A BI-ANNUAL PUBLICATION OF ALLIED LAND COMMAND MAGAZINE FALL 2014 VOLUME 1, ISSUE 1

03-06 08-11 12-15 15-18 The Allied Land Deep breathe: Collaborative Staff Operationalising The Command: NATO’s New Corps in brief Synchronization = Comprehensive Approach: Headquarters Focused Practice of the Joint Reflections From HQ ARRC on Land Forces Page Targeting System LAND POWER 1 UKR

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GRC ARM Allied Land Izmir IRN Table of contents SYR Command IRQ

3 Commander Message LANDPOWER 5 Chief of Staff Message The LANDPOWER Magazine is a bi-annual 6 Command Sergeant Major Message publication produced by Allied Land Command (LANDCOM) dedicated to the promotion of actions 7 The Allied Land Command and ideas contributing to the improvement of the NATO Force Structure (NFS) efficiency and effectiveness. Most 10 Forensic Process to Certify as JTF HQ of the authors belong to the command but the views and opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily 12 Feasibility Review of the Joint Task reflect those of the LANDCOM Commander, SACEUR, NATO or its member nations and none can be quoted as Force Structure an official statement of those entities. An electronic version that includes additional 16 Legal Issues Inherent in NATO 3.0 links to in-depth articles, supplementary articles and an ability to provide online comments is available from the 20 Take A Deep breathe LANDCOM website (www.lc.nato.int). All articles are edited for content. 22 Preparing for the Future - NRDC GR 24 LANDCOM 2015 Timeline 26 Creating a More Efficient Personnel To contact The LANDPOWER Magazine staff and/or publish an article in the next issue (May 2015 – Structure Deadline for submission: March 15, 2015 with a potential theme of On the Road to ‘New’ Joint NATO), please use 28 Collaborative Staff Synchronization the following contacts: E-mail: [email protected] 30 Heading a multinational force in a Land Postal: Public Affairs Office, General Vecihi centric operation Akin Garrison 35148 Izmir / TURKEY 32 Operationalising the Comprehensive Approach 36 Integration of Gender Perspective into The LANDPOWER Magazine TEAM AT LANDCOM HQ: Operations Lieutenant Colonel (USA) Koné Faulkner, 38 Women as Agents of Change Chief Public Affairs Lieutenant (TUR) Sercan Çelik, Public 42 Joint Logistic Support Group Challenges Affairs Plans Senior Master Sergeant (ESP) Ricardo 46 JTF HQ Transformation Romero, Photo Editor Master Sergeant Fernando Ruiz (ESP), 48 Connecting NATO Land Forces (G6) Photo Editor Ms. Ganka Peykovska (BGR), Design Editor 50 Strategic Communication Insights Ms. Figen Unsal (TUR), Content Editor 52 LANDCOM Visits & Events Special thanks to the commitment of the staffs at both Allied Land Command and each of the Graduated Readiness Forces for their contributions to this edition. The Allied Land Command For the Soldier!

Lieutenant General Frederick “Ben” Hodges Commander

or the Soldier! is the official at the end of 2014, we will transition motto of Allied Land from a campaign or “deployed” posture Command (LANDCOM) to a contingency or “ready” posture, in becauseF all plans, initiatives, decisions, and accordance with the SACEUR’s priorities. policies developed and directed by NATO This means that units will need to be headquarters in Brussels are ultimately prepared, on much shorter notice than going to be accomplished or represented during ISAF, to come together into task by Soldiers from across the Alliance. The organized formations to carry out those Soldier, from Private to General, is vital to contingencies. This puts interoperability the successful execution of every mission. and the ability to “plug and play” units at Our job at LANDCOM is to ensure the a premium. effectiveness and interoperability of all of Interoperability requires Soldiers those Soldiers since they will surely have and units to be able to, first, meet a to accomplish their missions as part of common set of standards and procedures an Alliance operation or as Members of a and, second, have Communications Coalition that will certainly be made up of and Information Systems (CIS) that NATO and PfP nations. “For the Soldier!” are interoperable. LANDCOM is also serves as a reminder to all Nations which enjoy the collective focused on tackling interoperability challenges by advocating and security of NATO, the most successful Alliance in the history of encouraging and, wherever possible, leveraging exercises to require the World, that they must invest in and ensure the proper training, interoperability, across all levels of command. For example, I want equipping, and care of their Soldiers if those Soldiers are to be able to make fully interoperable national CIS a joining requirement for to successfully conduct the missions agreed to and directed by the land forces to participate in NATO exercises. I also want to raise the Alliance. profile of CIS exercises such as STEADFAST COBALT and CWIX At LANDCOM, we believe that the full implementation of so that more nations can participate and more rigor can be applied the Secretary General’s Connected Forces Initiative (CFI) is the to improve interoperability. Requiring all nations to participate best way to achieve our objective above. In effect, LANDCOM in STEADFAST COBALT in May 2015 prior to participation in will be the “connective tissue” for land forces and enablers across TRIDENT JUNCTURE 15/LIVEX is another example. As ODE the Alliance and with our Partners, literally connecting land forces for this Exercise, LANDCOM will work towards that end. to each other, connecting training centers and simulation centers Exercises stress procedures, protocols, and technology to and staff colleges and Centers of Excellence, all of which expands identify and resolve interoperability gaps, especially if there are the capacity of the Alliance to train (joint and multi-echelon) and policy reasons which limit interoperability. Identifying those as improve interoperability. early as possible and finding solutions is critical, before we embark Soldiers of all Allied nations must be able to work together on contingency operations. in multinational formations, often down below Battle Group level, LANDCOM also advocates for improving the CIS whether at home or deployed. Furthermore, as NATO’s ISAF infrastructure for the NATO Force Structure (NFS) so that these mission transitions to RESOLUTE SUPPORT MISSION (RSM) nine Corps Hq’s can have sufficient capability to carry out the

LAND POWER 3 significant increase in their responsibilities that resulted from the they require to support our joint and multi-national mission 2010 Lisbon Summit, so that Soldiers can perform their day-to- objectives, particularly during early planning phases. day work the same way they would during a mission. This creates LANDCOM will also continue to champion the “muscle memory” within those hq’s across the NFS and strengthens Comprehensive Approach, a recognition that the use or threat of the connectivity between the NATO Command Structure (NCS) the use of military power is only one aspect of NATO’s capabilities. and the NFS, easing the transition from peacetime to crisis when We will look to ensure each Exercise requires consideration of all they will be called upon to enforce NATO’s political will with aspects of Alliance power and capability and that preparations, military action. We are working closely with our partners at NCIA study, and training incorporate the Comprehensive Approach as and NCIS to accomplish this. integral vs additive. Interoperability challenges are not limited to the technological The premise for all that Allied Land Command does is clear and policy domains. LANDCOM continues to address doctrine and simple...none of us in NATO will conduct operations alone and procedures to capture the successes of NATO’s most recent nor solely with the use of military capabilities. The land forces operations, particularly ISAF. LANDCOM intends to increase the of the Alliance and our closest Partners will always operate as speed with which NATO integrates identified lessons to deliver part of an Alliance Operation or in a coalition that is made up of doctrine and procedures that keep pace with the evolving character predominantly Members of NATO. of conflict. The approach is inclusive rather than exclusive: while By implementing CFI, LANDCOM will make NATO’s vision remaining sensitive to security restrictions, LANDCOM is a of NATO Forces 2020 a reality. LANDCOM will continue to champion of broadening the concept of “need to know” into “need lead the way in NATO and with our Partners in connecting land to share,” enabling partners, especially civil and non-military forces and enabling capabilities in order to ensure success “For the government organization, access to the information and systems Soldier!”.

4 LAND POWER The Allied Land Command LANDCOM – Land Forces’ ConnectiveTissue

Major General Uğur Tarçın Chief of Staff

am proud to welcome our readers All need remember what I always to this, the inaugural edition of say, ‘LANDCOM is the connective tissue Land Power Magazine, which is for land advocacy that enhances Jointness gearedI to highlight the immense capabilities throughout the Alliance.’ LANDCOM of this talented headquarters and the nine Is the only land-centric headquarters multinational Graduated Readiness Forces directly under the command & control for Land (GRF-L) we support as well. (C2) of the Supreme Allied Commander “The Pearl of the Aegean”, that’s what Europe (SACEUR). This means if directed the locals call Izmir, a thriving coastal by the SACEUR, LANDCOM will provide city of 4 million – the third largest city in the core of a Joint Force Command Turkey, after Istanbul and Ankara – and Headquarters (JFCHQ), responsible for nestled within this pearl is an unexpected the conduct of land operations and the treasure of an entirely different sort: Headquarters Allied Land synchronization of land forces C2 in accordance with the Allied Command (LANDCOM), the newest single service command Level of Ambition (LOA). In peacetime, LANDCOM is the principal of the military arm of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization land force advisor for the Alliance, providing expertise in support (NATO). Housed on the General Vecihi Akın Garrison and of NATO’s land forces’ readiness, competency, and standardization, hidden behind bare walls since 1952, visitors would be mistaken and responsible for their evaluation and certification. LANDCOM in assuming not much happens here. LANDCOM’s unexpected contently delivers a planning capability in support of our higher quiet belies its activity because on any given day, at least a third headquarters, and recommends improvements to doctrine, of the assigned personnel are on temporary duty, dispersed across training and exercises, and technology to improve interoperability Europe, engaged in LANDCOM’s three lines of operations (LOO): between the Allied land forces. Land Forces Operational Capability, LANDCOM HQ Operational As a result, yes - this is a very intricate and meticulous work Readiness, and Land Advocacy. environment, requiring a heightened awareness and understanding To successfully conduct the myriad of tasks associated with of the operational information environment. This organization has each LOO, I have had the honor to be the chief of staff of such not given me cause to worry though. Instead, this talented body a vastly talented organization here. But to remain proficient and has consistently shown a unity or effort unsurpassed by any other relevant, I need all be ever focused to participate and support on- staff I have been a part of in my __ years of military-service. going training, at all levels. I am a big believer that maintaining a focus on training and proficiency is the key to this command’s I look forward to our future, continuing to tackle significant ability to remain flexible in order continue to cover the entire challenges together - increasing our involvement, dialogue and spectrum of requirements for the planning, conduct and direction joint training - all in order to improve our mutual interoperability of land operations in support of any size task the NATO Force and individual capabilities – For the Soldier! Structure (NFS) and national armies desires of us.

LAND POWER 5 The Allied Land Command For the Soldier!

Sergent Major Mark Saulnier Command Senior Enlisted Leader

As we progress from Initial discuss and implement NCO specific Operational Capability (IOC) towards Full activities around our daily functions Operational Capability (FOC), fall is upon to strengthen our NCO Corps within us meaning our numbers will continue to the Garrison and promote Professional grow and our internal communications will Development Opportunities. become increasingly more important every Lieutenant General Ben Hodges day. Therefore I thought this would be an has stated on multiple occasions that appropriate time to send out an update of our HQ is comprised of 22% NCOs and what we have been working on and a few being a small HQ with a very important points on up. mandate we cannot afford to have them We all know how busy the tempo has underemployed or mis-employed, so kept us so far this year and our training plan we must ensure each one of them have is on a clear glide path for success, thanks to the tools to do their tasks IAW their the hard work of all of our team. Offering Job Description or arrange to get the our unequivocal support to the NATO Force qualifications to do so. Each NCO Structure (NFS) while balancing our needs should be focused on stepping into the on the road to FOC is taking tremendous next higher position and beyond, we are forethought and planning to ensure no task neither big enough nor deep enough to is ignored. This truly takes the human factor to a strategic level of ignore the fact that we can, and have been called upon to cover importance to ensure we completely understand the path required multiple tasks within our work environment. to meet all objectives from both NATO and national resources and Building from 1 NCO on the SUT to currently having input. This thought process is alive and well and is a true reflection 60 which represents 81% of our PE (this does not include the of the flexible approach we are so capable of employing. Our non- many NCOs in support rolls outside of the PE) shows the commissioned officers (NCOs) have been an intricate part of this nations’ phenomenal support to LC and to the NCO Corp. We process and are visibly contributing to the overall success of Land have managed in our short period of existence to host 3 CSEL Command. conferences providing a platform for the NCS and the NFS to bring With the full support of our leadership, we have implemented an element of cohesion to the worlds’ NCO development. We have the NCO Communication Council (NCOCC) which is comprised sent NCOs on communication courses in Latina, Italy, NATO of 9 strong NCO’s and we are striving to meet bi weekly around courses at the School in Oberammergau, and the Swiss Army NCO all other battle rhythm events. The line diagram below shows the Leadership School to mention a few tasks we have achieved. We connectivity of our establishment. have progressed in leaps and bounds over the past 18 months in Our Raison d’etre as a support network council is to act as developing our team but keep in mind we are not there yet – Status a conduit to receive, discuss and disseminate information on unit Quo is not an end state, it’s simply a milestone. activities at the NCO level to ensure we are working to provide full We have also established the “CSM’s Corner” on our web support to the Chain of Command with a clear understanding of page to utilize another medium to promote open dialog to keep us the desired end state. Following our council meetings, each member all informed, I encourage all of you to check it out. will reach out to their areas of influence and ensure all NCOs are informed and included in all aspects of our way ahead. We also

6 LAND POWER The Allied Land Command: NATO’s New Headquarters - Focused Soldier Advocates

By Colonel Eric T. Heist (USA)

German lieutenant trains, are generally familiar with NATO, recent Strategic Concept to prepare NATO for the advises and assists Afghan reorganization and restructuring have future security environment at the NATO security forces growing their occurred, significantly changing NATO’s Summit in Lisbon in November 2010. capabilityA to conduct security operations; a “Following the Lisbon and Chicago command and control organization and Portuguese sergeant exchanges a high five missions. After reviewing the overall Summits, we are embarking on NATO 3.0 with young boy while on patrol in Kosovo; changes in NATO, this article provides an – an Alliance with stronger capabilities and a Dutch Patriot missile unit deployed overview of recent changes in NATO and stronger partnerships across the globe to meet in Adana in southern Turkey defends details about The Allied Land Command, the range of the 21st century challenges.” against possible missile attack from Syria; a NATO’s new command focused on land NATO Deputy Secretary General logistics exercise in Slovakia involving over forces. Ambassador Alexander Vershbow 1750 troops and 600 pieces of equipment Established in the spring of 1949, The NATO 2010 Strategic Concept, from 35 countries in cooperation with NATO was created to ensure the collective “Active Engagement, Modern Defence”, 14 international organizations, develops security and territorial integrity of the included a framework for a new NATO collective logistics solutions and assesses Alliance members in the face of potential Command Structure (NCS), which included the interoperability of their equipment, threats from the Soviet Union that a new Allied Command Operations (ACO) systems and procedures; thousands of emerged after World War II, to prevent structure. ACO is one of NATO’s two ground troops from over 30 countries the resumption of nationalist militarism in strategic military commands, the other participate in a joint force command and Europe, and to support European political being Allied Command Transformation control and live fire exercise in Poland and cooperation. Growing from 12 original (ACT). Directed from the Supreme the Baltic states – these are all examples of member nations, the NATO Alliance now Headquarters Allied Powers Europe operations and training conducted by the has 28 member nations. In the aftermath of (SHAPE), near Mons, Belgium, ACO is land forces of the North Atlantic Treaty the dissolution of the Soviet Union, NATO responsible for all Alliance operations. Organization (NATO) in the past year. evolved to adapt to the new conditions as The 28 nations of NATO agreed to Engaged in operations around the relations across Europe changed. After momentous change to ACO by consolidating world, there are significant changes on- years of Alliance military operations in eleven major headquarters to six as part going within NATO concerning land Afghanistan, Allied Heads of State and of a larger effort to increase NATO’s forces. While many US service members Government agreed to a new NATO efficiency and effectiveness. Leveraging the

LAND POWER 7 The Allied Land Command: NATO’s New Headquarters - Focused Soldier Advocates

800 personnel in the two Forces Commands across a range of major to small joint to 350 in LANDCOM. LANDCOM serves operations, with the ability to provide C2 as the recognized authority of the Alliance’s over assigned Forces up to three Corps. Land community, ensuring land forces’ “Land Command will be the interoperability, capability, synchronization leading advocate for Soldiers and and effectiveness in support of full spectrum Land Forces in NATO, responsible allied operations. LANDCOM is the ACO’s for ensuring their effectiveness and primary interface with the NATO Force interoperability.” Commanding General Structure (NFS) and national armies. The of LANDCOM, US Army Lieutenant NFS is comprised of nine multi-national General Frederick “Ben” Hodges Corps stationed throughout the Alliance, constituting NATO’s Force Structure (NFS) LANDCOM has three primary lines experience and history of this 60+ year old made up of Graduated Response Forces- of operations to support its numerous alliance, NATO enacted historic change to Land (GRF-L) or the NATO Corps. responsibilities as it leads NATO’s efforts to prepare for the complex security challenges “…we, right now in Afghanistan, enjoy maintain the effectiveness and new levels that the Alliance will face in the future. probably the highest level of cooperation, of interoperability achieved by ground The new structure was designed to support capability, cohesiveness of our forces. Our forces operating within joint forces during the transition from deployed operations ability, our tactics, techniques, procedures, recent combat and contingency operations. to readiness operations as the mission to work together is probably at the pinnacle LANDCOM’s main effort is Land Forces in Afghanistan evolves and decreases. of NATO’s history, and what we don’t want Operational Capability - LANDCOM This new structure includes two standing to do, is lose those capabilities as the force enables land forces interoperability, Joint Force Commands and three service structure, and the mission in Afghanistan, capability, and synchronization in support component commands. The JFCs are not only draws down, but changes, and of the full spectrum of Allied operations located in Brunssum, the Netherlands, LANDCOM is going to be at the center through the authority given it by SACEUR and in Naples, Italy. Both have the mission [of maintaining NATO capabilities]…” for oversight of evaluation and certification to conduct comprehensive operational- Supreme Allied Commander Europe, of the GRF-L, new NATO members and level campaign planning and deploy into US Air Force General Philip Breedlove Partners. The first supporting effort is Land a theater as a Deployed Joint Headquarters Advocacy – LANDCOM promotes land (DJHQ) in addition to engaging with In peacetime, LANDCOM is expertise, doctrine, conceptual development key partners and regional organizations, responsible for facilitating land and joint and utilization of lessons learned while reinforcing cooperation with operational interoperability; promoting land doctrine facilitating mutual training and operations partners, and preparing partner countries development; synchronizing NATO land within a joint context. Finally, LANDCOM for NATO membership. The three service forces’ training and integrating training is focused on its Headquarters Operational component command headquarters events; maintaining the oversight of Readiness - LANDCOM is ready to provide include Air Command (AIRCOM) evaluation and certification of the NFS; immediate, interoperable, responsive in Ramstein, Germany; Maritime maintaining robust land and NATO-area planning capability supporting the NCS Command (MARCOM) in Northwood, wide environmental land expertise and and NFS or deploy a core C2 capability United Kingdom, and Land Command contributing to ACO’s comprehensive for an LCC or standalone headquarters in (LANDCOM) in Izmir, Turkey. AIRCOM situational awareness; supporting NCS support of a range of joint, full spectrum is the central command of all NATO air and NFS in contingency, crisis and Alliance operations. and air defense forces and MARCOM exercise planning; as well as maintaining “For the Soldier!” is the motto is the central command of all NATO relationships with NATO Partners of LANDCOM and it highlights the maritime forces. LANDCOM, however, (including Ireland, Sweden, Ukraine, Command’s commitment that all plans, has a unique mission and purpose.1 Georgia, etc.), international organizations, initiatives, key decisions, and actions The Allied Land Command and non-governmental organizations in (LANDCOM) was established in Izmir, coordination with SHAPE, ACT, and the Turkey, on December 1, 2012, consolidating JFCs. Additionally, as part of the 2010 the two previous land force headquarters -- Strategic Concept, LANDCOM was given a Forces Command Heidelberg (Germany) new role in times of crisis. HQ LANDCOM and Forces Command Madrid (Spain) --into will be ready to deploy a core command one, while reducing personnel from over and control (C2) capability for a Land

