Valued Contributor North Macedonia as a NATO Part- 2 Although North Macedonia’s Army is small, it already contributes ner: Key Areas of Cooperation to a range of NATO missions, from the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and Resolute Support Mission (RSM) in Afghanistan and the Kosovo Force (KFOR). From June 5 to July  9 of this year North Macedonia held Exercise Decisive Strike, its largest ever training exercise involving 2500 participants, in Building capabilities and interoperability which the host nation was supported by joint forces from the - An important focus of cooperation is to develop the USA, Lithuania, Montenegro, Bulgaria, and Albania. ability of North Macedonia’s forces to work together with forces from NATO countries and other partners, especially in peacekeeping and crisis-management operations. Participation in joint planning, training and military exercises is essential in this regard. North Macedonia’s location is - Participation in the PfP Planning and Review important, helping to fill in a Process since 1999 has also helped develop interoperability, as well as providing planning targets that are key to security Balkan gap in SACEUR’s Area of reform and transformation objectives for the country’s armed forces. Responsibility - In 2005, the country joined the Operational Capabilities Concept, a mechanism through which units available for operations can be evaluated and better integrated with NATO forces to increase operational effectiveness. North Macedonia’s accession will expand NATO’s security - Participation in the Defence Education umbrella in the strategic region of the Western Balkans. Enhancement Programme is helping improve education and training, which is essential for the country’s defence reform North Macedonia’s location is important, helping to fill ina efforts. Balkan gap in SACEUR’s Area of Responsibility (AOR). Its - Through participation in the Building accession provides the Alliance territorial continuity with Integrity Programme, North Macedonia is working to existing members Albania, Greece, and Bulgaria. The extension strengthen good governance in the defence and security of NATO’s stabilising influence is a benefit in a region of small sector, and reduce risks of corruption by strengthening multi-ethnic states riven by conflict over the last century, and transparency and accountability. where Russian intentions are destabilising. In parallel with its - In 2013, the country’s Public Affairs Regional NATO accession, North Macedonia’s pending application for EU Centre in Skopje was recognised as a Partnership Training membership demonstrates its firm orientation toward the West, and Education Centre, opening its activities to Allies and building defensive solidarity in the Western Balkans. partners.

Support for NATO-led operations Open Door Policy - North Macedonia deployed troops in support of the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force in NATO maintains an “Open Door” policy to new members, as Afghanistan from 2002 to end 2014. It is currently set out in Article 10 of its founding document, the Washington supporting the follow-on Resolute Support mission to train, Treaty: “The Parties may, by unanimous agreement, invite any advise and assist the Afghan security forces. other European State in a position to further the principles of - The country was a key partner in supporting NATO- this Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic led stabilisation operations in Kosovo in 1999, as NATO area to accede to this Treaty.” In spite of Russian displeasure at forces deployed North Macedonia to halt the spread of the the enlargement of the Alliance in what it considers to be its conflict as well as to provide logistical support to the Kosovo “near abroad” sphere of influence, Article 10 makes clear that it Force (KFOR). The Allies also provided humanitarian is for NATO nations to set the criteria for Alliance membership, assistance to help the North Macedonia deal with the flood with no right of refusal accorded to any adversary. LC of refugees from Kosovo. The country continues to provide valuable host nation support to KFOR troops transiting its 1 Turkey recognized the nation under its Constitutional name. territory.

2 Source: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_48830.htm

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FALL 2019 NATO Land Standardisation Week By Lt. Col. Jock McGown, MBE, Head of Land Standardizsation, Interoperability and Lessons

elivering a new initiative for the Land Interoperability and Standardisation community of interest, LANDCOM G7 Standardisation, Interoperability and Lessons Learned (SIL) team facilitated a new Land Standardisation seminar to provide Dan interoperability and standardisation update. The update ‘piggy backed’ off the Land Operations Working Group (LOWG), and Army Service Task Group (ARSTG) and Doctrine and Procedures Working Group (DPWG) home base conferences this year. This year the activity, held at both the Swissotel in Izmir and Allied Land Command Headquarters, attracted over 180 Standardisation, Doctrine and Interoperability subject matter experts (SMEs) representing 21 nations from across the NATO land environment and national communities of interest. The activity was hosted by Lt. Gen. J.T. Thomson (USA-A), LANDCOM Commander.

From a land interoperability and standardisation perspective, the activity was instrumental in providing coherence and consensus across multiple ongoing issues and concerns, and helped set conditions for the individual working group sessions which followed the initial plenary. A key part of this initiative was to better inform and develop networking relationships through multiple networking sessions and coordination breaks, a cultural trip to the Ancient City of Pergamon, and a well-attended ice-breaker event.

Land Operations Working Group (LOWG)

The LOWG is responsible for the development of Land Doctrine, providing a way ahead to address future Land Doctrinal challenges. The event was chaired by LANDCOM Assistant Chief of Staff G7 Col Hakan Demirel (TUR-A) and coordinated by Cmdr. Arturo Paturzo (ITA-N), a LANDCOM Standardisation SME. The secretary was Lt. Col. Albert Strijker (NLD-A) representing the NATO Standardisation Office (NSO) and Military Committee Land Standardisation Board (MCLSB). The Terms of Reference constituent held five panels dealing with specific doctrinal functions; Terminology, Reports, Land Doctrine, Military Police and a new Specific Environments panel.

