Yugoslavia's History and Breakup Timeline
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History and Development of the Communication Regulatory
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMMUNICATION REGULATORY AGENCY IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 1998 – 2005 A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Communication of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Adin Sadic March 2006 2 This thesis entitled HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMMUNICATION REGULATORY AGENCY IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 1998 – 2005 by ADIN SADIC has been approved for the School of Telecommunications and the College of Communication by __________________________________________ Gregory Newton Associate Professor of Telecommunications __________________________________________ Gregory Shepherd Interim Dean, College of Communication 3 SADIC, ADIN. M.A. March 2006. Communication Studies History and Development of the Communication Regulatory Agency in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1998 – 2005 (247 pp.) Director of Thesis: Gregory Newton During the war against Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) over 250,000 people were killed, and countless others were injured and lost loved ones. Almost half of the B&H population was forced from their homes. The ethnic map of the country was changed drastically and overall damage was estimated at US $100 billion. Experts agree that misuse of the media was largely responsible for the events that triggered the war and kept it going despite all attempts at peace. This study examines and follows the efforts of the international community to regulate the broadcast media environment in postwar B&H. One of the greatest challenges for the international community in B&H was the elimination of hate language in the media. There was constant resistance from the local ethnocentric political parties in the establishment of the independent media regulatory body and implementation of new standards. -
National Museums in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Slovenia: a Story of Making ’Us’ Vanja Lozic
Building National Museums in Europe 1750-2010. Conference proceedings from EuNaMus, European National Museums: Identity Politics, the Uses of the Past and the European Citizen, Bologna 28-30 April 2011. Peter Aronsson & Gabriella Elgenius (eds) EuNaMus Report No 1. Published by Linköping University Electronic Press: http://www.ep.liu.se/ecp_home/index.en.aspx?issue=064 © The Author. National Museums in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Slovenia: A Story of Making ’Us’ Vanja Lozic Summary This study explores the history of the five most significant national and regional museums in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia. The aim is to show how these museums contribute to the construction of national and other identities through collections, selections and classifications of objects of interest and through historical narratives. The three museums from Bosnia and Herzegovina that are included in this study are The National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo; which was founded in 1888 and is the oldest institution of this kind in the country; the History Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina founded in 1945 (Sarajevo) and the Museum of the Republic of Srpska in Banja Luka (the second largest city in BiH), which was founded in 1930 under the name the Museum of Vrbas Banovina. As far as Slovenia is concerned, two analysed museums, namely the National Museum of Slovenia (est. 1821) and the Museum of Contemporary History of Slovenia (est. 1944/1948), are situated in Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia. The most significant periods for the creation of museums as a part of the consolidation of political power and construction of regional and/or national identities can be labelled: The period under the Austrian empire (-1918) and the establishment of first regional museums. -
Siege of Sarajevo Endangered Civilians
BALKAN January 8, 2004 Page 6 VIEW FROM THE HAGUE SIEGE OF SARAJEVO ENDANGERED CIVILIANS On 5 December this year, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia sentenced General Stanislav Gali ć to 20 years in prison for spreading terror among the civilian population during the siege of Sarajevo. The city of Sarajevo was under siege for about three and a half years. For almost two years of that time, from September 1992 to August 1994, General Gali ć was the commander of a branch of the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS), called the Sarajevo Romanija Corps, or SRK, which had virtually encircled Sarajevo. Parts of the city were controlled by the Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Prosecution alleged that the SRK under General Gali ć's command conducted a campaign of sniping and shelling attacks on civilians in Sarajevo. Under international humanitarian law war as such is not considered unlawful. However, certain principles of warfare apply that military commanders must respect. One such principle obliges military commanders to distinguish between military objectives, on the one hand, and civilians, on the other, and not to attack civilians under any circumstances. And yet, the SRK's campaign resulted in a large number of deaths and injuries to civilians. The Tribunal Prosecution alleged that the SRK, under General Gali ć's command deliberately killed and injured civilians in order to terrorize them. Terrorising civilians Terrorising civilians during armed conflict is specifically prohibited by Article 51 of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of 1949. The former Yugoslavia ratified this protocol in 1978. -