1 Component Command (LCC) supporting a “Organisation.” Allied Land Command Website. Created 03 April 2013. Accessed 08 Apr 14. https://www.lc.nato.int/ JFC or acting as a standalone headquarters articles.php?page_id=4. 8 LAND POWER The Allied Land Command: NATO’s New Headquarters - Focused Soldier Advocates developed by LANDCOM are ultimately to support the mission accomplishment by the most basic element of any Army A SIGN OF CHANGE IN NATO unit: The Soldier. It serves as a reminder to the countries that enjoy the protection ne example of LANDCOM’s The last key task for LANDCOM is of the Alliance’s collective defense and impact on NATO land serving as the proponent for land forces collaboration that it is essential to train, forces readiness is seen in throughout NATO. LANDCOM is the equip, and prepare Soldiers to conduct the its approachO to training. LANDCOM is principal authority in NATO for land-based missions they are called upon to do. As striving to integrate and expand training doctrine, initiatives, and interoperability NATO’s new Command focused on land opportunities to encompass more units, as well as the repository for land power forces, the Allied Land Command is well nations, and organizations. Unlike previous expertise and employment. LANDCOM on its way to full operating capability and NATO exercises involving just a single plays a key role in identifying trends, is committed to accomplishing all of the Corps Headquarters and its subordinate capability gaps, and emerging requirements diverse missions assigned to it. units, LANDCOM’s culminating exercise for NATO land forces. It serves as the voice for 2014, Trident Lance, will involve at of the entire land-power community for “Our motto is ‘For the Soldier.’ This least two NATO Corps Headquarters and the NATO command structure and also headquarters is going to work every single multiple subordinate units as participants. serves as the liaison back to the armies of day to ensure that the young soldiers, men In addition to leveraging training time, the member nations. LANDCOM brings and women, who fill our ranks have the LANDCOM has made strides to better together the various land units and experts best possible chance to accomplish their integrate National Training Facilities in a number of conferences and forums mission and to be protected while doing into NATO exercises providing both creating synergy and an information and it. All that we will do is ‘For the Soldier’.” cost savings and expansion of potential solution sharing environment. As the land- Commanding General of LANDCOM, training opportunities. In today’s resource- power expert, LANDCOM participates US Army Lieutenant General Frederick constrained environment, these welcome in a number of strategic-level working “Ben” Hodges initiatives are indicative of the impact groups as the land representative and chairs LANDCOM is already having on NATO other committees such as the NATO Land For more information, please visit the land forces. Operations Working Group. LANDCOM’s NATO and LANDCOM websites: http:// The second key task for LANDCOM goal is to bring value to units in the field www.nato.int/ and http://www.lc.nato.int/ is being prepared to fulfill its role as a and to the strategic-level headquarters deployable component headquarters. It without generating more work for its target References: is taking on the task of envisioning and audiences. 1. “A short history of NATO.” North Atlantic defining the role of a Land Component NATO has demonstrated that it Treaty Organization Website. Date of publication not Command Headquarters (LCC) during is prepared to move forward beyond its provided. Accessed 08 Apr 14. http://www.nato.int/ a massive full-spectrum joint operation commitment to Afghanistan and posture history/nato-history.html. involving multiple maneuver Corps in for continued relevance in the foreseeable 2. “Our Heraldry and History.” Allied Land today’s operating environment. Exercises future. The Alliance’s renewed focus on Command Website. Created 28 March 2013. Accessed of this scale have not been envisioned since readiness, agility, and efficiency is being 08 Apr 14. https://www.lc.nato.int/articles.php?page_ the late 1980s when huge force-on-force manifested by the changes it has made to id=3 training exercises were routinely conducted. its organizational structure and approach. 3. “NATO Organisation.” North Atlantic Treaty Training on such a scenario ensures that LANDCOM will bring value to member Organization Website. Date of publication not provided. NATO has the ability to respond to any nations and the Alliance by helping to Accessed 08 Apr 14. http://www.nato.int/cps/en/ crisis no matter how small or large. This enhance the capabilities, readiness, and natolive/structure.htm. type of training provides the platform interoperability of land forces committed 4. “Organisation.” Allied Land Command for further joint integration, increases to NATO. Website. Created 03 April 2013. Accessed 08 Apr 14. the interoperability of land forces, and https://www.lc.nato.int/articles.php?page_id=4. strengthens the capabilities of NATO. By #49 from the Lisbon Declaration, 2010.http://www.nato.int/ 5. “Our Heraldry and History.” Allied Land cps/en/natolive/official_texts_68828.htm developing the ability to provide effective The land commitment to the NATO Response Force is Command Website. Created 28 March 2013. Accessed rotated annually between the nine NATO Corps HQs IAW component level mission command, NATO’s Long Range Rotation Plan. http://www.nato.int/cps/ 08 Apr 14. https://www.lc.nato.int/articles.php?page_ LANDCOM not only provides this en/natolive/topics_49755.htm id=3 capability to NATO, but also demonstrates the competency and expertise required to evaluate Corps Headquarters for their readiness in the future.

LAND POWER 9 Forensic Process to HEADQUARTERS NATO RAPID DEPLOABLE CORPS- SPAIN: Certify as JTF (L) HQ www.ejercito.mde.es/organizacion/hqnrdc-sp_eng/index.htm

By NRDC Spain Public Affairs Office

HQ NRDC-ESP current COS, Major General Cabeza Taberné, was appointed as Deputy Commander (DCOM) of that HQ. As a consequence of the Lisbon Summit carried out in 2010, NATO declared a new Strategic Concept and defined a new transformation process. The reduction of the NATO Command Structure (NCS) meant the enhancement of the NATO Force Structure (NFS). High Readiness Force Headquarters (HRF HQs) such as NRDC- ESP were in the position to offer some of the deployable capabilities which did not exist permanently within the NCS HQs. In October 2011, Spain offered NATO Rapid Deployable Corps Spain (HQ NRDC-ESP) as NFS Joint Task Force HQ (NFS JTF HQ) to provide deployable joint command and control capability for Smaller Joint Operations land-heavy [SJO(L)]. As a consequence of this offer, and ATO Rapid Deployable killed 80,000 people in Pakistan and left up Corps Spain (HQ NRDC- to three million without food or shelter just ESP) was activated at the before the onset of the harsh Himalayan beginningN of the year 2000. The ESP winter. HQ NRDC-ESP, as LCC of the Army started a frenetic process to train NRF-5, was deployed to Pakistan on 24th the necessary personnel and dedicate October to liaise with Pakistani authorities the vital means to achieve the training and pave the way for the incoming troops, and organizing levels to become a High mainly engineers and medical units, Readiness force on time. The HQ NRDC- deployed to assist in the relief effort. The SP Detail Implementation Plan (DIP) mission came to an end, on schedule, on 1 was sent to NATO on the 30th of June February 2006 2001.The Interim Operational Evaluation HQ NRDC-ESP was also deployed (IOC) was passed in May of 2002, and in Afghanistan in 2012 as part of the the Full Operational Capability (FOC) NATO Long Term Rotation Plan. Around in November of the same year. After this 200 members of our staff joined the major achievement, the new denomination ISAF Joint Command Headquartes (IJC as HQ NRDC-SP was established. HQs) located next to Kabul International On 11 October 2005, in response to a Airport. The mission was to coordinate at request from Pakistan, NATO launched an the operational level the units and Regional operation to assist in the urgent relief effort. Commands (RCs) of the International The earthquake was estimated to have Security Assistance Force for Afghanistan.

10LAND POWER Forensic Process to Certify as JTF (L) HQ in accordance with BI-SC Conceptual Transformation (ACT) sponsored exercise subjects to improve the interaction with Framework for Allied Operations CFAO to train and evaluate NATO Rapid civilian organizations. This concept (dated June2013): “The nations providing Deployable Corps Spain (NRDC-ESP) as was successfully implemented in our the NFS JTF HQs are required also to the first Land Expeditionary Joint Task Headquarters and nowadays is usual to provide the Logistic C2”, NRDC-ESP also Force Headquarters (JTF HQs) in NATO to see civilian personnel working with the implemented the Joint Logistic Support plan and conduct Smaller Joint Operations military to advise the Force Commander’s Group (JLSG HQ) based on its augmented under direct command of SACEUR. decision-making process. Rear Support Command (RSC). The execution phase of the exercise After the certification as the first JTF Over the last years, HRF (L) HQs was carried out in Menorca from the 2nd (L) HQ in NATO, a clear symbol of Spanish have been trained in the land and tactical to the 16th of May and marked the end of commitment to NATO and the allies, HQ environment. Evolving to a new joint HQ NRDC-ESP certification process that NRDC-ESP enters a one year “stand by” capability needed solid training and firm started in 2013. More than 1300 soldiers period that covers from the 1st of July 2014 interoperability with other HQs in the from 20 different nations were deployed to to 30th of June 2015. operational chain of command and control. Menorca to participate in this exercise that HQ NRDC-ESP evolved by acquiring was assisted by more than 1000 computers. new and expanding some already existing During the certification process, capabilities. A deep change of mindset was HQ NRDC-ESP also executed a new a key factor in this process. “Comprehensive Approach” concept to TRIDENT JAGUAR 2014 (TRJR the military operations by incorporating 14) was defined as an Allied Command civilian experts in non pure military

LAND POWER11 Joint Task Force HEADQUARTERS EUROCORPS: www.eurocorps.com Experimentation: Feasibility www.ejercito.mde.es/organizacion/hqnrdc-sp_eng/index.htm Review of the Joint Task Force Structure By EUROCORPS Public Affairs Office

urned to the future, different processes in an operational level effort to study, analyze, develop, apply Headquarters EUROCORPS Joint Task Force (JTF) construct. The initial and evaluate these “new” capabilities. studies and exercises the document has been the basis for HQ EC Which is now the option taken by HQ feasibilityT of a Joint Task Force structure. JTF experimentation over its 2013-2014 EC to develop a “joint” task organization The level of ambition of NATO to exercise cycle. As already three of five with mandatory staff processes? The EC simultaneously command two major exercises have taken place, the initial study conceptual approach will be the subject of operations and four smaller ones plus the report has recently been amended into an the following paragraphs. reduced NATO’s Command Structure “Implementation concept”, incorporating During the initial study in 2012 oblige the army corps of the NATO Force the initial Lessons Identified (LI). The main different options were put forward, Structure to develop command capabilities LI will be summed up in the last part of this going from the CFAO “NRF model” at operational level. The final operational article. with separate Single Service capability will provide NATO with Commands (SSC) under a army corps capable to command COMJTF to the “Integrated land centric joint operations. NATO model” merging operational and requires that land component tactical level responsibilities in commands acquire joint capabilities one ‘integrated’ Command and in order to be able to conduct, plan Control Structure. and control operations that besides Pragmatism lead HQ EC land forces also includes the use of to consider a Small (brigade- air units and naval assets. This is sized) Land-heavy Joint quite a big challenge. The army corps Operation (SJO(L)), as this will have to think out of the box and was in line with the in-house to acquire some operational level expertise and implied a limited capabilities besides their traditional “jointness” as depicted in the tactical level skills. CFAO. Secondly, the “Integrated model” was chosen as the The Joint Task Force Concept Looking at the general framework of combination of tactical and operational The reform of the NATO Command this endeavour, it is clear that the CFAO has level mechanisms looked more challenging Structure has been a stepping-stone meant a major shift in responsibilities for in terms of organizational and procedural for NATO Force Structure entities like HQ EC, going from a tactical level HQ to implementation, “celui qui peut le plus, Headquarters Eurocorps (HQ EC) to being an actor responsible at theatre level. peut le moins” being a leading motto. upgrade their capabilities in different Thus, being a JTF HQ implies the necessity Three important features of HQ EC’ domains in order to subscribe fully the for operational level C2 capabilities of which conceptual approach will be discussed in a allocation of new responsibilities based on the following are examples of identified concise manner: the integrated operational- the Conceptual Framework for Alliance requirements: plan and conduct joint tactical planning including “jointness”, Operations (CFAO) developed by SHAPE. operations; plan and execute joint logistic the implementation of an “Influence & HQ EC commenced the study of the CFAO operations; produce operations assessment; Assistance Division” and materializing the implications in 2011, early 2012, and came perform campaign synchronization Comprehensive Approach. up with a first study report by February 2012 and perform strategic communications The JTF construct does not foresee on how to organize the staff and implement (STRATCOM). HQ EC invests a lot of a separate Land Component Command

12LAND POWER Feasibility Review of the Joint Task Force Structure: JOINT TASK FORCE EXPERIMENTATION

(LCC). Furthermore, in HQ EC’s approach the JTF HQ “Integrated model” has direct C2 over Battalion-sized (land) task forces. Therefore the JTF HQ has to run simultaneously two different types of processes, joint operational processes in order to assume its theater level responsibilities and land tactical processes in order to give the appropriate orders at task force level. Each layer requires a very different level of granularity in terms of situational awareness and understanding but both have to be supported by the same staff. For that reason, HQ EC considers that it is necessary to identify three types of personnel in each branch that can be seen as complementary modules: (1) an operational module, consisting of personnel educated and trained for executing joint operational procedures, working at theatre level on operational divisions: Plans & Operations Div, Support his cause through psychological operations planning and C2; and Enabling Div and I&A Div. is about influencing perceptions. This (2) an operational/tactical module, While the first two are assessment-influence link is a key I&A consisting of land personnel trained to straightforward and a generic approach, responsibility. Assistance is the other big execute both tactical and joint operational the JTF implementation concept captures task of the I&A Div. At operational level procedures, working at both operational the latter’s mission as follows: “ensure a the HQ is the highest military echelon and tactical level depending on the main genuine capacity to measure the effects in theatre and thus responsible for the effort; mainly personnel in the functional of the campaign and influence the interaction with the main actors, including branches; environment in the framework of a CA the host nation, involved in the resolution (3) a tactical module, consisting of with strategic outreach and all means of of the crisis at hand. It is a kind of focal personnel educated and trained for land crisis management and assistance to the point for interaction with the “civilian” tactical procedures at brigade level, dealing affected population”. The words in bold are world but is certainly not the sole player only with the planning and C2 of Land core activities of the division. Supporting as the CA is a whole-of-staff responsibility. Forces. the Plans & Operations Div in focusing The objective is to have a clear and complete It was assumed by HQ EC, that on both operational and tactical tasks, is understanding of the situation by gathering this tactical module would primarily be one of the main reasons to put assessment, through all possible channels all relevant generated from the HQ of the brigade effects management and the civil-military inputs for planning operations. I&A plays a providing the subordinate units, in cooperation under a separate division. This vital role herein. order to ensure a better understanding ensures a better overall coherence. When of unit capabilities and a more efficient looking at assessment, we are in fact looking Training and Exercises coordination. at measuring the effects generated amongst Following its redeployment from HQ EC envisions limited “joint” opposing parties, the population and other ISAF in January 2013, Headquarters requirements in its small-sized JTF HQ. players. Influence is about assessing what Eurocorps ambitioned to play an active role “Joint” billets are considered necessary needs to be done to keep the mission on in the major conceptual changes within for the domains of analysis, knowledge the right track. The I&A Div, as a kind of NATO and to remain in the vanguard of the development and planning where specific external audit entity, looks at what ongoing rapid reaction corps’ community. functions have been identified (AIR, MAR, operations achieve in the field and assesses To test its concept, EUROCORPS SOF specialists) depending on mission if adaptations are required. Steering (EC) decided to run a “Joint Task Force specificities. the operation in the right direction by (JTF)” exercise-serial from September 2012 The Influence and Assistance communicating the Force’s messages to the to December 2014. This exercise-serial Division (I&A Div) is an integral part of the population, by engaging local leadership was aimed at challenging the staff on the new task organization consisting of three or by convincing the adversary to abandon conduct and synchronization of a NATO led