During the week delegates and LANDCOM SMEs worked on common areas of interest necessary to focus maximum national effort to support the Land domain. The other working groups had separate programmes of work, but all reported to the Land Doctrine Panel on completion of activities. Prior to dispersal, the audience, augmented by Lt. Gen. J.T. Thomson and all LANDCOM senior leaders, attended the LOWG final plenary where Brig. Van Wagenen (Deputy Commander, 3 UK Division) briefed on Land Warfighting Interoperability opportunities, focussing on the lessons from the USA Exercise WARFIGHTER 19.

Finally, Lt. Col. McGown, MBE (GBR-A), briefed multiple groups on the outcomes of the other working groups. Once again, the LOWG confirmed its critical role in the enhancement and delivery of Land Doctrine despite the logistic challenges presented by the large conference and multitude of activities. Their hard work was rewarded by the positive contribution from the national NATO Command Structure (NCS), NATO Force Structure (NFS) and SME delegates.

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Land Concept Development and Experimentation Working Group (LCDE WG)

Formerly known as the Doctrine and Procedures Working Group (DPWG), this forum represents all the NATO Response Force (NRF) Corps Headquarters and Multinational Division South East (MND SE). The forum offers a critical ‘bottom up’ approach to standardisation, doctrine and interoperability influence and initiative. The main focus for this session was an agreement to ratify a new change in name and Terms of Reference to reflect transformation and criticality of Graduated Response Force Land (GRF (L)) headquarters and its ability to contribute toward and influence future doctrine, concept development and experimentation necessary to enhance NATO Land interoperability and standardisation.

This critical capability remains in safe hands with COM LANDCOM providing assurance and advocacy across the community of interest, providing the NFS a land champion and the NCS a bridge towards better operating capabilities. Lt. Col. McGown and Maj. Patrice Merjay provided the co-chair and secretary of this forum which is an integral part of the Land Standardisation Week. Of particular note was the attendance by doctrine representatives from all of NRDC Italy’s subordinate divisions who provided ‘ground truth’ throughout The Land Standardisation Week was proceedings. a huge administration and coordination Army Service Task Group (ARSTG) challenge, but the benefits and positive

NATO Education, Training, Exercise and Evaluation (ETEE) is guided deliverables will quickly filter down by capability requirements and operational standards as identified by SACEUR. With the exception of mission specific education through the community. and training of the NATO Command Structure (NCS), which is the responsibility of NATO, education and training of individuals and forces allocated to NATO is a national responsibility. NATO supports nations in achieving this via the Steering Group NATO Task Group (SG NTG), a critical forum working directly for Allied Command Transformation (ACT) and managed by the Executive Working Group NATO Task Group (EWGNTG). The ARSTG is the executive Land branch of this forum and provides COM LANDCOM with the conduit to ensure coherence and currency across the ACO/ACT nexus. The main aim of the ARSTG is to enhance professionalism, interoperability and standardisation among Alliance and Partner forces through improved coordination of ETEE with an emphasis on supporting operations.

In summary, the Land Standardisation Week activity was a huge administration and coordination challenge, but the benefits and positive deliverables from the separate forums and networking opportunities will quickly filter down through the community of interest, improving activities and operational readiness. The next event returns to Izmir in Spring 2020 and the aspirations for the next LSW plenary is to ensure that SHAPE, ACO, and ACT SMEs attend and support the activity. This will ensure a coherent top down and bottom up approach that addresses ground truth issues and concerns, and better influences change and development across this critical environment. LC

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FALL 2019 THE BRIDGE TO SUCCESS

BUILDING SITUATIONAL AWARENESS ByTop MND-SE Public Affairs

eadquarters Multinational Division South-East (HQ the Headquarters core competencies in defensive operations,” MND-SE) demonstrated its ability to support regional said Maj. Gen. Daniel Petrescu, who was Commander of HQ Hexercises as part of allied deterrence posture by MND-SE at the time. “In addition, building and maintaining participating in exercise SABER GUARDIAN 19 (SAGN19) from situational awareness, especially during the deployment phase June 3-24. Approximately 13,500 soldiers from 14 Allied and of allied forces, were also our main focus.” partner nations participated in the military drills, co-led by U.S. Army Europe (USAREUR) and Romanian Land Forces and The exercise was split into several stages with the initial stages spanning various locations in Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania. focused on a fictitious scenario-based Computer Assisted Exercise/Command Post Exercise (CAX/CPX) under operational “Participating in SAGN 19 offered us the opportunity to maintain control of HQ MND-SE. The latter stages included a Live Exercise

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Multi-national participants of EX SABER GUARDIAN 19 conduct the LIVEX wet gap crossing over the Danube.

(LIVEX) with the primary objective of executing a wet gap crossing over the Danube River. This was under the operational control of the U.S. 1st Infantry Division. Article V CAX/CPX EX. SCORPIONS HQ MND-SE participated as secondary training audience in the CAX/ CPX, with Romanian Land Component Command as the primary target FURY 19 INVOLVED audience. The HQ objectives were to plan, prepare, coordinate, conduct and assess an Article 5 operation in order to increase interoperability MORE THAN 1,800 between MND-SE staff, the US and other regional participants. Additionally, HQ MND-SE tested the C2 capability provided by mission secret and unclassified networks with other NATO and partner forces. TROOPS AND OVER During the CPX/CAX, more than 150 soldiers from HQ MND-SE 600 VEHICLES worked alongside affiliated and subordinate units to solve a multitude of scenario based problems from their training location in Romania. The 2nd Bulgarian Mechanized Brigade, for example, afforded HQ MND-

Approximately 13,500 soldiers from 14 allied and partner nations participated in exercise saber guardian 19