Worlds Apart: Bosnian Lessons for Global Security
Worlds Apart Swanee Hunt Worlds Apart Bosnian Lessons for GLoBaL security Duke university Press Durham anD LonDon 2011 © 2011 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper ♾ Designed by C. H. Westmoreland Typeset in Charis by Tseng Information Systems, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data appear on the last printed page of this book. To my partners c harLes ansBacher: “Of course you can.” and VaLerie GiLLen: “Of course we can.” and Mirsad JaceVic: “Of course you must.” Contents Author’s Note xi Map of Yugoslavia xii Prologue xiii Acknowledgments xix Context xxi Part i: War Section 1: Officialdom 3 1. insiDe: “Esteemed Mr. Carrington” 3 2. outsiDe: A Convenient Euphemism 4 3. insiDe: Angels and Animals 8 4. outsiDe: Carter and Conscience 10 5. insiDe: “If I Left, Everyone Would Flee” 12 6. outsiDe: None of Our Business 15 7. insiDe: Silajdžić 17 8. outsiDe: Unintended Consequences 18 9. insiDe: The Bread Factory 19 10. outsiDe: Elegant Tables 21 Section 2: Victims or Agents? 24 11. insiDe: The Unspeakable 24 12. outsiDe: The Politics of Rape 26 13. insiDe: An Unlikely Soldier 28 14. outsiDe: Happy Fourth of July 30 15. insiDe: Women on the Side 33 16. outsiDe: Contact Sport 35 Section 3: Deadly Stereotypes 37 17. insiDe: An Artificial War 37 18. outsiDe: Clashes 38 19. insiDe: Crossing the Fault Line 39 20. outsiDe: “The Truth about Goražde” 41 21. insiDe: Loyal 43 22. outsiDe: Pentagon Sympathies 46 23. insiDe: Family Friends 48 24. outsiDe: Extremists 50 Section 4: Fissures and Connections 55 25. -
BA 920721 Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation
The President of the Presidency of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Alija lzetbegovic, and the President of the Republic of Croatia Dr Franjo Tudjman have concluded, after the talks between the delegations of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Croatia held in Zagreb on July 21, 1992, the following Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Croatia The President of the Presidency of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the President of the Republic of Croatia; In consideration of the common interests of their countries in the protection of their independence and territorial integrity; Seriously concerned about the continuing aggression by the rest of the Yugoslav People's Army of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and Serbian and Montenegrin regular and irregular military forces, against their areas; Accepting the Resolutions of the United Nations Security Council No. 752 (1992) of July 15, 1991, No. 757 (1992) of May 30, 1992, No. 758 (1992) of June 8, 1992, No. 760 (1992) of June 18, 1992, No. 761 (1992) of June 29, 1992, No. 762 (1992) of June 30, 1992 and No. 764 (1992) of July 13, 1992; Accepting the opinions presented so far by the Arbitration Commission of the Conference on Yugoslavia, and in particular the opinions concerning the termination of existence of the former Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia, the need to terminate the membership of the latter in international organizations, and the principles to be followed in the solution of succession issues; Aware of the need for agreement in resolving issues of vital importance for their mutual cooperation and joint opposition to aggression; Have agreed as follows: 1. -
France and the Dissolution of Yugoslavia Christopher David Jones, MA, BA (Hons.)
France and the Dissolution of Yugoslavia Christopher David Jones, MA, BA (Hons.) A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of East Anglia School of History August 2015 © “This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived there from must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution.” Abstract This thesis examines French relations with Yugoslavia in the twentieth century and its response to the federal republic’s dissolution in the 1990s. In doing so it contributes to studies of post-Cold War international politics and international diplomacy during the Yugoslav Wars. It utilises a wide-range of source materials, including: archival documents, interviews, memoirs, newspaper articles and speeches. Many contemporary commentators on French policy towards Yugoslavia believed that the Mitterrand administration’s approach was anachronistic, based upon a fear of a resurgent and newly reunified Germany and an historical friendship with Serbia; this narrative has hitherto remained largely unchallenged. Whilst history did weigh heavily on Mitterrand’s perceptions of the conflicts in Yugoslavia, this thesis argues that France’s Yugoslav policy was more the logical outcome of longer-term trends in French and Mitterrandienne foreign policy. Furthermore, it reflected a determined effort by France to ensure that its long-established preferences for post-Cold War security were at the forefront of European and international politics; its strong position in all significant international multilateral institutions provided an important platform to do so. -