LAND POWER13 Feasibility Review of the Joint Task Force Structure: JOINT TASK FORCE EXPERIMENTATION

multinational joint operation at both national and international authorities operational and tactical levels, but also at the operational politico military at setting up a Joint Logistics Support level based on a range of standing Group (JLSG) and at maturing EC arrangements for consultation and Comprehensive Approach concept. co-operation between the different EC decided in 2012 to use the actors in times of crisis. The exercise (NATO) SKOLKAN scenario to will also actively test a concept of support its JTF exercise cycle, but “Comprehensive Approach”, and with a different scheme of manoeuvre, lead to how deal with and integrate committing forces into Bothnia upon the civilian counterparts in the request of the Bothnian authorities. operational planning and the conduct HQ EC had therefore to adapt the of operational activities. existing documentation to its needs OPORD for the next phase of the Campaign and requirements (i.e. modify the existing Some Lessons Identified (Stabilisation). Eventually stabilization Country book to suit that scheme of As far as our JTF concept and construct will be the focus for the last JTF exercise manoeuvre). Political and strategic- level is concerned, our experimentation led us to (JOINT SPEARHEAD 14), scheduled in documentation had also to be generated the following observations: October 2014, in addition to planning for to suit the exercise scheme and to support 1) The delineation between the transition and redeployment. the crisis response planning. In particular, operational and tactical level command Each exercise takes a year to plan EC Bothnia-focused scenario integrates responsibilities. it. In addition to the Staff, Support and social aspects, ethnical exactions, power The delineation between the Communication units – all of whom are struggle, and public opinion division, and operational and tactical level command part of the EUROCORPS – take part. The a worsening security situation to prepare responsibilities requires further scrutiny. framework nations contribute with staffs In particular whether COM JTF is to have and units, as with augmentees. direct command over the tactical level The Exercise Control uses the Joint or if this command is to be delegated to Exercise Management System (JEMM) to one of the Flag officers of the JTF HQ. control and manage the exercise play. This Experimentation has shown that whatever system is used to manage the injection of the solution, somewhere in this integrated events from a database. This supports a command and control structure, someone number of storylines that are written to is to be “double-hatted” with all the meet the several training objectives. constraints such a situation bears. Exercising a Joint Task Force requires This level of responsibility could from Commander and staff to integrate, potentially remain flexible, depending synergize and synchronize all Air, Naval, on the nature/phase of the operation, but SOF and Land forces assets to reach in essence the Theatre-level commander the objectives in a multi-dimensional should be preserved from tactical level environment. The exercises met therefore the ground for comprehensive approach management. COM JTF should be devoted their goals as the commander and staff must implementation but also to provide material to the “up-and-out” whereas COS and had to respond to constant changes in the for the play of an entire campaign (from an DCOSs should focus on the “in-and down”. situation, and to orchestrate a coordinated Initial Entry Operation to the Transition 2) The need to tailor key processes to response to crises very close phase). to reality. The exercises forced So far EC played the Crisis Response the Commander and staff into Planning, the deployment of the Operational evaluating and prioritizing Liaison and Reconnaissance Team every potential threat, balancing (OLRT) (EX JOINT EXPLORATION), the competing demands of all the deployment of the JTF HQ and JLSG subordinated commanders, HQ (CPX JOINT EFFORT 13 and JOINT and apportioning limited assets SPIRIT 13, conducted in STRASBOURG to counter threats. in May and November 2013). In Spring The exercises focused 14, during exercise JOINT CHALLENGE on the other hand on the 14 EC will review the OPLAN, develop a interaction between the Joint Coordination Order (JCO) and an Force (Commander) and the

14LAND POWER Feasibility Review of the Joint Task Force Structure: JOINT TASK FORCE EXPERIMENTATION

be run by the operational joint command should be adapted / customized leaving HQ EC required significant augmentation and control level to JTF(L) HQ strength, some events aside or on call while inserting to be able to implement the new structure capabilities and nature. Land-level Items to ensure a comprehensive and to create the appropriate environment If there are commonalities with the coordination and the ability to support the for its collective training and exercising. standard operational level, the fact that EC simultaneous (Operational and tactical) In particular a robust portrayal JTF (L) HQ embraces the responsibilities of Decision making Processes. of the Component Commands is of a JHQ, a LCC HQ and a Bde HQ influences 4) Delineation of responsibilities paramount importance to acquaint staff the way different processes must be between the Commander’s Advisory Group to the challenges of joint operational level designed and implemented. As an example and Inter Agency Cooperation Cell (IACC). planning and synchronization. we identified the requirement to fuse “LCC While implementing our EC considers therefore that the JTF level” information prior to compiling / Comprehensive Approach concept we Endeavour represents both an opportunity synchronizing it at the joint operational identified potential overlap between and a challenge for the GRF(L) HQ level, mainly for targeting and assessment. Commander Advisory Group and IACC community as it will have to increasingly The nature of our subordinate entities as far as tasks and responsibilities are rely on Mutual training support to meet its (Battalions) and their own C2 capabilities concerned. Further refinement of the training requirements. have also to be taken into consideration terms of reference of this Inter Agency when designing the processes they are to be Cooperation Cell initially designed to be As a multinational Army Corps, contributing to. working at staff level will help clarify the available for both NATO and EU, 3) The translation of these processes situation. EUROCORPS always engages in responding into a JTF-bespoke Battle Rhythm. 5) Difficulty for a GRF(L) HQ to to NATO’s challenging ambitions. The A relative small structure by construct, train and exercise at JTF level without EUROCORPS staff is following a validation the JTF HQ is not able to implement significant reinforcement. process allowing it to acquire command and the whole theoretical Operational battle The permanent representation of the control capacities on an operational level. Rhythm that is primarily designed for the air forces of the framework nations (AREC) synchronization of strong Component and a representative of the framework Commands in the framework of a MJO. navies in EC provided a robust support in In addition a Land Heavy SJO may rather Staff familiarization to cross-componency require land specific coordination. and jointness and in the exercise play. Therefore the JTF Battle Rhythm However, JTF experimentation showed that

LAND POWER15 The Allied Land Command: NATO’s New Headquarters Focused on Land Forces Legal Issues Inherent in NATO 3.0: Allied Land Command’s First Year

By Lieutenant Colonel John S. Frost (USA)

n November 2010, NATO’s the operations of several other commands related commands that corresponded ministerial representatives located in various NATO counties around with the JFCs. The restructuring also did agreed to overhaul the Alliance’s Europe, including subordinate joint away with additional headquarters when it commandI structure. If readers think of the commands at Karup, Denmark (reporting eliminated other JFCs. The nations further NATO that emerged from the Cold War as to JFC-Brunssum), Verona, Italy, and agreed to establish these new headquarters ‘NATO 1.0’, and the NATO that flourished Larissa, Greece (reporting to JFC-Naples). in familiar member countries. after the dissolution of the Soviet Bloc in the SHAPE itself had its own directly reporting LANDCOM stood up in Izmir, Turkey early 1990s, then subsequently engaged in joint headquarters in Lisbon, Portugal. on November 30, 2012. MARCOM in Non-Article 5 Crisis Response Operations At the Lisbon summit, the 28 Northwood, United Kingdom transformed in the Balkan states in the later portion of nations comprising the NATO Alliance from being the sea component command that decade, and the war against al Qaida agreed to reform NATO’s command only for JFC-Brunssum, to being the sea in Afghanistan (an Article 5 operation) structure with several goals in mind. First, component command for all of SHAPE. in the wake of the 9/11 attacks as ‘NATO NATO’s mission in Afghanistan was winding Likewise, AIRCOM at Ramstein ceased 2.0’, then it makes sense to call NATO’s down, with the International Security being subordinate to JFC-Brunssum and most recent military structure ‘NATO 3.0’. Assistance Force (ISAF) and the United became SHAPE’s single AIRCOM. The Under the previous NATO Command States government resolving to remove all fact that these changes came about by Structure, authority flowed from the North combat forces from the country by the end the unanimous decision of the nations is Atlantic Council (NAC) to the commander of 2014. An even more compelling reason important to keep in mind in understanding of Allied Command Operations, the for restructuring NATO was the need to the legal repercussions and day to day Supreme Allied Commander Europe reduce defense expenditures in the years issues confronted by the LANDCOM (SACEUR), headquartered in at the following the worldwide financial crisis Office of the Legal Advisor (LEGAD). As Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers of 2008 and the subsequent debt crises of with all diplomacy, consensus arises when Europe (SHAPE) in Mons, Belgium. several NATO member states. Without an all parties are able to gain something from Reporting directly to SHAPE were imminent threat and with ISAF going away, a bargain. When that consensus involves two Joint Force Commands, located in nations sought to spend less on common 28 nations with an equal vote, but with Brunssum, Netherlands (JFC-Brunssum), defense and standing headquarters, to far different capabilities and motivations, and Naples, Italy (JFC-Naples). Each of increase efficiencies, and to eliminate disharmony and disagreement falls to the these commands had a service-component redundancies. A reduction in the number wayside in the name of achieving the more command subordinate to it corresponding of headquarters would save the nations’ important, overarching point of agreement. with the three traditional geospatial aspects money, and a reduction in the size of the Those disagreements and disharmonies are of modern military operations: Land, Sea, headquarters themselves would further left to the lawyers to deftly negotiate within and Air. JFC-Brunssum oversaw Allied reduce the costs associated with running their organizations as time passes. Force Command at Heidelberg, Germany; those headquarters. Seeking savings and The LEGAD’s role in LANDCOM’s Allied Maritime Command at Northwood, economy, the NATO agreed to create a more day-to-day operations springs from the Great Britain; and, Allied Air Command efficient command structure. The cleaner, command’s Vision, Mission Statement, at Ramstein, Germany. JFC-Naples leaner command structure retained the two Campaign Plan and associated Lines of commanded Allied Force Command at JFCs, but reduced components commands Operations (LOOs), as well as the legal Madrid, Spain; Allied Maritime Command, to one each land, sea and air entity. Allied issues that arise in operating an International collocated with its headquarters at Naples; Land Command, Maritime Command and Military Headquarters (IMHQ) in a NATO and, Allied Air Command in Izmir, Turkey. Air Command, all of which report directly member state. LANDCOM’s primary LOO JFC-Brunssum and JFC-Naples also oversaw to SHAPE, eliminated the component is to enable land forces interoperability,

16LAND POWER Legal Issues Inherent in NATO 3.0: Allied Land Command’s First Year capability and synchronization in support together with affiliated headquarters, the GRF(L)’s establishment and give rise of NATO operations. LANDCOM has which are placed at the Alliance’s disposal to the employment of the headquarters, two other LOOs: to prepare to deploy as a on a permanent or temporary basis.” The so as to ensure the nation that established headquarters itself, as a Land Component treaties and MOU documents that provide the HQ has set it up in such a way as to Command HQ overseeing component the basis for these types of forces become truly make it available for employment as a responsibility for a multi-Corps Major Joint the LEGAD’s responsibility when the forces NATO command. This involves examining Operation (MJO+); and serve as a Land enter NATO service. treaties and Memoranda of Agreement Advocate, that is, to promote land expertise, There does exist some baseline (MOU), examples of pure international law. doctrine, conceptual development and criteria for what a GRF(L) must consist, Second, the inspecting attorney examines implementation of lessons learned from must be manned and equipped to do, and the GRF(L) LEGAD’s Standard Operating previous NATO operations. must meet some capability thresholds, Procedures (SOPs), and more critically, LAND FORCES’ OPERATIONAL before NATO accepts it for employment the practices and procedures of the legal CAPABILITY by the SACEUR. NATO Command advisors in a garrison and operational The primary LOO, endeavoring Structure IMHQs evaluate Force Structure setting. They must be observed in an toward Land Forces’ Operational units using a listing of Combat Readiness exercise setting, conducting operations Capability, is a daunting task, but one that Evaluation (CREVAL) criteria. But a and exhibiting fluency in the International those unfamiliar with NATO’s diplomatic CREVAL checklist is a long way from Humanitarian Rights Law and the Law underpinning might find alarming to learn ensuring GRF(L)s are interoperable. As it of Armed Conflict (LOAC). This can be is only now being taken on by a NATO was articulated at LANDCOM’s inception, a challenge for a unit established under Command Structure HQ. It is challenging adherence to CREVAL criteria only ensures Framework Nation laws, rules, techniques, because LANDCOM cannot simply espouse a command is prepared to deploy as a tactics and procedures, especially when the doctrine and order it implemented by NATO headquarters. It does not thoroughly command is relatively new and the GRF(L) NATO Force Structure commands. NATO guarantee the headquarters can operate LEGAD is far more conversant in his home Force Structure commands do not work alongside other NATO headquarters, and as country’s laws and regulations, as opposed directly for NATO at all times. Instead, part of an interchangeable NATO structure. to NATO rules and practices. LANDCOM certain NATO countries have decided to Getting the GRF(L)s to this interoperable, will truly prove its value and accomplish establish, and pay for these HQs so that connected status remains LANDCOM’s its mission when it can persuade GRF(L)s they can be employed for NATO missions. foremost challenge. to adopt and implement NATO standards They are multinational headquarters, The legal piece of the CREVAL voluntarily, so they are trained and prepared and allied NATO nations often assign is two-fold. First, the inspecting LEGAD to serve as a NATO Force Structure long military members to serve in on another’s is to check the documents that underpin before a CREVAL check. Because it lacks Force Structure commands for tours of duty. Sometimes, several countries join efforts and create a NATO Force Structure command, as in the case of the German- Netherlands Corps, or EUROCORPS. The largest of these commands are also known as Graduated Readiness Forces-Land (GRF(L)). But although the donor nations intend for these HQs to be used for NATO missions, they usually also envision them being available for national or regional missions as well. There are several other regional standing headquarters whose charters also permit them to be evaluated by NATO to some extent. They may also be employed for NATO missions, if the countries that agreed to stand up the organizations, and fund them, further agree to deploy them in furtherance of a NATO mission. According to NATO, the Force Structure commands are to be “composed of allied, national and multinational forces,

LAND POWER17 Legal Issues Inherent in NATO 3.0: Allied Land Command’s First Year command authority over the GRF(L)s, advice, because it is the Commander who is commanders with unreasonable restrictions LANDCOM must endeavor to be seen as a ultimately responsible for adherence to the on those operations. The NAC will grant value-added influence, providing training (LOAC) and International Humanitarian the appropriate ROE, with the advice of the packages and model SOPs and SOIs to Law. Military Committee. GRF(L) LEGAD teams. The purely operational law aspects Specifically, LANDCOM’s of the position relate to providing expertise LAND advocacy and counsel to the inspecting attorney reviews the SOPs and on the Rules of Engagement (ROE) and the command SOIs on hand, checks whether the GRF(L) limitations national caveats play in modern While International and legal staff has awareness of key NATO alliance military operations. NATO ROE Operational Law constitute a large part of legal references and documents, reviews are a unique species, and their functioning the LANDCOM LEGAD’s duties, another understanding and implementation relates directly to the nature of the alliance. extensive aspect of the workload relates to of ROE, and ensures the legal staff is In US doctrine, ROE are a commander’s providing legal advice to the Commander participating in headquarters training tool to place constraints on subordinate and Chief of Staff on the internal workings programs. Additionally, there is a review commanders and Soldiers, so as to achieve of the IMHQ itself. With LANDCOM’s new for competency with regard to utilization desired effects, prevent strategic miscues mandate to become a leading advocate for of the NATO Status of Forces Agreement and unintended escalation of force. What Land Forces, and their capabilities within (SOFA) and a check of understanding and is most interesting about NATO ROE is member nations, comes the risk of the awareness of NATO’s claims procedures. that the base set of ROE for any NATO command running up against matters that The LEGAD also inspects interaction with operations come from the NAC itself, are political in nature. Military members the Provost Marshal staff, so as to lay the tailored for each individual operation. So in the NATO Command Structure are foundation for effective detainee operations, a body of 28 nations must agree on what explicitly prohibited from becoming and with the Budget and Finance office, to types of munitions may be used, under involved in political matters. The LEGAD’s review contracting rule compliance. what circumstances force may be use, and ethical advice must steer the command even whether or not a NATO unit may do in clear of such minefields. For example, LANDCOM HQ Operational terms of apprehensions and detainments on modern day interoperability relies a great Readiness the battlefield. An ill functioning alliance deal on ensuring expensive operating The LEGAD contributes to the with common points of dissention would systems work with one another. Nations second LANDCOM LOO, LANDCOM’s make such an ROE scheme dysfunctional, remain capable of purchasing whichever own Headquarters Operational Readiness, and render any subordinate commander munitions, military hardware and operating by doing what a traditional Staff Judge a failure. In practice though, the Military systems they want to purchase, using their Advocate or Operational Law Attorney Committee has given subordinate national bidding and contracting rules. does for a deploying unit under US Army commanders wide latitude in the conduct LANDCOM, as Land Advocates, must doctrine. Members of the LEGAD team of operations. NATO has devised a menu tow the narrow line between encouraging participate in working groups, syndicates of ROE provisions so as to allow planners to interoperability in capability, while steering and boards with operational planners speak from a common basis when it comes clear of advocating for or against any and targeting members of the G3 and to ROE, and grants or restricts authority particular defense contractor. LANDCOM G5, to ensure compliance with the Law by referencing the NATO ROE by line and must speak in terms of capabilities, rather of Armed Conflict in operations, provide number. The idea of ROE coming from than brand names. Additionally, becoming expertise in administrative matters, fiscal the highest levels of command, as with a Land Forces Advocate necessarily involves law, ethical compliance and contracting the Department of Defense’s Standing Strategic Communication (STRATCOM) law. In operations, attorneys work ROE, is not a new way of operating for the and Information Operations (IO) in other hand-in-hand with targeting officers, military members of most nations, but the nations. But these endeavors, conducted information operations specialists, idea that those ROE must be authorized in peacetime, have the potential to violate psychological operations officials and for operations by a body of 28 nations international standards and mandates. The Strategic Communications members of probably is. The seemingly limiting and LEGAD must remain engaged with strategic the headquarters to the same end. This restrictive nature of the set up only makes communicators with an eye to steering the substantial participation in the staff process sense when viewed as a by-product of command clear of straying beyond NATO’s requires a great deal of coordination, the Alliance, and the understanding by mandate and meddling in member states’ relationship-building, and time, but it is Military Committee members of the nature internal affairs. critical to the success of the headquarters. of military operations. In other words, if Labor law issues arise within the NATO doctrine is clear on the fact that the the NATO Alliance agrees to charge the International Military Headquarters Chief LEGAD must have direct access to the SACEUR with executing a military mission, (IMHQ) too, as NATO is an employer of Commander when it comes to rendering it will not hamstring him or his subordinate a special class of civilian employees called