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SE the training experience necessary for enhanced partnership occupying the bridge head and continuing the offensive. between nations for the shared understanding and vision Following the modular training portion, the units involved necessary if conflict occurs. executed a full wet gap operation from start to finish in real time. Overseeing the River Crossing All in all, the aim of SAGN 19, according to one Romanian HQ MND-SE monitored the participation of Multinational Ministry of National Defense official, was to “emphasise Brigade Southeast (MN BDE-SE) during Exercise SCORPIONS cohesion, unity and solidarity of the partner and allied states FURY 19 (SCFY 19), the LIVEX component of SAGN 19. Under with a view of defending themselves against any type of the command of Brig. Gen. Cristian Dan (ROU-A), SCFY 19 aggression, especially by a rapid mobilisation and concentration involved more than 1,800 troops and over 600 vehicles from of forces in a short time, anywhere in Europe.” the 10th ROU Engineer Brigade, a ROU Riverine Task Group, the 307th Marine Infantry Regiment, and elements from ROU The aim was achieved. SAGN 19 increased the interoperability Navy Special Forces, the Romanian Air Force, the U.S. 1st between the organisations, tested staff procedures and proved, Infantry Division and the U.S. 141st Maneuver Enhancement once again, the strength and professionalism of all participants. Brigade. Moreover, the successful recertification of both NATO Force Integration Units (NFIU) Bulgaria and NFIU Romania proved The wet gap crossing alone involved 1,100 soldiers and 200 these standing units fully capable of completing operational vehicles and began with modular training. Troops rehearsed tasks in order to facilitate the rapid deployment of the NATO each tactical phase of the river crossing, ranging from securing Response Force and other NATO forces in the region. LC the near river bank, overtaking and securing the far bank, 36 MAGAZINE

FALL 2019

Russia Re-establishing Electronic Warfare Capacity After Years of Neglect BY LANDCOM G2

PAVEL LISITSYN/SPUTNIK VIA AP A soldier mans one of the terminals inside a Krasukha-4 electronic warfare vehicle during an exercise.

Over the past decade, Russia has increasingly focused on train our units and leaders to both counter and compete modernising their armed forces. These efforts include ad- in a denied or degraded electromagnetic spectrum (EMS). justments to force structures as well as development and This is especially relevant as Russia is likely to employ a testing of new equipment and tactics. While the develop- scaled version of their very capable national cyber effects ment and fielding of the T-14 Armata Main Battle Tank in the tactical environment as the next logical extension and associate T-15 Armata Heavy Infantry Fighting Vehi- of the EMS targeted by more traditional EW. cle may dominate the thoughts of NATO land forces in some circles, Moscow has consistently invested in mod- ernisation and development of Russian electronic warfare More than 10 years in the making (EW) (Radioelektronnaya Borba—EW) capacity. Starting in 2008, RFAF restructured ground forces to Clearly an important element of the Russian Federation move from a mostly Divisional structure toward a Bri- Armed Forces (RFAF) future plans for both hybrid and gade-based force. As part of this modernisation, Russia armed conflict, Russia is actively developing a “total pack- added an EW company to each manoeuvre brigade, and age” of EW systems and CO capability. Already, the RFAF equipped each with the capacity to jam HF, VHF, and UHF fields significant EW capability at the operational and communications as well as select satellite and GSM (Glob- tactical levels that can potentially impact NATO land op- al System for Mobile) -based phones. Between 2009 and erations. Recent operational employment and exercises 2015, RFAF formed and equipped EW brigades under further illuminate the growth of RFAF EW thought and each of the four Military Districts (two in the Western capability as well as ways in which Russia intends to inte- Military District (WEMD)). These EW brigades field some grate these capabilities across any future operations. As of the most modernised EW systems in the RFAF inven- a result, networked NATO land forces need to ensure we tory that provide all the capabilities already mentioned at

1 McDermott, R. N. (2017, September). Russia’s Electronic Warfare Capabilities to 2025. International Centre for Defence and Security, Republic of Estonia MoD, 1. https://icds.ee/wp-content/uploads/2018/ ICDS_Report_Russias_Electronic_Warfare_to_2025.pdf 37 MAGAZINE

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Russian EW system R-330Zh ‘Zhitel’ (first and second from the left) designed to interfere with satellite commu- nications equipment, as well as navigation systems and mobile phones; and R-330BMV vehicle (right) element of RB-301B ‘Borisoglebsk-2’ EW system designed for sur- veillance and interference of ground and airborne radio communications

longer range along with the added capacity to systems deployable by UAVs, making it more disrupt ground/air-based radar and UAV opera- complex to target and neutralise their effects. tions. In some cases, these operational level EW systems offer ranges out to several hundred kilo- Russia’s new and nimble EW capability metres as compared to less than fifty kilometres for those organic to manoeuvre brigades. Russia During the first and second Chechen Wars, Rus- remains focused on fielding increasingly capable sian EW capability proved to be a shadow of what EW systems across the strategic, operational and it had been at the height of the Cold War. Small tactical levels. These “force enablers and capabil- decentralised groups of specialists provided only ity multipliers” augment all service branches with an inconsistent capacity to monitor and disrupt a distinct focus on support to ground forces. the communications of a technologically infe- These capabilities cover surveillance (detection), rior force using primarily commercial rather than protection, and countermeasures (jamming), military grade devices. The war with Georgia in whilst at the same time, efficiently supporting 2008 saw only limited improvement relevant to measures to protect Russia’s own use of the the land domain with Russia potentially demon- electromagnetic spectrum. Many of the Russian strating a nascent capacity to disrupt Georgian EW systems are highly mobile, including small UAV operations. Russian EW operations since Russian EW system RB-341V ‘Leer-3’ designed to use ORLAN-10 UAS for surveillance and jamming of GSM networks that time, in theatres like Syria and Ukraine, have displayed a marked increase in capacity.

