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With Thanks to Our Military Mobility Workshop Partners Report by the CEPA Task Group March 2021 “The first and most important rule to observe ... is to use our entire forces with the utmost energy. The second rule is to concentrate our power as much as possible against that section where the chief blows are to be delivered and to incur disadvantages elsewhere, so that our chances of success may increase at the decisive point. The third rule is never to waste time. Unless important advantages are to be gained from hesitation, it is necessary to set to work at once. By this speed, a hundred enemy measures are nipped in the bud, and public opinion is won most rapidly. Finally, the fourth rule is to follow up our successes with the utmost energy.” Carl von Clausewitz The CEPA Military Mobility Project Contents List of Acronyms .................................................................................................. 2 Executive Summary ............................................................................................ 4 Foreword ............................................................................................................... 12 Strategic Context .................................................................................................. 13 Europe’s Military Mobility Challenge ............................................................. 14 The Principles of Military Mobility ................................................................. 18 Political-Military Framework in Europe ........................................................ 19 Military Mobility Project — Five Scenarios ................................................... 22 Project Leadership Team ................................................................................. 25 Project Timetable ................................................................................................. 27 Main Findings and Recommendations ........................................................... 27 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 40 Endnotes ................................................................................................................ 42 Appendices: Working Group’s Findings ......................................................... 44 Bibliography of Relevant Publications ............................................................ 65 All opinions are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the position or views of the institutions they represent or the Center for European Policy Analysis. Cover: Members of the Emergencies Ministry of the separatist Donetsk People’s Republic demine the area at the militants’ former positions on the contact line with the Ukrainian armed forces following troop withdrawals near the settlement of Petrivske (Petrovskoye) in Donetsk region, Ukraine November 19, 2019. REUTERS/Alexander Ermochenko. iv The CEPA Military Mobility Project About the Authors Heinrich Brauss Heinrich Brauss is a former lieutenant general of the Bundeswehr. From October 2013 to July 2018, he was NATO Assistant Secretary General for Defence Policy and Planning. He was previously deputy to the same department in NATO for several years and director of the Civil-Military Cell and EU Operations Centre in the EU Military Staff. Ben Hodges Lieutenant General (Retired) Ben Hodges holds the Pershing Chair in Strategic Studies at the Center for European Policy Analysis. Previously, he served as Commanding General, United States Army Europe (Wiesbaden, Germany) from 2014 to 2017, as Commander, NATO Allied Land Command (İzmir, Turkey), and in a variety of other Joint and Army Staff positions. Julian Lindley-French Prof. Dr. Julian Lindley-French is a leading advisor, strategist, and author with eleven published books and many articles. He is a Distinguished Visiting Research Fellow at the National Defense University in Washington; Senior Fellow, at the Institute for Statecraft in London; Director of Europa Analytica in the Netherlands; a Fellow of the Canadian Global Affairs Institute; a Visiting Program Director at Wilton Park; and founder of The Alphen Group. About CEPA The Center for European Analysis (CEPA) is a non-partisan think-tank dedicated to strengthening the transatlantic relationship. Headquartered in Washington, D.C. and led by seasoned transatlanticists and young leaders from both sides of the Atlantic, CEPA brings an innovative approach to the policy arena. Our cutting-edge analysis and timely debates galvanize communities of influence while investing in the next generation of leaders to understand and address present and future challenges to transatlantic values and principles. 1 The CEPA Military Mobility Project List of Acronyms A2/AD Anti-access/area denial AO Area of Operations AMCC Allied Movement Coordination Centre AOR Area of Responsibility CBMP Cross-Border Movement Permission CBRN Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear CEF Connecting Europe Facility CJTF Combined Joint Task Forces CSDP Common Security and Defense Policy DG-MOVE Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport EDA European Defense Agency eFP Enhanced Forward Presence FD Final destination EUMC European Union Military Committee GMPT General Master Plan on Transport GRP Graduated Response Plan HNS Host Nation Support JSEC Joint Support and Enabling Command LOGFAS Logistics Functional Area Services MFF Multi-Annual Financial Framework MLC Military Load Classification MNDDP Multinational Detailed Deployment Plan MSR Main supply route NAC North Atlantic Council NMS NATO Military Strategy NRF NATO Response Force NPOC National Point of Contact NSIP NATO Security Investment Program NTC National territorial command PESCO Permanent Structured Cooperation PfP Partnership for Peace POD Port of disembarkation POE Port of embarkation RAM Rapid Air Movement RFF Recovery and Resilience Facility RSOM Reception, staging, and onward movement 2 The CEPA Military Mobility Project SACEUR Supreme Allied Commander Europe SJLSG Standing Joint Logistic Support Group SOFA Status of Force Agreement TA Technical Arrangement TEN-T Trans-European Transport Network tFP Tailored Forward Presence TSI Technical Specification for Interoperability VJTF Very High Readiness Joint Task Force 3 The CEPA Military Mobility Project Executive Summary The Project’s Primary Message Europe’s security environment changed The Military Mobility Project fundamentally in 2014 as a consequence The Military Mobility Project, launched of Russia’s aggression against Ukraine and by the Washington-based Center for its illegal annexation of Crimea. Since European Policy Analysis (CEPA), is then, NATO has placed renewed emphasis designed to promote the establishment of on deterrence and defense and made a the multiplicity of conditions (legal and significant effort to strengthen its posture. regulatory standards, infrastructure and In view of Russia’s now-entrenched military requirements, the management policy of constant confrontation, its use of risks to the security of transiting of hybrid warfare in both peacetime forces) needed to enable, facilitate, and and during crises, as well as its growing improve military mobility across Europe. military potential close to NATO’s The project focused on five different borders, the Alliance must consider the political-military scenarios each of simultaneous and parallel defense of which was examined by a multinational several regions all of which could be at working group in a series of military risk in a crisis with Russia. These regions mobility workshops that took place stretch from Northern Norway and the between September and October 2020. North Atlantic through the Baltic Sea and Their purpose was to generate a number Black Sea Regions to the Mediterranean. of substantial recommendations that, if Specifically, NATO must further enhance implemented, would advance military its responsiveness and agility as well as mobility across Europe. the readiness of its military forces and be able to deploy them rapidly to provide In an address to the Plenary Military timely reinforcement of allies in a crisis Mobility Workshop in October 2020, or a military conflict. Speed is of the Adm. Rob Bauer, the Netherlands’ chief essence. NATO also remains committed to of defense, identified the key challenges responding effectively to crises beyond the posed to his country as a transit nation Alliance’s borders. Given the risk that such for moving military forces: the need crises could escalate rapidly, the ability for improved infrastructure; clear to respond speedily over distance is also and agreed rules and regulations (for important. dangerous goods, customs, cross-border movement permissions); military mobility The EU seeks to become a geopolitical relevant command and control (C2); the actor and advance, in time, toward a so- establishment of a 24/7 network of national called European Defense Union. While the points of contact across NATO and the EU’s focus is on the conduct of effective European Union (EU), respectively; the civil-military crisis management beyond establishment of Territorial Command Europe, its ability to act effectively will authorities by transit and host nations also require the rapid movement of forces to facilitate smooth movements along across Europe prior to their deployment to multimodal movement corridors, properly crisis regions adjacent to the bloc’s borders supported by logistic hubs; and the and beyond. The security
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