18LAND POWER Legal Issues Inherent in NATO 3.0: Allied Land Command’s First Year

NATO International Civilians (NIC). NICs IMHQs exist as tenants on large, host NRDC-Spain, Valencia, Spain; NRDC-France, Lille, work throughout the headquarters and nation military installations, whereas France; and, NRDC-Greece, Thessaloniki, Greece. confront labor law issues similar to those at others stand alone. LANDCOM’s garrison 8. Allied Joint Pub., AJP-01(D), Allied Joint any US Army post, camp or station. The in Izmir stands alone; the installation Doctrine (STANAG 2437), annex 3A, para 3A7. law governing the employment rights, exists because of the IMHQ. LEGADs are 9. See generally MC 0400/3 (Military privileges, procedures and disciplinary involved not so much because the situation Decision), Military Committee Guidance for the actions of NICs is far less scripted than it is relies on interpretation of treaties, statues Military Implementation of NATO’s Strategic Concept, in most NATO nations, and the foundation or agreements, but because the work is 23 Feb. 12 and Allied Command Operations (ACO) Dir. for their immunities and privileges rests nuanced and detailed, and because the 075-013, NATO Evaluation and Certification Policy, 11 with their status as members of the civilian documents that give rise to discerning who Jul. 13. component of a Sending State’s military will pay for what between the host nation 10. CREVAL criteria are articulated by SHAPE force. When a NIC confronts employment and NATO omit hard decisions. The in Allied Command Operations Forces Standards, Vol. issues in a NATO IMHQ such as Garrison Support Agreement endeavor, as VII – Combat Readiness Evaluation of Land HQs and exercising employment rights, substandard it has come to be known, has proven to be Units (CREVAL). The CREVAL criteria are under performance issues, disciplinary related a telling window into the inner workings of revision with the most recent draft being circulated in matters, contested hiring or termination diplomacy, agreement drafting, forestalling December 2013. actions, or any of the other routine hard decisions in the name of preserving 11. Id. Performance Measures, Areas A, B and challenges of employees everywhere, an overall alliance, and the challenges E. reliance on LEGADs is extensive. of an organization that operates only by 12. Bi-Strategic Command, Dir. 15-23, Policy The most challenging aspect of the consensus. on Legal Support (23 Jul 09), para 7. LANDCOM LEGAD’s workload during the Whether it has been providing advice 13. North Atlantic Treaty Org., Military Comm., IMHQ’s first year of existence has come in to the command on strictly legal matters, MC 362/1, NATO Rules of Engagement (2003). light of the cost-saving changes to NATO participating in combat operations as a 14. See generally, Colonel Brian H. Brady, The mentioned at the beginning of this article. member of a working group or board, North Atlantic Treaty Organization Legal Advisor: A In 2010, for the same economic reasons or serving as the IMHQ’s counsel during Primer, Army Law, Oct. 2013. COL Brady recently that prompted the reduction in Land day to day agency operations, the LEGAD served as a member of the the Joint Warfare Center, Component Command Headquarters and office has proven an essential staff element Stavanger, Norway – an entity charged with training the reduction in the size of LANDCOM in during LANDCOM’s first year. of all NATO units for operations. This excellent article comparison to its predecessors’ personnel References: points out the unique aspects of legal work in NATO size, NATO declared that many costs and explains some fundamental concepts relating to its associated with operating the garrisons 1. PO(2010)0169, The Alliance’s Strategic practice. that host IMHQs would be transferred Concept, Nov. 19, 2010. 15. Article II, Agreement between the Parties to to host nations. The Secretary General 2. Admiral James S. Stavridis, NATO 3.0 and the North Atlantic Treaty regarding the Status of Their stated that “significant direct and indirect the Evolution of EUCOM, On Patrol, The Magazine of Forces, June 19, 1951, 4 U.S.T. 1792, 199 U.N.T.S. 67 economic benefits accrue to nations when the USO, Summer 2013. (entered into force Aug. 23, 1953), herein, referred to as they host NATO installations.” An annex 3. See generally NATO Organisation, and NATO SOFA. to the Secretary General’s announcement associated graphic, http://www.nato.int/nato_static/ continued with “the aim of increased host assets/pdf/ nation support is to reduce the burden 4. 3.pdf_2011_09/20110921_aco-pre-reform- on existing NATO common funding and struct.pdf. reduce Peacetime Establishments.” NATO 5. Vision and Mission Statement, Allied Land acknowledged that IMHQs are very Command (13 Jan 14), https://www.lc.nato.int/articles. different from one another, with a diversity php?page_id=7. of host nation dependent aspects driving 6. North Atlantic Military Comm. MC their costs and the benefits they provide. 317/1(Military Decision), The NATO Force Structure But the devil is in the details in such (24 July 2001). arrangements, and the nation’s overarching 7. There are currently nine major standing agreement to reduce costs has played out GRF(L)s: Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC), with a great deal of disharmony. Innsworth-Gloucester, United Kingdom; EUROCORPS, No nation wants to be disadvantaged Strasbourg, France; Multinational Corps (MNC) in relation to another. Different NATO Northeast, Szczecin, Poland; NATO Rapid Deployable nations have different aims in maintaining Corps (NRDC)-Italy, Milan, Italy; NRDC-Turkey, IMHQs on their soil. Additionally, some Istanbul, Turkey; 1st German-Netherlands Corps;

LAND POWER19 Take A Deep breathe: HEADQUARTERS MULTINATIONAL CORPS NORTHEAST- POLAND: The Corps in brief www.mncne.plwww.ejercito.mde.es/organizacion/hqnrdc-sp_eng/index.htm By MNC NE Public Affairs Office

eing located in the heart of The initial plans for establishing the The crowd makes a difference Europe, Poland serves as a MNC NE met the reality not until 1999. One swallow doesn’t make a summer, home for the Headquarters Back then in March, Poland officially but what happens if you have thirteen of MultinationalB Corps Northeast (HQ joined NATO and thereby the wide range of them? Then, you enjoy the season with MNC NE) situated in the Baltic Barracks. military options showed up. Additionally, all ranges of colors. As many as thirteen Distant from the Baltic Sea merely 100 taking into consideration Poland’s member states create the exceptional family km, the city of Szczecin have constituted tremendous experiences in the past, the of the Multinational Corps Northeast. the base of the Corps since 1999. Back idea of both the united Europe and NATO Bringing together a dozen or so cultures, then, the MNC NE was established under integrity finally started reflecting their languages and customs might seem as a the command of the three Framework basic values in the contemporary history reckless challenge. In fact, after fifteen Nations: Denmark, Germany and Poland. of the country. The Szczecin Corps is the years it looks like a perfect combination, Until 2013, ten additional countries joined only NATO HQ East of the former Iron which works more efficiently every year. the Corps; Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Curtain. Moreover, this year’s anniversaries The members of the Corps perceive Slovakia, Czech Republic, the United of both Poland’s accession to NATO and multinationality as one of the strongest drive States, Romania, Slovenia, Croatia and the MNC NE’s establishment coincide towards successful work. Moreover, they Hungary. Every three years the Change with the third deployment of the Corps’ go beyond the frame and take advantage of Command Ceremony inaugurates personnel in Afghanistan. During this of the complex background of the MNC the new Commander of the Corps. The seemingly short period of time the Baltic NE in other spheres of life. It has been rotation involves the representatives of the Barracks’ based soldiers have successfully five years now when the Baltic Barracks Framework Nations. The Polish Lieutenant completed participation in the two NATO- get involved in one of the biggest charity General Bogusław Samol is assuming the led International Security Assistance event in Poland. During one day each top post of the Szczecin-based HQ at the Force (ISAF) missions in Kabul and are January, the Great Orchestra of Christmas moment being supported by the Danish contributing to the current one with loads Charity collects money for ill children and Deputy Commander and the German of experience. elderly in the whole country. The Corps Chief of Staff. with its multinational representatives do

20LAND POWER Take A Deep breathe: The Corps in brief their best to encourage Szczecin residents Just two years ahead, the FOC was as possible from the mission experience give donations during a collective event in employed by the Corps’ soldiers in the and to share them with other headquarters the city centre. When it comes to mutual theatre for the first time. They set off to and commands. A very good example how goal, the communication between citizens Afghanistan to contribute to the ISAF the MNC NE handed over its expertise and of different countries becomes even more mission. Apart from two officers who were know-how to other units was the Crystal vivid. to serve in the Regional Air Operations Eagle Exercise 12 held in Nymindegab in Having thirteen different countries Coordination Centre (RAOCC) in Mazar- Denmark in May 2012. Next year in April, under one roof gives a great opportunity to e-Sharif, the remaining 160 officers and Szczecin Corps conducted the Crystal Eagle learn about various histories and customs. non-commissioned officers (NCOs) were 13 exercise in Wildflecken in Germany. It What makes them more exceptional deployed to Kabul-based Headquarters was the first exercise of Crystal Eagle series though, is a chance to experience common ISAF. set in Afghanistan scenario and organized celebrations of distinctive holidays. Apart After completing the ISAF duties in entirely “on demand”. In a year, the Corps from paying a tribute to the main national Afghanistan in 2007, the Corps focused on will start preparations for a successful holidays, the Corps is also celebrating the sharing experiences gained in the theatre conduction of the Exercise Compact Eagle popular events, especially at the end of the with other commands and units as well 15, which takes place in November 2015. year. Undoubtedly, the most-anticipated as improving its own mission preparation This exercise is one of the means on the celebrations are the Danish Julegløgg and process. Time passed very fast and in 2010 way to create the new structure of the HQ Christmas reception in December. MNC NE that in the future will also These are literally magical moments, be transferred into a Joint Task Force which gather the whole Corps’ Headquarters. personnel, their families and friends. The well-trained personnel are The MNC NE location the key point in creating a successful enables to broaden the scope of its Corps. Therefore, the HQ Education, capacities. Therefore, later this year, Training, Exercise and Evaluation the Corps is proud to hopefully program for the years 2014-2019 was welcome the first non-Allied state. established. It focuses on preparing Sweden is considering to delegate the contingency posture being able to its representative to join the Baltic handle the whole spectrum of conflicts, Barracks’ numerous family. Such current tasks, future operations and decision resulted from the growing missions. The MNC NE’s training for cooperation around the Baltic Sea the next five years is supported by the Region between Sweden and Poland as the majority of approximately 130 MNC Allied Land Command Izmir, with whom well as the Nordic countries. From the NE’s personnel for the second time were the partnership has been established geopolitical point of view, the Szczecin sent to Afghanistan. This time, they served recently. Corps plays a crucial role on the European in a newly established ISAF Joint Command The training program offers new map due to its attractive location and is (IJC) and HQ ISAF. Similarly to the first opportunities including an increased a convenient connector with the rest of deployment, their positions were spread all number of exercises and better use the Baltic Region. The new, auspicious over different branches, which provided an of technology. Moreover, it’s based cooperation is a clear sign that the Corps’ opportunity for the Szczecin-based Corps on validating combat readiness, joint policy has been still developing and to gain much varied mission experience. operability within the NATO Command strengthening the Baltic Region importance Since January 2014 the first group Structure and the NATO Force Structure. within NATO. of the MNC NE’s soldiers have been Finally, the training schedule is aiming at participating in their third ISAF mission integrating the Framework Nations and In 2005 the Corps passed the Full in Kabul at IJC HQ. In the mid-year, the Participating States of the MNC NE to serve Operational Capability (FOC) test, second group of soldiers from the Corps as the enhancer of the Baltic Region. By which was mandatory for participating takes part in the last rotation for the ISAF acquiring new skills, the Corps is about to in missions. The Multinational Corps mission. They stay there until the ISAF refocus its capabilities from Low Intensity Northeast is a NATO Deployable Corps Mandate expiration at the end of 2014. Conflicts into High Intensity Warfare of Lower Readiness with its Headquarters Operations in the modern military tactical- having 208 military posts in peacetime. The As soon as the Corps’ second mission operational environment of the future Corps has to be prepared for deployment in Afghanistan in 2010 was accomplished, NATO 2020 forces. within 91 to 181 days after notification. the main task of the HQ was to profit as much

LAND POWER21 “Hellenic Army … HEADQUARTERS NATO RAPID DEPLOY- ABLE CORPS- GREECE: Preparing for the future” ww.nrdc.grwww.ejercito.mde.es/organizacion/hqnrdc-sp_eng/index.htm

By NRDC Greece Public Affairs Office

RDC-GR was established as a multinational HQ on the solid base of the one of the oldestN and most glorious formations of the Hellenic Army in the beginning of the last decade. Greece decided to offer an HQ to the newly established, at that period, NATO Force Structure, which aimed to provide a more organized and robust answer to the emerging multiply and complex security challenges. As the time was passing, NRDC- GR was evolving moving throughout the achievement of Full Operational Capability (FOC) as Low Readiness HQ in June 2005, passing CREVAL successfully using High Readiness Forces Criteria in 2008 and culminating with the LCC mission for NRF 2012, being the first NATO Force Structure HQ challenged with the ambitious task to assume annual stand-by period. Exploiting the great success and achievements from the NRF commitment, combined and Joint land centric operations its future, concentrating on the priorities where the HQ proved its ability to operate across the operational spectrum for and milestones accomplishment, such as in a High readiness mode, the HQs started collective defense or NA5CRO”. HRF status achievement by the end of 2014, its upgrade to a High Readiness one in Its enhanced capabilities include: succeed in CREVAL in 2015 and moving 2013, thus demonstrating the consistence deployment over strategic distances; towards Joint capabilities generation, of both, the Framework and Contributing sufficient mobility within JOA; consequently to assume a new mission in Nations to NATO Level of Ambition to face Sustainability for at least six months; the Long Term Rotation Plan (LTRP). the future challenges. Command and Control of up to 5 major The great job done in 2013 in terms Moving forward, NRDC-GR is formations and 20 CS and CSS units; of training and education to draw back the continuously focusing its efforts in coordination with Maritime and Tactical Corps to its “war fighting mindset”, after an carrying out and sustaining the HQs core Air operations through the integrated Air extended NRF cycle, culminated with the warfighting functions with the ability to and Maritime coordination centers with HQs major exercise “GORDIAN KNOT”, plan and conduct the whole spectrum of the ability to project three Command shifting the focus on the restoring Rear military operations within the modern Posts simultaneously. Moreover, being Support Command capability to perform warfare environment, thus reflecting in its located at a crossroad of Europe, Western its functions in a high intensity scenario. mission “…..to be ready to rapidly deploy, Asia and Africa, in the Mediterranean Sea The initial entry Ops have been exercised as a Corps or Land Component Command is considered of enormous strategic and too. HQ, to a designated area of operations economical importance on the Southern The year 2014, is considered as very when authorised by the NAC under NATO flank of NATO. challenging and demanding year for the HQ command in order to conduct or sustain Step by step HQ NRDC-GR is shaping progress. The HRF upgrade is going to finish

22LAND POWER “Hellenic Army ….” by the end of 2014, concurrently enable NRDC-GR to operate supporting LANDCOM in dynamically and to achieve its FOC exercise “TRIDENT its “ultimate” goals. Currently LANCE 14 (TRLE14)”, thus nine nations are creating the creating the desirable conditions colored Corps family. Working for the successful evaluation in together, sharing different 2015, considered as the Corps cultures, customs, heritage “ultimate” goal. The execution of and experience seems as a big the exercise “GORDIAN KNOT challenge itself, but it is also 14 (GOKT14)”, nested with a good advantage to facilitate TRLE14 is going to play a vital the Corps successful work. role in the Corps preparation, NRDC-GR door is open to as a final rehearsal for HQ’s welcome allied nations to have evaluation. The completion of the their presence in the HQ. CREVAL in 2015 will open the The Allied project door for the Corps to progress to in this way enhancing and improving the “NATO Forces 2020” is its new endeavor – “JTF HQ”, forcing the mutual understanding and knowledge. bringing a new horizon and test for NRDC- staff to change the mindset to the “joint “People who make the difference.” GR. Linking the education, training one”, thus composing and providing a HQ NRDC-GR personnel has proved and exercises with various actors will be credible, effective and efficient Joint HQ for many times its skills, aspiration and examined and tested to the greatest extent 2018 rotation. motivation aiming always to ameliorate possible, emphasizing on interoperability There is no doubt that all these its performance, being at the front and common standards, hence becoming a enormous collective efforts and the whole line of the innovation, technology and vehicle for improvement. evolution progress cannot be achieved in professionalism. Any piece of success is The high quality of HQ’s staff an isolated way. During the years the HQ founded on the experience, individual along with the support of Greece and has proved its ability to cooperate, engage “proactive attitude” and “teamwork”, which other participating nations, pledge the and interact not only with the various is maintained through robust training continuation of the successful past and HQs at different levels, but also with and focused preparedness in combination brings the confidence to be once more different civilian governmental and non- with the fully devotion and dedication ready to tackle future challenges of the governmental organizations and agencies, to the HQ’s ambition. “Multinationality” modern operational environment for any thus converting it as a “hub of knowledge”, is one of the most crucial factors that mission, in any place at any time! facilitating the process of sharing experience and expertise. Taking the full advantage of the Comprehensive Approach exploitation, a Civil Advisory Cell has been established within the Corps, gathering civilian experts from different domains and making them available to support the decision-making process. Their successful participation in “GORDIAN KNOT” series exercises proves again the Corps ability to enhance and straighten the bonds with various civilian actors in the contemporary battlefield. Upgrade The relationships with the affiliated formations have been put in a new dimension under the HRF prism and brought new positive attitude, thus giving the unique opportunity for the Corps to be a training platform for them with variety of training events,

LAND POWER23 2014/2015 18 - 28 SEP NOV 14 - 16 FEB OCT

13 - 14 12 - 16 SEP 10 DEC JAN

SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY

15 - 27 O1 - 12 SEP 03 - 18 DEC NOV FEB 30 - 31 OCT

23 - 30 NOV

LOYAL DILIGENCE

24LAND POWER 2014/2015 LANDCOM ENGAGEMENT OVERVIEW

MAR 11 - 22 MAY JUN

TRIDENT JOUST

MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST

08 - 12 16 - 26 28 APR - JUN 15 - 19 MAR 08 MAY JUN

01 - 14 JUN

LC Key Events

LC Key Exercises

LAND POWER25 New NATO: Creating a More Efficient Personnel Structure

By LANDCOM G1

llied Land Command or LANDCOM is a new, single service command withinA the NATO Command Structure (NCS). It was designed to streamline the NCS and make it more efficient and effective when NATO reduced its number of major headquarters from eleven to six. LANDCOM was created to assume the missions from two existing land force headquarters, Force Command Heidelberg in Germany and Force Command Madrid in Spain. LANDCOM is also required to be a deployable headquarters, which is a mission that neither of its predecessors were assigned. In the first year from its activation on December 2012, LANDCOM was able to achieve Initial Operational Capability (IOC) early by completing several requirements. Among these were the development of a C2 concept, Group photo from LANDCOM Initial Operational Capability (IOC) Ceremony, 21 Oct 2013 an augmentation plan, and achieving 75% manning. That is no minor feat expertise in support of NATO’s land forces is the Advocate for Land Forces within considering that 23 different nations have readiness. LANDCOM is also responsible NATO to create an environment of posts within LANDCOM. LANDCOM to operationally ready NATO forces for cooperation and effectiveness in tackling also tested its capability to deploy and deployments. When deployed, LANDCOM issues concerning Land operations. trained its Battle Staff when it deployed to will be the Land Component Command for In order to accomplish goals and Poland for the Loyal Bonus 13 Exercise in the area of operations, commanding up to future tasks, LANDCOM has developed a November 2013. 3 Army Corps depending on the size of comprehensive training calendar starting LANDCOM just celebrated its first the operations. It will be the principal land with LOYAL LYNX, a Battle Staff Training birthday and has plans for a busy year in advisor for the NATO Command Elements (BST) exercise in Izmir, Turkey, March, 2014. 2014. It has three major priorities, the first for the operations ensuring interoperability Another exercise will follow by deploying being to insure that NATO’s Land Forces between the Allied land forces. LANDCOM the entire headquarters of 350 personnel are operationally capable. LANDCOM will deliver a planning capability to NATO from Izmir to Grafenwoehr, Germany in will evaluate NATO Land Forces to ensure for strategic and contingency operations. September, 2014 for LOYAL BONUS in that each unit is capable of performing Finally, it is facilitating Land Doctrine order to be evaluated and certified. Finally, its mission. Facilitating interoperability and sharing lessons learned in order to be LANDCOM will complete the year by and mutual training among the NATO the “one-stop-shop” for the NATO Land returning to Grafenwoehr for TRIDENT Land Forces will also be a priority. Forces Community to receive guidance in LANCE in December, 2014. LANDCOM LANDCOM is serving as the principal conducting land operations. LANDCOM wants to test its entire augmented staff by Land Advisor for the Alliance, providing