Many observers now assess that Russian EW forms an organic part of Russia’s kinetic and non- kinetic operations—both in sup- port of forces and in some cas- es as independent operations. Much of the Russian EW effort in Syria remains focused on sim- ple force protection and in the air domain. While these actions are beyond the scope of this article, there is clear evidence of RFAF efforts in support of Syrian Arab Army (SAA) ground action on a smaller scale. Russian operators employed systems like the Leer- 3 which leverages one or more Orlan-10 UAVs to jam signals including mobile phones, all with- out placing the EW operator in harm’s way. These EW specialists

2 Ibid p.6,7. 6 Gould J. (2015, August). Electronic Warfare: What US Army Can Learn From Ukraine. Defense News Online. 3 Ackerman, R. K. (2017, November). Russian Electronic Warfare Targets NATO Assets. SIGNAL Magazine 7 AFCEA. https://www.afcea.org/content/russian-electronic-warfare-targets-nato-assets 38 Mehta, A. (2017, November). Interview: Col. Kaupo Rosin, Estonia’s Military Intelligence Chief. Defense News 4 McDermott, R. N. (2017, September). P. 20. Online. 8 5 Ibid p. 22. McDermott, R. N. (2017, September). P. v. MAGAZINE

FALL 2019 were able to deny opposition ing. In at least two instances systems able to stand off up forces the ability to commu- of larger conventional op- to 100 kilometres or more. COMMANDERS nicate despite their use of erations, we can see a clear more advanced communica- foreshadowing of RFAF in- Russia’s Pivot AND LEADERS AT tions platforms. Clearly a tent to employ coordinated ALL LEVELS MUST force multiplier, operations EW. During the Russian led Moscow increasingly frames like this enabled SAA forces conventional engagements the future of armed conflicts EVALUATE IF OUR to isolate and dislodge oppo- at Ilovaysk near Donetsk as shifting to be network UNITS AND SOLDIERS sition forces and retake con- and at Debaltseve, there is centric and thus heavily reli- trol of most of Syria. evidence that Russian forces ant on the electromagnetic ARE PREPARED employed a comprehensive spectrum. RFAF have already TO OPERATE IN A Russian actions against con- technical monitoring group learned how to degrade or ventional Ukranian units in to detect, jam, and target even deny adversary usage DEGRADED OR DENIED Crimea again saw execution signals on the battlefield; dis- of the EMS and then take ad- ELECTROMAGNETIC of EW operations as a ma- rupt early warning aircraft; vantage of this state to cre- jor means to enable ground and impact mobile phone ate an operational environ- ENVIRONMENT. operations. After isolat- networks. ment favouring their forces. ing Ukranian forces on the Russian forces regularly train peninsula by destroying the As part of this last task, it is in jamming mitigation and veled on RFAF’s extensive use of terrestrial based, station- likely that these EW forces operations in a downgraded EW when he stated his surprise of ary infrastructure they used supported Psyops forces by or denied spectrum, likely in “the amount of jamming of their to stay tethered to the rest sending demoralising text preparation for both the side own troops” during EXERCISE ZA- of Ukraine, irregular forces messages to Ukrainian sol- effects of their own jamming PAD 2017. continued to employ EW diers. In both engagements as well as actions by others capabilities through proxies, we see that EW enables not on the battlefield. Ukrain- The lesson is clear. Russia’s ap- no doubt supported by RFAF only manoeuvre, but also ian land forces had to learn proach to the spectrum is com- experts. targeting and other forms of these lessons under com- prehensive and complemented by action. When employed in bat conditions in the face of changes to its organisation, doctrine As the Ukranian forces echelon, the many systems Russian executed EW that and training, as well as tactics, tech- moved to alternate means of that Russia brought to bear former COM LANDCOM, niques and procedures for their EW communication, these small, were dispersed across the Lt. Gen. Ben Hodges, once forces. Roger N. Mc Dermott, au- mobile teams with advanced battlefield with tactical sys- described as “eye watering”. thor of the International Centre for EW equipment from Russia tems up to thirty kilometres Col. Kaupo Rosin, Chief of Defence and Security’s report “Rus- were able to deny commu- from the line of engagement Estonia’s Military Intelligence sia’s Electronic Warfare Capabilities nications and support target- and more operational level from 2012-2018, also mar- to 2025” summed it up well

Russia’s ability to contest the EMS, combined with its holistic military Russian EW equipment reported from Donetsk region by OSCE thinking, means that EW capability will be exploited and effects created Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine well beyond the traditional realms in (source: https://twitter.com) which NATO’s thinking about EW is rooted. We might witness an ever- growing convergence of Russia’s EW, cyber- and information warfare approaches, which will further chal- lenge NATO’s concepts and prac- tices.8

These words should resonate strongly within NATO land force units. Knowledge of EW can no longer be the purview of a select few experts in a unit. Commanders and leaders at all levels must evaluate if our units and soldiers are prepared to operate in a degraded or denied electromagnetic environment. LC

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Commander LANDCOM signs letter of cooperation with Georgia Defence Forces By LANDCOM Public Affairs