Low Blows: Martin Krpan, Top Lista Nadrealista, and Equalizing Satire
This text is due to be published in Crack Up, Crack Down, a book edited by the Slavs and Tatars collective for the Ljubljana Biennial of Graphic Art, 2019. This is the penultimate draft; please only cite the published version. Author contact: [email protected] (29 October 2019) Low Blows: Martin Krpan, Top Lista Nadrealista, and Equalizing Satire Vid Simoniti “I meant to take my leave without a word. But since you have delayed my departure yourself, do not now be upset that I’ve told you a few harsh ones. You surely know what the late Jerry from the village of Golo used to say: ‘Should I feed sweetmeats to the man I’m quarrelling with? Whichever spice stings him most, that’s what I serve him!’ And now good-bye, and stay in good health!” – Martin Krpan to the Emperor, in Frank Levstik’s Martin Krpan1 I used to have a Swedish dentist. Like all dentists, he relished the pleasure peculiar to their profession—to converse with a person whom they have just rendered incapable of answering back. While thus engaged, this dentist also enjoyed the odd dig at my expense. He once told me of a journey through Yugoslavia, which he took as a younger man. He did not spare me sarcastic comments on the broken- down socialist trains, corrupt policemen, beautiful women keen to marry a Westerner, etc. Of course I had to repay him somehow. So after I was finally allowed to spit out that abominable mixture of mouthwash and blood, I told him the following anecdote: !1 “You describe my people rather well,” I said, “but, of course, we ex-Yugoslavs have also travelled to Sweden, mostly as immigrants, rather than as tourists. -
Bosnia and Herzegovina Prosecutor's Office Of
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA PROSECUTOR'S OFFICE OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA SARAJEVO Special Department for War Crimes Regional Team II Number: KT-RZ - 56/09 Sarajevo, 10 July 20098 COURT OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA SARAJEVO - Preliminary Hearing Judge - Pursuant to Article 35 (2) item h) and Article 226 (1) of the CPC BiH. T hereby file the following: INDICTMENT Against: 1. ZORAN MARIe, aka Dole, son of Branko and mother Stoja, nee Dobretic, born on 15 April 1964 in the place of LjoljiCi, the mlmicipality of Jajce - Jezero, residing in Stara Pazova, Njegoseva no no. Street, Republic of Serbia, Serb by ethnicity, of Orthodox faith, citizen of BiH, Personal ID number: 1504964102084, brick layer by profession, married, father of three, served the military in Novi Sad in 1983, no prior convictions, no other criminal proceedings pending against him, ordered into custody pursuant to the Decision of the Court of BiH, No. X-KRN/05/96 of 08 July 2009. Because: During the state of war in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the armed conflict in the territory of Jajce municipality between the Army of Republika Srpska, on the one side, and the Army of BiH and HVO (Croat Defense Council) on the other, as a member of the Army of Republika Srpska, he acted in violation of the rules of Article 3, paragraph 1, subparagraphs a) and c) as read with Article 147 of the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of 12 August 1949, in as much as he, - On 10 September 1992, after the burial of a killed soldier of the Army of Republika Srpska, Rade Savic, as an organized group of armed people, which consisted of Jovo Jandric, Mirko Pekez son of Spiro, Simo Savic, Mirko Pekez son of Mile, Milorad Savic son of Ljupko, Zoran Marie, Slobodan Pekez. -
Never Again: International Intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina1
Never again: 1 International intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2017 David Harland2 1 This study is one of a series commissioned as part of an ongoing UK Government Stabilisation Unit project relating to elite bargains and political deals. The project is exploring how national and international interventions have and have not been effective in fostering and sustaining political deals and elite bargains; and whether or not these political deals and elite bargains have helped reduce violence, increased local, regional and national stability and contributed to the strengthening of the relevant political settlement. This is a 'working paper' and the views contained within do not necessarily represent those of HMG. 2 Dr David Harland is Executive Director of the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. He served as a witness for the Prosecution at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in the cases of The Prosecutor versus Slobodan Milošević, The Prosecutor versus Radovan Karadžić, The Prosecutor versus Ratko Mladić, and others. Executive summary The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina was the most violent of the conflicts which accompanied the break- up of Yugoslavia, and this paper explores international engagement with that war, including the process that led to the signing of the Dayton Peace Agreement. Sarajevo and Srebrenica remain iconic symbols of international failure to prevent and end violent conflict, even in a small country in Europe. They are seen as monuments to the "humiliation" of Europe and the UN and the -