26LAND POWER New NATO: Creating a More Efficient Personnel Structure deploying the entire headquarters plus wide Peacetime augmenters of about 700 personnel. Establishment (PE) In the coming year 2014, the G1 Review. LANDCOM’s Division at LANDCOM will also have PE is the document several important projects that should that authorizes tie into the achievement of LANDCOM’s every military and major priorities. In order to become Fully civilian post within Operationally Capable, LANDCOM must LANDCOM during achieve manning of at least 90%. Even peacetime operations. though the G1 division has no direct When LANDCOM influence in obtaining personnel from receives NATO’s the 23 nations that have personnel posted criteria changing here, it does work with each national its PE, G1 will aid representative to provide the LANDCOM each staff section Commander with a detailed picture as to within LANCOM when LANDCOM is projected to achieve in annualizing its the 90% manning. With each of the manpower structure PE post may end up augmenting a different upcoming exercises, G1 is deeply involved and creating possible changes that are in post in the augmentation plan. Once the in the planning in order to make sure accordance with SHAPE’s criteria. Once Augmentation plan has been created and that a comprehensive exercise scenario this is done, any changes to the LANDCOM G1 has exhausted matching PE posts to is developed. Taking extra care in the PE will be forwarded to SHAPE for Augmentation posts, the next step is to development of the exercise scenario will review. Once approved by the North request any unfilled posts be augmented help everyone within the G1 staff to learn Atlantic Counsel or NAC, the changes to from other NATO units. These NATO units how to operate in a NATO battle staff. the LANDCOM PE can take effect. The will be obligated to provide the augmentees Every element from awards, casualties, Augmentation Plan is like the PE except this as identified in the Augmentation replacements and strength reporting is document authorizes posts for contingency plan. If there still are empty posts in the accomplished differently than these tasks operations. This document cannot be augmentation plan, then a request will go are accomplished within each member’s developed just by “growing” the PE. In to the NAC. Individual nations will bid own national army. creating LANDCOM’s Augmentation plan, to fill these empty posts. The purpose of Currently SHAPE is conducting certain criteria will be established for size this system is to keep the NATO personnel an optimization study and using the G8 of operation, function of the headquarters, numbers low while ensuring that NATO divisions as a test bed. One key element as length of the deployment cycles, numbers can perform its peacetime and contingency it relates to Human Resources Management of shifts per day, and other items. Each missions. is that SHAPE is looking to see how it can post must be reviewed and a decision made This is an exciting time to be on optimize and how posts are being filled to as to where it falls into the headquarters’ the ground floor in laying the framework create a more efficient personnel structure. mission. If any posts do not relate to the for what LANDCOM is to become. Eventually this will lead to a NATO- operation, then the individual filling that LANDCOM is taking great strides to identify itself as the land authority for NATO operations and working to bring interoperability to land forces within NATO Forces structure. The G1 Division will be right in the middle of this ensuring that LANDCOM has the correct structures for both peacetime and contingency operations.

LAND POWER27 Collaborative Staff

HEADQUARTERS NATO RAPID DEPLOY- Synchronization: Practice ABLE CORPS- TURKEY: www.hrf.tu.nato.intwww.ejercito.mde.es/organizacion/hqnrdc-sp_eng/index.htm of the Joint Targeting System (JTS) By Seargent Major Mustafa ERTAN (TUR)

utomated Command and time. an automated C2 system which automates Control (C2) Systems are Targeting is a collaborative effort, target planning, management, engagement of great value to the Joint simultaneously involving planning, and assessment vertically and horizontally. ForceA executing complex operations, intelligence collection, effects delivery JTS supports all phases of the in that they facilitate cross-functional and assessment. These activities require targeting cycle and both kinetic or lethal, staff work, as well as the management of synchronization vertically, from the infantry and non-kinetic or non-lethal targeting. large amounts of information, the rapid squad on patrol or the Psychological It is a searchable database of targeting sharing of information, and swift, high Operations Detachment transmitting information and is collaboratively built and quality decision-making. Automated C2 messages to an urban population, up maintained by targeteers and intelligence systems allow for vertical and horizontal through the Joint Force Headquarters officers working within the Joint Force collaboration and information-sharing. located, potentially on another continent, Headquarters, its Air, Land, Maritime and Thanks to these systems, all levels of as well as horizontally across staff sections Special Operations Components, and the command, from the tactical through at all levels of command. Targeting within units subordinated to those components. strategic, can develop plans collaboratively the NATO Rapidly Deployable Corps- JTS serves as the principal targeting tool and synchronize their execution in real- Turkey (NRDC-T) is facilitated by the JTS, for NRDC-T whether it is acting as the

28LAND POWER Collaborative Staff Synchronization: Practice of the Joint Targeting System (JTS)

its database is and populating target folders; G3 Special fully searchable, Operations using the JTS search functions JTS represents to query the exercise targeting database a rich source of for intelligence to support to planning; easily-accessible and the FCOORD building targeting lists operational and transmitting target nominations to intelligence which the Joint Force Headquarters. During the can be of great execution phase, the NRDC-T Information use to planners Operations and Targeting Working Group and intelligence (IOTWG) vetted target nominations using analysts. target folders created by the G2 in JTS; NRDC-T FCOORD and the Air Component utilized continues to JTS to cooperatively prosecute a Time benefit from this Sensitive Target (TST); while G2 populated robust C2 system target folders with post-engagement BDA. by means of In summary, the NRDC-T Targeting biannual courses Community was thoroughly trained in headquarters of an Army Corps, Land conducted by the all aspects of the official NATO targeting Component Command or Joint Task Force. FCOORD Branch. The last four-day course tool, the JTS. Its cross-functional targeting Target folders and target lists are that was held in December 2013 drew enterprise gained valuable experience in collaboratively built within and through participation from across the NRDC-T working with JTS – experience upon which this system. Once a target is approved for targeting enterprise, including G2, G3, G3 it will build in future exercises/trainings. engagement, the information stored within Air, G3 Special Operations, Information NRDC-T will continue to develop expertise JTS is used to develop and coordinate Operations and the Air Operation in JTS by conducting two workshops in engagement solutions. After a target is Coordination Center. The course 2014 to train new operators and refresh engaged, JTS serves as the repository for participants developed an understanding the Old Guard. This will ensure that the all forms of post-engagement assessment, of the system’s capabilities while learning to Headquarters maintains the ability to to include Battle Damage Assessment use its various tools to build, manage and vertically and horizontally contribute to the (BDA). As JTS is a dynamically-shared search target folders. targeting process regardless of the role it system, everyone involved in the targeting Based on the Train-The-Trainer will play in future exercises and operations. enterprise can monitor targeting activities (TTT) Course material received from the and contribute to them cross-functionally CASPOA NATO Center of Excellence in and in real-time. The vertical and France, the planning phase consisted of horizontal situational awareness provided G2 and Information Operations building through JTS significantly improves the quality of the collective targeting effort. At the core of JTS is a collaborative, dynamically updated targeting database as well as the tools required to manage the wide variety of targeting-related information. The database functions serve as an electronic file cabinet in which individual target folders are organized and stored. Every conceivable type of information can be placed within those folders, such as intelligence reports, analyses, assessments, briefings, maps, photographs and even full motion videos. Prior to the start of an operation, the NATO Intelligence Fusion Center in Farnsworth, UK populates the JTS database with campaign-specific targeting information drawn from member-nation intelligence and targeting databases. As

LAND POWER29 Exercise Rochambeau 2014:

HEADQUARTERS NATO RAPID REAC- heading a multinational force TION CORPS FRANCE: www.ejercito.mde.es/organizacion/hqnrdc-sp_eng/index.htm [email protected] or visit in a Land centric operation https://www.facebook.com/RRCFR

By RRC France Public Affairs Office

ased on the NATO Cerasia the participating units, and it had also NATO : be on a one year stand-by as Joint scenario, exercise Rochambeau been working on the planning and the Task Force. 2014 gathered more than 3.200 command of the operation conducted in By commanding a multi-national soldiersB coming from 14 nations, from 12 to the framework of the scenario. force deployed in a complex environment 23 May 2014, in the French military camps Rochambeau 2014 designed an in the framework of a high intensity of the Champagne area. experimentation phase of the French Rapid operation, French Rapid Reaction Corps The French Rapid Reaction Corps Reaction Corps transformation into an adopted the ICC-L structure for the first located in Lille planned and conducted this Integrated Component Command-Land, time during exercise Rochambeau 2014 and multi-national exercise on both real and ICC-L HQ. Indeed, since January 2014 the could identify the achievements made and fictive perspectives. Indeed, this NATO French multi-national headquarters had also the improvements to be worked on, certified headquarters had been working launched several adaptations and changes because that is what the militaries exercise on the set up of Rochambeau 2014 for of its structure and capacities in order to get for: to improve and to maintain a high level several months, in close cooperation with ready by 2017 to fulfil a mission given by of readiness.

The 28 ID and the staff of HQ RRC-France did held a ceremony at the Pennsylvania Monument in Varennes-en-Argonne during the Remembrance Day, 24th May 2014.

30LAND POWER Exercise Rochambeau 2014: heading a multinational force in a Landcentric operation

Inside the G2, some staff from HQ RRC-France discuss in front of an operational map during exercise Rochambeau 2014, in Mailly military camp (France).

View of the Integrated Component Command –Land Joint Operations Centre, manned by the headquarters Rapid Reaction Corps-France’staff, as well as representatives from the main subordinate units and the Air, Navy and Special Forces components, during exercise Rochambeau 2014, in Mailly military camp (France).

Inside the Integrated Component Command –Land Joint Operations Centre during exercise Rochambeau 2014, in Mailly military camp (France). Some staff from the headquarters Rapid Reaction Corps- France are assessing an operational situation with the ICC-L G2 representative inside the JOC.

French Colonel Tachon from the RRC-France who did set up this remembrance tour for the 28 ID is providing a detailed visit of a monument to Brigadier General Gronski, commanding the 28th US Infantry A soldier from the 28 ID is walking division. through the biggest American military cemetery in Romagne-sous-Montfaucon during the Remembrance tour, 24th May 2014.

LAND POWER31 Reflections: HEADQUARTERS ALLIED RAPID REAC- TION CORPS: Operationalising The www.arrc.nato.intwww.ejercito.mde.es/organizacion/hqnrdc-sp_eng/index.htm Comprehensive Approach

By ARRC UK Public Affairs Office

he requirement to optimize HQ ARRC to operate within a Comprehensive Approach providedT the impetus for the generation of the HQ ARRC Comprehensive Approach Action Plan in late 2012. While such work was pertinent to the full operational spectrum, the focus on optimising civil- military interaction was recognised to be especially relevant to stabilisation operations. Such aspiration nested firmly within NATO’s Strategic Concept, adopted during the Lisbon Conference of Nov 10, which stated that a ‘comprehensive political, civilian and military approach is necessary for effective crisis management’. In Mar 11, the NATO Comprehensive Approach Action Plan was published and directed streams within 4 Lines of Operation (LoO), came to fruition on AF13, enabling the those higher level operational measures consistent with the NATO Comprehensive HQ to frame the military contribution which must be adopted to fully realise this Approach Action Plan. (see figure 1) within the wider political and civil ambition. endeavour. The practical and often tactical Aim improvements effected in the HQ’s working The aim of this article is to report on processes resulted in improved situational ‘The application of a well-resourced the progress made by HQ ARRC over awareness of the wider civil and political comprehensive approach might not ensure the last 12 months in implementing efforts and allowed the HQ to maintain success; but without it we will fail’ the Comprehensive Approach Action continuous interaction with key agencies Plan and to provide recommendations in a productive manner. The overall effect on the further work required to was to generate positive strategic impetus, optimize the HQ’s efficacy within a establishing unity of understanding, if not Requirement Comprehensive Approach. In doing so it unity of purpose, across the Comprehensive is hoped the experiences of the ARRC will Approach community.’ Underpinning this In the absence of an agreed NATO inform the efforts of others in this area. upbeat assessment has been a series of definition of the Comprehensive Approach, largely positive outcomes against the 10, the Comprehensive Approach Action Plan Progress to date summarised below: articulated an ARRC definition, identified the unifying end-state for the work As reported by the Observers/ Planning and Conduct of Operations required to ‘operationalise’ the HQ’s efforts, Mentors at the conclusion of Exercise WS1: Enhancing Joint Planning and the specific work required to achieve ARRCADE FUSION 13 (AF13), ‘efforts Capabilities. A key first step in securing the end-state. As shown in Figure 1, invested under the banner of the ARRC the vital ground of ‘genuinely integrated detailed measures were defined in 10 work Comprehensive Approach Action Plan civil-military planning and execution’ was

32LAND POWER Operationalising The Comprehensive Approach: Reflections From Hq Arrc to refine our understanding of the demands we should place on civilian SMEs in order to enhance our joint planning capabilities. Work in this area has confirmed the generic nature of support required, that early identification of the type of SMEs required is essential, and that such expertise must, as far as possible, be tailored to the demands of the mission; a thorough review of the job descriptions for the 28 civilian posts held on the ARRC establishment table has been consistent with this overall approach.

WS2 and 3: Defining and Sourcing SMEs. Developing a central repository of civilian SMEs from which to be able to draw expertise has been a central plank of the Comprehensive Approach Action Plan, and the creation of the ‘ARRC Affiliates’, a group of circa 55 civilians, mostly drawn District Stability Framework and Sources of Instability Analysis from the UK Stabilisation Unit (SU) Civilian Stabilisation Group (CSG) has NATO CIMIC Centre of Excellence (COE), Board1has played a vital role in enhancing revolutionised the way the HQ can resource and G9/CMI branches within NATO HQ, cross branch awareness of other non- routine training, exercises and operational SHAPE, JFC-N and fellow HRF(L)s, all of military actors and how their activities may deployments. A total of 650 man training whom have been visited over the last 12 relate to the achievement of operational days has been delivered through the ARRC months. objectives; critically, insights provided Affiliates in the last 12 months, in large by the Civil Military Interaction Board, part funded by the SU, but also from ARRC WS6: Enhance Assessment. Key to helped shape military activities, fostered resources. Support from other Partner the successful delivery of a Comprehensive synchronisation with other non-military Nations has been sought through use of Approach is the ability to secure unity of actors, as well as inform Influence the Comprehensive Approach Specialist understanding with all those with whom Operations/STRATCOM and the planned Support (COMPASS) database and the we wish to work. Two key developments outreach by senior officers from across Civilian Expert Pool maintained by HQ have been central to enhancing the HQ’s the HQ, especially COM and DCOM. NATO, but due to funding constraints with ability to do so at the operational level: Taking these effects together, the Civil only limited success. Greater traction has The use of the US District Stability Military Interaction Board has promoted been enjoyed through bilateral support Framework at theatre level to provide a a closer alignment between unity of arrangements brokered with other Partner bottom up identification and prioritisation understanding and unity of purpose across Nations, with substantial and welcome staff of key sources of instability by region/ the Comprehensive Approach community. augmentation achieved during AF13. district has supported a far more nuanced understanding of the operational Lessons Learned, Training, Education WS4: Refining Administrative environment and the activities required and Exercises Support. Refining the administrative to deliver the campaign objectives sought. aspects of integrating civilian SMEs has This has been supported by concurrent WS7: Develop CA Lessons Learned been a tactical but necessary process and investment in Open Source Intelligence Linkages. Active and routine engagement the creation of a HQ SOP covering all (OSINT). The result: a move away from with the key G9/CMI organisations in both aspects represents excellent progress. knee-jerk, ‘template’ stabilisation solutions, the NCS and NFS has promoted the key to identifying and prioritising key source Comprehensive Approach LL. LC Izmir WS5: Contribute to CA Policy and of instability, tailoring military activities will play an active role in corralling and Doctrine. Contributing to and shaping to mitigate them, complementing and/or championing the HRF(L)’s insights within Comprehensive Approach policy and supporting the efforts of civilian actors, the Land domain. doctrine has been achieved by close and and therein setting the conditions for relatively routine engagement with the operational success. WS8: Develop a Fully Integrated, 1 The Civil Military Interaction LAND POWER33 Operationalising The Comprehensive Approach: Reflections From Hq Arrc

Comprehensive Approach Compliant Ride, Ex ARRCADE CAESAR, by inviting is now a growing wealth of evidence, Training Programme. The ARRC has senior leadership from the UK Foreign and not least from external scrutiny received successfully moved from a position where Commonwealth Office (FCO), Department during AF13, to suggest HQ ARRC has civilian SME engagement was seen as the for International Development (DfID), made demonstrable progress in enhancing preserve of exercises to one where routine and the SU is an excellent example of how its capacity to work effectively within a engagement through the training year is the ARRC has employed existing training Comprehensive Approach. Moreover, the closer to the norm. Training events have events to cement key external relationships achievement of IOC for the integrated model seen adjustment to their objectives, to reflect and secure engagement in and resources for HQ to meet the requirements of the nascent the contribution of other non-military other training events. NFS JTFHQ on AF13, demonstrated such actors, with a significant number of these achievements are absolutely critical when events subsequently operating at the theatre being reinforced by level. Promoting the LL civilian attendance. from this period is now a Acknowledging their HQ priority. importance and adjusting our language Next Steps to accommodate their presence is still not in the In order to HQ’s DNA and remains consolidate the progress work in progress. made, secure the desired Critically, one of the end state, and therein key stumbling blocks to further optimize the engagement (funding) HQ’s efficacy within has been overcome a Comprehensive by the creation of Approach, HQ ARRC a separate pool of will seek to implement money to promote a number of further Comprehensive measures, the key ones Approach related being: training objectives. Reflecting revised Finally, a key enabler Civil Military Coordination Centre – Physical and Virtual processes, procedures to the progress made in and lessons learned from this area was the early The imperative to create a neutral AF13 in key HQ SOPs. recruitment of an OF5 equivalent civilian space, outside the security wire, in which Further exploitation of methodologies Stabilisation Planner and Liaison Officer. to secure civil military interaction with a to improve HQ multi-dimensional range of actors who wish to preserve their understanding. Enhancing Cooperation with External impartiality has been enhanced by the Exploitation of web-based Sharepoint Actors creation of the Civil Military Coordination sites to enhance civil-military interaction Centre (CMCC). For the first time, this has for key branches from the HQ’s peace time WS9: Enhance Cooperation been complemented by a Virtual equivalent location. with External Actors. Two separate (V-CMCC) hosted on the internet. Promoting increased familiarity developments have supported delivery in Employing the US Department of Defence with and understanding of civilian SMEs this area: (DoD) All Partners Access Network through their further integration into the Early work to identify the key (APAN) to provide the platform for what ARRC training programme. external organisations with which the HQ is, in effect, a collaborative Sharepoint site, would wish to have a relationship was was tested on AF13 and assessed as having Substantial and long lasting progress achieved with the publication of the HQ enhanced the interaction achieved with the has been made over the last 12 months Engagement Campaign Plan. Although range of civil actors present. in delivering a HQ which is optimised to this requires further refinement, the key work within a Comprehensive Approach. to success has been the intelligent and Public Messaging The key to success has been recognition coordinated outreach of all senior officers. that the delivery of the outcomes sought Exploiting the Commander’s principal Staff WS10: Achieve Influence. There has been everyone’s business. Securing