U.S. Army Lt. Gen. J.T. Thomson, economic might or military might, but Commander of NATO Allied Land it also depends on trusted friends. In Command (LANDCOM), and Georgian Georgia, we have extraordinary friends, Army Col. Nikoloz Janjgava, First Deputy and for that, NATO is exceptionally of Georgia Defence Forces (GDF), signed grateful.” a letter of cooperation at the NATO- Georgia Joint Training and Evaluation Janjgava agreed. “This exercise has proved Centre in Krtsanisi National Training to be very productive and well-coordinated Centre, March 29, 2019. in terms of sharing experience and improving efficiency of the GDF through During the closing ceremony of NATO- practical application of NATO exercise Georgia Exercise 2019, Thomson shared planning and execution processes,” he a few words. said. “We are able to conclude that the exercise fulfilled its objectives, which are “History teaches us that strength deters to enhance our capabilities to plan and aggression,” Thomson said. “Given today’s execute multinational crisis response complex, dynamic and uncertain security operations and to further improve our environment, it is vital to be ready and interoperability with the Allied staffs.” strong. Strength not only comes from

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of the letter, “we are truly committed to future cooperation with NATO.”

The senior leaders signed the letter just prior to the closing ceremony of the second iteration of the NATO-Georgia Exercise, which is a computer assisted command post exercise focused on the interoperability and readiness of GDF as they are the lead of a multinational brigade with troops from 24 participating NATO member and partner nations. The exercise is scheduled every third year as a part of the Substantial NATO- Georgia Package framework, a set of 15 defence capacity building initiatives between NATO and Georgia established during the Wales Summit in 2014 and reinforced at the Warsaw Summit in 2016. The first iteration of this exercise occurred in 2016 involving 15 NATO member and partner nations.

During this year’s exercise, the Georgian led multinational brigade headquarters staff planned, coordinated and executed a scenario-based military response to a humanitarian crisis. The exercise tested the interoperability of Georgian, member and partner nation forces in the ability to adopt a comprehensive approach to a non- article 5 crisis response involving civil- military cooperation with international organisations and non-governmental organisations. This brigade-level exercise is scheduled by NATO Allied Command Transformation, conducted by the Georgian General Staff with mentoring from NATO Allied Land Command, and directed by the

NATO-Georgia Joint Training and Evaluation Centre mentored by NATO Joint Force Training Centre.

“Georgia today is a critical partner for the NATO Alliance,” Thomson said. “Nothing speaks to commitment like boots on the ground and … I witnessed it first hand from Georgia on a daily basis [in Afghanistan].” The letter of cooperation is mutually The purpose of the letter is to establish mission and in the efforts of NATO beneficial to enhance readiness, capability the framework for future cooperation member nations and partner nations in the and capacity and is a win-win for all. LC between NATO’s LANDCOM and the GDF collective defense of Europe. in the land domain. As Europe continues to respond to the aggressive actions of a Georgian Col. Alexander Kiknadze, potential adversary, this cooperation has Commander of the GDF’s Eastern deep implications in the NATO deterrence Command, emphasised the importance

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SPANISH ARMY 7TH LANDCOM’s Joint Effects AIRBOURNE LIGHT INFANTRY BRIGADE and Fires Branch: Current OPERATING A L118 LIGHT GUN

Activities By Lt. Col. Stephen Saul (DEU-A) In the spring 2018 edition of LANDPOWER NATO Command Structure HQ commands we discussed LANDCOM’s Joint Fires and and Joint commands, but also ACT entities Targeting Initiative. This initiative, which is such as the NATO School in Oberammergau. a programmatic, federated approach from LANDCOM completed the task recently and LANDCOM together with NATO Force provided the Joint Fires Initial Requirements Structure Headquarters, aims to increase and Roadmap to SHAPE. The document was readiness and warfighting capability in signed by the SHAPE Chief of Staff in early Joint Fires and Targeting through process July and forwarded to the International improvement; training and education; Military Staff for approval and further doctrine and policy; interoperability; guidance, underpinning the importance of organisational structure; and building this LANDOM initiative. capability and capacity to deter and defend. The first results of these efforts are Lines of Effort contained in the ARRC Handbook on “Corps Deep Operations” and NRDC-ITA “Battle LANDCOM Fires & Effects Branch used Space Management Concept”. the Doctrine, Organisation, Training, Material, Leadership, Personnel, Facilities, SHAPE Takes Notice Interoperability (DOTMLPFI) methodology to develop five lines of effort: This initiative drew attention from higher as SHAPE tasked LANDCOM to broaden LOE1. Doctrine and Procedural the initiative and define a Joint Fires Initial Interoperability, focused on development Requirements and Roadmap, not only aimed of Joint Fires Doctrine across multiple US SOLDIERS OF THE at the LAND domain, but delivering a solid domains, as well as coordinated with 2ND CAVALRY REGIMENT single document for a further way ahead for Joint Effects, Targeting and Information CARRY OUT A FIRE MIS- NATO Command Structure, NATO Force Operation doctrine review process. SION USING THE M-777 Structure and the nations. The result is in DURING EX DYNAMIC line with all other LANDCOM efforts within LOE2. Planning, focused on building up a the NATO Readiness Initiative and the NATO wide centralised Targeting Capacity FRONT Allied Military Re-Enforcement program. contributing to future NATO operational For example, the document includes, but planning process. is not constrained by, a focus on initial requirements for the early reinforcement of forward forces by joint and strategic effects including Joint Fires. It is also a tool that can support national defence planning processes. These identified requirements are intended to inform modifications to existing capabilities and the development of new minimum capability requirements within the nations to drive the development of new capabilities, as well as doctrine and procedures.