Članci Republika Srpska Krajina and the Right of Peoples to Self-Determination*
ČLANCI PETER RADAN, PhD, Professor of Law Macquarie University, Sydney Sydney, New South Wels, 2109, Australia [email protected] UDK: 341.231 originalan naučni rad 323.1(497.5) primljeno: 17. maj 2017. prihvaćeno: 11. oktobar 2017. DOI: 10.29362/IST20VEKA.2018.1.RAD.9-34 REPUBLIKA SRPSKA KRAJINA AND THE RIGHT * OF PEOPLES TO SELF-DETERMINATION ABSTRACT: In Part I of this article author details the claims to inde- pendent statehood of Croatia and Krajina based upon the right of peoples to self-determination in the context of the emergence of nationalism as a powerful political force in Yugoslavia in the early 1990s. He also details the response of the international community to the crisis which these irreconcilable claims gave rise to. In Part II author explores the reasons why the secession of Croatia suc- ceeded and the secession of Krajina failed. Finally, the ramifications of Croa- tia’s and Krajina’s competing claims to statehood for the right of peoples to self-determination are discussed in the Conclusion. KEYWORDS: Republika Srpska Krajina, The break-up of Yugoslavia, War in Croatia 1991–1995, International Law, Self-determination, Secession, Inter-ethnic relations, National Minorities, Serbs in Croatia, Nationalism Introduction On 9 November 1989 the Berlin Wall came down. More than any other, this event of that tumultuous year symbolised the end of the Cold War and ush- ered in what Allen Buchanan has called ‘the age of secession’.1 The usual justi- fication for secessionist demands was the right of peoples to self-determination. One of the means by which this right is realised is by ‘the establishment of a sovereign and independent state’.2 The critical question for self-determination relates to the meaning of ‘peoples’. -
BHY CR 2006/15 (Translation)
BHY CR 2006/15 (translation) CR 2006/15 (traduction) Friday 10 March 2006 at 10 a.m. Vendredi 10 mars 2006 à 10 heures - 2 - 10 The PRESIDENT: Please be seated. Professor Stojanović, you have the floor. Mr. STOJANOVIĆ: Thank you, Madam President, Members of the Court. I will continue my presentation with an analysis of the preparations for war and the arming of the population in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Part Three Preparations for war and the arming of the population 113. In the autumn of 1991, the war in Croatia was coming to an end. The United Nations Security Council had characterized the conflict in Croatia by resolution 713 of 25 September 1991 (pursuant to Chapter 7 of the United Nations Charter) as a direct threat to peace and international security. This resolution imposed an embargo on the export of arms to Yugoslavia. The Security Council gave Cyrus Vance a mandate to act as an intermediary in the ceasefire negotiations. Also, a United Nations peacekeeping force, UNPROFOR, was set up. It was to keep the two sides apart along the boundaries that their respective military forces held at that point. 114. The situation became tense when the Parliament of Bosnia and Herzegovina adopted a memorandum on the sovereignty and independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 15 October 1991. Representatives of the Serb parties walked out, and the two Serb representatives of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina voted against the memorandum. A few days later, the Serb representatives who had walked out of the Parliament of Bosnia and Herzegovina set up their own separate parliament and announced a referendum to let the citizens decide if they wanted to stay inside Yugoslavia or not. -
“They” Wanted Them, and “He” Did Not
“THEY” WANTED THEM, AND “HE” DID NOT “THEY” WANTED THEM, AND “HE” DID NOT: ABOUT THE CONTEXT, ORGANIZATION AND FORM OF THE FORCIBLE CONSCRIPTION OF REFUGEES IN SERBIA IN 1995 Borislav Radović Borislav Radović The training camp of the Serbian Volunteer Guard is situated in Erdut. Big barracks with spacious grounds were renovated and transformed into a contemporary facility comparable with the best international centers of this kind...It is busy like in a bee-hive every morning since 6 o’ clock, when a new working day begins. There are morning calisthenics, breakfast and inspection. The trumpeter plays the Serbian anthem and a new day starts. A strenuous training awaits them…Sunday is a day off. They attend the mess in the church, play sports on various playgrounds, go out…but everything as deserved, because disrespect of the rules of this stoic school of humanity can bring the old Serbian measure: 25 strokes on the buttocks, in front of the entire ranks.1 This is not a promotional flyer for some slightly bizarre fitness-center, but a falsely idyllic description of the decor of one of the darkest episodes of the contemporary Serbian history. In this “stoic school of humanity” occured acts and treatments so inhuman that even today they represent a genuine nightmare for those who experienced them. 1 “Kako je nastala Srska dobrovoljačka garda: Ponovo u stroju”, Srpsko jedinstvo, broj 10, jun, 1995, p. 13. 11 THE CONTEXT The main reason of poverty in Serbia is too much money the citizens have.2 The events we will speak about took place in the summer of 1995.