34LAND POWER Operationalising The Comprehensive Approach: Reflections From Hq Arrc

a mind-set which recognises from the Definition: The Comprehensive Approach is the cross-governmental generation and application outset the importance of achieving unity of of security, governance and development services, expertise, structures and resources over time understanding, if not purpose, is central to and distance in partnership with host nations, host regions, allied and partner governments and the success of the Comprehensive Approach. partner institutions, both governmental and non-governmental. By demonstrating a readiness to reach out End-state: A theatre level Corps/ Integrated Land Command (ILC) HQ working at the operational / higher tactical level which is capable of genuinely integrated civil-military planning and execu- for the understanding brought by non- tion, informed by wide-ranging external engagement with governmental and non-governmental military actors, to design military activities actors delivering activities across security, governance and development, nested within strategic which tackle, where it is appropriate to do and operational plans. so, the key sources of instability and which Ser Work-stream Work-stream end state are, as far as possible, complementary to PLANNING AND CONDUCT OF OPERATIONS the activities and efforts of others, remains work in progress. Nevertheless, this new 1 Enhance Joint HQ ARRC is capable of effective and timely, joint and integrated mind-set is starting to take hold and should Planning capabil- planning with a wide range of external actors. be fostered to ensure the HQ is optimized ities to meet emerging threats. 2 Determine require- HQ ARRC has an agreed set of contemporary requirements for ments for Subject SMEs, within the CE and PE configurations, which can rapidly be Matter Expertise adapted to the requirements of a specific mission. References: 3 Source Subject HQ ARRC draws from the broadest range of SMEs from across 1. DCDC/Hd Land & Research/EX AF 13 Obs Matter Experts ARRC Partner Nations, and NATO members in general, to inte- TAR dated 11 Dec 13. grate within the PE and CE both in training and on deployment. 2. The Civil Military Interaction Board is 4 Refine the admin- HQ ARRC is able to integrate rapidly civilian SMEs such that they the principal board for ensuring all civilian-military istrative aspects of are able to play an effective part in the planning and execution integrating civilian processes from the outset of a formal commitment to training or interaction and military activities in support of civilian SMEs actual deployment. actors are consistent with the DCs and SEs defined with 5 Contribute to CA Creation of appropriate, approved NATO (and UK) Comprehen- the Campaign Design. Policy and Doc- sive Approach related doctrine supported by HQ ARRC as a lead trine HRF(L). 6 Enhance Assess- HQ ARRC is equipped with assessment tools which improve its ment current capacity to understand the operational environment, to shape the associated operational design and assess progress against operational objectives. LESSONS LEARNED, TRAINING, EDUCATION AND EXERCISES

7 Develop CA Improved contribution, access to and dissemination of Compre- Lessons Learned hensive Approach lessons learned across NATO. linkages 8 Develop a fully A HQ ARRC training programme which is appropriately tailored to integrated, CA reflect the demands of the Comprehensive Approach, promoting compliant training and inculcating active participation by external SMEs and actors, to programme deliver a HQ staff which is capable of genuine civil-military integrat- ed planning and execution. ENHANCING COOPERATION WITH EXTERNAL ACTORS 9 Enhance cooper- HQ ARRC sitting at the heart of a network of defined external ation with external relationships that enable it to play a coherent, coordinated and actors proactive part in both influencing the development of operational ARRC Affiliates on Ex ARRCADE FUSION 13 design and promoting the requirement for a strategic Comprehen- sive Approach framework on deployment. PUBLIC MESSAGING 10 Achieve Influence HQ ARRC is viewed as a crucible of contemporary military opera- tional thinking both in the UK and more broadly within NATO, thus generating genuine and tangible leverage on the development of Comprehensive Approach operational concepts, organisational structures, doctrine and procurement strategies.

ARRC CAAP: Summary of Work Streams

LAND POWER35 LANDCOM Transformation: Integration of Gender Perspective into Operations

By Colonel Keriem X. Kvalevog (USA)

ransformation and Gender mainstreaming is a strategy. risks, armed conflict and safety very interoperability are not only It is used to achieve gender equality, differently. about equipment and force meaning “the equal rights, responsibilities structureT change; but also require mindset, and opportunities of women and men and Why is Gender Perspective important process and cultural change. To this girls and boys. This does not mean that in the operational environment? effect; the Commander of Headquarters women and men will become the same, The support of societies in their Allied Land Command (LANDCOM), but rather their rights, responsibilities movement from conflict to peace is a Lieutenant General Ben Hodges, is and opportunities will not depend on very demanding and complex challenge. adamant about changing the culture and whether they are born male or female.” “Experience shows that women are instilling a mindset which addresses gender Therefore, gender mainstreaming assesses more likely to become marginalized and dimensions as a tool oriented on greater the implications for women and men of overlooked in peace-building and security operational effectiveness and enhanced any planned action, to include legislation; issues.” Women are often denied access to situational awareness. policies and programs to assure the the decision making process regardless of concerns and experiences of women social status. Consequently, the solution What are Gender, Gender and men are taken into account in the is very often flawed as the entire spectrum Mainstreaming, and Gender design, implementation, monitoring and of the security situation is not analyzed Perspective? evaluation of policies and programs in all to ensure a balanced approach to local Many think gender is the sexual political, economic and societal spheres. needs and the resulting support, security, difference between men and development only and women that is to addresses a part of the say the biological and population, not the whole. physiological differences between men and women. To address this In reality, gender is the problem the United socially constructed roles Nations Security Council and responsibilities of men (UNSC) adopted and women, an acquired Resolution 1325 in 2000, identity which is learned, on women, peace and changes over time and security. The resolution varies widely within and calls on all actors in a across cultures. Simply conflict to involve women put, it is the relationship in the entire process of between men and women re-establishing peace and the manner in which and stability, to protect the relationship is socially women’s rights and to constructed. Therefore, the take account of their gender of an individual is a learned behavior, Gender Perspective on the other hand specific needs in conflict and post-conflict differs and varies across cultures and is examining issues from the perspective of situations. In 2007 NATO implemented the results in different roles, responsibilities, men and women to identify differences in first policy document and has continued opportunities, needs and constraints for needs and priorities. It understands men, to stress the importance of including women, men, boys and girls. women, and children perceive security gender perspective across all aspects of

36LAND POWER LANDCOM Transformation: Integration of Gender Perspective into Operations

as LTG Hodges’ representative and SME minimize or ignore the contributions of the GENAD is responsible for ensuring women and girls to all stages of conflict gender perspective is integrated in the resolution, peacemaking, peace-building, planning, execution, and evaluation of all peacekeeping and reconstruction processes. operations. The GENAD is also responsible Sustainable peace will not be achieved for providing technical support on gender without the full and equal participation of dimensions to the staff along with gender women and men.” training. Furthermore each staff section LANDCOM’s three pronged approach By Colonel Keriem X. Kvalevog (USA) from G1-G9 and within the Special is a start towards changing the culture and Advisory Group has an embedded Gender instilling a mindset which addresses gender Focal Point (GFP). The GFP’s role is to dimensions as a tool towards greater integrate gender perspective into the daily operational effectiveness and enhanced the planning process in the operational tasks of the organization and operation, situational awareness; another tool which environment. along with providing lessons learned on the supports the military commander and the A Somali woman and her son rest integration of gender into operations. mission. on their way to a refugee camp in Kenya; The second step included training 80% of the world’s refugees are women and on gender awareness. Induction training children. for all personnel to include senior leadership is a critical Integrating Gender Perspective into step to integrating gender into LANDCOM’s Military Culture the operational process. One of Gender cuts across all facets of the major challenges is educating military operations from humanitarian male leaders to understand relief to rule of law. Gender is the the importance of gender and responsibility of all military personnel up to diversity in operations and in the and including the commander. “It requires role that gender can play towards a comprehensive approach and begins with reconciliation and transition. inculcating a culture of active collaboration Initial training and continuity and transparency among those involved.” training is the backbone to the Inculcating active collaboration and successful integration of gender transparency on gender perspective into into the operational framework. LANDCOMs military culture was a multi- Finally, leadership involvement pronged approach which included subject is crucial. “Mainstreaming gender into References: matter experts (SME) in gender, training operations requires complete and involved and awareness on gender, and leadership support from commanders at all levels, 1. NATO (2012), Bi-SC Directive involvement. from strategic level flag officers and general 40-1-Revision1 officers to field commanders at the 2. Gender Force Sweden (2007), Good and Bad operational and tactical level.” examples 3. Gender Makes Sense: A Way to Improve Having a gender perspective Your Mission” allows leaders to look at a society 4. Statement from international rescue through a more defined lens; committee: http://www.rescue.org/refugees actually looking deeper, below the 5. Comprehensive Operations Planning surface to ensure the protection Directive (COPD) V1.0, 17 Dec 2010 and participation of the entire 6. Gender Makes Sense: A Way to Improve population. Gender perspective Your Mission” positively influences the operational 7. UN Report on Women, Peace and Security environment by providing an (2002). opportunity for inclusion of an often disregarded population. As The first step was the appointment the Former UN Secretary General Kofi of the Gender Advisor (GENAD). Acting Annan said; “We can no longer afford to

LAND POWER37 Women as Agents of Change

By Heidi Meyer (USA), Didem Uyar (TUR), Annunziata Cosenza (POR)

“People who have lived through a terrible conflict may be hungry and desperate, but they are not stupid. They often have very good ideas about how peace can evolve, and they need to be asked. That includes women. Most especially women ...” Leymah Gbowee, peace activist in Liberia.

“Leymah Gbowee led a group of and Training 2014 (SAGE) which says women in white t-shirts who stared down that “in order to improve operational warlords to help turn the tide of Liberia’s effectiveness, exercise and training is to civil war. She is a Liberian peace activist include and facilitate implementation of responsible for leading a women’s peace UNSCR 1325 and related resolutions to movement that helped bring an end to ensure that gender analysis and gender the Second Liberian Civil War in 2003. perspectives are fully integrated within Her efforts to end the war, along with planning, training and exercise activities”. her collaborator Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Given our strategic guidance helped usher in a period of peace and a the idea of women as agents of change Liberian free election in 2005 that Sirleaf to mitigate conflict is nothing new to won. Leymah Gbowee, along with Ellen Land Command and the GRF (L)s. But Johnson Sirleaf and Tawakkul Karman, given a normal day and asking a NATO were awarded the 2011 Nobel Peace be looking for Gender perspectives if soldier what women have to do with Prize “for their non-violent struggle for the we respond to an Article 5 in an Alliance winning wars their response is likely to be safety of women and for women’s rights in nation- we must actively look for best something along the lines of “men fight full participation in peace-building work.” practices to include women’s participation wars not women”. It is true that women n twenty first century warfare we in conflict resolution and peace keeping. helping to mitigate conflict or build peace diminish our efforts if we do not The United Nations would likely agree with isn’t blindingly obvious or commonplace: use all elements of power available this. A USIP Special report on “The Role of to us.I This includes women. Women like On 31 October 2000, the United Women in Global security” states “ten Leymah Gbowee. But when we find them Nations Security Council unanimously years after the UNSCR 1325 was passed how do we empower them and resource adopted United Nations Security Council the numbers of women participating in them to be an active and productive Resolution 1325 (UNSCR 1325). It was peace settlements remain marginal” and participant in conflict prevention in the first formal and legal document from that “women remain underrepresented in unstable and failing states. As war becomes the UNSC that stresses the importance public office at the negotiating table and in more sophisticated and lines are blurred of women’s equal and full participation peace keeping missions.” But nevertheless between good guys and bad guys, civilians as active agents in the prevention and in the wake of the Arab Spring and long and militants, the war of perception versus resolution of conflicts, peace-building slow burning conflicts in Africa the the war of taking territory, we must get and peacekeeping. NATO responded paradigm of women as just victims of war smarter at how we view women as agents to UNSCR 1325 with the Bi-Strategic is being challenged and with it the hope is of change in modern warfare – primarily Command Directive 40-1, and integrated that “best practices for including women in preventing conflicts, conflict mitigation UNSCR 1325 and Gender Perspectives will be adopted and institutionalized”. and post-conflict stabilization. From into NATO policy. SACEUR made gender Not that we envision women waging war the perspective of Land Forces where policy a training objective in SACEUR’s per se but that instead women should be appropriate - for it will unlikely we will Annual Guidance on NATO Education agents of change in the context of conflict

38LAND POWER Women as Agents of Change prevention and mitigation and post-conflict and perspective for human rights. down communication barriers during stabilization. It is a discussion that should The Inter-Sudanese Peace Talks on negotiations are traits we could use. have great interest to Land Forces within Darfur, organized by the African Union The United States Institute for Peace NATO – after all, historically the task to (AU), began in July 2004. The talks brought (USIP) Special report lists the following tactically and operationally stabilize a post- together the Government of Sudan, as Best Practices for increasing women’s conflict situation falls on the shoulders of the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army participation: Deployment of Gender- land forces. If women can be a meaningful (SLM/A), and the Justice and Equality Balanced Peacekeeping units, a whole of addition to the process of mitigating conflict Movement (JEM). Even though they were government approach to security sector and the peace process would we not want not invited to the negotiation table, the and judicial reform and more intentional to ensure they were part of our calculation Sudanese People’s Liberation Movement solicitation of the input of women at the and operational planning? In a period of (SPLM) Secretariat for Women, Gender community level on priorities for funding. using smarter and “whole of government” and Child Welfare, and national women’s Based on these general principles from practices to achieve our military objectives peace organizations adopted a pro-active USIP, Land Command could develop a we would want to be able to consider all role to build a sustainable peace. Support common set of Best Practices approach tools available to us to mitigate conflict for the Sudanese women from a variety to Gender in Conflict. (Once again this and stabilize. Women and their utility to of international actors enabled significant is always assuming a Host Nation is not bring about real change in ending conflict progress towards addressing women’s addressing Gender Perspectives or does not has long been overlooked and kept out of needs and promoting their the formal process of conflict negotiation involvement in the post- and reconciliation. But women in Mali, conflict period. The Darfur Uganda, Congo, Liberia, and Libya are Peace Agreement (DPA) stands challenging that norm. NATO Land Forces as one of the most gender- should be aware of the potential women sensitive peace agreements yet present in mitigating conflict and peace created; women’s contribution building and then be ready to seriously to its creation and its gender consider how we could use that potential provisions offer numerous in envisioning conflict mitigation and best practices. post-conflict strategies where relevant in So the challenge is this: unstable and failing states. How does a war fighting Women are more likely than men to par- Here are some examples from the last HQ deliberately and consciously include ticipate in peace processes. two decades of conflicts where women were women into the process of peace and active participants in peace negotiations: conflict mitigation under the framework of have the capability or culture to include it In 1991, the Guatemalan government the NATO Comprehensive Approach? That as a matter of course.) Here are some initial began negotiations with the insur¬gents, is not always straightforward especially if ideas as a start point to consider in planning who had formed the Guatemalan National the nations involved in negotiations do not efforts Revolutionary Unity (URNG). Between recognize women in the public space. But Pre conflict Mitigation and 1994 and 1996, the Guatemalan government by making the effort and including women Prevention: and URNG successfully negotiated 11 a peace process stands a better chance of Obviously the aim in a Pre-conflict peace agreements, resulting in a permanent success. period is to prevent or mitigate conflict. ceasefire in 1996. Women significantly Trying to envision the work of the As we watched the Arab Spring unfold and influenced the talks especially ensuring G2, G5 and G9 as they craft a NATO Ukrainians fighting for the right of self- that women’s needs (half of the population) Comprehensive approach strategy determination we saw women as active were included in the accords. to include Gender perspectives is an participants on the streets but how seldom Northern Ireland is a unique example interesting challenge. How in practical we saw them as peace brokers, deal makers of women participating in a process for terms would the planners begin to consider or spokeswomen in the formal conflict peace talks where they brought unique a pre- through post-conflict stabilization mitigation process – Yuliya Tymoshenko perspective to the negotiating table. The plan that wisely and creatively uses both being a notable exception. No doubt in most Northern Ireland Women’s Coalition genders? The trick of course is to actively nations it is tough for women to be actively, (NIWC) united women from Protestant and develop a line of planning that specifically formally involved in the pre-conflict phase. Catholic communities under a common hones in on the distinct advantages But then let us recognize that. We should platform. NIWC played an important role women can bring to stabilizing an area recognize that women will not have been in shaping the peace agreement by applying of instability. For example, women also part of the road to war except at street level. rigorously principles of inclusion, equality, remain impartial, build trust and break So when the conflict begins and NATO has

LAND POWER39 Women as Agents of Change the opportunity to empower all elements of levels of support and resourcing to be a society then let us make a concerted effort central pillar and force in the reconciliation to ensure that women are still not relegated process; -Empower women to be active in addressing post-conflict challenges in binding communities together; -Ensure empowerment of women to provide for victims of conflict – especially children, but also young fighters who must be reabsorbed into society These are ideas for harnessing the active role and participation of women in conflict mitigation. The next step is to actively ensure that gender analysis and gender perspectives are fully integrated Senegalese women signing peace pledges within planning, training and exercise during the 2012 presidential elections. activities. Military exercises of the past tend not to have “training injects” that to street level participation but empowered use women as an active tool to mitigate to be part of formal negotiations just as they conflict. There are a lot of “training injects” were in Liberia. where women’s groups ask for schools or clinics, or an abused or pregnant woman During Conflict arrives at the FOB gate and needs help, or In the early days of the Afghan COIN a girl’s school wants security protection and campaign coalition military leaders met another where women are arguing over a with male Afghan officials. Too often it was well and access to water. These training a meeting with the Provincial Governor or injects portray women as victims who need a local tribal leader – always men, seldom “help. Exercise scripters could use training women. The notable exception was injects that recognize women as active Governor Surobi – the female Governor of contributors and participants in the post- Bamian. The assumption was that meeting conflict stabilization phase. And for the with women was taboo in Afghan culture exercise training audience, do not always and so it just didn’t happen. Gradually the relegate meetings with women’s groups realization dawned that there were quite a to the CIMIC female engagement team lot of Afghan women active in civil society or Gender officers, elevate local women’s groups, local councils and governance groups standing where possible by having positions. How might they have benefitted them meet with a Commander or leader. and influenced early on if we had targeted (Let them judge if this is appropriate or them for KLEs and resourcing? We did not not with in their community – usually we give them much of a chance so frankly we make this judgment for them which already don’t know. But the potential was always diminishes their capability.) We can start at there. What can we do differently now to a basic level and develop training events access that potential? Here are a few ideas and training objectives that actively portray for consideration: women as vital, positive contributors in - early on in conflict seek out conflict stabilization and peace making and women’s NGOs and civil society and make we can throw out the training objectives that them highly visible and championed by portray them as hapless victims. Here are the military leadership (have KLEs with some ideas for new women empowerment women’s groups just as often as with male “training injects”: led groups); -A women’s group has a plan for a -ensure emergency funding for reconciliation program and are looking for Commanders goes to women’s groups funding and a chance to integrate their plan who support victims of war and promote into a wider strategy. They would like to