One key aspect to success is to include ongoing initiatives, working groups, and concepts under development at various levels. These include not only the other 42 MAGAZINE

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LOE3. Force Structure & Capabilities, on behalf of LANDCOM with their first AMBITION 20, and the TRIDENT focused on Joint Fires force structure analysis report scheduled for completion JUPITER/LOYAL LEDA series, will provide and capabilities in NATO and feeding in September and to be briefed during opportunities to implement and test national capabilities and procurement LC3 in October. The second study, led by solutions. These efforts should also provide processes with quantitative and qualitative LANDCOM is planned for 2020 will run enough insight for development of user requirements. under the working title of Joint Fires. requirements for a potential NATO Joint Fires Functional Area System. Current LOE4. Technical & Cyberspace LANDCOM Focus options under consideration include a Fires Interoperability, focused on improving capabilities in the future Land C2 system existing and developing new Computer LANDCOM’s main focus lies within LOE development (LC2IS replacement) or the Information Systems and Functional Area 1, LOE 3, and the command’s own JALLC creation of an entirely new system. Systems requirements and integrating the study. Some activities, such as support for a cyberspace operations. Joint Fires doctrine, a concept that currently In summary, the Joint Fires Initial does not exist in NATO, is something Requirements and Roadmap document LOE5. Education, Training, Exercises and SHAPE and LANDCOM will work towards provides both vision and detailed, actionable Evaluation, focused on improving exercise for approval during the Doctrine Working items. Of course, furthering this way ahead construct and design as well as training Group in October. depends on cooperation throughout the enhancement through integration of live, NCS. It also enables LANDCOM to take virtual and constructive means. Secondary are Land focused topics, such the initial initiative we began with the as the Multinational Field Artillery Brigade GRF(L)s with the defined workstrands and Additionally, two Joint Analysis & Concept and an Operational (Surface) Fires align them with the defined lines of effort Lessons Learned Centre (JALLC) studies Command Concept together with NFS and of the Joint Fires Initial Requirements and are ongoing or planned. The first involves USAREUR. Upcoming exercises in 2019 Roadmap. LC Optimising Tactical Air C2 supporting and 2020, including EAGLE METEOR, Land Operations. ARRC has the lead here DYNAMIC FRONT series, RAMSTEIN 43 MAGAZINE

FALL 2019 Eurocorps Road to Readiness

Eurocorps’ focus changed significantly since the beginning of 2018. By Lt. Col. Torsten STEPHAN (DEU-A), EUROCORPS

fter a total of five rotations of the New C2 Tools European Training Missions in Mali Aand the Central African Republic, The new Command Post System is an the road had to be paved for NATO essential core element for how Eurocorps assignments. Eurocorps’ commitment to must operate as the NRF alongside NATO Response Force (NRF) 2020 as the multinational units. Developed using Land Component Command is the most existing C2 systems, this new command significant, near future mission for the and control tool was tested for the first organisation. Because of this, Eurocorps time during exercise COMMON BOOST completed a series of exercises in 18. It was tested again against a high- recent months involving numerous intensity combat Article 5 scenario at multinational units, including the German the component command level during 10th Panzer Division and the Polish Very exercises COMMON TENACITY 18 Eurocorps Signal Coy change of com- High Readiness Joint Task Force (VJTF) and 19. This step proved incredibly mand at Lehbach, Germany. Brigade 20. important due to the simple fact that

The new Command Post System is an essential core element for how Eurocorps must oper- ate as the NRF alongside multinational units.

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the contemporary experiences of most first half of 2019 that included regular modern soldiers have been primarily professional exchanges between shaped by low intensity and drawn-out Eurocorps and the European Military stabilisation missions like the NATO Staffs. These exchanges were focused in mission to Afghanistan. In addition, during particular on the support of exercises and this collection of exercises, emphasis on training initiated by the European Military joint and combined operations during Staff and supported by Eurocorps. This tactical situations became tangible for is of great importance for Eurocorps every member of Eurocorps, helping the as the framework nations of Eurocorps organisation complete this essential step fully intend to task the Headquarters to on the road to certification as the NRF. participate at European Union Training Missions following the NRF commitment. A Dual Role The remainder of 2019 holds some European Recognition important changes. For one, Eurocorps’ At the same time, Eurocorps must also command changed from Lt. Gen. Juergen maintain and intensify a dual-purpose The role and prominence of Eurocorps is Weigt of Germany to Lt. Gen. Laurent role as key to the defence of the European clearly recognised by European leaders. Kolodziej of France. At the same time, Union, as evidenced by Europcorps’ total After French President Macron announced most of the Command Group will change of five rotations on European training the motto “We defend together” for the only a few months out from our NATO missions. The command implemented 2019 Bastille day military parade in Paris, certification. In November Eurocorps will significant new activities during the Eurocorps was invited to take part in a deploy to Norway and participate in the parade alongside members of the Rapid exercise TRIDENT JUPITER 19, which is Reaction Corps-France (RRC-FR) on July the final step toward certification before 14th on the Champs Elysees. This was a assuming NRF responsibility in Jan. 2020. great experience for the participants and After 20 months of preparation, this sent a strong message of relevance for will mark the final steps on the road to Eurocorps in Strasbourg. readiness. LC Eurocorps CP Coy was deployed to Lebach DEU Barracks to conduct basic schooting training.