40LAND POWER Women as Agents of Change

Gender Discipline also not taking full advantage of all the tools Conference in an available to us. We can start with a mindset effort to co-ordinate shift in our training and with just a small all Education and effort add in training objectives and events Training opportunities as a first step. LANDCOM SOP on Gender in the field for gender outlines how we can effectively bring perspectives in Gender Perspective and women as “agents of military operations. change” in a conflict situation into exercises The participants in the and training and “real world”. It is worth conference will share a read and then of course implementing in and summarize best all our training and exercises in a real and practices and lessons determined way – not just in a “check the identified to improve box” way! This is about a mindset shift and future Education and in the end it will benefit all of us as we wage Training programs. “new warfare” in the 21st century through a The Conference will whole of government approach using all the include a debate on gender tools in the tool box. As the USIP how to best fill the Special Report summarized “Building a existing Education lasting peace and security requires women’s and Training gaps. participation – half the world’s population cannot make a lasting peace”. In Afghanistan mid-level Taliban were willing to discuss their view of a non-violent society with education for girls and what it would take to achieve that. They often References: welcomed the chance to discuss this with international women. Heidi Meyer met sev- 1. United Nations Security Council Resolution eral times with mid-level Taliban to hear what they had to say on conflict mitigation. 1325(2000); 31 October 2000. 2. SACEUR’s Annual Guidance on NATO meet to discuss; Education, Training, Exercise and Evaluation 2014, 08 -A civil society group recognizes So in conclusion what do you walk August 2013. the role women can play in identifying away from this article thinking? Think 3. Bringing Women Into Peace Negotiations, underlying grievances and would like to set this way: In Afghanistan we saw the rise Strategies For Policymakers, Institute for Inclusive up KLEs to discuss; of the drone and the MRAP, we saw armies Security, No.2, October 2009. -Women officials want support to that turned on a dime to adapt tactics to 4. Factsheet on NATO Documents and push their agenda to participate in a peace a COIN environment. It was an amazing Initiatives on Gender and Security, Security Sector process but their nation blocks them. They adaption as militaries used all the tools Reform Working Group, Partnership for Peace have requested a meeting to try to break the available to wage counter-insurgency. But Consortium of Defense Academies and Security Studies “invisible barriers”; there was one tool that was not used to its Institute, February 2014. -In a post conflict world it matters that full potential and in a COIN it could have 5. Esther Brimmer, Women as Agents of women are given economic opportunity been remarkably effective: The power of Change: Advancing the Role of Women in Politics and but how is that agenda supported in a post women. Ukraine is teaching us about non- Civil Society, 9 June 2010 (http://reliefweb.int/report/ conflict phase – w local women’s business linear war. It taught us that this type of war afghanistan/women-agents-change-advancing-role- enterprise wants to discuss micro - funding; requires non-linear measures. Figuring women-politics-and-civil-society; 03 May 2014) -There are enormous challenges in out how to use the untapped potential of 6. Women’s Participation in Peace a post-conflict environment to stabilize half of the population to mitigate conflict, Negotiations: The Role of the Negotiating Parties, families and communities; the Commander strategically message, change perceptions, Summary of Discussions, Round-table in Geneva, has asked planners what role women can and understand grievances could be a Switzerland, 26 April 2012. realistically play in that stabilization effort. significant tool in waging non-linear war. 7. NATO Secretary General Report on -Women want to vote in a local Many economic reports tell us that unless Implementing United Nations Security Council election but the lack of female searchers the world uses fifty percent of their work Resolution on women, peace and security, and related prevents them: What can we do about it? force effectively nations will not be able to resolutions, November 2010 (http://www.peacewomen. Work is being done within NATO push their GDP growth to its full potential. org/portal_resources.php?id=1605, 05 May 2014) to seriously include gender in all military Similarly if we do not figure out how to operations and to develop best practices. benefit from the contribution women can In June 2014, SHAPE will hold the make in conflict as agents of change we are

LAND POWER41 Joint Logistic Support Group 1 German Netherland Corps http://www.1gnc.org/ Challenges: Multinational Sharing of Logistical Assets

By Colonel (GS) Jürgen Knobloch, (DEU)

ince 2012 1 (GE/NL) Corps mission can be reduced and thus the ratio Movement“ (RSOM). The second task of prepares itself to command between operational forces and support the JLSG is the logistic support of all NATO in theatre smaller land force forces can be improved in favour of the forces in the mission area. This does not orientedS missions as Joint Taskforce operational forces. only save logistic forces through avoiding Headquarters. This task is based on the The task of the JLSG starts already parallel structures but it also prevents a race NATO JTF HQ Concept. And it differs during the reception of the forces deploying for the infrastructure at the air ports and largely from the other tasks of the corps. into the mission area. Until this point sea ports by the nations concerned. These comprise the tasks of commanding the deployment of the forces remains in either as corps headquarters subordinate national responsibility. The JLSG receives Examples for logistic services which divisions or brigades or as Land Component the incoming personnel and material at can be provided multinationally can be Command HQ (LCC) all land forces of the sea and air ports in the mission area, transport services, irrespective if material an operation. The new additional task, supplies the forces and ensures the onward (trucks) or personnel (bus) are concerned, however, requires from 1 (GE/NL) Corps to movement to the areas of operation. an “Intra Theater Airlift System” which command a joint operation. This requires a This task is described by the technical respective joint expertise at the corps HQ term „Reception, Staging and Onward (GE/NL) Corps trains as JTF HQ for and consequently air force, navy as well as Smaller Joint Operations (SJO) special forces personnel. The JTF HQ Concept of NATO requires additionally from the corps to establish the core staff of a Joint Logistic Support Group (JLSG) and that a procedure is laid down on how this core staff will build up as a JLSG HQ with nearly 100 soldiers. The JLSG Concept of NATO foresees that the logistic support in missions is to be organised in a joint and multinational manner and to make it in doing so more efficient. Instead of parallel logistic structures of different nations participating in the respective operations in theatre the multinational and also joint Joint Logistic Support Group will ensure the logistics during missions. In this way the share of logistic assets in relation to the overall number of soldiers on

42LAND POWER Joint Logistic Support Group Challenges: Multinational Sharing of Logistical Assets

interconnects certain locations in the the support services rendered by civilian and the “military customer”. At the HQ mission area by air plane on a regular basis, companies is increasing. These are either of the JLSG slots for the NSPA employees RSOM, the supply with subsistence, water major companies which are specialised in are earmarked in order to closely integrate and POL. the worldwide support of military forces or them into the daily work. Difficult to provide on a multinational local companies which provide the service basis is the supply with ammunition and on the spot. In this area the NATO Support In January 2012 1 (GE/NL) Corps spare parts. This will remain generally in Agency (NSPA) acts as agent between the adapted its HQ structure to the new the responsibility of the National Support nations or military contingents on the one challenges of a JTF HQ. Closely related is Elements (NSE). They should co-operate hand and private companies on the other the task to set up the core staff of a Joint closely with the JLSG, exchange information hand. The NSPA concludes framework Logistic Support Group (JLSG) HQ. The about stocks and support each other, if contracts which NATO nations can use established JLSG branch comprises a total necessary. The co-operation between the for the assurance of required services. of 25 slots which for economic reasons have JLSG and the NSE works like a system of The lengthy and complex call for tenders been divided into 15 permanent and 10 communicating tubes. Services which can for certain services as well as the drafting non-permanent slots. During phases where be provided in a multinational way do not of contracts is taken over by the NSPA. the JLSG does not execute own projects have to be provided by each NSE. The NSE NATO members can also at a later stage such as workshops, training or exercises the is required if no multinational solutions are enter into such negotiated contracts, thus non-permanent JLSG members are working available. saving time. Also in the mission area the in the branches of their respective special Apart from the logistic services which NSPA is represented with own personnel field. The medical staff officer for examples are provided by military units the share of and acts as mediator between companies works at the Medical Support Branch and

LAND POWER43 Joint Logistic Support Group Challenges: Multinational Sharing of Logistical Assets

the engineer at the Engineer Branch of the one hand necessary to develop the internal 95 slots. The necessary units which will Corps HQ. Parts of the 25 slots of the CSE concepts and procedures and on the other be subordinated to this JLSG HQ for the are two air force and two navy slots each. hand to prepare and execute augmentation, accomplishment of its task are generated In this way the respective expertise of the education and training of the augmentees during a Force Generation Process under other services is already available during of a JLSG HQ. the leadership of NATO. The determination the preparation and planning phase. of the required capabilities and the military The JLSG branch comprises a The Joint Logistic Support Group is forces for the JLSG derived from this planning section, a section logistic no permanent formation is based on the respective operational operation, a movement and transport The JLSG is not a permanent planning. From this a catalogue of required section and a supply section. The areas formation but will be composed, equipped military capabilities is prepared which will personnel, medical support, IT support, and trained for each mission as required be filled by the nations with offers for the administration and engineer are represented for this mission. In this way the personnel individual units. In this way the JLSG is by individual officers. In this way the and materiel effort for the real mission always tailored to the specific mission. structure of the JLSG branch mirrors the requirements is defined. Of course, this procedure has to be composition of a JLSG headquarters as laid For such a case the JLSG core staff planned and trained. At 1 (GE/NL) Corps down in the NATO regulations (AJP 4.6 with its 25 slots will grow with personnel a concept was developed in co-ordination B). Consequently, the necessary technical and materiel support by one or both with the “Framework Nations” DEU and expertise of a JLSG HQ is already available framework nations DEU and NLD as well NLD on how a JLSG HQ is to be set up. in a peacetime structure. This is on the as other nations to a JLSG HQ with up to Starting point is the Long Term Rotation

44LAND POWER Joint Logistic Support Group Challenges: Multinational Sharing of Logistical Assets

Plan (LTRP) of NATO for which the This will result in requirements with units of the JLSG had to ensure over large individual nations submit one HQ for a regard to material and equipment of the distances the supply of the employed units certain period as a JTF HQ including a reconnaissance team. At 1 (GE/NL) Corps which were distributed over the whole JLSG HQ. This plan consists initially of the mobility will be ensured with own, air- country. To this end an additional logistic a training and certification phase and a portable small vehicles and 2 ton transport base was set up inland apart from the subsequent 12-month standby phase. vehicles. logistic base at the sea port. At the end of the preparations it will Of course such an operation takes From a JLSG core staff to a brigade- be verified during a certification exercise not place in a vacuum. 1 (GE/NL) Corps size logistics formation whether the JLSG HQ is capable to execute has gained a lot of experience through After the decision about the inclusion its task together with the subordinate its exercises concerning the influence into the LTRP for a fixed period has been elements and whether it masters the which the civilian environment can have taken 1 (GE/NL) Corps will start with co-operation with other military major on the military conduct of operations the planning of the training phase. This formations. in a mission area. Governmental and means for the JLSG branch that - together After a successful certification the non-governmental organisations are with the two framework nations DEU and one-year standby phase commences also operating in the crisis areas of this NLD - it has to be determined how the during which the JLSG HQ must be able world and use the same infrastructure JLSG HQ should be set up. In general, the to deploy after a short warning period as the military. There is, furthermore, an concept offers three options. Either one into a mission area. During this period the extensive co-ordination requirement so “Framework Nation” assumes responsibility whole JLSG is ready for a possible mission that all actors can accomplish their task. It for the JLSG HQ and provides personnel and permanently ensures the high training may be that the commander has to take the and the materiel equipment for the JLSG standard through exercises. decision to give precedence to the “World HQ. Or the two nations divide the task so Food Programme” with regard to the use that the task is distributed between the two The JLSG of 1 (GE/NL) Corps has of the scarce sea port capacities because the countries. On the condition that 1 (GE/ exercise experience supply of the hungry civilian population is NL) Corps receives just the task to provide During the corps exercise QUICK the main task of the overall operation. a JLSG HQ and not an additional JTF HQ a SWORD 2013 1 (GE/NL) Corps had the third option is possible. The corps HQ with task as JTF HQ to support the government Within two years 1 (GE/NL) Corps has its directly subordinate battalions provides in the crisis-ridden country of “TYTAN” at implemented the JLSG Concept of NATO. the JLSG HQ including the necessary the Horn of Africa in restoring the national The JLSG core staff is - as an independent support forces from own forces. With any integrity. Simultaneously it had the task to branch - part of the structure of the corps option the personnel of the JLSG branch enable civilian aid organisations to deliver staff. The personnel is continuously trained mans the key posts at the JLSG HQ. food to the hungry population. and acquired during four exercises in 2012 The preparatory measures include Already during exercise PEREGRINE and 2013 a lot of experience in a JLSG individual training as well as the collective SWORD 2012 1 (GE/NL) Corps trained HQ. These findings have been introduced training of the whole JLSG HQ personnel. and tested the mechanisms for the build up into the conceptual documents of the The emphasis in this context is to familiarise of a JLSG HQ developed to this end. For corps as well as into the respective NATO the augmentees of the JLSG HQ coming exercise QUICK SWORD it was agreed at documents. Thus, 1 (GE/NL) Corps has from outside 1 (GE/NL) Corps with its an early stage that the “Framework Nation” developed with the framework nations technical tasks and to impart and exercise NLD with its brigade-sized Land Operation DEU and NLD a solid, structured basis and working processes. Support Command would provide the a viable mechanism for the augmentation The reconnaissance team of the main part of the JLSG HQ. The other of a JLSG HQ. JLSG is designated as „Joint Logistic “Framework Nation” DEU reinforced the During exercise NOBLE LEDGER Reconnaissance Team“ (JLRT). This team JLSG HQ with individual personnel. The 2014 1 (GE/NL) Corps will deploy its JLSG must be able to deploy on short notice to requirement for subordinate forces was capability to NORWAY and prove its ability the mission area and to execute there a derived by the JLSG HQ from the operation to execute RSOM of a brigade-sized unit reconnaissance of available infrastructure plan. Both framework nations provided during the FTX part of this exercise. for the RSOM operation especially at subsequently the necessary forces. sea and air ports. Apart from a content- During exercise the JLSG of 1 (GE/ oriented preparation also very practical NL) Corps had the task to receive and things are in the focus of the investigation. supply incoming personnel and material The reconnaissance team must be mobile at the sea and air ports on the coast and in the mission area and it must also be to ensure the onward movement in stages autonomous for a limited period of time. over more than 1000 km. Furthermore, the

LAND POWER45 HEADQUARTERS NATO RAPID DEPLOY- JTF HQ Transformation: ABLE CORPS- ITALY: www.ejercito.mde.es/organizacion/hqnrdc-sp_eng/index.htm www.paonrdc.it Logistic Support Concept

By Lieutenant Colonel Adrian Parker (USA)

ogistics has always been an Joint Task Force HQ essential element of any military In preparation for its operation and more often than role as a Joint Task Force not itL has a direct bearing on its success or (JTF) HQ from 1 Jul 2015 failure. To stay current, logisticians have to 30 Jun 2016, HQ NRDC had to adapt to the changing environment ITA has issued a JTF HQ and the shift away from linear logistics to Conceptual Framework and supporting asymmetric operations. This is in line with that document characterised by expeditionary operations, the J4 branch has drafted often with long lines of communication, a logistic support concept, sometimes crossing national boundaries which at the time of writing and invariably operating in an environment is being staffed within the with limited host nation support. headquarters. This article The logistics mindset has also summarises the JTF HQ changed over the years. This is reflected in Logistic Support Concept. Support Division, is to plan, identify the a number of documents and is summarised likely (logistic) constraints to the JTF in the overarching principle of collective Roles and Responsibilities Commander’s concept of operations and responsibility for logistic support for Operational level logistics focuses issue direction to (logistically) support the NATO’s multinational operations (MC on establishing and maintaining in- mission and maximise freedom of action. 319/2 refers). “This collective responsibility theatre Line of Communications (LoC) The Joint Logistic Support Group (JLSG) encourages nations and NATO to and sustaining a force in theatre. It HQ coordinates and executes these plans at cooperatively share the provision and encompasses force Reception, Staging and the operational level. use of logistic capabilities and resources Onward Movement (RSOM) of units and The JTF HQ Support Division to support the force effectively and personnel, support base development and is responsible for operational level efficiently”. Optimising logistic assets has force level supply, maintenance, movement assessments, staff advice, risk always been important but as resources and transportation services and medical analysis, planning, prioritisation and become scarcer greater emphasis is being support. Engineering support at this level synchronisation of functional support and placed on increasing the efficiency of includes security engineering aspects of provide, on behalf of COM JTF, functional logistic processes, outsourcing to civilian force protection and infrastructure. The direction and guidance to subordinate companies and sharing national capabilities JTF HQ will be responsible for initiating units/formations. Furthermore, it provides with others. and maintaining bi-lateral or multi-lateral COM JTF with all relevant information and agreements that could include the Technical recommendations regarding the logistic Agreement, Status of Forces Agreement aspects of the operation, thus allowing and Memorandum of Understanding – all him to task COM JLSG. The Support of which will have a logistic element. Division encompasses the full range of The interface between the (joint) support activities and in addition to the operational and tactical is not always clearly normal functional elements of J1, J6, J8, J defined. It is normally the scale and nature Eng, and J Med, includes Support Ops and of an operation which determines the Support Plans. Support Ops and Plans are boundary between operational and tactical predominantly drawn from the JTF HQ J4 joint logistics. The role of the operational branch and reflect the processes required logistic staff, represented by the JTF HQ to Plan, Refine and Implement logistic