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FALL 2019 How the Cyber Domain Supports LAND Operations Image of the Exercise Locked Shields 2019. A team of nearly 40 NATO cyber security experts competed from April 9-12 in LOCKED SHIELDS 2019, the world’s largest live-fire cyber exercise. More than 1,000 international cyber defenders and decision makers took part in the drills. Organised by the NATO Cooperative Cy- ber Defence Centre of Excellence in Estonia, the event used a game based approach, enabling participants to take on roles in fictitious response teams. Their goal was to assess a crisis sit-

Close attention to Cyberspace By LANDCOM G6

« Cyber » has become a very fancy word these days. Almost daily, we read an article about the latest software vulnerability, data stolen from various websites, or factory production lines blocked by ransomware. For many years, military entities only considered “cyber” as the technical way to protect information technology (IT) systems. At a time when traditional operational domains (Air, Land and Maritime) and the cyber domain are becoming more interdependent than ever, a posture change from “information assurance” to “mission assurance” was Cyber defenders fight against simulated cyber attacks during Exercise Locked Shields 2019. necessary. We now must consider how cyber aggressions could impact our For NATO, the recognition of cyber experience and expertise and is now operations, and how our cyber domain threats to its IT systems during Prague ready to operate in this domain. functions may support other operational summit in 2002 was the first step toward processes (i.e. cyber contribution to incorporating and acknowledging the the intelligence collection cycle or the significance of the cyber domain. Since targeting cycle). this time, NATO has strived to gain

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uation, maintain services and defend networks that have fallen victim to cyber attacks. In the exercise scenario, the fictitious country Berylia faced coordinated cyber attacks against its civilian infrastructure, while it was holding national elections. The job of NA- TO’s team was to help contain the damage and protect the networks from further attacks. The exercise took place in a laboratory environment. Footage includes various shots of experts on computers, as well as shots of various IT equipment involved in the exercise,

branch has a huge role in advising every component of the land operations (Intelligence, Planning, Force Protection, Information Operations, etc.) and translating technical terms to operational impacts. The DCO branch head also serves as the cyber advisor to HQ senior officers and ensures their situational awareness.

Defensive Cyberspace Operations and NATO Cyber Community:

As the primary entity responsible for the elaboration and coordination for LAND defensive cyberspace operations, DCO members are the entry point to the SHAPE Cyber Operations Center and the cyber teams of the other NCS HQs and NATO

This graphic depicts the progression of NATO in terms of cyber specialised cyber units. Currently, the team is initiating interchanges with the NFS HQs with the aim to identify and address any NATO Decisions Considering Cyberspace Maintaing Top Level CIS Security: potential cyber operations interoperability challenges. The specific evolutions of the domain The CIS Security task is a core task of the were decided in parallel with NATO DCO branch. It’s a fundamental part of the NATO clearly understands the importance Command Structure Adaptation (NCS-A) overall security of the HQ. By identifying of cyber operations and how critical they and for HQ LANDCOM this offers and managing risks related to CIS are to modern warfare. In LANDCOM, concrete opportunities. In the past the infrastructure, the team directs appropriate based on strong CIS security bases, success cyber branch of LANDCOM was designed cybersecurity hygiene and practices, is defined by integrating cyber supporting for Communication and Information coordinates their implementation with the effects and understanding those actions Systems (CIS) security. With the adaptation CIS service provider and the organisation’s taken in cyber domain impact every concept, the Defensive Cyberspace divisions, and performs routine checks to element of a synchronised land operation. Operations (DCO) branch retains this task ensure effective application. Lead by SHAPE and its CyOC, the domain as a major objective, but is now comprised stakeholders are on track to reach initial of seven members tasked to contribute Supporting the Process of a Land operational capability in 2020 and full to cyberspace operationalisation and Operation: operational capability in 2022. LC development and coordination of cyber support to land operations. Due to the interdependence of cyber and land domains and the technical specialisation requirement to properly understand cyber domain actions, DCO

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By Maj. Fergus J. O’Leary GBR-A, LANDCOM G4

igilant and Ready Land Forces ment entails, how it underpins readiness for Deterrence and Defence and, finally, how it further contributes is the theme of the Fall 2019 to effective deterrence and defence. LANDCOM Corps Command- Ver’s Conference. Deterrence is the What is it? mechanism by which the Alliance con- Theatre Enablement is the umbrella Soldiers from the 5th Bat- ducts soft power projection along its term for a host of initiatives and work talion 7th Air Defense Ar- Eastern flank and ensures the defence strands that have been in development tillery Regiment steady of Europe. Readiness is the mindset that over a number of years. LANDCOM be- canisters on the Patriot underpins that mechanism. Central to came involved in Summer 2017 when Missile Defense System operationalising the readiness mindset SACEUR determined that more focused as they are offloaded and is Theatre Enablement. Theatre Enable- control was required over a greater part on loaded during mis- ment is key to the concept of readiness of the European theatre. This concept sile transport and reload training in Koper, Slove- as it allows for the free and unrestrict- is also linked into the ongoing work of nia, June 3, 2019. Soldiers ed access of all NATO forces across NATO Command Structure – Adapta- are tasked with keeping and through the European Theatre at tion (NCS-A) and LANDCOM’s tran- the Patriots mission ready all times. This capability, fully realised sitioning role within the Alliance. The with a quick response and demonstrated, is a key component creation of a host of new organisa- time for joint exercise As- of the wider mechanism of deterrence. tions with responsibilities across the tral Knight 19. (U.S. Army Full comprehension of how the Alliance rear area of the theatre has played into photo by Sgt. Erica Earl) achieves the LC3 theme requires an LANDCOM’s strengths as the Land do- understanding of what Theatre Enable- main advisor. The Joint Sustainment and 48 MAGAZINE

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Enabling Command (JSEC), the Standing Joint Logistic Support Group (SJLSG) and NATO Forces Integration Units (NFIUs) are all relatively new organisations that require close coordination and liaison as they take on new responsibilities within the wider Theatre Enablement concept.