46LAND POWER JTF HQ Transformation: Logistic Support Concept

force that needs supporting and the type reduce the logistic burden. Given the above and level of activity it is engaged in. factors a separate JLSG HQ is not required Duration. Duration is the expected and instead the JTF HQ Support Div is length of time each phase of the operation is reinforced by personnel from the Corps likely to take. It will determine the volume Staff Element of the JLSG HQ to form a of material required and concentration of single logistic C2 entity in the JTF HQ, as supplies. depicted in the slide below. SJO Hard Option. In this scenario Logistic Parameters the size of the AOO is smaller. However, Using these logistic planning factors, the level of host nation infrastructure, 2 scenarios of a potential deployment are geography and non-permissive threat levels outlined. The first scenario is logistically do not permit the centralisation of logistic support. easier to support and is referred to as the stakeholders with a single logistic area, Support Ops is further divided “easy option” whilst the second scenario is resulting in dispersed units and HQs. The into the Fusion Cell, Coord Cell and the “hard option”. Both scenarios consider JTF HQ and ACC are separated from the Enabling Cell. The Fusion Cell provides the how logistics is conducted in theatre, TLB with the SPOD further away. Each immediate focus for all operational level including the C2 arrangements and base requires life support and because they support activities and is closely aligned to specifically the employment, or otherwise, are dispersed, places greater demands on J3. The Coord Cell develops, integrates and of the JLSG HQ. the logistic system. Each brigade is from a synchronises the overall effort of Spt Div different nation and is unfamiliar with the and is aligned with J3/5. The Enabling Cell SJO Easy Option. The Area of LCC HQ, resulting in potential difficulties is formed if the JLSG HQ is not deployed Operation (AOO) is relatively small, 200km with procedures and logistic complexity. and comprises of personnel from the JLSG x 200km and the delivery of supplies takes With a Peace Support Mission the end state HQ Core Staff Element and J4 personnel. 1 or 2 days. The main logistic nodes are is less easily defined and so too the length of It is responsible for the coordination of grouped together in the Theatre Log Base time the force is in theatre, thereby creating RSOM and theatre level movement control (TLB) and include the APOD where the the temptation to in-load more than is and transportation. Air Component Command (ACC) HQ necessary on the “just-in-case” principle. Support Plans is responsible for is co-located, together with the JTF HQ, Not being a permissive environment places comprehensive “support” planning and NATO Support Agency (NSPA) and one or a greater strain on logistics with additional consists of a planning Core Support two Troop Contributing Nations National troops required for force protection and the Element (predominantly from J4) but Support Elements and Host Nation Support risk of the supply chain being interrupted, reinforced with Subject Matter Experts elements. Moving inland the 3 brigade necessitating the requirement for built- from other Support Division branches. It is HQs are from the same division and use in redundancy stock levels. Given all of closely aligned with J5. the above factors, there is a requirement for a separate JLSG HQ responsible for Logistic Planning conducting the execution of third line In determining the type and level of logistics, as depicted in the slide below. logistic support required for an operation, the “Four Ds” is a good place to start and The JTF HQ Logistic Support Concept although not formally recognised by NATO will be implemented as part of the JTF it is logical to consider these factors in the transformation process and will be tested planning phase and to revisit them at every and evaluated during a series of training stage of the operation. They can be defined exercises. As with all new concepts, it will as follows: be reviewed and amended as required. Destination. Destination encompasses the overall environment in their own integral logistics at 2nd line. The References: which the operation is taking place. It Divisional Support Group, co-located with 1. HQ NRDC ITA JTF HQ Conceptual typically includes the geographical region, the LCC HQ will pull supplies from the Framework, dated 13 May 2013. climate, culture, logistic infrastructure and TLB, thus negating the need for 3rd line 2. Alternatively the AOO may be in a different host nation capabilities. support. In this scenario it is a humanitarian country that is landlocked such as Afghanistan, resulting Distance. Distance is the length of aid mission, with a clearly defined end in longer LoC from the SPOD eg Karachi in Pakistan, the LoC and also the distance between state and the duration is for a finite period. requiring a stand-alone logistic executing HQs to locations that require to be supported. The environment is permissive, the local manage convoy support centres and coordinate onward Demand. Demand is the size of the infrastructure is good, which both help to movement of logistics.

LAND POWER47 Mission Command: Connecting NATO Land Forces

By Colonel John J. Pugliese (USA)

s NATO transitions from viable through significant defense funding depleting resources. It will also allow forces operational engagements to reductions for future challenges. It is critical to connect to both National Simulation and contingency preparedness, to ensure that Allied land forces are capable Training Centers from their home stations increasedA communications is a key to of working together prior the advent of a providing tremendous capability across success as reflected in the Supreme crisis. the force as each center provides a unique Allied Commander – Europe (SACEUR) A robust, maintainable, secure, and capability that can be used to its maximum Connected Forces Initiative (CFI) to affordable network is a major enabling potential. maintain the lessons learned from a factor in allowing this to occur. It is the The current communications network decade of Allied combat operations in highway that will connect the NATO connecting the NFS to LANDCOM and the Afghanistan. The main aspects of CFI is Command Structure (NCS) to the NATO rest of the NCS provides limited capability expanded education and training, better Force Structure (NFS). This includes the of the basic functions of email, VTC use of technology and larger Multi-Echelon ability to train and exercise from national and telephone support with insufficient Exercises within a Joint context. This will and multinational locations within the Bandwidth. The NFS does not operate on allow NATO forces to train and maintain Alliance to increase value of training events a common set of functional area services their readiness as they transform to remain to NATO and Nations with increasingly (FAS), which limits their ability to share

48LAND POWER JTF HQ Transformation: Logistic Support Concept information in the static environment. The current architecture is not designed to support CFI and must be upgraded as soon as possible. As the focus of NATO organizational changes, they must also focus on the communications infrastructure that supports it. NATO maintains no IT connections between the many Simulation and Training centers. The current training model is based on the NFS use of NATO Training Centers and not from their home stations. Using CFI, LANDCOM will advocate enabling the ability of these forces to train at their home stations by increasing their connectivity and accessibility of the NATO FASs. This will provide a much greater capability to the NFS and allow for a much higher state of training and readiness. In order to support the vision of CFI and the LANDCOM Commander, the LANDCOM G6 has partnered with the NATO Communications and Information Agency (NCIA) to conduct a survey of each GRF(L) and establish a plan for increasing connectivity. The goal is for each GRF(L) to be fully connected the

NCS to facilitate training opportunities will be transparent and available to the NFS within NATO. The survey will focus on at all times. Through the additional training each static GRF(L) Headquarters current opportunities, expanded education and communication information systems(CIS) better use of technology, NATO becomes to include available Bandwidth, current a stronger organization for the future use and availability of NATO FASs, Core challenges. Services, Domains and the compatibility of Nationally provided systems with NATO systems. The surveys will show the current status and the way ahead for each Corps in order to reach the desired effect of CFI. LANDCOM is also working to establish a baseline for all aspects of C4ISR to ensure that the forces are operating within the same window. The endstate of CIS capability from the NCS to the NFS is increased effectiveness and interoperability across NATO. The network that supports NATO

LAND POWER49 Missiles in Turkey – Strategic Allied Command Operations http://www.aco.nato.int/ Communications Insights www.ejercito.mde.es/organizacion/hqnrdc-sp_eng/index.htm

By Lieutenant Colonel Jay Janzen, CAN

s the world’s most active thousands of miles away, but military alliance, NATO faces has yet to develop a way to do a gamut of communications the same with journalists! So, challengesA almost as complex and varied it was clear NATO needed to as those on the modern battlefield. With deploy public affairs personnel lessons from Libya and Afghanistan still to Turkey in support of its fresh, NATO communicators recently faced activities on the ground. a new challenge: the deployment of Patriot Analysis indicated that the bulk missile systems to Turkey. American, of media and public attention German, and Dutch Patriots were sent to on NATO Patriots in Turkey augment Turkey’s air defences and deescalate would take place during the threats along the Turkish-Syrian border. No preparation, movement, and groundbreaking communications tactics set-up of these defensive assets. have been unearthed to date, but several Like most military hardware, communications planning process was to fundamentals have factored prominently in missile systems are ‘sexy,’ but only in a establish clearly defined objectives that shaping NATO’s communications strategy. dynamic context where they are surrounded would guide decision making and resource by activity. As a result of quick planning allocation throughout the deployment. Plan Early, Plan Often and action, the media coordination centre The three main goals that drove Alliance The NATO communications was the first operational component of communications efforts were as follows: planning process started early and matured the entire military deployment, which Objective 1: Clearly demonstrate throughout the decision making process. positioned NATO to take advantage of NATO solidarity and the value of collective Despite facing a crush of media requests early media interest in Alliance activities defence. on Turkey’s request for assistance in the in the region. Over 250 journalists Objective 2: Emphasise de-escalation wake of a deteriorating security situation, attended five major media events covering and the defensive nature of the deployment. Alliance communicators made the time to various aspects of the arrival, off-loading, Objective 3: Raise awareness of assess critical factors and produce holistic emplacement and operational activation NATO’s assistance to Turkey to its Middle plans. Early planning went beyond the of NATO Patriots. Once the missiles Eastern neighbours. problems at hand and instead considered were in place and static however, media Media trends analysis during the challenges that would be faced in the interest declined quickly. This occurred period Nov 2012 – Feb 2013 demonstrated coming months. NATO communicates despite the fact that the real operational that the top two themes in reporting were where it operates, so logistical and human work had just begun, with round the clock ‘Turkey’s Security’ and the ‘Defensive resource problems needed to be tackled monitoring and coordination of airspace Nature of the Deployment,’ indicating a alongside routine communications issues and the constant collection and sharing solid measure of success. such as spokesperson training, media of data among a variety of organisations While NATO often focuses on media coordination, and the management of and sensors. Ultimately, the movement of from its member states and international internal communications teams. missiles is easy to sell to media, while the wire services, care was taken to ensure transfer of electrons between otherwise Middle Eastern outlets were included in Exploit Fleeting Windows of static military installations isn’t. media availabilities including Al Arabiya Opportunity and Al Jazeera, which covered the The Alliance is able to exercise Establish Objectives deployment extensively. Media analysis strategic control over its Patriots from Another key element of NATO’s demonstrated that levels of coverage within

50LAND POWER Missiles in Turkey – Strategic Communications Insights

deterrence, resolve, and defence. NATO communicators ensured that media were provided an abundance of photo opportunities, and resources such as NATO TV were employed to collect and disseminate imagery via the web and social media. The global reach of this story was greatly enhanced by the abundance of quality imagery.

Plan for Contingencies Media attention has faded as the deployment of Patriots has matured, but media will unquestionably return in massive numbers should it become necessary to actually launch missiles in the defence of Turkey. While the chances of this happening are slim, NATO communications professionals are ready to rapidly surge back into action if required. the Middle East were very comparable with Ensure Unity of Message Staffs have developed communications levels in the United States and Europe, Of course a narrative is worthless if it plans and procedures for a myriad of representing a significant achievement is not widely shared and employed across different scenarios, rehearsals have been for NATO in reaching non-traditional the organisation. NATO instituted robust conducted and networks are regularly audiences. communications coordination mechanisms checked and updated. including regular teleconferences between Expect Competing Narratives national and alliance communicators, Learn from Experience NATO communicators were forced collective key messages and response NATO’s recent communications to respond to competing narratives early lines, and the establishment of a media efforts in Turkey were heavily influenced by and often. The governments of Russia coordination centre on the ground in lessons that were recently learned in Libya and Iran were critical of the deployment southern Turkey. Most media events and Afghanistan. The Alliance adheres to a and opposition elements within Turkey were planned and conducted jointly, and robust process to ensure that shortcomings went as far as to organise political rallies featured spokespersons from NATO, are identified and improvements are against NATO’s presence in the region. At Turkey, and troop contributing nations institutionalised. Had the organisation one point, off-duty German soldiers were standing side-by-side to emphasize not undergone this ‘soul searching’ and surrounded and threatened by a group of Alliance unity and resolve. Gaps between deviated from the respected time-honoured demonstrators. Alliance communicators the various communications cultures communications fundamentals mentioned stuck to established communications did present minor challenges, but these above, NATO may not have managed to themes including the legitimacy of the were quickly overcome via negotiation. A ‘launch’ the effective campaign that it did. deployment and the right of nations to strong emphasis was placed on building defend themselves, reassurance of the relationships and strong communications Lieutenant-Colonel Jay Janzen is a defensive nature of Alliance actions, and networks. This investment paid dividends Canadian Public Affairs Officer currently the unity and resolve of NATO to ensure as multiple media opportunities, including serving as the Chief of Media Operations its members are protected from threats. some involving more than 60 international for the NATO Supreme Headquarters Allied NATO was the first organisation to offer a journalists, were planned and executed. Powers Europe in Mons, Belgium. He has simple and clear narrative; it was reinforced also served as the head of Public Affairs at every opportunity and was used as the Worth A Thousand Words for the Canadian Army and has completed core line of defence for any challenge. The deployment of NATO Patriots two tours of duty in Afghanistan as a Other narratives certainly garnered to Turkey also highlights the value of communications advisor. attention in the media space, but analysis powerful imagery in reinforcing a narrative. shows that Alliance messages regarding the Photographs and video of Alliance missiles deployment were not seriously challenged poised on hilltops protecting cityscapes in and continue to resonate. the background sent powerful messages of

LAND POWER51 LANDCOM - VISITS AND ACTIVITIES

FEB 04 2014 17-21 MAR 2014 General Raymond LANDCOM put T. Odierno, Chief of one step forward Staff of US Army towards Full Operational Capability with

Gen. Ray Odierno visited with the NATO Land Component BST is an integrated training event designed to maintain Command Headquarters, commanded by Lt. Gen. Ben Hodges. and improve the command’s proficiency in mission-essential tasks “This command is critical to ensuring we continue our relationships comprised of responsibilities from several functional areas. LOBS with our European allies and counterparts. Lt. Gen. Hodges and his is aimed at improving the internal work of LANDCOM as a Land staff are engaged in numerous exercises and discussions throughout Component Command (LCC) for a Major Joint Operation (MJO+). NATO and Europe strengthening our commitment to peace and stability in the region.” said Gen. Odierno. MAR 18 2014 FEB 26 2014 DSACEUR LANDCOM HQ Designee General organized Academic Sir Adrian sessions and a C2 Bradshaw visited ROC Drill LANDCOM

During the DSACEUR’s visit, he was briefed on LANDCOM HQ organized Academic sessions and a LANDCOM’s mission to provide processes to enable land forces Command and Control (C2) Rehearsal of Concept (ROC) Drill. interoperability, capability and synchronization in support of full The C2 ROC Drill aimed to validate LANDCOM’s C2 Concept for spectrum operations, and under the SACEUR’s authority. “We multi-corps Land operations engaged in a Major Joint Operation do this by providing oversight support to evaluate and certify (+); confirm the division in responsibilities for Critical Combat the Global Response Force (Land) provided by partners and Functions between the Corps, Land Component Command (LCC) new NATO members,” said Lt. Gen. Hodges. “Simply the role of and Joint level; identify C2 technical challenges and recommend LANDCOM, as the NATO land advocate, is to assist the corps- solutions. sized units get what they need.”

MAR 04-06 2014 MAY 05-09 Land Corps 2014 CIMIC Key Commanders Leader Conference Conference conducted in LANDCOM

Representatives from Supreme Allied Command of Europe SHAPE’s Civilian military interaction (CIMIC) Key (SHAPE), Joint Force Command (JFC) Brunssum, JFC Naples, Leaders conference 2014 was conducted in Izmir, Turkey (May Maritime Command(MARCOM), Air Command(AIRCOM) and 5-9, 2014). The conference was led by SHAPE’s Brig. Gen. Graduated Readiness forces (GRF-L’s) participated to LCCC. The Bardhyl Hoxha. While here, he made the following public over-arching theme for conference was Land Forces role in Modern statement about the conference: Joint Operation.

52LAND POWER LANDCOM - VISITS AND ACTIVITIES

MAY 08 2014 JUN 16-18 2014 LANDCOM hosted NRDC-Turkey Lieutenant General Host LANDCOM Alpaslan Erdogan, Chiefs of Staff Chief of Plans and Conference Policy Division TUR TGS.

The Turkish Army’s Chief of Plans and Policy Division, Lt. Chiefs of Staff Conference was held on June 16-18 hosted Gen. Alpaslan Erdoğan was hosted at the Allied Land Command by NRDC-T and chaired by Allied Land Command Chief of Staff (LANDCOM) Headquarters, in Izmir, by the LANDCOM Commander, Major General TARCIN. NATO Force Structure’s 9 Graduated Lt. Gen. Frederick Hodges, 8 May 2014. The purpose of his visit was to Readiness Forces’ Chiefs of Staff participated to a working-level gain a better understanding of on-going LANDCOM operations and to meeting with the aim of sharing best practice and ideas for the discuss further improvements to interoperability between Turkish land Alliance and coordination of land community activities. forces and NATO member-states. JUL 15 2014 MAY 13 2014 LTG Hodges SecArmy: Land presented Command making LANDCOM advancements for briefing in Foreign NATO Press Centre in Washington D.C

Commanding General of the North Atlantic Treaty Secretary of the Army John McHugh reinforced U.S. Organization (NATO) Allied Land Component (LANDCOM) commitment to NATO’s Allied Land Command, and received Lieutenant General Frederick Hodges briefed foreign media on briefings from its leadership on progress made since the command NATO’s ongoing efforts to maintain peace and collective security was formed in 2012. “This is an important command, critical to the across the alliance, including defense cooperation with Ukraine ground forces in NATO,” McHugh said to an audience consisting and other Partnership for Peace (PFP) countries. of a multinational staff. “I was here when the command was first formed two years ago and I’m pleased to be back to see how things are progressing. AUG 06 2014 NCIA General 30 MAY 2014 Manager visits Commander of LANDCOM JFC Naples visited LANDCOM

Koen Gijsbers, General Manager of NCIA, visited Allied Land Command. He received briefings on LANDCOM’s lines of Operation under the light of new NATO Force Structure and NATO Allied Joint Force Command (JFC) Naples commander, Command Structure. Following the conclusion of briefing LTG Admiral Bruce Clingan, visited LANDCOM, where he stressed the Frederick “Ben” Hodges, Commander of Allied Land Command, need for all levels of command to conduct “prudent operational and Mr. Gijsbers signed a joint partnership declaration further thinking.” He explained this requires all levels of Allied Command strengthening LANDCOM’s and NCIA’s relationship in finding Operations to look at ourselves as members of a highly-ready force interoperability Communication and Information Systems (CIS) to do core ACO missions. “We all need to use focused brain-power solutions for NATO. LTG Hodges also stated that STEADFAST to identify necessary skills, acquire resources in support of those Cobalt in May 2015 is a good example to demonstrate CIS skills, and practice those capabilities at every echelon of our forces.” capability of Alliance prior to Trident Juncture 15/LIVEX.

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OUR MISSION Land Command provides expertise in support of Alliance land forces readiness, compe- tency and standardization, including their evaluation and certification; delivers a plan- ning capability in support of Higher HQs and the NATO Force Structure; when directed by SACEUR, provides the core of the HQ responsible for the conduct of land operations and the synchronization of land forces C2 in accordance with the Allied Level of Ambi- tion.

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