How it Enables Readiness Theatre Enablement is absolutely vital to maintaining readiness in the European theatre for Alliance forces. Troops ready to move at a short notice are ineffective if the means by which they will travel to the crisis zone are inadequate. The European Union mobility study and the Trans-Euro- pean Transport Network (TEN-T) works programme are being closely monitored by NATO and LANDCOM to ensure that we are working hand in hand to maxim- ise use of the studies in identifying tran- sit corridors, movement networks and infrastructure requirements. Linking to the NCS-A development, and factoring in the future requirements of the NATO Readiness Initiative and the Allied Mili- tary Reinforcement Concept, LANDCOM G4 has staffed crucial domain centric ad- vice to higher HQ in order to ensure that the full suite of enablers and sustainment requirements is properly factored into Al- liance forward planning from the begin- ning.

How it Deters Readiness, which is underpinned by The- atre Enablement, is a key contributing factor to the deterrence posture of the Alliance. Deterrence is the action of dis- couraging an action or event through in- stilling doubt or fear of the consequenc- es. Alliance posture does not encourage doubt as much as ensure fear with its use of enablement. Exercises and strategic messaging demonstrate that NATO pre- empts threats by laying the necessary groundwork of a response and creating the conditions to avoid confusion and chaos in the opening stages of a crisis. Operating from a known and rehearsed supports the concept of readiness by en- Top: USAF C-130 conducts aerial re-supply of plan across a familiar area is essential to suring various national and trans-national ground forces whilst on Exercise in Romania deterrence. initiatives come together for analysis by NATO staff in order to maximise efficien- Bottom: British Royal Air Force Chinooks Theatre Enablement is the vehicle by cy. This work is one of several founda- conduct underslung load operations in support of a British Armoured Battlegroup which the Alliance focuses efforts on tional stones upon which NATO builds up ensuring the widest possible area of the vigilant and ready land forces for deter- Opposite: A US AH-64 Apache attack European theater is covered by a com- rence and defence. LC helicopter is offloaded from a C-17 transport prehensive response plan. This vehicle aircraft.

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Trip Report:

The NATO Mobile Training Team on Logistics Operational Planning Process LOGISTICIANS Date: 24-27 June in Kyiv Ukraine IN

ByKIEV SFC Jayson Ford and Lt. Col Dré Kerstjens G4 LANDCOM

In late June our Mobile ranking from Captain to Luckily, the majority of Training Team of five Colonel and serving at the group already had LANDCOM logistics the operational level on experience working at experts travelled to the application of current the joint level in various

Kiev, Ukraine, with one logistics doctrine, policy logistics disciplines. Team from LANDCOM: mission in mind: To and planning procedures LTC Olivier Reinbold FRA A, LTC Renaud Monatte FRA A, help Ukrainian logistics in a Crisis Response The first and second Maj Federico Vizzini ITA A, SFC Jayson Ford USA A, officers understand Operation. days included a LTC Dré Kerstjens NLD A their role in the Logistics series of lectures Operational Planning We met the trainees at establishing basic Process. The primary aim the Ukrainian Officers logistics foundations was to educate a group club June 24 to kick off and preparing the group of 25 J4 Staff Officers, the first day of training. for more advanced

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and education of NATO doctrine with partners is important because it supports the comprehensive reform vital for Ukraine’s democratic development strengthening its ability to defend itself and become an interoperable partner.

Overall it was an incredibly satisfying experience. The hospitality of our hosts was incredible. We were energised by the atmosphere both inside and outside the classroom. Kiev is a great training the following turned out to be a very produced during the week. city with a very proud days. The subsequent good tool to compel Some of the officers went population. And Ukraine, days we conducted small maximum participation as far as suggesting the a formidable partner to group tasks designed to from the group. They course be lengthened to the NATO Alliance, clearly train all logistics phases in challenged the analytical allow for more in depth understands how logistics the Operational Planning capabilities of the officers discussions based on case enables land power. LC Process, including and forced participants to studies. We could not syndicate tasks. The deepen their knowledge agree more. To get the full tasks were embedded in a of planning processes and benefit and understanding scenario with challenges their roles as members of of the operational planning in the different phases of the Logistics Operational process and associated the planning process. Each Planning Group (LOPG). logistics implications, a phase had to be analysed, more in depth mobile understood and translated Overall, feedback from course could be designed into plans with achievable the participants was quite and employed. decisions taken, which then positive. The bulk of the had to be back briefed in Ukrainian officers rated For us it wasn’t only about the classroom where the the training “interesting training. In between students received feedback and challenging”. We’re sessions we had the on their products. not surprised as the opportunity to learn and audience was very understand a little more The syndicate tasks also enthusiastic and involved about Ukrainian Armed throughout. Despite Forces culture. Our hosts the fact that we relied took us on a tour of their heavily on interpreters for impressive Armed Forces simultaneous translation museum located at the during the lectures, the training site. The museum trainees were fully engaged itself focuses mainly on and asked a lot of good Ukrainian military history questions to deepen their dating back centuries, with understanding of the one floor of the museum challenging subject matter. dedicated to history of the last five years and Ukraine’s From the LANDCOM MTT struggles against Russian perspective, it was great aggression. This part of the to see the innovative museum tour was clearly approaches in logistics very personal to our guides. planning and creative solutions to logistics Which brings me to a challenges our trainees final point: Training 51

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Available for download at: lc.nato.int/media-center/landpower-magazine/latest-edition 52